12.4. shelve — Python object persistence

A “shelf” is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference with “dbm” databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelf can be essentially arbitrary Python objects — anything that the pickle module can handle. This includes most class instances, recursive data types, and objects containing lots of shared sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings.

shelve.open(filename[, flag='c'[, protocol=None[, writeback=False]]])

Open a persistent dictionary. The filename specified is the base filename for the underlying database. As a side-effect, an extension may be added to the filename and more than one file may be created. By default, the underlying database file is opened for reading and writing. The optional flag parameter has the same interpretation as the flag parameter of anydbm.open().

By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the protocol parameter.

Changed in version 2.3: The protocol parameter was added.

Because of Python semantics, a shelf cannot know when a mutable persistent-dictionary entry is modified. By default modified objects are written only when assigned to the shelf (see Example). If the optional writeback parameter is set to True, all entries accessed are cached in memory, and written back at close time; this can make it handier to mutate mutable entries in the persistent dictionary, but, if many entries are accessed, it can consume vast amounts of memory for the cache, and it can make the close operation very slow since all accessed entries are written back (there is no way to determine which accessed entries are mutable, nor which ones were actually mutated).

Shelf objects support all methods supported by dictionaries. This eases the transition from dictionary based scripts to those requiring persistent storage.

One additional method is supported:

Shelf.sync()

Write back all entries in the cache if the shelf was opened with writeback set to True. Also empty the cache and synchronize the persistent dictionary on disk, if feasible. This is called automatically when the shelf is closed with close().

See also

Persistent dictionary recipe with widely supported storage formats and having the speed of native dictionaries.

12.4.1. Restrictions

• The choice of which database package will be used (such as dbm, gdbm or bsddb) depends on which interface is available. Therefore it is not safe to open the database directly using dbm. The database is also (unfortunately) subject to the limitations of dbm, if it is used — this means that (the pickled representation of) the objects stored in the database should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions may cause the database to refuse updates.
• Depending on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may or may not be necessary to flush changes to disk. The __del__() method of the Shelf class calls the close() method, so the programmer generally need not do this explicitly.
• The shelve module does not support concurrent read/write access to shelved objects. (Multiple simultaneous read accesses are safe.) When a program has a shelf open for writing, no other program should have it open for reading or writing. Unix file locking can be used to solve this, but this differs across Unix versions and requires knowledge about the database implementation used.

class shelve.Shelf(dict[, protocol=None[, writeback=False]])

A subclass of UserDict.DictMixin which stores pickled values in the dict object.

By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the protocol parameter. See the pickle documentation for a discussion of the pickle protocols.

Changed in version 2.3: The protocol parameter was added.

If the writeback parameter is True, the object will hold a cache of all entries accessed and write them back to the dict at sync and close times. This allows natural operations on mutable entries, but can consume much more memory and make sync and close take a long time.

class shelve.BsdDbShelf(dict[, protocol=None[, writeback=False]])

A subclass of Shelf which exposes first(), next(), previous(), last() and set_location() which are available in the bsddb module but not in other database modules. The dict object passed to the constructor must support those methods. This is generally accomplished by calling one of bsddb.hashopen(), bsddb.btopen() or bsddb.rnopen(). The optional protocol and writeback parameters have the same interpretation as for the Shelf class.

class shelve.DbfilenameShelf(filename[, flag='c'[, protocol=None[, writeback=False]]])

A subclass of Shelf which accepts a filename instead of a dict-like object. The underlying file will be opened using anydbm.open(). By default, the file will be created and opened for both read and write. The optional flag parameter has the same interpretation as for the open() function. The optional protocol and writeback parameters have the same interpretation as for the Shelf class.

12.4.2. Example

To summarize the interface (key is a string, data is an arbitrary object):

import shelve

d = shelve.open(filename) # open -- file may get suffix added by low-level
                          # library

d[key] = data   # store data at key (overwrites old data if
                # using an existing key)
data = d[key]   # retrieve a COPY of data at key (raise KeyError if no
                # such key)
del d[key]      # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError
                # if no such key)
flag = d.has_key(key)   # true if the key exists
klist = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!)

# as d was opened WITHOUT writeback=True, beware:
d['xx'] = range(4)  # this works as expected, but...
d['xx'].append(5)   # *this doesn't!* -- d['xx'] is STILL range(4)!

# having opened d without writeback=True, you need to code carefully:
temp = d['xx']      # extracts the copy
temp.append(5)      # mutates the copy
d['xx'] = temp      # stores the copy right back, to persist it

# or, d=shelve.open(filename,writeback=True) would let you just code
# d['xx'].append(5) and have it work as expected, BUT it would also
# consume more memory and make the d.close() operation slower.

d.close()       # close it

See also

Module anydbm

Generic interface to dbm-style databases.

Module bsddb

BSD db database interface.

Module dbhash

Thin layer around the bsddb which provides an open() function like the other database modules.

Module dbm

Standard Unix database interface.

Module dumbdbm

Portable implementation of the dbm interface.

Module gdbm

GNU database interface, based on the dbm interface.

Module pickle

Object serialization used by shelve.

Module cPickle

High-performance version of pickle.