17.2.3 Example

Here are four minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol: a server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one client), and a client using it. Note that a server must perform the sequence socket(), bind(), listen(), accept() (possibly repeating the accept() to service more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence socket(), connect(). Also note that the server does not send()/recv() on the socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by accept().

# Echo server program
import socket

HOST = ''                 # Symbolic name meaning the local host
PORT = 50007              # Arbitrary non-privileged port
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.bind((HOST, PORT))
s.listen(1)
conn, addr = s.accept()
print 'Connected by', addr
while 1:
    data = conn.recv(1024)
    if not data: break
    conn.send(data)
conn.close()

# Echo client program
import socket

HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl'    # The remote host
PORT = 50007              # The same port as used by the server
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect((HOST, PORT))
s.send('Hello, world')
data = s.recv(1024)
s.close()
print 'Received', repr(data)

The next two examples are identical to the above two, but support both IPv4 and IPv6. The server side will listen to the first address family available (it should listen to both instead). On most of IPv6-ready systems, IPv6 will take precedence and the server may not accept IPv4 traffic. The client side will try to connect to the all addresses returned as a result of the name resolution, and sends traffic to the first one connected successfully.

# Echo server program
import socket
import sys

HOST = ''                 # Symbolic name meaning the local host
PORT = 50007              # Arbitrary non-privileged port
s = None
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE):
    af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
    try:
	s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    except socket.error, msg:
	s = None
	continue
    try:
	s.bind(sa)
	s.listen(1)
    except socket.error, msg:
	s.close()
	s = None
	continue
    break
if s is None:
    print 'could not open socket'
    sys.exit(1)
conn, addr = s.accept()
print 'Connected by', addr
while 1:
    data = conn.recv(1024)
    if not data: break
    conn.send(data)
conn.close()

# Echo client program
import socket
import sys

HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl'    # The remote host
PORT = 50007              # The same port as used by the server
s = None
for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
    af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
    try:
	s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    except socket.error, msg:
	s = None
	continue
    try:
	s.connect(sa)
    except socket.error, msg:
	s.close()
	s = None
	continue
    break
if s is None:
    print 'could not open socket'
    sys.exit(1)
s.send('Hello, world')
data = s.recv(1024)
s.close()
print 'Received', repr(data)

This example connects to an SSL server, prints the server and issuer's distinguished names, sends some bytes, and reads part of the response:

import socket

s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect(('www.verisign.com', 443))

ssl_sock = socket.ssl(s)

print repr(ssl_sock.server())
print repr(ssl_sock.issuer())

# Set a simple HTTP request -- use httplib in actual code.
ssl_sock.write("""GET / HTTP/1.0\r
Host: www.verisign.com\r\n\r\n""")

# Read a chunk of data.  Will not necessarily
# read all the data returned by the server.
data = ssl_sock.read()

# Note that you need to close the underlying socket, not the SSL object.
del ssl_sock
s.close()

At this writing, this SSL example prints the following output (line breaks inserted for readability):

'/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/
 O=VeriSign, Inc./OU=Production Services/
 OU=Terms of use at www.verisign.com/rpa (c)00/
 CN=www.verisign.com'
'/O=VeriSign Trust Network/OU=VeriSign, Inc./
 OU=VeriSign International Server CA - Class 3/
 OU=www.verisign.com/CPS Incorp.by Ref. LIABILITY LTD.(c)97 VeriSign'