2.3 Built-in Exceptions

Exceptions should be class objects. The exceptions are defined in the module exceptions. This module never needs to be imported explicitly: the exceptions are provided in the built-in namespace as well as the exceptions module.

Note: In past versions of Python string exceptions were supported. In Python 1.5 and newer versions, all standard exceptions have been converted to class objects and users are encouraged to do the same. String exceptions will raise a DeprecationWarning in Python 2.5 and newer. In future versions, support for string exceptions will be removed.

Two distinct string objects with the same value are considered different exceptions. This is done to force programmers to use exception names rather than their string value when specifying exception handlers. The string value of all built-in exceptions is their name, but this is not a requirement for user-defined exceptions or exceptions defined by library modules.

For class exceptions, in a try statement with an except clause that mentions a particular class, that clause also handles any exception classes derived from that class (but not exception classes from which it is derived). Two exception classes that are not related via subclassing are never equivalent, even if they have the same name.

The built-in exceptions listed below can be generated by the interpreter or built-in functions. Except where mentioned, they have an ``associated value'' indicating the detailed cause of the error. This may be a string or a tuple containing several items of information (e.g., an error code and a string explaining the code). The associated value is the second argument to the raise statement. For string exceptions, the associated value itself will be stored in the variable named as the second argument of the except clause (if any). For class exceptions, that variable receives the exception instance. If the exception class is derived from the standard root class BaseException, the associated value is present as the exception instance's args attribute. If there is a single argument (as is preferred), it is bound to the message attribute.

User code can raise built-in exceptions. This can be used to test an exception handler or to report an error condition ``just like'' the situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an inappropriate error.

The built-in exception classes can be sub-classed to define new exceptions; programmers are encouraged to at least derive new exceptions from the Exception class and not BaseException. More information on defining exceptions is available in the Python Tutorial under the heading ``User-defined Exceptions.''

The following exceptions are used as warning categories; see the warnings module for more information.

BaseException
 +-- SystemExit
 +-- KeyboardInterrupt
 +-- Exception
      +-- GeneratorExit
      +-- StopIteration
      +-- StandardError
      |    +-- ArithmeticError
      |    |    +-- FloatingPointError
      |    |    +-- OverflowError
      |    |    +-- ZeroDivisionError
      |    +-- AssertionError
      |    +-- AttributeError
      |    +-- EnvironmentError
      |    |    +-- IOError
      |    |    +-- OSError
      |    |         +-- WindowsError (Windows)
      |    |         +-- VMSError (VMS)
      |    +-- EOFError
      |    +-- ImportError
      |    +-- LookupError
      |    |    +-- IndexError
      |    |    +-- KeyError
      |    +-- MemoryError
      |    +-- NameError
      |    |    +-- UnboundLocalError
      |    +-- ReferenceError
      |    +-- RuntimeError
      |    |    +-- NotImplementedError
      |    +-- SyntaxError
      |    |    +-- IndentationError
      |    |         +-- TabError
      |    +-- SystemError
      |    +-- TypeError
      |    +-- ValueError
      |    |    +-- UnicodeError
      |    |         +-- UnicodeDecodeError
      |    |         +-- UnicodeEncodeError
      |    |         +-- UnicodeTranslateError
      +-- Warning
           +-- DeprecationWarning
           +-- PendingDeprecationWarning
           +-- RuntimeWarning
           +-- SyntaxWarning
           +-- UserWarning
           +-- FutureWarning
	   +-- ImportWarning
	   +-- UnicodeWarning