## : mysql 3.21 Reference Manual PostScript Ŵ ###
5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18 : (taejun@hitel.net)
18 C-API κ : ǿ (golmong@cre.co.kr)
̸ : taejun@hitel.net, taejun@taejun.pe.kr
: http://taejun.pe.kr (Mysql ڷᰡ ֽϴ)
- -
5. mysql ǥ ȣȯ
5.1 mysql ANSI SQL92 Ȯκ
5.2 MYSQL
5.2.1 Sub-selects
5.2.2 SELECT INTO TABLE
5.2.3 Ʈ(Transactions)
5.2.4 ν Ʈ
5.2.5 ܷŰ(Foreign Keys)
5.2.5.1 ܷŰ ʴ
5.2.6
5.2.7 `--' ּ
5.3 Mysql ִ ǥ ΰ?
5.4 BLOB TEXT Ÿ
5.5 COMMIT-ROLLBACK ġ ?
6. Mysql ý
6.1 ý̶ ΰ?
6.2 mysql ϱ
6.2.1 йȣ
6.3 mysql ϴ
6.4 ý ۵
6.5 ,
6.6 , 2ܰ : û
6.7
6.8 ʱ mysql Ѽ
6.9 mysql ο ߰ϱ
6.10 йȣ
6.11 ź
6.12 ũĿ Ͽ mysql ϰ ϴ
7. MySQL language reference.
7.1 Literals: how to write strings and numbers
7.1.1 Strings
7.1.2 Numbers
7.1.3 Hexadecimal values
7.1.4 NULL values
7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias names
7.1.5.1 Case sensitivity in names
7.2 Column types
7.2.1 Column type storage requirements
7.2.2 Numeric types
7.2.3 Date and time types
7.2.4 String types
7.2.5 Numeric types
7.2.6 Date and time types
7.2.6.1 Y2K issues and date types
7.2.6.2 The DATETIME, DATE
and TIMESTAMP types
7.2.6.3 The TIME type
7.2.6.4 The YEAR type
7.2.7 String types
7.2.7.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR types
7.2.7.2 The BLOB and TEXT types
7.2.7.3 The ENUM type
7.2.7.4 The SET type
7.2.8 Choosing the right type for a column
7.2.9 Column indexes
7.2.10 Multiple-column indexes
7.2.11 Using column types from other database engines
7.3 Functions for use in SELECT and WHERE clauses
7.3.1 Grouping functions
7.3.2 Normal arithmetic operations
7.3.3 Bit functions
7.3.4 Logical operations
7.3.5 Comparison operators
7.3.6 String comparison functions
7.3.7 Cast operators
7.3.8 Control flow functions
7.3.9 Mathematical functions
7.3.10 String functions
7.3.11 Date and time functions
7.3.12 Miscellaneous functions
7.3.13 Functions for use with GROUP BY clauses
7.4 CREATE DATABASE syntax
7.5 DROP DATABASE syntax
7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax
7.6.1 Silent column specification changes
7.7 ALTER TABLE syntax
7.8 OPTIMIZE TABLE syntax
7.9 DROP TABLE syntax
7.10 DELETE syntax
7.11 SELECT syntax
7.12 JOIN syntax
7.13 INSERT syntax
7.14 REPLACE syntax
7.15 LOAD DATA INFILE syntax
7.16 UPDATE syntax
7.17 USE syntax
7.18 FLUSH syntax (clearing caches)
7.19 KILL syntax
7.20 SHOW syntax (Get information about tables, columns,...)
7.21 EXPLAIN syntax (Get information about a SELECT)
7.22 DESCRIBE syntax (Get information about columns)
7.23 LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES syntax
7.24 SET OPTION syntax
7.25 GRANT and REVOKE syntax
7.26 CREATE INDEX syntax
7.27 DROP INDEX syntax
7.28 Comment syntax
7.29 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION syntax
7.30 Is MySQL picky about reserved words?
8 MySQL Tutorial
1. ϱ/
2. ϱ(Entering Queries)
3. ̽ ϱ
3.1 ͺ̽ ϱ
3.2 ̺
3.3 ̺ ڷḦ ־ .
3.4 ̺κ ˻ .
3.4.1 ˻.
3.4.2 ־ ǿ ´ Ư ุ ˻ .
3.4.3 Ư ϱ
3.4.4 ϱ
3.4.5 ¥ MySQL ¥ ٷ
Լ ش.
3.4.6 null NULL Ư ̴.
3.4.7 ġ
3.4.8
3.5 ̺ ϱ
3.6 ġ (ϰ ó ) ϱ
9. mysql (functions)
9.1 mysql ϴ
9.1.1 Ϳ ϴ
9.1.2 ο ڼ ߰
9.1.3 ƼƮ
9.2 Ʈ α
9.3 mysql ̺ ִ ũ
10. mysql ִ
10.1 ũ
10.2 < ȭ>
10.3 ӵ ġ /ũ
10.4 How MySQL uses indexes
10.5 WHERE ȭϱ
10.6 ̺ ݴ
10.6.1 ͺ̽ ̺ 鶧
10.7 ̺
10.8 ͺ̽ ̺ ɺ ũ
10.9 ̺ Ŵ
10.10 ̺ ۰ 迭ϴ
10.11 INSERT ӵ ġ κ
10.12 DELETE ӵ ġ κ
10.13 mysql ִ ӵ
10.14 ο ˰ ٸ ΰ?
11. mysql ġũ Ʈ
12. mysql ƿƼ
12.1 پ mysql α
12.2 ؽƮ Ͽ Է(?)ϱ
12.3 mysql б ̺
13. ̺ ļ isamchk ϱ
13.1 isamchk ɾ
13.2 isamchk
13.3 ̺
13.4 ̺
13.5 ļ isamchk ϱ.
13.5.1 ̺
13.5.2 ̺
13.5.3 ̺ ȭ
14 Adding new functions
14.1 Adding a new user-definable function
14.1.1 UDF calling sequences
14.1.2 Argument processing
14.1.3 Return values and error handling
14.1.4 Compiling and installing user-definable functions
14.2 Adding a new native function
15. mysql ODBC
15.1 MyODBC ϴ ü
15.2 MyODBC ִ
15.3 MyODBC ۵ϴ α
15.4 ODBC α
15.5 ODBC AUTO_INCREMENT ÷
17. Ϲ ذ
17.1. ͺ̽ (?)
17.2 ͺ̽
17.3 ӽſ mysqld ϱ
18 MySQL client tools
18.1 MySQL C API
18.2 C API datatypes
18.3 C API function overview
18.4 C API function descriptions
18.4.1 mysql_affected_rows()
18.4.2 mysql_close()
18.4.3 mysql_connect()
18.4.4 mysql_create_db()
18.4.5 mysql_data_seek()
18.4.6 mysql_debug()
18.4.7 mysql_drop_db()
18.4.8 mysql_dump_debug_info()
18.4.9 mysql_eof()
18.4.10 mysql_errno()
18.4.11 mysql_error()
18.4.12 mysql_escape_string()
18.4.13 mysql_fetch_field()
18.4.14 mysql_fetch_fields()
18.4.15 mysql_fetch_field_direct()
18.4.16 mysql_fetch_lengths()
18.4.17 mysql_fetch_row()
18.4.18 mysql_field_seek()
18.4.19 mysql_field_tell()
18.4.20 mysql_free_result()
18.4.21 mysql_get_client_info()
18.4.22 mysql_get_host_info()
18.4.23 mysql_get_proto_info()
18.4.24 mysql_get_server_info()
18.4.25 mysql_info()
18.4.26 mysql_init()
18.4.27 mysql_insert_id()
18.4.28 mysql_kill()
18.4.29 mysql_list_dbs()
18.4.30 mysql_list_fields()
18.4.31 mysql_list_processes()
18.4.32 mysql_list_tables()
18.4.33 mysql_num_fields()
18.4.34 mysql_num_rows()
18.4.35 mysql_ping()
18.4.36 mysql_query()
18.4.37 mysql_real_connect()
18.4.38 mysql_real_query()
18.4.39 mysql_reload()
18.4.40 mysql_row_seek()
18.4.41 mysql_row_tell()
18.4.42 mysql_select_db()
18.4.43 mysql_shutdown()
18.4.44 mysql_stat()
18.4.45 mysql_store_result()
18.4.46 mysql_thread_id()
18.4.47 mysql_use_result()
18.4.49 What results can I get from a query?
18.4.50 How can I get the unique ID
for the last inserted row?
18.4.51 Problems linking with the C API
18.4.52 How to make a thread-safe client
19. Ÿ DB
19.1 Mysql/mSQL
19.1.1 mSQL Mysql ٲٱ
19.1.2 mSQL Mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ/
19.1.3 How mSQL 2.0 SQL syntax differs from Mysql
19.2 PostgreSQL Mysql
=======================================================================
- -
5. mysql ǥ ȣȯ
5.1 mysql ANSI SQL92 Ȯκ
mysql ٸ sql ͺ̽ ã Ȯ κ ִ.
̷ κ ϴ ؾ Ѵ. ֳĸ mysql
尡 ٸ SQL ֱ ̴. 쿡
/*! ... */ ּ MYSQL Ȯ ̿ ð
ڵ带 ִ. :
SELECT /*! STRAIGHT_JOIN */ col_name from table1,table2 WHERE ...
MYSQL Ȯ κ :
- ʵŸ MEDIUMINT, SET, ENUM , ٸ BLOB TEXT Ÿ.
- ʵӼ AUTO_INCREMENT, BINARY, UNSIGNED and ZEROFILL.
- ڿ ⺻ ҹڸ
ڼ(⺻ ISO-8859-1 Latin1) ȴ. ̰
÷ BINARY Ӽ ؾ ϸ ̷ 쿡
mysql ȣƮ ϴ ASCII ڿ Ѵ.
- MYSQL ͺ̽ 丮 ̺ ̸
. ̰ ΰ ϰ ִ:
̸ ҹڸ ϴ (κ н ý.
~) ýۿ MYSQL ͺ
̸ ̺ ̸ ҹڸ Ѵ. ̺ ̸
µ ٸ ҹڷ .
̺ , ̸ٲٱ, ű, , 縦 ǥ
ý ִ. ̺ ̸ ٲٷ
ϴ ̺ `.ISD', `.ISM' and `.frm' ̸ ٲٸ ȴ.
- SQL db_name.tbl_name ̿Ͽ ٸ ͺ̽ ̺
ִ. Ϻ SQL ̰ User
space θ. MYSQL TABLESPACES ʴ´ :
create table ralph.my_table...IN my_tablespace.
- ġ() ÷ LIKE ִ.
- SELECT INTO OUTFILE STRAIGHT_JOIN ִ.
7.11 [SELECT] .
-EXPLIAN SELECT ̺ Ǿ
ش.
- Use of index names, indexes on a subpart of a field, and use of
INDEX or KEY in a CREATE TABLE statement. 7.6 [CREATE TABLE] .
- ALTER TABLE CHANGE col_name, DROP col_name Ǵ DROP INDEX
Ѵ. 7.7 [ALTER TABLE] .
- ALTER TABLE IGNORE .
- ALTER TABLE ADD, ALTER, DROP or CHANGE
- IF EXISTS Ű带 ̿ DROP TABLE .
- ̺ ̻ DROP TABLE .
- LOAD DATA INFILE . κ Ŭ LOAD DATA
INFILE ȣȯȴ. 7.15 [LOAD DATA INFILE] .
(** Ѳ Է INSERT ϴ
ӵ . **)
- OPTIMIZE TABLE .
- ڿ ''' ƴ϶ '"' Ǵ ''' ִ.
- escape `\' .
- SET OPTION . 7.24 [SET OPTION] .
- GROUP BY κп ÷ ʿ䰡 . ̷
ǰ ƴ Ư ǿ Ų. 7.3.12 [GROUP
BY Functions] .
(** ANSI SQL Թ ̿Ͽ GROUP BY
ϰ ϴ ÷ GROUP BY ־ Ѵ. ̷ Ǵ
ʿ ִµ MYSQL ̷
. 7.3.12 Ѵ **)
- ٸ SQL ȯ ߴ ڸ MYSQL ɿ ˸
ƽ Ѵ. ANSI SQL ODBC
Ѵ.
- MYSQL C α OR AND ǹϴ ||
&& νѴ. MYSQL || OR ̸ && AND
̴. ̷ ̹ MYSQL string concatenation
(ڿ , ?) ANSI SQL ۷ || ʴ
. CONCAT() Ѵ. CONCAT() ڰ ־ MYSQL
|| ۷ ȯϱ .
MySQL understands the || and && operators to mean logical OR and AND,
as in the C programming language. In MySQL, || and OR are synonyms,
as are && and AND. Because of this nice syntax, MySQL doesn't support
the ANSI SQL operator || for string concatenation; use CONCAT()
instead. Since CONCAT() takes any number of arguments, it's easy to
convert use of the || operator to MySQL.
- ϵ SQL CODE STRAIGHT_JOIN MYSQL Ű
ϱ ̷ Ű带 /* */ ּȿ ִ.
'!' Ѵ. ̷ MYSQL ּ ٸ
MYSQL ؼ ٸ SQL ̷ Ȯ
ʰ dzʶ ִ. :
SELECT /*! STRAIGHT_JOIN */ * from table1,table2 WHERE ...
- ̳ :
CREATE DATABASE or DROP DATABASE. 7.4 [CREATE
DATABASE] .
MOD() ſ % . % C αӸ ϸ
PostgresSQL ȣȯ Ѵ.
÷ =, <>, <= ,<, >=,>, <<, >>, AND, OR, LIKE
.
LAST_INSERT_ID(). 18.4.49 [mysql_insert_id()] .
REGEXP or NOT REGEXP.
ϳ ϳ ̻ ڸ CONCAT() CHAR(). MYSQL
̷ ڸ ִ.
BIT_COUNT(), ELT(), FROM_DAYS(), FORMAT(), IF(),
PASSWORD(), ENCRYPT(), PERIOD_ADD(), PERIOD_DIFF(),
TO_DAYS(), or WEE-DEC-OSF1, KDAY().
꽺Ʈ ִ TRIM() .(Use of TRIM() to trim
substrings) ANSI SQL Ÿ Ѵ.
ǿ STD(), BIT_OR() and BIT_AND()
DELET + INSERT REPLACE . 7.14 [REPLACE] .
FLUSH flush_option .
5.2 MYSQL
ɵ MYSQL ִ. 켱
Ȯ϶ MYSQL TODO .
(http://www.mysql.com/Manual_split/manual_Todo.html).
̰ ֽ TODO ̴. η F [TODO] .
5.2.1 Sub-selects
Mysql ۵ ʴ´:
SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM table2);
Mysql INSERT ... SELECT ... and REPLACE ... SELECT ...
Ѵ. -select 3.23.0 Ƹ
̴. ״ IN() ִ.
5.2.2 SELECT INTO TABLE
Mysql SELECT ... INTO TABLE .... ʴ´. ,
Mysql SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE ..., ϸ ⺻δ
ϴ.
5.2.3 Ʈ(Transactions)
Ʈ ʴ´. Mysql atomic(ڼ?) ۷̼
̸ atomic ۷̼ rollback Ʈǰ
. atomic ۷̼ ϸ insert/select/
嵵 浹 ֵ ش.
ƿ Ϲ ѹ(rollback) ʿ. LOCK TABLES
UNLOCK TABLES ̿Ͽ ٸ 尡 浹ϴ
ִ. 7.23 [Lock Tables] .
5.2.4 ν Ʈ
ν ϵǰ ִ SQL Ʈ̴.
̷ Ǹ Ŭ̾Ʈ ü Ǹ ٽ ʿ䰡
ν ִ. ̷ Ǵ ѹ
ؼǰ Ŭ̾Ʈ ְƾ ϴ Ͱ پǷ
ȴ. ̺귯 μ
踦 ų ִ. (??? You can also raise the conceptual level
by having libraries of functions in the server.)
ƮŴ Ư ̺Ʈ ν̴.
Ʈ ̺ ڵ尡 ǰ Ʈ
ϴ ̺ ִ ν ġ ִ.
δ ν ƮŴ ƴϴ. ƮŴ
ʿ 쿡 ־ Ϲ ӵ .
ν ϰ Mysql ߰
η F .(The TODO)
(** Ʈ ó Ʈ ͺ̽ ӵ
ŵϴ. Mysql ̷ ӵ ĥ ִ κ Ͽ
ӵ . ̷ κ ڱⰡ ϴ ͺ̽
߿Ѱ Ǵ ƾ Դϴ. DBMS
ȸ ʴ 찡 .
, ȸ Ѵ. Ƿ ڰ
̽ 纻 غϸ, ϸ ۾ ٽ ؾ
. ƮŰ ڷ Ἲ ϱ ʿ ̴.
**)
5.2.5 ܷŰ(Foreign Keys)
SQL ܷŰ ̺ κ
Ἲ Ȯ Ѵ. SELECT ̺ ڷḦ
ϸ ̺ ؼ ó ִ.
SELECT * from table1,table2 where table1.id = table2.id
7.12 [JOIN] .
Mysql ܷŰ(FOREIGN KEY) ٸ SQL ǰ CREATE TABLE
ȣȯ Ѵ: ܷŰ ƹ͵ ʴ´. ON DELETE
... FOREIGN KEY κ Ѵ.
ODBC ø̼ ̰ ڵ WHERE
̴. ̰ κ ()ϰ Ѿ . ܷŰ
δ üũ(constraint check) ̷ üũ
Ͱ ̺ Ȯ ʿϴ. Mysql Ϻ
ø̼ǿ ܷŰ ϴ ʿ ϱ (
ϵ ϵ ) ϴ ̴.
Mysql ܷŰ ̺ ڵ带 ø̼ǿ
DELETE ߰Ͽ ON DELETE ... Ǵ ν
ذ ִ. ̷ ϴ ܷŰ ϴ Ͱ
( 쿡 ) ϱⰡ .
Ͼȿ 츮 ܷŰ Ȯ ̴. ּ
mysqldump ODBC ǰ ˻ ֵ ̴.
5.2.5.1 ܷŰ ʴ
ܷŰ ؾ ִ:
- Foreign key Ȳ ſ ϰ . ֳϸ, foreing key
ǰ databaseܾ ϰ, foreign key ϴ "ڿ
" File (data file ű, ϰ, ϴ ...)
Ѵ.
(** ش : ̻ѵ ܷŰ Ἲ Ģ
ϰ ȴ. ̰ ϰ ִ ϴ. **)
- INSERT UPDATE ӵ ģ. ̷
ùٸ ùٸ ̺ ڵ带 ϱ κ
ܷŰ üũ ʿ .
- ü ͺ̽ ۿ ϱ ̺
Ʈ ſ ̺ ؾ Ѵ.
ڵ带 ϰ Ŀ ٸ ̺ ڵ带
ξ .
- Table , (backup̳ ο sourceκ) record
ٽ ϴ Table .
- Foreign key Ѵٸ, table dump(backup)ϰ ( dump ڷ
) restoreϴ ־ Ϸ ϰ Ѿ Ѵ.
- table ǰ ְ ϴ, ( Table ȣ
ϰ ȴٸ) ܼ createδ Ұ circular
definition(ȯ) Ѵ.
(: A Table B ڷḦ ϴ foreign key ְ, B
C foreign key, C A foreign key 㵵 table
ȴٸ ѹ A,B,C table . A,B,C
foreign key ִ ȴ.)
ܷŰ . ODBC Ư ٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ
α ̺ Ǿ ִ ְ ̾
µ ϸ ø̼ µ ̴.
(: foreign key ؼ ſ ̴. , ̰
foreign key Ϻ ϻ̴. ٵ client Table DATA
迡 ؼ Ծ ؼ Ű澲 ʰ ϰ,
ڷ Ἲ(ռ[?]) Ѵٴ ſ ߿ϴ. Ư,
Table 1~20 ƴ 100 Ѿٸ, client Ű澲
programingϴ ͵ , debugging .
table 踦 ȭѴٸ programmer foreign key
ޱ ٴ Table checkؾ Ǵ Եȴ. foreign
key ǵǴ ֵ table Data ϴ ʱ
̴. ǹ ߳ û óϴ ־
foreign keyŭ 彺 . )
Mysql ܷŰ Ǹ ֵ ؼ Ŭ̾Ʈ
ؼ ϰ ֵ
̴. '.frm' ̰ ϰ
.
5.2.6
Mysql 並 ʴ´. TODO( ) ִ.
MySQL doesn't support views, but this is on the TODO.
5.2.7 `--' ּ
Ϻ ٸ SQL ͺ̽ '--' ּ Ѵ. mysql
'--' ϴ Mysql '#' ּ
Ѵ. ڴ C Ÿ /* this is a
comment */ mysql ִ. 7.28 [Comment] .
Mysql '--' ̴; '--' ּ · ڵ
Ǵ SQL ǿ Ų.
. 츮 ڵ payment !payment! Էϵ ϰ
ִ :
UPDATE tbl_name SET credit=credit-!payment!
payment ̶ ϴ°?
1--1 մ SQḺ '--' ּ ǹϴ
̴.
'--' ּ ϴ ؽƮ SQL α ٸ
ؾ Ѵ:
shell> replace " --" " #" < text-file-with-funny-comments.sql \
| mysql database
instead of the normal( ???):
shell> mysql database < text-file-with-funny-comments.sql
Ϸ '--' ּ '#' ּ ٲ ִ:
shell> replace " --" " #" -- text-file-with-funny-comments.sql
:
shell> replace " #" " --" -- text-file-with-funny-comments.sql
(** Ϻ SQL ϴ -- ּ Ƿ
MYSQL # ּ Ѵٴ ̴ **)
5.3 Mysql ִ ǥ ΰ?
Entry level SQL92. ODBC level 0-2.
5.4 BLOB TEXT Ÿ
BLOB TEXT ʵ忡 GROUP BY ORDER BY ϱ ϸ ʵ
ü Ѵ. ̷ ϴ ǥ
SUBSTRING ϴ ̴. :
mysql> select comment from tbl_name order by SUBSTRING(comment,20);
̷ ù ° max_sort_lengths (⺻
=1024) ȴ.
BLOB TEXT ⺻ NULL ÷
.
BLOB and TEXT cannot have DEFAULT values and will also always be NULL
columns.
5.5 COMMIT-ROLLBACK ġ ?
Mysql COMMIT-ROLLBACK ʴ´. COMMIT-ROLLBACK
ȿ ٷ ؼ Mysql ϴ Ͱ ٸ
̺ 谡 ʿϴٴ ̴. Mysql ̺ ڵ Ŭ
߰ ũ ִ ʿϴ.
̷ 纸 mysql 2-4 . Mysql κ
ٸ SQL ͺ̽ ξ . ( ּ 2-3
) ̷ Mysql COMMIT-ROLLBACK ̴.
а 츮 SQL ۵ ַ ̴.
κ
COMMIT-ROLLBACK ʿ 幰. ̷ ϴ
ִ.
Ϲ Ʈ ʿ Ʈ LOCK TABLES ڵ带 ©
ִ. ڵ带 Ʈ Ŀ ʿ䰡 .
츮 Ʈǰ Ŀ TODO ־ 켱 ƴϴ.
̷ Ѵٸ CREATE TABLE ɼ ̴. ̰
ɼ ̺ ۵ϸ ̺ ̶
ǹѴ.
츮 100% ͺٴ ͺ̽ ʿ
.
COMMIT-ROLLBACK ϴ ӵ ջ ٸ 츮 װ
̴. а ߿ϰ ؾ ϵ ִ. 츮
Ϳ 켱 ΰ ִ TODO . ܰ
̰ ٲ 켱 ִ.
ROLLBACK ̴. ѹ LOCK TABLES ̿Ͽ
COMMIT ִ. ѹ ϱ Mysql
Ʈ ڵ带 ϰ ѹ ̳
ư ֵ ٲپ Ѵ. ̷
ʴ.( isamlog ̷ 츦 ִ)
ALTER/DROP/CREATE TABLE ѹ ϴ ô ƴ.
ѹ ϱ ִ:
1. ϱ ϴ ̺ . LOCK TABLES ...
2. Ʈ(Test conditions)
3. ȴٸ Ʈ Ѵ.
4. UNLOCK TABLES
Ϲ ѹ ̿ Ʈ ϴ ͺٴ ̷
ξ . 밡 ƴϴ. ̷
ذ Ȳ Ʈ 带
̴. ̷ ȴ. Ʈ
δ ̴.
۷̼ǿ ڵ带 Ʈϴ ִ.
ũ ϸ ſ ȿ ø̼ ִ:
- õǾ ִ ʵ带
- ȭ ʵ带 Ʈ
, Ʈ ٲ
Ʈ Ѵ.
For example, when we are doing updates on some customer information,
we update only the customer data that have changed and test only that
none of the changed data, or data that depend on the changed data,
have changed compared to the original row.
ȭ Ʈ UPDATE WHRE Ͽ ִ.
ڵ尡 Ʈ ʾҴٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ
:
" ٲ Ϻΰ ٸ ڿ ٲϴ".
츮 쿡 ڵ ڵ带 Ͽ
. ڴ ڵ带 ִ.
̷ ϸ "÷ ŷ" ϴ. δ . ֳ
ϸ õǾ ִ ÷ Ʈϱ ̴.
Ʈ ̴:
UPDATE tablename SET pay_back=pay_back+'relative change';
UPDATE customer
SET
customer_date='current_date',
address='new address',
phone='new phone',
money_he_owes_us=money_he_owes_us+'new_money'
WHERE
customer_id=id AND address='old address' AND
phone='old phone';
̷ ϸ ſ ȿ̸ ٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ
pay_back ̳ money_he_owes_us ÷ ٲپ
۵Ѵ.
κ , ڴ ̺ (identifiers) ϱ
ѹ ̺ ϰ ;Ѵ. ̰ AUTO_INCREMENT ÷
SQL LAST_INSERT_ID() , Ǵ mysql_insert_id() C API
Ͽ ȿ ִ. 18.4.49 [mysql_insert_id()]
.
TcX ̷ ذ ֱ low-level
ʿ ʴ´. 쿡 ο- ʿϴ.
̷ ؼҼ̴. ο- ϸ ̺ ÷
÷ ִ. :
UPDATE tbl_name SET row_flag=1 WHERE id=ID;
row ߰ߵǰ row_flag row ̹ 1 ƴ϶
row ڷμ 1 ȯѴ.
MySQL returns 1 fro the number of affected rows if the row was found
and row_flag wasn't already 1 in the original row.
6. Mysql ý
mysql ǥ / ý ִ. ̹
忡 ̰ ۵ϴ ϰ ִ.
6.1 ý̶ ΰ?
Mysql ý ֿ ͺ̽ select, insert,
update, delete ȣƮ ̸ ̴.
߰ ɿ ɰ LOAD DATA INFILE
̼ǰ mysql Ư ϴ κ ԵǾ ִ.
Mysql ϴ ̸ н ̸
(α ̸)̳ ̸ 谡 ٴ !
. κ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ mysql ̸ н
̸ Ͽ Ϸ ̴. ̰ Ǹ
ؼ̴. Ŭ̾Ʈ α -u --user ɼ ٸ
̸ Ѵ. ̰ mysql ̸ йȣ
ͺ̽ ȿ ִٴ ǹѴ.
Ͽ Ϸ ϴ ̸ йȣ
Ǿ ʴٸ ӿ ̴.
н ̸ Ϲ 8ڷ ѵǾ ִ Ͱ ٸ
mysql ̸ 16ڱ ִ.
mysql йȣ н йȣ ƹ . н ӽſ
α ϴ йȣ ͺ̽ ϴ
йȣ . mysql н α μ
ϴ Ͱ ٸ ˰ йȣ ȣȭѴ.
6.2 mysql ϱ
mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ α Ϲ з(Ű )
ϴ.: ȣƮ, ̸, йȣ. mysql Ŭ
Ʈ ִ. ( ڴ [ ] ݴ´)
shell>; mysql [-h host_name] [-u user_name] [-pyour_pass]
-p ڿ йȣ ̿ ٴ .
-h, -u, -p ü ִ δ
--host=host_name, --user=user_name and --password=your_pass
ִ.
mysql Ŀǵ ο Ű ⺻
Ѵ. ⺻ ȣƮ ̸ localhost ̰ ⺻ ̸ н
̸̴.(-p йȣ ʴ´)
н ̸ joe ϴ.:
shell> mysql -h localhost -u joe
shell> mysql -h localhost
shell> mysql -u joe
shell> mysql
ٸ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ ϰ ۵Ѵ.
н ýۿ ִ ⺻ ־ Ŭ
Ʈ α ɼ ʾƵ ȴ:
Ȩ 丮 '.my.cnf' [client] ǿ
ִ. Ͽ ̿ :
[client]
host=host_name
user=user_name
password=your_pass
4.14.4 [option files] .
ȯ Ͽ ִ. ȣƮ
MYSQL_HOST ִ. Mysql ̸ USER, LOGNAME,
LOGIN ִ. (̷ ̹ н α ̸
Ǿ ̴. Ƿ ٲ ʴ° ) йȣ
MYSQL_PWD ִ.( ̰ ʴ;
)
Ǿٸ
ϰ ȯ ͺ 켱 .
ȯ 켱 .
6. 2. 1 йȣ
ٸ ڰ ߰ ְ йȣ ϴ ʴ
. Ŭ̾Ʈ α йȣ ϴ Ʒ
赵 Ͽ:
-pyour_pass Ǵ --password=your_pass ɼ .
̴. йȣ ý Ȳ α(ps
) ֱ ٸ ڰ
.(mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ Ϲ ʱȭǴ ڸ 0
. ִ ª ƴ ִ)
-p Ǵ --password ɼ (йȣ ). ̷
Ŭ̾Ʈ α ̳ο йȣ :
shell> mysql -u user_name -p
Enter password: ********
Ŭ̾Ʈ йȣ ĥ ̳ο '*' ڸ ش.
ٸ ڰ йȣ . ٸ ڰ Ƿ
йȣ Էϴ ξ ϴ.
ȭ ũƮ Ŭ̾Ʈ α ϸ
ʴ.
Ͽ йȣ . Ȩ 丮 '.my.cnf'
[client] ǿ йȣ ִ.
[client]
password=your_pass
йȣ '.my.cnf' Ͽ Ѵٸ ̳ ٸ
б/⸦ ؾ Ѵ. ۹̼ 400 ̳ 600
Ȯ.
4.14.4 [ɼ ] .
йȣ MYSQL_PWD ȯ ִ.
ϸ ؼ ȵȴ. Ϻ ps α μ
ȯ溯 ִ ɼ ִ; MYSQL_PWD ϸ ٸ
йȣ ִ. ̷ ps ý
μ ȯ溯 ˻ ִ ٰ ϴ
ϴ.
߿ Ŭ̾Ʈ α йȣ 䱸ϰ
ϰ '.my.cnf' Ͽ йȣ ϴ ̴.
6.3 mysql ϴ
Ѱ õ mysql ͺ̽(ͺ̽ ̸ mysql
) user, db, host, table_priv, columns_priv ̺ ȴ. mysql
, ȯ (6.7 [ ] )
̺ оδ.
mysql ϴ ϴ ̸ Ʒ .
÷ ̸ grant tables Ǵ context
Ǿ ִ.
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| Privilege () | Column (÷) | Context (ȯ) |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| select | Select_priv | tables |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| insert | Insert_priv | tables |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| update | Update_priv | tables |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| delete | Delete_priv | tables |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| index | Index_priv | tables |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| alter | Alter_priv | tables |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| create | Create_priv | databases, table or indexs |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| drop | Drop_priv | databases or tables |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| grant | Grant_priv | databases or tables |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| reload | Reload_priv | server administration |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| shutdown | Shutdown_priv | server administration |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| process | Process_priv | server administration |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
| file | File_priv | file access on server |
+-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+
select, insert, update, delete ͺ̽ ̺
忡 ۷̼ ֵ Ѵ.
SELECT ̺ (ڵ) select
ʿϴ. ͺ̽ ϴ
Ư SELECT ִ.
mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ ִ:
mysql> SELECT 1+1;
mysql> SELECT PI()*2;
index(ε) ε ϰų ִ.
alter ALTER TABLE ֵ Ѵ.
create drop ο ͺ̽ ̺ ϰų
ϴ ͺ̽ ̺ ֵ Ѵ.
ڿ mysql ͺ̽ drop ϸ, ڴ
mysql ٱ ͺ̽ ִٴ°!
.
grant ڰ ִ ٸ ڰ ֵ
Ѵ.
file LOAD DATA INFILE and SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE ̿
ϰ ִ Ѵ. ̷
ڴ mysql а ִ а ִ
ȴ.
ѵ ۷̼ǿ Ǹ mysqladmin α
Ѵ.
Ʒ ̺ ѿ ִ mysqladmin
ش:
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Privilege () | Command permitted to privilege holders |
| | (ѿ Ǵ ) |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| reload | reload, refresh, flush-privileges |
| | , flush-hosts, flush-logs, flush-tables |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| shutdown | shutdown |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| process | processlist, kill |
+--------------------+----------------------------------------------+
reload grant ̺ ٽ о δ. refresh
̺ α ݴ´. flush-privileges
reload ɰ Ǿ̴. ٸ flush-* refresh
Ѵ. 쿡
ϴ. α ϸ ݰ ٽ Ѵٸ flush-logs
refresh ̴.
(** flush ɼδ ȣƮ, α , , ̺, status
variables ִ. SQL Ǵ mysqladmin ƿƼ
ϸ ȴ. **)
shutdown ˴ٿѴ. (** ̰ ¾~~?? **)
processlist ǰ ִ 忡
. kill 带 δ. ڽ ų
ٸ ڿ ۵ μ
ų ִ.
ɽ ؾ Ѵ:y:
grant() ڰ ٸ ֵ
Ѵ. ٸ Ѱ grant ڴ
ִ.
file б дµ
.... SELECT ̿ ִ ...
The file privilege can be abused to read any world-readable file on
the server into a database table, the contents of which can then be
accessed using SELECT.
(** ʾƵ ̿ ִ ʴ°
ٴ ̰ **)
shutdown ٸ ڿ ϵ
ִ.
process йȣ ϰ ٲٴ Ǹ
ϰ ִ Ǹ µ ִ.
mysql ͺ̽ йȣ ٸ
ٲٴ ִ. (йȣ ȣȭǾ Ǿٰ ϴ
, ִ ڴ ٸ йȣ ٲ
)
mysql ý ٷ ִ:
ź ڸ ϰ . ֳϸ ڿ
źϴ ϰ ų ̴.
ڰ ͺ̽ ̺ ִ
ͺ̽ ü
.
(** ϱ create drop ָ ͺ̽ ü
. ̺ ֵ Ѵٴ
**)
6.4 ý ۵
mysql ý ڰ ŭ ֵ
. mysql , Ȯ ȣƮ ڰ
̸ ȴ. ý Ȯΰ
Ѵ.
mysql ڸ Ȯϴµ ȣƮ̸ ̸ Ѵ Ѵ.
ֳĸ ͳݿ ̸ ٰ ڶ
̴. whitehouse.gov ϴ bill
microsoft.com ϴ bill ʿ .
mysql ̸ ִ ȣƮ ̿ ڸ
Ѵ : whitehouse.gov ϴ bill Ư
ְ microsoft.com ϴ bill ٸ ִ.
mysql ΰ ܰ谡 ִ:
ܰ 1: ڰ ִ Ǵ
ܰ 2 ( ڰ Ǿ ) : ڰ Ϸ
ɿ ִ û Ǵ. ,
ͺ̽ ̺ select rows Ҷ, Ǵ ͺ̽
̺ ̺ select ִ
̽ ִ Ȯ Ѵ.
ܰ迡 mysql ͺ̽ user, db, host
̺ ̿Ѵ.grant ̺ ʵ Ʒ :
+----------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| Table name | user | db | host |
+----------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| Scope fields | Host | Host | Host |
| (ʵ ) +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | User | Db | Db |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Password | User | |
+----------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Select_priv | Select_priv | Select_priv |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Insert_priv | Insert_priv | Insert_priv |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Update_priv | Update_priv | Update_priv |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| Privilege | Delete_priv | Delete_priv | Delete_priv |
| filelds +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| ( ʵ) | Index_priv | Index_priv | Index_priv |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Alter_priv | Alter_priv | Alter_priv |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Create_priv | Create_priv | Create_priv |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Drop_priv | Drop_priv | Drop_priv |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Grant_priv | Grant_priv | Grant_priv |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Reload_priv | | |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Shutdown_priv | | |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | Process_priv | | |
| +-----------------+---------------+---------------+
| | File_priv | | |
+----------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
ι° ܰ踦 (û ), û ̺
̶ ߰ tables_priv columns_priv ̺ Ѵ.
̺ ʵ :
+-------------------+---------------+----------------+
| Table name | tables_priv | columns_priv |
+-------------------+---------------+----------------+
| Scope fields | Host | Host |
| +---------------+----------------+
| | Db | Db |
| +---------------+----------------+
| | User | User |
| +---------------+----------------+
| | Table_name | Table_name |
| +---------------+----------------+
| | | Column_name |
+-------------------+---------------+----------------+
| Privilege field | Table_priv | Type |
| +---------------+----------------+
| | Column_priv | |
+-------------------+---------------+----------------+
| Other fields | Timestamp | Timestamp |
| +---------------+----------------+
| | Gran | |
+-------------------+---------------+----------------+
(grant) ̺ ʵ ʵ Ǿ ִ.
ʵ ̺ Ʈ Ѵ. ٽ ϸ Ʈ
Ǵ context(ȯ, )̴. , Host User
'thomas.loc.gov' 'bob' user ̺ Ʈ thomas.loc.gov ȣ
Ʈ bob Ҷ ϴµ ȴ.ϰ
Host, User, db ʵ尪 'thomas.loc.gov', 'bob', 'reports' db
̺ Ʈ thomas.loc.gov ȣƮ bob reports ͺ̽
ȴ. tables_priv columns_priv ̺ ̺̳
Ʈ ִ ̺/÷ Ű ʵ带
ϰ ִ.
üũ ϱ , HOst ҹڸ ʴ´.
User, Password, Db, Table_name ҹڸ Ѵ. mysql
3.22.12 Column_name ҹڸ ʴ´.
(3.22.11 ҹ )
ʵ ̺ Ʈ εǴ Ű ̴
ִ ䷹̴̼. Ϻϰ ϱ
(grant) ̺ Ѵ. ϴ Ģ 6.6
[Request access] .
ʵ ڿ̸ ǵǾ; ⺻ ڿ
:
+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------+
| Field name | Type | |
+--------------+------------| |
| Host | CHAR(60) | |
+--------------+------------| |
| User | CHAR(16) | |
+--------------+------------| |
| Password | CHAR(16) | |
+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------+
| Db | CHAR(64) | (CHAR(60) for the tables_priv and |
| | | columns_priv tables) |
+--------------+------------+-------------------------------------+
user, db, host ̺ ʵ ENUM('N','Y') ǵǾ
ִ. -- 'N' 'Y' ⺻ 'N' ̴.
(** ENUM Ÿ ϳ .ʵ Ÿ **)
tables_priv columns_priv ̺ ʵ SET ʵ ǵ
:
(** SET Ÿ ߿ 0̳ 1 ̻ **)
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| Table name | Field name | Possible set elements |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| tables_priv | Table_priv | 'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', |
| | | 'Delete', 'Create', 'Drop', 'Grant', |
| | | 'References', 'Index', 'Alter' |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| tables_priv | Column_priv | 'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', |
| | | 'References' |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
| columns_priv | Type | 'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', |
| | | 'References' |
+--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+
ϰ ؼ (grant) ̺ Ѵ:
user ̺ scope() ʵ ῡ
ź Ѵ. ῡ Ͽ, ʵ
ü (superuser) Ų.
db host ̺ Բ ȴ:
- db ̺ ʵ ȣƮ ͺ̽
ڰ ִ Ѵ. ʵ
۷̼ Ǿ Ѵ.
- host ̺ db ̺ Ʈ ȣƮ
db ̺ Ȯ Ѵ. , ڰ
Ʈ ȣƮ ͺ̽ ֵ Ϸ,
"db" ̺ Ʈ Host ΰ, "host"
ȣƮ Ʈ ȴ.̷ 6,6 [Request
access] ڼ ϰ ִ.
tables_priv columns_priv ̺ db ̺ ϴ.
ִ: ̺ ͺ̽ ܰ迡
ư ̺ ÷ ܰ迡 ִ.
(reload, shutdown,Ÿ..) user ̺
ִٴ ! ֳĸ ۷̼ ü
۷̸̼ Ư ͺ̽ ϴ ƴϴ. Ƿ
̷ ٸ (grant) ̺ ʿ䰡 .,
user ̺ ۷̼ ִ
ȴ.
(file) ѵ user ̺ Ѵ.
ƴϴ. ȣƮ аų ִ
ϰ ִ ͺ̽ ̴.
mysqld (grant) ̺ ѹ д´. ̺
ϰ ȿ Ϸ 6.7 [Privilege changes] .
̺ ϴ´ Ǿ Ȯ
ϴ ̴. α mysqlaccess ũƮ
μ Yves CArlier mysql distribution ϰ ִ.
ϰ ִ Ȯϱ mysqlaccess --help ɼ ־
. 6.11 [Access denied] 6.12 [Security] .
mysqlaccess user, db, host ̺ Ѵ. ̺̳ ÷
ܰ ѱ ʴ´ٴ .
6.5 ,
ܰ 1 : Ȯ()
mysql Ϸ Ȯΰ йȣ
ϰų źѴ. Ȯ ȵǸ
źѴ. Ȯ Ǹ Ƶ̰ 2° ܰ
û ٸ.
Ȯ ΰ ϰ ִ:
ϴ ȣƮ
mysql ̸
Ȯ user ̺ ʵ(Host, User, Password)
Ͽ ȴ. user ̺ Ʈ ȣƮ̸
, йȣ Ȯ Ƶδ.
Ʒ user ̺ ʵ尪 ִ:
Host ȣƮ ̸̳ IP Ǵ ȣƮ Ű
'localhost' ̴.
Host ʵ忡 '%' '_' ϵī ڸ ִ.
'%' Host ȣƮ ̸ Ÿ. ȣƮ
'%' . Ư ȣƮ ̷
ִٴ .
ϵī ڴ User ʵ忡 ʴ´.
شϴ ִ. Ϸ Ͽ
̸ ִٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̸ ſ ڴ
, ̸ ڷμ ֵȴ.
Password ʵ ִ.̰ ƹ йȣ
ִٴ ǹϴ ƴϸ ڴ йȣ
ʰ ؾ Ѵٴ ǹ̴.
Ʒ ̺ û ϴ "user" ̺ Host, User
յǴ ִ ̴:
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| ȣƮ/ | Ͽ شϴ |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 'thomas.loc.gov'/'fred' | thomas.loc.gov ϴ fred |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 'thomas.loc.gov'/'' | thomas.loc.gov ϴ |
| | |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| '%'/'fred' | ȣƮ ϴ fred |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| '%'/'' | ȣƮ ϴ |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| '%.loc.gov'/'fred' | loc.gov ȣƮ |
| | ϴ fred |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 'x.y.%'/'fred' | x.y.net, x.y.com, x.y.edu |
| | ϴ fred (̰ Ƹ |
| | ̴) |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| '144.155.166.177'/'fred' | 144.155.166.177 IP ּҿ |
| | ϴ fred |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| '144.155.166.%'/'fred' | 144.155.166 Ŭ C |
| | ȣƮ ϴ fred |
+--------------------------+---------------------------------------+
Host ʵ忡 IP ϵ ī带 ֱ (
'144.155.166.%' ȣƮ ȴ)
144.155.166.somewhere ȣƮ ̸ ̿Ͽ δϰ ̿
ɼ ִ. ̷ mysql ڿ Ʈ(.)
ϴ ȣƮ̸ ʴ´. 1.2.foo.com ȣƮ
̷ ȣƮ̸ (grant) ̺ Host ÷ ġ
´. IP ڸ IP ϵ ī ġų ִ.
Ѱ ̻ user table ִٸ user table
ұ? ̷ 쿡 user table ذ ϸ ,
Ҷ ȴ. user table ٰ
:
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| Host | User | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| % | root | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| % | jeffrey | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| localhost | root | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| localhost | | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
̺ , Ưϰ ִ ȣƮ
Ѵ. (Host ÷ '%' " ȣƮ" ǹϿ ּѵ
ϴ ̴) Ͽ ȣƮ Ưϰ
ڰ ִ ͺ Ѵ.( Ǿ ִ User "
" ǹϿ ּѵ ϴ ̴.) ̷ ϸ user
̺ :
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| Host | User | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| localhost | root | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| localhost | | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| % | jeffrey | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| % | root | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
Ī ˰ Ǹ ĪǴ
. localhost jeffrey ϷҶ, Host ÷
'localhost' Īȴ. ̸
ϴ ȣƮӰ ̸ Īȴ. ('%'/'jeffrey'
Ī ȴ. ̺ ó ĪǴ ƴϴ.)
ٸ ִ. user ̺ ٰ غ:
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| Host | User | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| % | jeffrey | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| thom | as.loc.gov | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
̺ :
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| Host | User | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| thom as.loc.gov | | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
| % | jeffrey | ... |
+---------------------+-------------+-------------+
ù° thomas.loc.gov jeffrey ϴ ĪǸ,
whitehouse.gov jeffrey ϴ ι° Ī ȴ.
, user ̺ Ͽ
ĪǴ ϸ ȴ.
6.6 , 2ܰ : û
Ǿٸ 2ܰ . Ǿ 䱸
ڰ Ϸ Ͽ ڰ
ִ Ѵ.
⼭ ̺ ʵ尡 ۵Ѵ. user, db, host,
table_priv, columns_priv ̺ Ѵ. GRANT REVOKE
̿Ͽ ̺ ٷ ִ. 7.25 [GRANT] .
( Ҵ ̺ ʵ ϴ
̴; 6.4[Privilege] .)
user ̺ ڿ ü ϸ
Ͱ ʹ . , user ̺
ڿ delete ߴٸ ȣƮ ͺ̽
ڵ ִ! ٸ ؼ user ̺
̸, ( ͺ̽ )Ը user ̺
ϴ . ٸ ڿԴ user ̺
'N' ϰ, db host ̺ Ͽ Ư ͺ̽
ѽ ϴ° .
db host ̺ Ư ͺ̽ Ѵ. ̺
Host Db ʵ忡 ϵī '%' '_'
̸ ʵ (scope fields) Ѵ. '%' Host
" ȣƮ" ǹѴ. db ̺ Host ̸ "host
̺ ڼ ϶" ǹ̴. A '%' or blank Db
value in the host table means or "any database." (** or
ڳ. host ̺ Db '%' Ǵ ̸ "
ͺ̽" ǹѴٴ **) User ̸
ڷ ֵȴ.
db host ̺ а Ѵ.(ÿ user
̺ д´.) db ̺ Host, Db, User ʵ
host ̺ Host, Db ʵ Ѵ. user ̺
Ưϰ Ǿ ִ ǰ ּѵ
߿ ȴ. ĪǴ ã, ߰
Ѵ.
tables_priv columns_priv ̺ Ư ̺ ÷ õ
Ѵ.db host ̺ Host ʵ ϵī带 Host
ʵ忡 ִ. Db, Table_name, Column_name ʵ忡
ϵī峪 鰪 .
Host ̺ ϵī带 tables_priv
columns_priv ̺ db ̺ ϰ Ǹ
.
û Ʒ Ѵ. - ҽ ڵ忡 ģϴٸ,
⼭ ϴ ڵ忡 ˰ ణ ٸٴ
ִ.⼭ ڵ尡 ۵ϴ İ ϴ.
ϰ ϴµ ̰ ִ ̴.
û ؼ(shutdown, reload ) user ̺
üũ Ѵ. ֳĸ user ̺ ϱ
. Ͽ û ϸ Ǹ ƴ 쿡
źεȴ.
, mysqladmin shutdown ϰ ϴµ user ̺ Ͽ
ڿ shutdown , db host ̺
üũ ʴ źεȴ. (̷ ̺ Shutdown_priv
÷ ̷ ʿ䵵 )
ͺ̽ õ û (insert, update ) user
̺ Ͽ ü() Ѵ. Ͽ
û ϸ εȴ.
user ̺ ü ϸ, db host ̺
Ͽ ͺ̽ õ Ѵ:
1. db ̺ ĪǴ Host, Db, User ʵ带 ã´.
ȣƮ ̸ Mysql ̸ Host User Ī
. ڰ ϱ ϴ ͺ̽ Db ʵ忡 Īȴ.
Host User źεȴ.
2. ĪǴ db ̺ ְ Host ʵ尡 ƴϸ,
ͺ̽ Ѵ.
3. ĪǴ db ̺ Host ʵ尡 ̸, host ̺
ȣƮ ͺ̽ ִ ǴѴٴ ǹѴ.
̷ , ڼ host ̺ ĪǴ Host Db
ʵ带 ã´. host ̺ ĪǴ źεȴ.
ĪǴ ͺ̽ db host
̺ Ͽ intersection Ͽ ȴ.
(** insertection ϸ . and **) ٽ
, db host ̺ 'Y' Ǿ ȴ.̷
db ̺ Ϲ ,
host ̺ host Ͽ
ִ.)
db host ̺ ̿ ͺ̽ õ
, ̷ user ̺ ü ѿ
߰Ѵ. û ϸ ȴ. ٸ
, tables_priv columns_priv ̺ ̺
÷ ϰ ѿ ߰Ѵ.
ǰų źεȴ.
ü Ʈ ѿ ͺ̽, ̺, ÷
õ ߰ϴ Ȯ ʴ.... ̷
ʱ û 꿡 Ͽ ϴ...
(It may not be apparent why the server adds the database-, table- and
column-specific privileges to the global user entry privileges for
those cases in which the user privileges are initially found to be
insufficient for the requested operation.)
û Ѱ ̻ ʿϱ ̴. , INSERT
... SELECT insert select ʿϴ.
user ̺ Ѱ ϰ db ̺ Ʈ
ٸ ̴. ̷ , ڴ ̷ û
ϱ ʿ ִ. ü ٸ
̺ ؼ .....
(In this case, you have the necessary privileges to perform the
request, but the server cannot tell that from either table by
itself;) ;
Ʈ ε յǾ Ѵ.
host ̺ "" ϴµ ִ. TcX
, host ̺ Ʈ ý ԵǾ ִ. ⼭
ȴ.
ʴ ȣƮ Ű host ̺ ִ.
ϴٰ ʴ ġ public.your.domain ý
ִٰ غ. ڴ Ʈ ȣƮ
, host ̺ Ʈ ý۸ Ѵ :
+----------------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| Host | Db | ... |
+----------------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| public.your.domain | % | ... (all privileges set to 'N') |
+----------------------+------+-----------------------------------+
| %.your.domain | % | ... (all privileges set to 'Y') |
+----------------------+------+-----------------------------------+
翬 ϴ´ Ǿ ִ ̺
ؾ Ѵ. ( mysqlaccess )
6.7
mysqld , ̺ ö ̶
ȿϰ ȴ.
GRANT, REVOKE, SET PASSWORD ̿ ̺ ϸ ٷ
ν Ѵ.
̺ ߴٸ(INSERT, UPDATE Ͽ),
̺ 簡ϵ ϱ FLUSH PRIVIEGES ̳
mysqladmin flush-privileges ؾ Ѵ.
ٽ ϱ ʴ´.
̺ Ǿٴ , ̹ ϴ
Ŭ̾Ʈ ´:
1. ̺ ÷ Ŭ̾Ʈ û ȴ.
2. ͺ̽ USE db_name ɺ ȴ.
3. ü Ѱ йȣ Ŭ̾Ʈ
ȴ.
6.8 ʱ mysql Ѽ
mysql ġϰ , mysql_install_db ũƮ ؼ ʱ
ؾ Ѵ. 4.7.1 [Quick install] . mysql_install_db
ũƮ mysqld ϰ, ̺
ȭѴ:
- mysql root ڴ ̸ ִ. ȣƮ
ִ.
: ó root йȣ ִ. йȣ
root ְ ι´.
- ڴ 'test' 'test_' ϴ ͺ̽
ι´. ڰ ȣƮ
ڷ ֵȴ.
- ٸ źεȴ. Ϲ ڴ mysqladmin shutdown
̳ mysqladmin processlist .
ġ ʱ а Ǿ ֱ mysql
root йȣ ؾ Ѵ. ϸ ȴ.
(PASSWORD() Լ ̿ йȣ ؾ Ѵ!):
shell> mysql -u root mysql
mysql> UPDATE user SET Password=PASSWORD('new_password')
WHERE user='root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
or
shell> mysqladmin -u root password new_password
(** PASSWORD() Լ ʾƵ ǹǷ . SQL
grant ̿ **)
ù° ϸ user ̺ йȣ ƮѴ.
ٽ ̺ е ؾ Ѵ.(FLUSH PRIVILEGES
). ֳϸ ٸ δ ˸ ̴.
(** ̺ ٽ ʾƼ ߴ йȣ
ȵǴ 찡 Դϴ. ϰ ־ؿ **)
root йȣ Ǿ root Ҷ йȣ
ؾ Ѵ.
߰ ¾ ϰų Ʈ йȣ ʿ䰡
root йȣ ܵΰ ̴. ۾
ϱ ݵ йȣ ߴ Ȯؾ Ѵ.
⺻ ϴ mysql_install_db ũƮ 캸.
ڿ ̰ ⺻ ִ.
Ͱ ٸ ʱ ϱ ϸ,
mysql_install_db ũƮ ϱ ϸ ȴ.
ϰ ̺ ٽ mysql ͺ̽ ϴ
丮 '*ISM' '*.ISD' ؾ Ѵ. ( 丮
database 丮 'mysq''̶ ̸ پִ. mysqld --help
database 丮 ִ.) ϴ´
mysql_install_db ũƮ .
6.9 mysql ο ߰ϱ
ΰ ڸ ߰ ִ : GRANT Ǵ mysql
̺ . GRANT ϴ ȣǴ ̴.
Ʒ ο ڸ ϱ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ
ϴ ش. ߴͰ ⺻
ϴ Ѵ. ̰ ٲٱ mysqld
ǰ ִ ýۿ ־ Ѵٴ Ѵ. (**ʱⰪ
localhost ϹǷ**) mysql root ڷ ؾ
ϰ root ڴ mysql ͺ̽ insert Ѱ reload
־ Ѵ. root йȣ ٲپ, Ʒ
mysql ¿ йȣ ؾ Ѵ.
GRANT ̿ ο ڸ ߰ ִ:
shell> mysql --user=root mysql
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO monty@localhost
IDENTIFIED BY 'something' WITH GRANT OPTION;
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO monty@"%"
IDENTIFIED BY 'something' WITH GRANT OPTION;
mysql> GRANT RELOAD,PROCESS ON *.* TO admin@localhost;
mysql> GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO dummy@localhost;
GRANT ڸ Ѵ:
monty : ִ
йȣ ؾ Ѵ. 츮 monty@localhost monty@"%"
GRANT ؼ ݵ Ǹ ؾ Ѵ. localhost ߰
, mysql_install_db localhost
(?) ȣƮ Ҷ 켱 ´. ֳϸ
Host ʵ ̴. (**
Ư Host ͺ ϴ .
admin : йȣ localhost reload process
ι . ̰ ڰ mysqladmin processlist
Ӹ ƴ϶ mysqladmin reload, mysqladmin refresh, mysqladmin flush-*
ִ.ͺ̽ õ ε ʾҴ.
̰ ߰ GRANT ߿ ִ.
dummy : йȣ localhost
. (privilege type) USAGE ̱ ü
'N' Ǿ ִ. USAGE ƹ ѵ ʴ´.
߿ ͺ̽ õ ִ.
INSERT ߰
̰쿡 ̺ ٽ е ˷־ Ѵ.(**FLUSH
PRIVILEGES **)
shell> mysql --user=root mysql
mysql> INSERT INTO user
VALUES('localhost','monty',PASSWORD('something'),
'Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y')
mysql> INSERT INTO user VALUES('%','monty',PASSWORD('something'),
'Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y')
mysql> INSERT INTO user SET Host='localhost',User='admin',
Reload_priv='Y', Process_priv='Y';
mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password)
VALUES('localhost','dummy',");
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
mysql 'Y' ٸ ִٴ .
3.22.11 Ŀ ִ Ȯ INSERT ⼭ admin
ڿ Ǿ.
ϱ ʵ带 'Y' user ̺ ϸ
ȴٴ . db host ̺ ʿ. (**
db host ̺ . db ִ
ͺ̽ ϰ ϰ host ̺ db̺
ϰ ϱ ʿ ̴. user ̺
õǾִ **)
INSERT (dummy ) user ̺ ÷ Ȯ
ʾҴ. ֳĸ ÷ ⺻ 'N' Ǿ ֱ
.
custom ̶ ڸ ߰Ѵ. custom
localhost, server.domain, whitehouse.gov ִ.
localhost bankaccount ͺ̽
whitehouse.gov expenses ͺ̽, ȣƮ
customer ͺ̽ ϱ Ѵ. ȣƮ stupid
йȣ ϱ Ѵ.
GRANT ̿ ̷ ϱ
:
shell> mysql --user=root mysql
mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,CREATE,DROP
ON bankaccount.*
TO custom@localhost
IDENTIFIED BY 'stupid';
mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,CREATE,DROP
ON expenses.*
TO custom@whitehouse.gov
IDENTIFIED BY 'stupid';
mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,CREATE,DROP
ON customer.*
TO custom@'%'
IDENTIFIED BY 'stupid';
̺ Ϸ
. ( FLUSH PRIVILEGES ؾ Ѵٴ ):
shell> mysql --user=root mysql
mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password)
VALUES('localhost','custom',PASSWORD('stupid'));
mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password)
VALUES('server.domain','custom',PASSWORD('stupid'));
mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password)
VALUES('whitehouse.gov','custom',PASSWORD('stupid'));
mysql> INSERT INTO db
(Host,Db,User,Select_priv,Insert_priv,Update_priv,Delete_priv,
Create_priv,Drop_priv)
VALUES
('localhost','bankaccount','custom','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y');
mysql> INSERT INTO db
(Host,Db,User,Select_priv,Insert_priv,Update_priv,Delete_priv,
Create_priv,Drop_priv)
VALUES
('whitehouse.gov','expenses','custom','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y');
mysql> INSERT INTO db
(Host,Db,User,Select_priv,Insert_priv,Update_priv,Delete_priv,
Create_priv,Drop_priv)
VALUES('%','customer','custom','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y');
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
ó INSERT custom ڰ йȣ Ͽ پ
ȣƮ ֵ user ̺ ߰Ѵ.
۹̼ǵ ʴ´. ( ⺻ 'N'
) INSERT ȣƮ , custom
bankaccount, expenses, customer ͺ̽
ϴ db ̺ ߰Ѵ. Ϲ ̺
, ϱ ̺ ٽ е
־ Ѵ.
Ư ڰ Ư ýۿ ֵ ϰ
Ѵٸ, GRANT ִ:
mysql> GRANT ...
ON *.*
TO myusername@"%.mydomainname.com"
IDENTIFIED BY 'mypassword';
̺ Ϸ Ѵ:
mysql> INSERT INTO user VALUES ('%.mydomainname.com', 'myusername',
PASSWORD('mypassword'),...);
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
̺ ٷ xmysqladmin, mysql_webadmin, xmysql α
ִ. http://www.mysql.com/Contrib ̷ ƿ
Ƽ ã ִ.
6.10 йȣ
߿ Ģ ش : INSERT UPDATE
ƴ йȣ ݵ ȣȭϱ PASSWORD() Լ
ؾ Ѵ!! user ̺ йȣ ÷ؽƮ(**Ϲ ؽƮ
**) ƴ϶ ȣȭ · ϱ ̴. ̷ ؾ
йȣ Ϸ ̴:
shell> mysql -u root mysql
mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password)
VALUES('%','jeffrey','bLa81m0');
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
÷ؽƮ 'bLa81m0' user ̺ йȣ
.jeffrey ڰ йȣ Ϸ
mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ йȣ ȣȭؼ .
ȣȭ йȣ('bLa81m0' ƴϴ) user ̺ йȣ
(÷ؽƮ 'bLa81m0' ̴) Ѵ. ϰ
źѴ:
shell> mysql -u jeffrey -pbLa81m0 test
Access denied
йȣ user ̺ Էµ ݵ ȣȭǾ ϱ ,
INSERT ؾ Ѵ:
mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password)
VALUES('%','jeffrey',PASSWORD('bLa81m0'));
SET PASSWORD PASSWORD() Լ ؾ Ѵ:
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR jeffrey@"%" = PASSWORD('bLa81m0');
: PASSWORD() Լ йȣ ȣȭ Ѵ. н
йȣ ȣȭϴ ٸ. н йȣ mysql
йȣ PASSWORD() н йȣ (** /etc/passwd
**) ȣȭǾ ٰ ϸ ȴ.
GRANT ... IDENTIFIED BY ̳ mysqladmin password
ȣ ϸ PASSWORD() Լ ʿ. Ѵ йȣ ȣȭ
Ѵ:
mysql> GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO jeffrey@"%" IDENTIFIED BY 'bLa81m0';
shell> mysqladmin -u jeffrey password bLa81m0
(** , GRANT ̳ mysqladmin password ϴ° ϰ
? mysql ȣȭ ˰ н ٸ н mysql
ڴ ٸٴ ͵ ٽ ѹ ϰ ־ մϴ.**)
6.11 ź
mysql Ϸ ź , Ʒ ϴ
Ϳ ذ ã ִ:
- ʱ ̺ ϱ mysql ġ
mysql_install_db ũƮ Ͽ°? ʾҴٸ ũƮ
. 6.8 [Default privileges] . ̿ ʱ
ִ:
shell> mysql -u root test
̴. mysql ͺ̽ 丮
'user.ISD' ִ Ȯغƾ Ѵ. (Ϲ 'mysql ġ
丮/var/mysql/user.IDS' ̴)
- ġ ϰ , ϰ ڿ
Ѵ:
shell> mysql -u root mysql
ʱ mysql root ڸ йȣ
. ȹ ֱ , ٸ mysql ڸ ϱ
root йȣ ؾ Ѵ.
root Ϸϴµ ٰ :
Access denied for user: '@unknown' to database mysql
̰ user ̺ User ÷ = root , mysqld
Ŭ̾Ʈ ȣƮ̸ ؼ ٴ ǹѴ. ̷
--skip-grant-tables ɼ ̿ ٽ ؾ ϰ
'/etc/hosts' ϰų '\windows\hosts' Ͽ ȣƮ
߰ؾ Ѵ.
- 3.22.11 3.22.11̳ Ʈߴٸ,
mysql_fix_privilege_tables ũƮ ߴ°? ʾҴٸ
. mysql 3.22.11 GRANT 鼭 ̺
ٲ.
- (INSERT UPDATE ) ̺ ư ȭ
ݿ ̸, FLUSH PRIVILEGES ϰų
mysqladmin flush-privileges ̺ ٽ
е ؾ Ѵٴ . ϱ
ȭ ݿ ʴ´. root йȣ ϰ
flush ϱ йȣ ʿ䰡 . ֳĸ
йȣ ٲپ ̴.
- ߰ ̸ ٲپ ̴.
̺ ϴ ο Ŭ̾Ʈ ӿ ġ
̹ ϰ ִ 6.7 [Privileges changes] Ѵ
ģ.
- ϱ , mysqld --skip-grant-tables ɼ ־
. mysql ̺ ְ Ȱ ϴ
۵ϴ üũϴ mysqlaccess ũƮ ִ.
ϴ´ Ǿ mysqld ο ̺
mysq1admin flush-priveleges Ѵ.
: ̺ εϴ --skip-grant-tables ɼ ȿȭ
Ѵ. ̸ ٿŰ ٽ ʰ ̺
ִ.
- , Python, ODBC α ϴµ ִٸ, mysql -u
user_name db_name Ǵ mysql -u user_name -pyour_pass db_name
õغ. (-p йȣ̿ ٴ
. --password=your_pass ·ε ִ) mysql Ŭ
̾Ʈ Ǹ α ִ ̸ ѿ
.
- йȣ ۵ , INSERT, UPDATE, SET PASSWORD
йȣ ϸ鼭 PASSWORD() Լ ݵ ؾ Ѵٴ
. PASSWORD() Լ GRANT ... INDENTIFIED BY ̳
mysqladmin password ߴٸ ʿϴ. 6.10 [Passwords]
.
- localhost ȣƮ ̸ ̴. ȣƮ ϰ
Ŭ̾Ʈ Ϸ ȣƮ ⺻̴.
MIT-pthreads ϴ ýۿ localhost
۵ ʴ´. (localhost н .
MIT-pthreads н ʴ´.) ̿
ýۿ Ϸ, ȣƮ ̸ Ȯϰ ֱ
--host ɼ ؾ Ѵ. mysqld TCP/IP
. ̰, ȣƮ
user ̺ Ͽ ȣƮ̸ ־ Ѵ. (
ȣƮ Ŭ̾Ʈ α Ѵٰ ϴ ̴.)
- mysql -u user_name db_name ͺ̽ Ϸ
ź , user ̺ ̴. mysql -u root
mysql Ͽ ϰ SQL :
mysql> SELECT * FROM user;
⼭ ȣƮ̸ mysql ̸ ´ Host User
ԵǾ ־ Ѵ.
- Access denied Ϸ ڿ ȣƮ ̸,
йȣ ߴ θ ̴. Ϲ user ̺
ȣƮ ̸ ̸ Ȯϰ ´
־ Ѵ.
- ٸ ýۿ mysql ,
user ̺ Ϸ ϴ ȣƮ ̸ ٴ Ѵ:
Host ... is not allowed to connect to this MySQL server
( ȣƮ!) ƿƼ mysql Ͽ user ̺
ϰ ϴ /ȣƮ ̸ ߰Ͽ ذ ִ. mysql
3.22 ϰ ʰ ϰ ϴ ý IP ڳ ȣƮ
̸ ٸ, user ̺ Host ÷ '%' Էϰ
ýۿ --log ɼ mysqld . Ŭ̾Ʈ
ýۿ õ mysql α ߴ
ִ. ( '%' α ȣƮ
̸ ٲ۴. ȿ ִ.)
- mysql -u root test ۵ ϴµ mysql -h your_hostname -u root
test ٿ , user ̺ Ȯ ȣƮ ̸
̴. Ϲ user ̺ Host ȣ
Ʈ ̸(** ȣƮ ̸ **) ִµ
ý ؼ ƾ FQDN(fully-qualified domain name - **
̸ ȣƮ ̸ **) óϴ ̴(Ǵ
ٷ ؼ). , user ̺ ȣƮ ̸ 'taejun' Ǿ
ִµ, DNS mysql ȣƮ ̸ 'taejun.subnet.se' ˷
̰ ۵ ̴.
user ̺ Host ÷ μ شϴ IP ڳ ȣƮ ̸
. (, user ̺ Host ϵī ڸ
ִ. , 'taejun.%'. ȣƮ̸ '%' ϴ
ʴ´!)
- mysql -u user_name test ۵ϴµ mysql -u user_name
other_db_name ۵ ʴ´ٸ db ̺ other_db_name
̴.
- ýۿ mysql -u user_name db_name ۵ ϴµ, ٸ
Ŭ̾Ʈ ýۿ mysql -u user_name db_name ۵ ʴ
ٸ, user ̺̳ db ̺ Ŭ̾Ʈ ý
̴.
- Access denied ذ ϸ, user ̺ ϵ
ī('%' Ǵ '_') ϰ ִ Host
. ſ Ϲ Host='%' User='some user' Է
, ̷ ϸ ýۿ localhost
ֵ Ѵٰ ϴ ̴. ̰ ۵ ʴ
⺻ ѿ Host='localhost' User='' ԵǾ ֱ
. Host '%' и 'localhost' ֱ ,
localhost ο Ϻ ȴ. Ȯ
ι° Host='localhost' User='some_user' Էϰų
Host='localhost' User='' ϴ ̴.
- :
Access to database denied
db host ̺ ̴. db ̺ Ͽ
Host ÷ ִٸ, host ̺ db ̺ Ͽ Ǵ ȣ
Ʈ ̸ ִ Ȯؾ Ѵ.
(** Ϲ db ̺ host δ , host ̺
ϴ ȣƮ ִ **)
- :
Access to database denied
SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE Ǵ LOAD DATA INFILE SQL ϴ
, user ̺ Ͽ file Ǿ ʾ ̴.
- ٸ Ͽ , mysqld ɼ
. ( , --debug=d,general,query) ɿ
Բ, õϴ ȣƮ ڿ
̴. G.1 [Debugging] .
- mysql ̺ ٸ εư ϸƮ
˷߰ڴٰ , mysql ̺ Ͽ ؾ Ѵ.
mysqldump mysql ̺ ִ.
mysqlbug ƮƮ Ͽ ø.
- , mysqld ʰų ߸
̳ Ʈ Ϸ õϴ :
Can't connect to local MySQL server
Can't connect to MySQL server on some_hostname
mysqld ۵ϴ ps ̿ ȮѴ.
ִ Ȯϰ ƾ Ѵ.(Ϲ
`/tmp/mysql.sock' ) Ǵ telnet host_name 3306 õغ
. ڼ mysqladmin version mysqladmin -h
host_name version ִ. ִ mysql
Ÿ 丮 α غ.
Ŭ̾Ʈ α ̳ ȯ з
ִٴ . ʾҴµ Ŭ
̾Ʈ ߸ ⺻ з Ǹ, Ȩ
丮 ȯ溯 '.my.cnf' غ. ⼭
зͿʹ 谡 ý mysql
ִ. 4.14.4 [Option files] . Ŭ̾Ʈ ƹ
ɼǵ ʾҴµ Access denied , ɼ
߿ йȣ ʾҴ Ȯ . 4.14.4
[Option files] .
6.12 ũĿ Ͽ mysql ϰ ϴ
mysql Ϲ йȣ ؾ Ѵ. йȣ
ܼ ؽƮ ۵ ʴ´.
/Ŭ̾Ʈ ȣȭ ʴ´;
ִ ؽƮ ۵ȴ.
ư ϱ (mysql 3.22 ̻ )
ִ. Ȯϰ ϱ ssh ġ ִ.
(http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh ) ̰ ̿ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ
̿ ȣȭ TCP/IP ִ.
mysql ý ϰ ϰ :
- mysql ڰ йȣ . ڰ йȣ
'mysql - u ̸' ̿ ϰ ڷ α
ִٴ . ̰ Ŭ̾Ʈ/ ø̼ Ϲ
۵̴. mysql_install_db ũƮ ϱ ũƮ
Ͽ йȣ ٲ ִ. Ǵ mysql root
йȣ ٲ ϸ ȴ:
shell> mysql -u root mysql
mysql> UPDATE user SET Password=PASSWORD('new_password')
WHERE user='root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
- mysql н root ڷ . mysqld ٸ
ڰ ִ. ϰ ϱ mysql̶
н ڸ ִ. ٸ н ڷ mysqld ϸ
user ̺ root ̸ ٲ ʿ䰡 . mysqld ٸ
н ڰ ϱ mysql.server ũƮ ϸ ȴ.
su Ѵ. ڼ 16.7 [Changing mysql
user] .
- mysqld ִ ڸ ͺ̽ 丮 б/
ִ Ȯ.
- ڿ process . mysqladmin processlist
ϸ ϴ ִ. Ƿ ̷
ִ ڴ ٸ UPDATE user SET
password=PASSWORD(_'no_secure') Ǹ ִ.mysql process
ڸ ߰(extra) Ѵ. mysql
root ڴ Ϲ Ǿ αϰ
ִ.
- ڿ file . ̷ ִ ڴ
mysqld ִ ý
ִ. ϰ ϱ SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE Ǵ
ڰ б⸸ ̹ ϴ
.
(** file LOAD DATA INFILE , SELECT .. INTO OUTFILE ̿
ϰ ִ Ѵ. ̷
ڴ mysql а ִ а ִ
ȴ. Ϲ ڿ ̷ ʿ . ʿ
и ִ . 븻. **)
- DNS ŷ Ѵٸ Ը ȣƮ̸ IP
. ⺻ mysqld --secure ɼ ȣƮ̸ ϰ
. ϵī ڰ Ե ȣƮ̸ Ҷ
ؾ Ѵ.
- mysql.server ũƮ н root йȣ ִ´ٸ,
ũƮ root ֵ ؾ Ѵ.
mysqld ɼ Ȱ õǾ ִ:
--secure : gethostbyname() ý ݿ ϵ IP ڰ
ȣƮ̸ resolve Ͱ Ѵ. ̰
ȣƮ ̸ ķؼ ϴ ư . ɼ
ȣƮ̸ ߰Ѵ. ؼϴµ
ð ɷ mysql 3.21 ⺻ Ǿ
. mysql 3.22 ȣƮ̸ ijϰ ɼ ⺻
Ǿ ִ.
(** Լ gethostbyname() ȣƮ ̸ ڷ شϴ IP
ּ Ÿ شϴ ü ü
ϴ ԼԴϴ. ؼ ȣƮ ̸ ش IP ּҸ ã
.**)
--skip-grant-tables : ɼ ϸ ý
ʴ´. ڰ ͺ̽
!
(mysqladmin reload Ͽ ̺ ϵ
ִ.)
--skip-name-resolve : ȣƮ̸ ؼ ʴ´. ̺
Host ÷ ݵ IP ̰ų ȣƮ̾ Ѵ.
--skip-networking : Ʈ TCP/IP . mysqld
н . ɼ
MIT-pthreads ϴ ýۿ ۵ ʴ´. ֳ
MIT-pthreads Ű н ʱ ̴.
(** ϴ 鿡Դ ? н
ϴϱ. ̿ ϰ postgres 6.3 ĺΰ? ⺻
н ٲ. **)
7. MySQL language reference.
7.1 Literals: how to write strings and numbers
7.1.1 Strings
A string is a sequence of characters, surrounded by either single
quote (`'') or double quote (`"') characters. Examples:
'a string'
"another string"
Within a string, certain sequences have special meaning. Each of
these sequences begins with a backslash (`\'), known as the escape
character. MySQL recognizes the following escape sequences:
\0 An ASCII 0 (NUL) character.
\n A newline character.
\t A tab character.
\r A carriage return character.
\b A backspace character.
\' A single quote (`'') character.
\" A double quote (`"') character.
\\ A backslash (`\') character.
\% A `%' character. This is used to search for literal instances
of `%' in contexts where `%' would otherwise be interpreted
as a wildcard character.
\_ A `_' character. This is used to search for literal instances
of `_' in contexts where `_' would otherwise be interpreted
as a wildcard character.
There are several ways to include quotes within a string:
A `'' inside a string quoted with `'' may be written as `'''.
A `"' inside a string quoted with `"' may be written as `""'.
You can precede the quote character with an escape character (`\').
A `'' inside a string quoted with `"' needs no special treatment and
need not be doubled or escaped. In the same way, `"' inside a string
quoted with `'' needs no special treatment.
The SELECT statements shown below demonstrate how quoting and
escaping work:
mysq> SELECT 'hello', '"hello"', '""hello""', 'hel''lo', '\'hello';
+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+
| hello | "hello" | ""hello"" | hel'lo | 'hello |
+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+
mysql> SELECT "hello", "'hello'", "''hello''", "hel""lo", "\"hello";
+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+
| hello | 'hello' | ''hello'' | hel"lo | "hello |
+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+
mysql> SELECT "This\nIs\nFour\nlines";
+--------------------+
| This
Is
Four
lines |
+--------------------+
If you want to insert binary data into a BLOB column, the following
characters must be represented by escape sequences:
NUL ASCII 0. You should represent this by `\0' (a backslash and
an ASCII `0' character).
\ ASCII 92, backslash. Represent this by `\\'.
' ASCII 39, single quote. Represent this by `\''.
" ASCII 34, double quote. Represent this by `\"'.
If you write C code, you can use the C API function
mysql_escape_string() to escape characters for the INSERT statement.
See section . In Perl, you can use the quote method of the DBI
package to convert special characters to the proper escape sequences.
See section .
You should use an escape function on any string that might contain
any of the special characters listed above!
7.1.2 Numbers
Integers are represented as a sequence of digits. Floats use `.' as a
decimal separator. Either type of number may be preceded by `-' to
indicate a negative value.
Examples of valid integers:
1221
0
-32
Examples of valid floating-point numbers:
294.42
-32032.6809e+10
148.00
An integer may be used in a floating-point context; it is interpreted
as the equivalent floating-point number.
7.1.3 Hexadecimal values
MySQL supports hexadecimal values. In number context these acts like
an integer (64 bit precision). In string context these acts like a
binary string where each pair of hex digits is converted to a
character.
mysql> SELECT 0xa+0
-> 10
mysql> select 0x5061756c;
-> Paul
Hexadecimal strings is often used by ODBC to give values for BLOB
columns.
7.1.4 NULL values
The NULL value means ``no data'' and is different from values such as
0 for numeric types or the empty string for string types. See section
18.15 Problems whit NULL values.
NULL may be represented by \N when using the text file import or
export formats (LOAD DATA INFILE, SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE). See
section 7.15 LOAD DATA INFILE syntax.
7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias names
Database, table, index, column and alias names all follow the same
rules in MySQL:
A name may consist of alphanumeric characters from the current
character set and also `_' and `$'. The default character set is
ISO-8859-1 Latin1; this may be changed by recompiling MySQL. See
section 9.1.1 The charater set used for data and sorting.
A database, table, index or column name can be up to 64 characters
long. An alias name can be up to 256 characters long.
A name may start with any character that is legal in a name. In
particular, a name may start with a number (this differs from many
other database systems!). However, a name cannot consist{{
}}
only{{
}}
o
f
numbers.
It is recommended that you do not use names like 1e, because an
expression like 1e+1 is ambiguous. It may be interpreted as the
expression 1e + 1 or as the number 1e+1.
You cannot use the `.' character in names because it is used to
extend the format by which you can refer to columns (see immediately
below).
In MySQL you can refer to a column using any of the following forms:
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Column reference | Meaning |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| col_name | Column col_name from whichever table used |
| | in the query contains a column of that name |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| tbl_name.col_name | Column col_name from table tbl_name |
| | of the current database |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| db_name.tbl | Column col_name from table tbl_name |
| _name.col_name | of the database db_name. This form is |
| | available in MySQL 3.22 or later. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
You need not specify a tbl_name or db_name.tbl_name prefix for a
column reference in a statement unless the reference would be
ambiguous. For example, suppose tables t1 and t2 each contain a
column c, and you retrieve c in a SELECT statement that uses both t1
and t2. In this case, c is ambiguous because it is not unique among
the tables used in the statement, so you must indicate which table
you mean by writing t1.c or t2.c. Similarly, if you are retrieving
from a table t in database db1 and from a table t in database db2,
you must refer to columns in those tables as db1.t.col_name and
db2.t.col_name.
The syntax .tbl_name means the table tbl_name in the current
database. This syntax is accepted for ODBC compatibility, because
some ODBC programs prefix table names with a `.' character.
7.1.5.1 Case sensitivity in names
In MySQL, databases and tables correspond to directories and files
within those directories. Consequently, the case sensitivity of the
underlying operating system determines the case sensitivity of
database and table names. This means database and table names are
case sensitive in Unix and case insensitive in Win32.
Note: Although database and table names are case insensitive for
Win32, you should not refer to a given database or table using
different cases within the same query. The following query would not
work because it refers to a table both as my_table and as MY_TABLE:
SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE MY_TABLE.col=1;
Column names are case insensitive in all cases.
Aliases on tables are case sensitive. The following query would not
work because it refers to the alias both as a and as A:
mysql> SELECT col_name FROM tbl_name AS a
WHERE a.col_name = 1 OR A.col_name = 2;
Aliases on columns are case insensitive.
7.2 Column types
MySQL supports a number of column types, which may be grouped into
three categories: numeric types, date and time types, and string
(character) types. This section first gives an overview of the types
available and summarizes the storage requirements for each column
type, then provides a more detailed description of the properties of
the types in each category. The overview is intentionally brief. The
more detailed descriptions should be consulted for additional
information about particular column types, such as the allowable
formats in which you can specify values.
The column types supported by MySQL are listed below. The following
code letters are used in the descriptions:
M Indicates the maximum display size. The maximum legal display
size is 255.
D Applies to floating-point types and indicates the number of
digits following the decimal point.
Square brackets (`[' and `]') indicate parts of type
specifiers that are optional.
Note that if you specify ZEROFILL for a column, MySQL will
automatically add the UNSIGNED attribute to the column.
TINYINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
A very small integer. The signed range is -128 to 127. The unsigned
range is 0 to 255.
SMALLINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
A small integer. The signed range is -32768 to 32767. The unsigned
range is 0 to 65535.
MEDIUMINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
A medium-size integer. The signed range is -8388608 to 8388607. The
unsigned range is 0 to 16777215.
NT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
A normal-size integer. The signed range is -2147483648 to
2147483647. The unsigned range is 0 to 4294967295.
NTEGER[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
This is a synonym for INT.
BIGINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
A large integer. The signed range is -9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807. The unsigned range is 0 to 18446744073709551615.
Note that all arithmetic is done using signed BIGINT or DOUBLE
values, so you shouldn't use unsigned big integers larger than
9223372036854775807 (63 bits) except with bit functions! Note that -,
+ and * will use BIGINT arithmetic when both arguments are INTEGER
values! This means that if you multiply two big integers (or results
from functions that return integers) you may get unexpected results
if the result is larger than 9223372036854775807.
FLOAT(precision) [ZEROFILL]
A floating-point number. Cannot be unsigned. precision can be 4 or
8. FLOAT(4) is a single-precision number and FLOAT(8) is a
double-precision number. These types are like the FLOAT and DOUBLE
types described immediately below. FLOAT(4) and FLOAT(8) have the
same ranges as the corresponding FLOAT and DOUBLE types, but their
display size and number of decimals is undefined. In MySQL 3.23, this
is a true floating point value. In earlier MySQL versions,
FLOAT(precision) always has 2 decimals. This syntax is provided for
ODBC compatibility.
FLOAT[(M,D)] [ZEROFILL]
A small (single-precision) floating-point number. Cannot be
unsigned. Allowable values are -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38,
0 and 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38.
DOUBLE[(M,D)] [ZEROFILL]
A normal-size (double-precision) floating-point number. Cannot be
unsigned. Allowable values are -1.7976931348623157E+308 to
-2.2250738585072014E-308, 0 and 2.2250738585072014E-308 to
1.7976931348623157E+308.
DOUBLE PRECISION[(M,D)] [ZEROFILL]
REAL[(M,D)] [ZEROFILL]
These are synonyms for DOUBLE.
DECIMAL(M,D) [ZEROFILL]
An unpacked floating-point number. Cannot be unsigned. Behaves like
a CHAR column: ``unpacked'' means the number is stored as a string,
using one character for each digit of the value, the decimal point,
and, for negative numbers, the `-' sign. If D is 0, values will have
no decimal point or fractional part. The maximum range of DECIMAL
values is the same as for DOUBLE, but the actual range for a given
DECIMAL column may be constrained by the choice of M and D. In MySQL
3.23 the M argument no longer includes the sign or the decimal point.
(This is according to ANSI SQL.)
NUMERIC(M,D) [ZEROFILL]
This is a synonym for DECIMAL.
DATE
A date. The supported range is '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'. MySQL
displays DATE values in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format, but allows you to assign
values to DATE columns using either strings or numbers.
DATETIME
A date and time combination. The supported range is '1000-01-01
00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. MySQL displays DATETIME values in
'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format, but allows you to assign values to
DATETIME columns using either strings or numbers.
TIMESTAMP[(M)]
A timestamp. The range is '1970-01-01 00:00:00' to sometime in the
year 2037. MySQL displays TIMESTAMP values in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS,
YYMMDDHHMMSS, YYYYMMDD or YYMMDD format, depending on whether M is 14
(or missing), 12, 8 or 6, but allows you to assign values to
TIMESTAMP columns using either strings or numbers. A TIMESTAMP column
is useful for recording the date and time of an INSERT or UPDATE
operation because it is automatically set to the date and time of the
most recent operation if you don't give it a value yourself. You can
also set it to the current date and time by assigning it a NULL
value. See section 7.2.6 Date and time types
TIME
A time. The range is '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'. MySQL displays
TIME values in 'HH:MM:SS' format, but allows you to assign values to
TIME columns using either strings or numbers.
YEAR
A year. The allowable values are 1901 to 2155, and 0000. MySQL
displays YEAR values in YYYY format, but allows you to assign values
to YEAR columns using either strings or numbers. (The YEAR type is
new in MySQL 3.22.)
CHAR(M) [BINARY]
A fixed-length string that is always right-padded with spaces to the
specified length when stored. The range of M is 1 to 255 characters.
Trailing spaces are removed when the value is retrieved. CHAR values
are sorted and compared in case-insensitive fashion unless the BINARY
keyword is given.
VARCHAR(M) [BINARY]
A variable-length string. Note: Trailing spaces are removed when the
value is stored (this differs from the ANSI SQL specification). The
range of M is 1 to 255 characters. VARCHAR values are sorted and
compared in case-insensitive fashion unless the BINARY keyword is
given. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
TINYBLOB
TINYTEXT
A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 255 (2^8 - 1)
characters. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
BLOB
TEXT
A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 65535 (2^16 - 1)
characters. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
MEDIUMBLOB
MEDIUMTEXT
A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 16777215 (2^24 - 1)
characters. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
LONGBLOB
LONGTEXT
A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 4294967295 (2^32 - 1)
characters. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
ENUM('value1','value2',...)
An enumeration. A string object that can have only one value, chosen
from the list of values 'value1', 'value2', ..., or NULL. An ENUM can
have a maximum of 65535 distinct values.
SET('value1','value2',...)
A set. A string object that can have zero or more values, each of
which must be chosen from the list of values 'value1', 'value2', ...
A SET can have a maximum of 64 members.
7.2.1 Column type storage requirements
The storage requirements for each of the column types supported by
MySQL are listed below by category.
7.2.2 Numeric types
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| Column type | Storage required |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| TINYINT | 1 byte |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| SMALLINT | 2 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| MEDIUMINT | 3 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| INT | 4 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| INTEGER | 4 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| BIGINT | 8 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| FLOAT(4) | 4 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| FLOAT(8) | 8 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| FLOAT | 4 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| DOUBLE | 8 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| DOUBLE PRECISION | 8 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| REAL | 8 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| DECIMAL(M,D) | M bytes (D+2, if M < D) |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| NUMERIC(M,D) | M bytes (D+2, if M < D) |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
7.2.3 Date and time types
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| Column type | Storage required |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| DATETIME | 8 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| DATE | 3 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| TIMESTAMP | 4 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| TIME | 3 bytes |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| YEAR | 1 byte |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Column type | Storage required |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| CHAR(M) | M bytes, 1 <= M <= 255 |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| VARCHAR(M) | L+1 bytes, where L <= M and |
| | 1 <= M <= 255 |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| TINYBLOB, TINYTEXT | L+1 bytes, where L < 2^8 |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| BLOB, TEXT | L+2 bytes, where L < 2^16 |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| MEDIUMBLOB, MEDIUMTEXT | L+3 bytes, where L < 2^24 |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT | L+4 bytes, where L < 2^32 |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| ENUM('value1', | 1 or 2 bytes, depending |
| 'value2',...) | on the number of enumeration values |
| | (65535 values maximum) |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| SET('value1', | 1, 2, 3, 4 or 8 bytes, depending |
| 'value2',...) | on the number of set members |
| | (64 members maximum) |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
VARCHAR and the BLOB and TEXT types are variable-length types, for
which the storage requirements depend on the actual length of column
values (represented by L in the preceding table), rather than on the
type's maximum possible size. For example, a VARCHAR(10) column can
hold a string with a maximum length of 10 characters. The actual
storage required is the length of the string (L), plus 1 byte to
record the length of the string. For the string 'abcd', L is 4 and
the storage requirement is 5 bytes.
The BLOB and TEXT types require 1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes to record the
length of the column value, depending on the maximum possible length
of the type.
If a table includes any variable-length column types, the record
format will also be variable-length. Note that when a table is
created, MySQL may under certain conditions change a column from a
variable-length type to a fixed-length type, or vice-versa. See
section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
The size of an ENUM object is determined by the number of different
enumeration values. 1 byte is used for enumerations with up to 255
possible values. 2 bytes are used for enumerations with up to 65535
values.
The size of a SET object is determined by the number of different set
members. If the set size is N, the object occupies (N+7)/8 bytes,
rounded up to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 8 bytes. A SET can have a maximum of 64
members.
7.2.5 Numeric types
All integer types can have an optional attribute UNSIGNED. Unsigned
values can be used when you want to allow only positive numbers in a
column and you need a little bigger numeric range for the column.
All numeric types can have an optional attribute ZEROFILL. Values for
ZEROFILL columns are left-padded with zeroes up to the maximum
display length when they are displayed. For example, for a column
declared as INT(5) ZEROFILL, a value of 4 is retrieved as 00004.
When asked to store a value in a numeric column that is outside the
column type's allowable range, MySQL clips the value to the
appropriate endpoint of the range and stores the resulting value
instead.
For example, the range of an INT column is -2147483648 to 2147483647.
If you try to insert -9999999999 into an INT column, the value is
clipped to the lower endpoint of the range, and -2147483648 is stored
instead. Similarly, if you try to insert 9999999999, 2147483647 is
stored instead.
If the INT column is UNSIGNED, the size of the column's range is the
same but its endpoints shift up to 0 and 4294967295. If you try to
store -9999999999 and 9999999999, the values stored in the column
become 0 and 4294967296.
Conversions that occur due to clipping are reported as ``warnings''
for ALTER TABLE, LOAD DATA INFILE, UPDATE and multi-row INSERT
statements.
The maximum display size (M) and number of decimals (D) are used for
formatting and calculation of maximum column width.
MySQL will store any value that fits a column's storage type even if
the value exceeds the display size. For example, an INT(4) column has
a display size of 4. Suppose you insert a value which has more than 4
digits into the column, such as 12345. The display size is exceeded,
but the allowable range of the INT type is not, so MySQL stores the
actual value, 12345. When retrieving the value from the column, MySQL
returns the actual value stored in the column.
The DECIMAL type is considered a numeric type (as is its synonym,
NUMERIC), but such values are stored as strings. One character is
used for each digit of the value, the decimal point (if D > 0) and
the `-' sign (for negative numbers). If D is 0, DECIMAL and NUMERIC
values contain no decimal point or fractional part.
The maximum range of DECIMAL values is the same as for DOUBLE, but
the actual range for a given DECIMAL column may be constrained by the
choice of M and D. For example, a type specification such as
DECIMAL(4,2) indicates a maximum length of four characters with two
digits after the decimal point. Due to the way the DECIMAL type is
stored, this specification results in an allowable range of -.99 to
9.99, much less than the range of a DOUBLE.
To avoid some rounding problems, MySQL always rounds everything that
it stores in any floating-point column to the number of decimals
indicated by the column specification. Suppose you have a column type
of FLOAT(8,2). The number of decimals is 2, so a value such as 2.333
is rounded to two decimals and stored as 2.33.
7.2.6 Date and time types
The date and time types are DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIME and YEAR.
Each of these has a range of legal values, as well as a ``zero''
value that is used when you specify an illegal value.
Here are some general considerations to keep in mind when working
with date and time types:
MySQL retrieves values for a given date or time type in a standard
format, but it attempts to interpret a variety of formats for values
that you supply (e.g., when you specify a value to be assigned to or
compared to a date or time type). Nevertheless, only the formats
described in the following sections are supported. It is expected
that you will supply legal values, and unpredictable results may
occur if you use values in other formats.
Although MySQL tries to interpret values in several formats, it
always expects the year part of date values to be leftmost. Dates
must be given in year-month-day order (e.g., '98-09-04'), rather than
in the month-day-year or day-month-year orders commonly used
elsewhere (e.g., '09-04-98', '04-09-98').
MySQL automatically converts a date or time type value to a number if
the value is used in a numeric context, and vice versa.
When MySQL encounters a value for a date or time type that is out of
range or otherwise illegal for the type, it converts the value to the
``zero'' value for that type. (The exception is that out-of-range
TIME values are clipped to the appropriate endpoint of the TIME
range.) The table below shows the format of the ``zero'' value for
each type:
+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Column type | ``Zero'' value |
+---------------+------------------------------------+
| DATETIME | '0000-00-00 00:00:00' |
+---------------+------------------------------------+
| DATE | '0000-00-00' |
+---------------+------------------------------------+
| TIMESTAMP | 00000000000000 |
| | (length depends on display size) |
+---------------+------------------------------------+
| TIME | '00:00:00' |
+---------------+------------------------------------+
| YEAR | 0000 |
+---------------+------------------------------------+
The ``zero'' values are special, but you can store or refer to them
explicitly using the values shown in the table. You can also do this
using the values '0' or 0, which are easier to write.
``Zero'' date or time values used through MyODBC are converted
automatically to NULL in MyODBC 2.50.12 and above, because ODBC can't
handle such values.
7.2.6.1 Y2K issues and date types
MySQL itself is Y2K-safe (see section 1.6 Year 2000 compliance), but
input values presented to MySQL may not be. Any input containing
2-digit year values is ambiguous, since the century is unknown. Such
values must be interpreted into 4-digit form since MySQL stores years
internally using four digits.
For DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP and YEAR types, MySQL interprets dates
with ambiguous year values using the following rules:
Year values in the range 00-69 are converted to 2000-2069.
Year values in the range 70-99 are converted to 1970-1999.
Remember that these rules provide only reasonable guesses as to what
your data mean. If the heuristics used by MySQL don't produce the
correct values, you should provide unambiguous input containing
4-digit year values.
7.2.6.2 The DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP types
The DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP types are related. This section
describes their characteristics, how they are similar and how they
differ.
The DATETIME type is used when you need values that contain both date
and time information. MySQL retrieves and displays DATETIME values in
'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format. The supported range is '1000-01-01
00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. (``Supported'' means that
although earlier values might work, there is no guarantee that they
will.)
The DATE type is used when you need only a date value, without a time
part. MySQL retrieves and displays DATE values in 'YYYY-MM-DD'
format. The supported range is '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'.
The TIMESTAMP column type provides a type that you can use to
automatically mark INSERT or UPDATE operations with the current date
and time. If you have multiple TIMESTAMP columns, only the first one
is updated automatically.
Automatic updating of the first TIMESTAMP column occurs under any of
the following conditions:
The column is not specified explicitly in an INSERT or LOAD DATA
INFILE statement.
The column is not specified explicitly in an UPDATE statement and
some other column changes value. (Note that an UPDATE that sets a
column to the value it already has will not cause the TIMESTAMP
column to be updated, because if you set a column to its current
value, MySQL ignores the update for efficiency.)
You explicitly set the TIMESTAMP column to NULL.
TIMESTAMP columns other than the first may also be set to the current
date and time. Just set the column to NULL, or to NOW().
You can set any TIMESTAMP column to a value different than the
current date and time by setting it explicitly to the desired value.
This is true even for the first TIMESTAMP column. You can use this
property if, for example, you want a TIMESTAMP to be set to the
current date and time when you create a row, but not to be changed
whenever the row is updated later:
Let MySQL set the column when the row is created. This will
initialize it to the current date and time.
When you perform subsequent updates to other columns in the row, set
the TIMESTAMP column explicitly to its current value.
On the other hand, you may find it just as easy to use a DATETIME
column that you initialize to NOW() when the row is created and leave
alone for subsequent updates.
TIMESTAMP values may range from the beginning of 1970 to sometime in
the year 2037, with a resolution of one second. Values are displayed
as numbers.
The format in which MySQL retrieves and displays TIMESTAMP values
depends on the display size, as illustrated by the table below. The
`full' TIMESTAMP format is 14 digits, but TIMESTAMP columns may be
created with shorter display sizes:
+-----------------+------------------+
| Column type | Display format |
+-----------------+------------------+
| TIMESTAMP(14) | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS |
+-----------------+------------------+
| TIMESTAMP(12) | YYMMDDHHMMSS |
+-----------------+------------------+
| TIMESTAMP(10) | YYMMDDHHMM |
+-----------------+------------------+
| TIMESTAMP(8) | YYYYMMDD |
+-----------------+------------------+
| TIMESTAMP(6) | YYMMDD |
+-----------------+------------------+
| TIMESTAMP(4) | YYMM |
+-----------------+------------------+
| TIMESTAMP(2) | YY |
+-----------------+------------------+
All TIMESTAMP columns have the same storage size, regardless of
display size. The most common display sizes are 6, 8, 12, and 14. You
can specify an arbitrary display size at table creation time, but
values of 0 or greater than 14 are coerced to 14. Odd-valued sizes in
the range from 1 to 13 are coerced to the next higher even number.
You can specify DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP values using any of a
common set of formats:
As a string in either 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' or 'YY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
format. A ``relaxed'' syntax is allowed--any non-numeric character
may be used as the delimiter between date parts or time parts. For
example, '98-12-31 11:30:45', '98.12.31 11+30+45', '98/12/31
11*30*45' and '98@12@31 11^30^45' are equivalent.
As a string in either 'YYYY-MM-DD' or 'YY-MM-DD' format. A
``relaxed'' syntax is allowed here, too. For example, '98-12-31',
'98.12.31', '98/12/31' and '98@12@31' are equivalent.
As a string with no delimiters in either 'YYYYMMDDHHMMSS' or
'YYMMDDHHMMSS' format, provided that the string makes sense as a
date. For example, '19970523091528' and '970523091528' are
interpreted as '1997-05-23 09:15:28', but '971122459015' is illegal
(it has a nonsensical minute part) and becomes '0000-00-00 00:00:00'.
As a string with no delimiters in either 'YYYYMMDD' or 'YYMMDD'
format, provided that the string makes sense as a date. For example,
'19970523' and '970523' are interpreted as '1997-05-23', but '971332'
is illegal (it has nonsensical month and day parts) and becomes
'0000-00-00'.
As a number in either YYYYMMDDHHMMSS or YYMMDDHHMMSS format, provided
that the number makes sense as a date. For example, 19830905132800
and 830905132800 are interpreted as '1983-09-05 13:28:00'.
As a number in either YYYYMMDD or YYMMDD format, provided that the
number makes sense as a date. For example, 19830905 and 830905 are
interpreted as '1983-09-05'.
As the result of a function that returns a value that is acceptable
in a DATETIME, DATE or TIMESTAMP context, such as NOW() or
CURRENT_DATE.
Illegal DATETIME, DATE or TIMESTAMP values are converted to the
``zero'' value of the appropriate type ('0000-00-00 00:00:00',
'0000-00-00' or 00000000000000).
For values specified as strings that include date part delimiters, it
is not necessary to specify two digits for month or day values that
are less than 10. '1979-6-9' is the same as '1979-06-09'. Similarly,
for values specified as strings that include time part delimiters, it
is not necessary to specify two digits for hour, month or second
values that are less than 10. '1979-10-30 1:2:3' is the same as
'1979-10-30 01:02:03'.
Values specified as numbers should be 6, 8, 12 or 14 digits long. If
the number is 8 or 14 digits long, it is assumed to be in YYYYMMDD or
YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format and that the year is given by the first 4
digits. If the number is 6 or 12 digits long, it is assumed to be in
YYMMDD or YYMMDDHHMMSS format and that the year is given by the first
2 digits. Numbers that are not one of these lengths are interpreted
as though padded with leading zeros to the closest length.
Values specified as non-delimited strings are interpreted using their
length as given. If the string is 8 or 14 characters long, the year
is assumed to be given by the first 4 characters. Otherwise the year
is assumed to be given by the first 2 characters. The string is
interpreted from left to right to find year, month, day, hour, minute
and second values, for as many parts as are present in the string.
This means you should not use strings that have fewer than 6
characters. For example, if you specify '9903', thinking that will
represent March, 1999, you will find that MySQL inserts a ``zero''
date into your table. This is because the year and month values are
99 and 03, but the day part is missing (zero), so the value is not a
legal date.
TIMESTAMP columns store legal values using the full precision with
which the value was specified, regardless of the display size. This
has several implications:
Always specify year, month, and day, even if your column types are
TIMESTAMP(4) or TIMESTAMP(2). Otherwise, the value will not be a
legal date and 0 will be stored.
If you use ALTER TABLE to widen a narrow TIMESTAMP column,
information will be displayed that previously was ``hidden''.
Similarly, narrowing a TIMESTAMP column does not cause information to
be lost, except in the sense that less information is shown when the
values are displayed.
Although TIMESTAMP values are stored to full precision, the only
function that operates directly on the underlying stored value is
UNIX_TIMESTAMP(). Other functions operate on the formatted retrieved
value. This means you cannot use functions such as HOUR() or SECOND()
unless the relevant part of the TIMESTAMP value is included in the
formatted value. For example, the HH part of a TIMESTAMP column is
not displayed unless the display size is at least 10, so trying to
use HOUR() on shorter TIMESTAMP values produces a meaningless result.
You can to some extent assign values of one date type to an object of
a different date type. However, there may be some alteration of the
value or loss of information:
If you assign a DATE value to a DATETIME or TIMESTAMP object, the
time part of the resulting value is set to '00:00:00', because the
DATE value contains no time information.
If you assign a DATETIME or TIMESTAMP value to a DATE object, the
time part of the resulting value is deleted, because the DATE type
stores no time information.
Remember that although DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP values all can be
specified using the same set of formats, the types do not all have
the same range of values. For example, TIMESTAMP values cannot be
earlier than 1970 or later than 2037. This means that a date such as
'1968-01-01', while legal as a DATETIME or DATE value, is not a valid
TIMESTAMP value and will be converted to 0 if assigned to such an
object.
Be aware of certain pitfalls when specifying date values:
The relaxed format allowed for values specified as strings can be
deceiving. For example, a value such as '10:11:12' might look like a
time value because of the `:' delimiter, but if used in a date
context will be interpreted as the year '2010-11-12'. The value
'10:45:15' will be converted to '0000-00-00' because '45' is not a
legal month.
Year values specified as two digits are ambiguous, since the century
is unknown. MySQL interprets 2-digit year values using the following
rules:
Year values in the range 00-69 are converted to 2000-2069.
Year values in the range 70-99 are converted to 1970-1999.
7.2.6.3 The TIME type
MySQL retrieves and displays TIME values in 'HH:MM:SS' format (or
'HHH:MM:SS' format for large hours values). TIME values may range
from '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'. The reason the hours part may be so
large is that the TIME type may be used not only to represent a time
of day (which must be less than 24 hours), but also elapsed time or a
time interval between two events (which may be much greater than 24
hours, or even negative).
You can specify TIME values in a variety of formats:
As a string in 'HH:MM:SS' format. A ``relaxed'' syntax is
allowed--any non-numeric character may be used as the delimiter
between time parts. For example, '10:11:12' and '10.11.12' are
equivalent.
As a string with no delimiters in 'HHMMSS' format, provided that it
makes sense as a time. For example, '101112' is understood as
'10:11:12', but '109712' is illegal (it has a nonsensical minute
part) and becomes '00:00:00'.
As a number in HHMMSS format, provided that it makes sense as a time.
For example, 101112 is understood as '10:11:12'.
As the result of a function that returns a value that is acceptable
in a TIME context, such as CURRENT_TIME.
For TIME values specified as strings that include a time part
delimiter, it is not necessary to specify two digits for hours,
minutes or seconds values that are less than 10. '8:3:2' is the same
as '08:03:02'.
Be careful about assigning ``short'' TIME values to a TIME column.
MySQL interprets values using the assumption that the rightmost
digits represent seconds. (MySQL interprets TIME values as elapsed
time, rather than as time of day.) For example, you might think of
'11:12', '1112' and 1112 as meaning '11:12:00' (12 minutes after 11
o'clock), but MySQL interprets them as '00:11:12' (11 minutes, 12
seconds). Similarly, '12' and 12 are interpreted as '00:00:12'.
Values that lie outside the TIME range but are otherwise legal are
clipped to the appropriate endpoint of the range. For example,
'-850:00:00' and '850:00:00' are converted to '-838:59:59' and
'838:59:59'.
Illegal TIME values are converted to '00:00:00'. Note that since
'00:00:00' is itself a legal TIME value, there is no way to tell,
from a value of '00:00:00' stored in a table, whether the original
value was specified as '00:00:00' or whether it was illegal.
7.2.6.4 The YEAR type
The YEAR type is a 1-byte type used for representing years.
MySQL retrieves and displays YEAR values in YYYY format. The range is
1901 to 2155.
You can specify YEAR values in a variety of formats:
As a four-digit string in the range '1901' to '2155'.
As a four-digit number in the range 1901 to 2155.
As a two-digit string in the range '00' to '99'. Values in the ranges
'00' to '69' and '70' to '99' are converted to YEAR values in the
ranges 2000 to 2069 and 1970 to 1999.
As a two-digit number in the range 1 to 99. Values in the ranges 1 to
69 and 70 to 99 are converted to YEAR values in the ranges 2001 to
2069 and 1970 to 1999. Note that the range for two-digit numbers is
slightly different than the range for two-digit strings, since you
cannot specify zero directly as a number and have it be interpreted
as 2000. You must specify it as a string '0' or '00' or it will be
interpreted as 0000.
As the result of a function that returns a value that is acceptable
in a YEAR context, such as NOW().
Illegal YEAR values are converted to 0000.
7.2.7 String types
The string types are CHAR, VARCHAR, BLOB, TEXT, ENUM and SET.
7.2.7.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR types
The CHAR and VARCHAR types are similar, but differ in the way they
are stored and retrieved.
The length of a CHAR column is fixed to the length that you declare
when you create the table. The length can be any value between 1 and
255. When CHAR values are stored, they are right-padded with spaces
to the specified length. When CHAR values are retrieved, trailing
spaces are removed.
Values in VARCHAR columns are variable-length strings. You can
declare a VARCHAR column to be any length between 1 and 255, just as
for CHAR columns. However, in contrast to CHAR, VARCHAR values are
stored using only as many characters as are needed, plus one byte to
record the length. Values are not padded; instead, trailing spaces
are removed when values are stored. (This space removal differs from
the ANSI SQL specification.)
If you assign a value to a CHAR or VARCHAR column that exceeds the
column's maximum length, the value is truncated to fit.
The table below illustrates the differences between the two types of
columns by showing the result of storing various string values into
CHAR(4) and VARCHAR(4) columns:
+------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+
| Value | CHAR(4) | Storage | VARCHAR(4) | Storage require |
| | | required | | required |
+------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+
| '' | ' ' | 4 bytes | '' | 1 byte |
+------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+
| 'ab' | 'ab ' | 4 bytes | 'ab' | 3 bytes |
+------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+
| 'abcd' | 'abcd' | 4 bytes | 'abcd' | 5 bytes |
+------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+
| 'abcdefgh' | 'abcd' | 4 bytes | 'abcd' | 5 bytes |
+------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+
The values retrieved from the CHAR(4) and VARCHAR(4) columns will be
the same in each case, because trailing spaces are removed from CHAR
columns upon retrieval.
Values in CHAR and VARCHAR columns are sorted and compared in
case-insensitive fashion, unless the BINARY attribute was specified
when the table was created. The BINARY attribute means that column
values are sorted and compared in case-sensitive fashion according to
the ASCII order of the machine where the MySQL server is running.
The BINARY attribute is ``sticky''. This means that if a column
marked BINARY is used in an expression, the whole expression is
compared as a BINARY value.
MySQL may silently change the type of a CHAR or VARCHAR column at
table creation time. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification
changes.
7.2.7.2 The BLOB and TEXT types
A BLOB is a binary large object that can hold a variable amount of
data. The four BLOB types TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB and LONGBLOB
differ only in the maximum length of the values they can hold. See
section 7.2.1 Column type storage requirements.
The four TEXT types TINYTEXT, TEXT, MEDIUMTEXT and LONGTEXT
correspond to the four BLOB types and have the same maximum lengths
and storage requirements. The only difference between BLOB and TEXT
types is that sorting and comparison is performed in case-sensitive
fashion for BLOB values and case-insensitive fashion for TEXT values.
In other words, a TEXT is a case-insensitive BLOB.
If you assign a value to a BLOB or TEXT column that exceeds the
column type's maximum length, the value is truncated to fit.
In most respects, you can regard a TEXT column as a VARCHAR column
that can be as big as you like. Similarly, you can regard a BLOB
column as a VARCHAR BINARY column. The differences are:
You can have indexes on BLOB and TEXT columns with MySQL versions
3.23.2 and newer. Older versions of MySQL did not support this.
There is no trailing-space removal for BLOB and TEXT columns when
values are stored, as there is for VARCHAR columns.
BLOB and TEXT columns cannot have DEFAULT values.
MyODBC defines BLOB values as LONGVARBINARY and TEXT values as
LONGVARCHAR.
Because BLOB and TEXT values may be extremely long, you may run up
against some constraints when using them:
If you want to use GROUP BY or ORDER BY on a BLOB or TEXT column, you
must convert the column value into a fixed-length object. The
standard way to do this is with the SUBSTRING function. For example:
mysql> select comment from tbl_name,substring(comment,20) as substr
ORDER BY substr;
If you don't do this, only the first max_sort_length bytes of the
column are used when sorting. The default value of max_sort_length is
1024; this value can be changed using the -O option when starting the
mysqld server. You can group on an expression involving BLOB or TEXT
values by specifying the column position or by using an alias:
mysql> select id,substring(blob_col,1,100) from tbl_name
GROUP BY 2;
mysql> select id,substring(blob_col,1,100) as b from tbl_name
GROUP BY b;
The maximum size of a BLOB or TEXT object is determined by its type,
but the largest value you can actually transmit between the client
and server is determined by the amount of available memory and the
size of the communications buffers. You can change the message buffer
size, but you must do so on both the server and client ends. See
section 10.1 Tuning server parameters.
Note that each BLOB or TEXT value is represented internally by a
separately-allocated object. This is in contrast to all other column
types, for which storage is allocated once per column when the table
is opened.
7.2.7.3 The ENUM type
An ENUM is a string object whose value normally is chosen from a list
of allowed values that are enumerated explicitly in the column
specification at table creation time.
The value may also be the empty string ("") or NULL under certain
circumstances:
If you insert an invalid value into an ENUM (that is, a string not
present in the list of allowed values), the empty string is inserted
instead as a special error value.
If an ENUM is declared NULL, NULL is also a legal value for the
column, and the default value is NULL. If an ENUM is declared NOT
NULL, the default value is the first element of the list of allowed
values.
Each enumeration value has an index:
Values from the list of allowable elements in the column
specification are numbered beginning with 1.
The index value of the empty string error value is 0. This means that
you can use the following SELECT statement to find rows into which
invalid ENUM values were assigned:
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE enum_col=0;
The index of the NULL value is NULL.
For example, a column specified as ENUM("one", "two", "three") can
have any of the values shown below. The index of each value is also
shown:
+-----------+---------+
| Value | Index |
+-----------+---------+
| NULL | NULL |
+-----------+---------+
| "" | 0 |
+-----------+---------+
| "one" | 1 |
+-----------+---------+
| "two" | 2 |
+-----------+---------+
| "three" | 3 |
+-----------+---------+
An enumeration can have a maximum of 65535 elements.
Lettercase is irrelevant when you assign values to an ENUM column.
However, values retrieved from the column later have lettercase
matching the values that were used to specify the allowable values at
table creation time.
If you retrieve an ENUM in a numeric context, the column value's
index is returned. If you store a number into an ENUM, the number is
treated as an index, and the the value stored is the enumeration
member with that index.
ENUM values are sorted according to the order in which the
enumeration members were listed in the column specification. (In
other words, ENUM values are sorted according to their index
numbers.) For example, "a" sorts before "b" for ENUM("a", "b"), but
"b" sorts before "a" for ENUM("b", "a"). The empty string sorts
before non-empty strings, and NULL values sort before all other
enumeration values.
If you want to get all possible values for an ENUM column, you should
use: SHOW COLUMNS FROM table_name LIKE enum_column_name and parse the
ENUM definition in the second column.
7.2.7.4 The SET type
A SET is a string object that can have zero or more values, each of
which must be chosen from a list of allowed values specified when the
table is created. SET column values that consist of multiple set
members are specified with members separated by commas (`,'). A
consequence of this is that SET member values cannot themselves
contain commas.
For example, a column specified as SET("one", "two") NOT NULL can
have any of these values:
""
"one"
"two"
"one,two"
A SET can have a maximum of 64 different members.
MySQL stores SET values numerically, with the low-order bit of the
stored value corresponding to the first set member. If you retrieve a
SET value in a numeric context, the value retrieved has bits set
corresponding to the set members that make up the column value. If a
number is stored into a SET column, the bits that are set in the
binary representation of the number determine the set members in the
column value. Suppose a column is specified as SET("a","b","c","d").
Then the members have the following bit values:
+--------------+------------------+----------------+
| SETmember | Decimal value | Binary value |
+--------------+------------------+----------------+
| a | 1 | 0001 |
+--------------+------------------+----------------+
| b | 2 | 0010 |
+--------------+------------------+----------------+
| c | 4 | 0100 |
+--------------+------------------+----------------+
| d | 8 | 1000 |
+--------------+------------------+----------------+
If you assign a value of 9 to this column, that is 1001 in binary, so
the first and fourth SET value members "a" and "d" are selected and
the resulting value is "a,d".
For a value containing more than one SET element, it does not matter
what order the elements are listed in when you insert the value. It
also doesn't not matter how many times a given element is listed in
the value. When the value is retrieved later, each element in the
value will appear once, with elements listed according to the order
in which they were specified at table creation time. For example, if
a column is specified as SET("a","b","c","d"), then "a,d", "d,a" and
"d,a,a,d,d" will all appear as "a,d" when retrieved.
SET values are sorted numerically. NULL values sort before
non-NULLSET values.
Normally, you perform a SELECT on a SET column using the LIKE
operator or the FIND_IN_SET() function:
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col LIKE '%value%';
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE FIND_IN_SET('value',set_col)>
But the following will also work:
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col = 'val1,val2';
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col & 1;
The first of these statements looks for an exact match. The second
looks for values containing the first set member.
If you want to get all possible values for an SET column, you should
use: SHOW COLUMNS FROM table_name LIKE set_column_name and parse the
SET definition in the second column.
7.2.8 Choosing the right type for a column
For the most efficient use of storage, try to use the most precise
type in all cases. For example, if an integer column will be used for
values in the range between 1 and 99999, MEDIUMINT UNSIGNED is the
best type.
Accurate representation of monetary values is a common problem. In
MySQL, you should use the DECIMAL type. This is stored as a string,
so no loss of accuracy should occur. If accuracy is not too
important, the DOUBLE type may also be good enough.
For high precision, you can always convert to a fixed-point type
stored in a BIGINT. This allows you to do all calculations with
integers and convert results back to floating-point values only when
necessary.
See section 10.17 What are the different row formats? Or, when
should VARACHAR/.
7.2.9 Column indexes
All MySQL column types can be indexed except BLOB and TEXT types. Use
of indexes on the relevant columns is the best way to improve the
performance of SELECT operations.
A table may have up to 16 indexes. The maximum index length is 256
bytes, although this may be changed when compiling MySQL.
You cannot index a column that may contain NULL values, so indexed
columns must be declared NOT NULL.
For CHAR and VARCHAR columns, you can index a prefix of a column.
This is much faster and requires less disk space than indexing the
whole column. The syntax to use in the CREATE TABLE statement to
index a column prefix looks like this:
KEY index_name (col_name(length))
The example below creates an index for the first 10 characters of the
name column:
mysql> CREATE TABLE test (
name CHAR(200) NOT NULL,
KEY index_name (name(10)));
7.2.10 Multiple-column indexes
MySQL can create indexes on multiple columns. An index may consist of
up to 15 columns. (On CHAR and VARCHAR columns you can also use a
prefix of the column as a part of an index).
A multiple-column index can be considered a sorted array containing
values that are created by concatenating the values of the indexed
columns.
MySQL uses multiple-column indexes in such a way that queries are
fast when you specify a known quantity for the first column of the
index in a WHERE clause, even if you don't specify values for the
other columns.
Suppose a table is created using the following specification:
mysql> CREATE TABLE test (
id INT NOT NULL,
last_name CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
first_name CHAR(30) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
INDEX name (last_name,first_name));
Then the index name is an index over last_name and first_name. The
index will be used for queries that specify values in a known range
for last_name, or for both last_name and first_name. Therefore, the
name index will be used in the following queries:
mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius";
mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius"
AND first_name="Michael";
mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius"
AND (first_name="Michael" OR
first_name="Monty");
mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius"
AND first_name >="M" AND first_name < "N";
However, the name index will NOT be used in the following queries:
mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE first_name="Michael";
mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius"
OR first_name="Michael";
For more information on the manner in which MySQL uses indexes to
improve query performance, see section 10.4 How MySQL uses indexes.
7.2.11 Using column types from other database engines
To make it easier to use code written for SQL implementations from
other vendors, MySQL maps column types as shown in the table below.
These mappings make it easier to move table definitions from other
database engines to MySQL:
+----------------------+------------------------+
| Other vendor type | MySQL type |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| BINARY(NUM) | CHAR(NUM) BINARY |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| CHAR VARYING(NUM) | VARCHAR(NUM) |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| FLOAT4 | FLOAT |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| FLOAT8 | DOUBLE |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| INT1 | TINYINT |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| INT2 | SMALLINT |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| INT3 | MEDIUMINT |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| INT4 | INT |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| INT8 | BIGINT |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| LONG VARBINARY | MEDIUMBLOB |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| LONG VARCHAR | MEDIUMTEXT |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| MIDDLEINT | MEDIUMINT |
+----------------------+------------------------+
| VARBINARY(NUM) | VARCHAR(NUM) BINARY |
+----------------------+------------------------+
Column type mapping occurs at table creation time. If you create a
table with types used by other vendors and then issue a DESCRIBE
tbl_name statement, MySQL reports the table structure using the
equivalent MySQL types.
7.3 Functions for use in SELECT and WHERE clauses
A select_expression or where_definition in a SQL statement can
consist of any expression using the functions described below.
An expression that contains NULL always produces a NULL value unless
otherwise indicated in the documentation for the operators and
functions involved in the expression.
Note: There must be no whitespace between a function name and the
parenthesis following it. This helps the MySQL parser distinguish
between function calls and references to tables or columns that
happen to have the same name as a function. Spaces around arguments
are permitted, though.
For the sake of brevity, examples display the output from the mysql
program in abbreviated form. So this:
mysql> select MOD(29,9);
1 rows in set (0.00 sec)
+-----------+
| mod(29,9) |
+-----------+
| 2 |
+-----------+
Is displayed like this:
mysql> select MOD(29,9);
-> 2
7.3.1 Grouping functions
( ... ) Parentheses. Use these to force the order of evaluation in an
expression.
mysql> select 1+2*3;
-> 7
mysql> select (1+2)*3;
-> 9
7.3.2 Normal arithmetic operations
The usual arithmetic operators are available. Note that in the case
of -, + and *, the result is calculated with BIGINT (64-bit)
precision if both arguments are integers!
+ Addition
mysql> select 3+5;
-> 8
- Subtraction
mysql> select 3-5;
-> -2
* Multiplication
mysql> select 3*5;
-> 15
mysql> select 18014398509481984*18014398509481984.0;
-> 324518553658426726783156020576256.0
mysql> select 18014398509481984*18014398509481984;
-> 0
The result of the last expression is incorrect because the result of
the integer multiplication exceeds the 64-bit range of BIGINT
calculations.
/ Division
mysql> select 3/5;
-> 0.60
Division by zero produces a NULL result:
mysql> select 102/(1-1);
-> NULL
A division will be calculated with BIGINT arithmetic only if
performed in a context where its result is converted to an integer!
7.3.3 Bit functions
MySQL uses BIGINT (64-bit) arithmetic for bit operations, so these
operators have a maximum range of 64 bits.
| Bitwise OR
mysql> select 29 | 15;
-> 31
& Bitwise AND
mysql> select 29 & 15;
-> 13
<< Shifts a longlong (BIGINT) number to the left.
mysql> select 1 << 2
-> 4
>> Shifts a longlong (BIGINT) number to the right.
mysql> select 4 >> 2
-> 1
BIT_COUNT(N)
Returns the number of bits that are set in the argument N.
mysql> select BIT_COUNT(29);
-> 4
7.3.4 Logical operations
All logical functions return 1 (TRUE) or 0 (FALSE).
NOT
! Logical NOT. Returns 1 if the argument is 0, otherwise
returns 0. Exception: NOT NULL returns NULL.
mysql> select NOT 1;
-> 0
mysql> select NOT NULL;
-> NULL
mysql> select ! (1+1);
-> 0
mysql> select ! 1+1;
-> 1
The last example returns 1 because the expression evaluates the same
way as (!1)+1.
OR
|| Logical OR. Returns 1 if either argument is not 0 and not
NULL
.
mysql> select 1 || 0;
-> 1
mysql> select 0 || 0;
-> 0
mysql> select 1 || NULL;
-> 1
AND
& Logical AND. Returns 0 if either argument is 0 or NULL,
otherwise returns 1.
mysql> select 1 && NULL;
-> 0
mysql> select 1 && 0;
-> 0
7.3.5 Comparison operators
Comparison operations result in a value of 1 (TRUE), 0 (FALSE) or
NULL. These functions work for both numbers and strings. Strings are
automatically converted to numbers and numbers to strings as needed
(as in Perl).
MySQL performs comparisons using the following rules:
If one or both arguments are NULL, the result of the comparison is
NULL.
If both arguments in a comparison operation are strings, they are
compared as strings.
If both arguments are integers, they are compared as integers.
Hexadecimal values are treated as binary strings if not compared to
a number.
If one of the arguments is a TIMESTAMP or DATETIME column and the
other argument is a constant, the constant is converted to a
timestamp before the comparison is performed. This is done to be more
ODBC-friendly.
In all other cases, the arguments are compared as floating-point
(real) numbers.
By default, string comparisons are done in case-independent fashion
using the current character set (ISO-8859-1 Latin1 by default, which
also works excellently for English).
The examples below illustrate conversion of strings to numbers for
comparison operations:
mysql> SELECT 1 > '6x';
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 7 > '6x';
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 0 > 'x6';
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 0 = 'x6';
-> 1
= Equal
mysql> select 1 = 0;
-> 0
mysql> select '0' = 0;
-> 1
mysql> select '0.0' = 0;
-> 1
mysql> select '0.01' = 0;
-> 0
mysql> select '.01' = 0.01;
-> 1
<>
!= Not equal
mysql> select '.01' <> '0.01';
-> 1
mysql> select .01 <> '0.01';
-> 0
mysql> select 'zapp' <> 'zappp';
-> 1
<= Less than or equal
mysql> select 0.1 <= 2;
-> 1
< Less than
mysql> select 2 <= 2;
-> 1
>= Greater than or equal
mysql> select 2 >= 2;
-> 1
> Greater than
mysql> select 2 > 2;
-> 0
<=> Null safe equal
mysql> select 1 <=> 1, NULL <=> NULL, 1 <=> NULL;
-> 1 1 0
expr BETWEEN min AND max
If expr is greater than or equal to min and expr is less than or
equal to max, BETWEEN returns 1, otherwise it returns 0. This is
equivalent to the expression (min <= expr AND expr <= max) if all the
arguments are of the same type. The first argument (expr) determines
how the comparison is performed. If expr is a string expression, a
case-insensitive string comparison is done. If expr is a binary
string, a case-sensitive string comparison is done. If expr is an
integer expression, an integer comparison is done. Otherwise, a
floating-point (real) comparison is done.
mysql> select 1 BETWEEN 2 AND 3;
-> 0
mysql> select 'b' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c';
-> 1
mysql> select 2 BETWEEN 2 AND '3';
-> 1
mysql> select 2 BETWEEN 2 AND 'x-3';
-> 0
expr IN (value,...)
Returns 1 if expr is any of the values in the IN list, else returns
0. If all values are constants, then all values are evaluated
according to the type of expr and sorted. The search for the item is
then done using a binary search. This means IN is very quick if the
IN value list consists entirely of constants. If expr is a
case-sensitive string expression, the string comparison is performed
in case-sensitive fashion.
mysql> select 2 IN (0,3,5,'wefwf');
-> 0
mysql> select 'wefwf' IN (0,3,5,'wefwf');
-> 1
expr NOT IN (value,...)
Same as NOT (expr IN (value,...)).
ISNULL(expr)
If expr is NULL, ISNULL() returns 1, otherwise it returns 0.
mysql> select ISNULL(1+1);
-> 0
mysql> select ISNULL(1/0);
-> 1
Note that a comparison of NULL values using = will always be false!
COALESCE(list)
Returns first non-NULL element in list.
mysql> select COALESCE(NULL,1);
-> 1
mysql> select COALESCE(NULL,NULL,NULL);
-> NULL
INTERVAL(N,N1,N2,N3,...)
Returns 0 if N < N1, 1 if N < N2 and so on. All arguments are
treated as numbers. It is required that N1 < N2 < N3 < ... < Nn for
this function to work correctly. This is because a binary search is
used (very fast).
mysql> select INTERVAL(23, 1, 15, 17, 30, 44, 200);
-> 3
mysql> select INTERVAL(10, 1, 10, 100, 1000);
-> 2
mysql> select INTERVAL(22, 23, 30, 44, 200);
-> 0
7.3.6 String comparison functions
Normally, if any expression in a string comparison is case
sensitive, the comparison is performed in case-sensitive fashion.
expr LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape-char']
Pattern matching using SQL simple regular expression comparison.
Returns 1 (TRUE) or 0 (FALSE). With LIKE you can use the following
two wildcard characters:
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| % | Matches any number of characters, even zero characters |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| _ | Matches exactly one character |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+
mysql> select 'David!' LIKE 'David_';
-> 1
mysql> select 'David!' LIKE '%D%v%';
-> 1
To test for literal instances of a wildcard character, precede the
character with the escape character. If you don't specify the ESCAPE
character, `\' is assumed:
+------+---------------------------+
| \% | Matches one % character |
+------+---------------------------+
| \_ | Matches one _ character |
+------+---------------------------+
mysql> select 'David!' LIKE 'David\_';
-> 0
mysql> select 'David_' LIKE 'David\_';
-> 1
To specify a different escape character, use the ESCAPE clause:
mysql> select 'David_' LIKE 'David|_' ESCAPE '|';
-> 1
LIKE is allowed on numeric expressions! (This is a MySQL extension to
the ANSI SQL LIKE.)
mysql> select 10 LIKE '1%';
-> 1
Note: Because MySQL uses the C escape syntax in strings (e.g., `\n'),
you must double any `\' that you use in your LIKE strings. For
example, to search for `\n', specify it as `\\n'. To search for `\',
specify it as `\\\\' (the backslashes are stripped once by the
parser, and another time when the pattern match is done, leaving a
single backslash to be matched).
expr NOT LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape-char']
Same as NOT (expr LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape-char']).
expr REGEXP pat
expr RLIKE pat
Performs a pattern match of a string expression expr against a
pattern pat. The pattern can be an extended regular expression. See
section H Desciption of MySQL regular expretion syntax. Returns 1 if
expr matches pat, otherwise returns 0. RLIKE is a synonym for REGEXP,
provided for mSQL compatibility. Note: Because MySQL uses the C
escape syntax in strings (e.g., `\n'), you must double any `\' that
you use in your REGEXP strings.
mysql> select 'Monty!' REGEXP 'm%y%%';
-> 0
mysql> select 'Monty!' REGEXP '.*';
-> 1
mysql> select 'new*\n*line' REGEXP 'new\\*.\\*line';
-> 1
REGEXP and RLIKE use the current character set (ISO-8859-1 Latin1 by
default) when deciding the type of a character.
expr NOT REGEXP pat
expr NOT RLIKE pat
Same as NOT (expr REGEXP pat).
STRCMP(expr1,expr2)
STRCMP() returns 0 if the strings are the same, -1 if the first
argument is smaller than the second according to the current sort
order, and 1 otherwise.
mysql> select STRCMP('text', 'text2');
-> -1
mysql> select STRCMP('text2', 'text');
-> 1
mysql> select STRCMP('text', 'text');
-> 0
7.3.7 Cast operators
BINARY
The BINARY operator casts the string following it to a binary
string. This is an easy way to force a column comparison to be case
independent even if the column isn't defined as BINARY or BLOB.
mysql> select "a" = "A";
-> 1
mysql> select BINARY "a" = "A";
-> 0
BINARY was introduced in MySQL 3.23.0
7.3.8 Control flow functions
IFNULL(expr1,expr2)
If expr1 is not NULL, IFNULL() returns expr1, else it returns expr2.
IFNULL() returns a numeric or string value, depending on the context
in which it is used.
mysql> select IFNULL(1,0);
-> 1
mysql> select IFNULL(0,10);
-> 0
mysql> select IFNULL(1/0,10);
-> 10
mysql> select IFNULL(1/0,'yes');
-> 'yes'
IF(expr1,expr2,expr3)
If expr1 is TRUE (expr1 <> 0 and expr1 <> NULL) then IF() returns
expr2, else it returns expr3. IFNULL() returns a numeric or string
value, depending on the context in which it is used.
mysql> select IF(1>2,2,3);
-> 3
mysql> select IF(1<2,'yes','no');
-> 'yes'
mysql> select IF(strcmp('test','test1'),'yes','no');
-> 'no'
expr1 is evaluated as an integer value, which means that if you are
testing floating-point or string values, you should do so using a
comparison operation.
mysql> select IF(0.1,1,0);
-> 0
mysql> select IF(0.1<>0,1,0);
-> 1
In the first case above, IF(0.1) returns 0 because 0.1 is converted
to an integer value, resulting in a test of IF(0). This may not be
what you expect. In the second case, the comparison tests the
original floating-point value to see whether it is non-zero. The
result of the comparison is used as an integer.
CASE value WHEN [compare-value] THEN result [WHEN [compare-value]
THEN result ...] [ELSE result] END
CASE WHEN [condition] THEN result [WHEN [condition] THEN result ...]
[ELSE result] END
The first version returns the result where value=compare-value. The
second version returns the result for the first condition which is
true. If there was no matching result value, then the result after
ELSE is returned. If there is no ELSE part then NULL is returned.
mysql> SELECT CASE 1 WHEN 1 THEN "one" WHEN 2 THEN "two" ELSE "more"
END;
-> "one"
mysql> SELECT CASE WHEN 1>0 THEN "true" ELSE "false" END;
-> "true"
mysql> SELECT CASE BINARY "B" when "a" then 1 when "b" then 2 END;
-> NULL
7.3.9 Mathematical functions
All mathematical functions return NULL in case of an error.
- Unary minus. Changes the sign of the argument.
mysql> select - 2;
-> -2
Note that if this operator is used with a BIGINT, the return value is
a BIGINT! This means that you should avoid using - on integers that
may have the value of -2^63!
ABS(X) Returns the absolute value of X.
mysql> select ABS(2);
-> 2
mysql> select ABS(-32);
-> 32
This function is safe to use with BIGINT values.
SIGN(X) Returns the sign of the argument as -1, 0 or 1, depending on
whether X is negative, zero, or positive.
mysql> select SIGN(-32);
-> -1
mysql> select SIGN(0);
-> 0
mysql> select SIGN(234);
-> 1
MOD(N,M)
% Modulo (like the % operator in C). Returns the remainder of N
divided by M.
mysql> select MOD(234, 10);
-> 4
mysql> select 253 % 7;
-> 1
mysql> select MOD(29,9);
-> 2
This function is safe to use with BIGINT values.
FLOOR(X) Returns the largest integer value not greater than X.
mysql> select FLOOR(1.23);
-> 1
mysql> select FLOOR(-1.23);
-> -2
Note that the return value is converted to a BIGINT!
CEILING(X) Returns the smallest integer value not less than X.
mysql> select CEILING(1.23);
-> 2
mysql> select CEILING(-1.23);
-> -1
Note that the return value is converted to a BIGINT!
ROUND(X) Returns the argument X, rounded to an integer.
mysql> select ROUND(-1.23);
-> -1
mysql> select ROUND(-1.58);
-> -2
mysql> select ROUND(1.58);
-> 2
Note that the return value is converted to a BIGINT!
ROUND(X,D) Returns the argument X, rounded to a number with D
decimals. If D is 0, the result will have no decimal
point or fractional part.
mysql> select ROUND(1.298, 1);
-> 1.3
mysql> select ROUND(1.298, 0);
-> 1
Note that the return value is converted to a BIGINT!
EXP(X) Returns the value of e (the base of natural logarithms)
raised to the power of X.
mysql> select EXP(2);
-> 7.389056
mysql> select EXP(-2);
-> 0.135335
LOG(X) Returns the natural logarithm of X.
mysql> select LOG(2);
-> 0.693147
mysql> select LOG(-2);
-> NULL
If you want the log of a number X to some arbitary base B, use the
formula LOG(X)/LOG(B).
LOG10(X) Returns the base-10 logarithm of X.
mysql> select LOG10(2);
-> 0.301030
mysql> select LOG10(100);
-> 2.000000
mysql> select LOG10(-100);
-> NULL
POW(X,Y)
POWER(X,Y) Returns the value of X raised to the power of Y.
mysql> select POW(2,2);
-> 4.000000
mysql> select POW(2,-2);
-> 0.250000
SQRT(X) Returns the non-negative square root of X.
mysql> select SQRT(4);
-> 2.000000
mysql> select SQRT(20);
-> 4.472136
PI() Returns the value of PI.
mysql> select PI();
-> 3.141593
COS(X) Returns the cosine of X, where X is given in radians.
mysql> select COS(PI());
-> -1.000000
SIN(X) Returns the sine of X, where X is given in radians.
mysql> select SIN(PI());
-> 0.000000
TAN(X) Returns the tangent of X, where X is given in
radians.
mysql> select TAN(PI()+1);
-> 1.557408
ACOS(X) Returns the arc cosine of X, that is, the value whose
cosine is X. Returns NULL if X is not in the range -1
to 1.
mysql> select ACOS(1);
-> 0.000000
mysql> select ACOS(1.0001);
-> NULL
mysql> select ACOS(0);
-> 1.570796
ASIN(X) Returns the arc sine of X, that is, the value whose
sine is X. Returns NULL if X is not in the range -1
to 1.
mysql> select ASIN(0.2);
-> 0.201358
mysql> select ASIN('foo');
-> 0.000000
ATAN(X) Returns the arc tangent of X, that is, the value
whose tangent is X.
mysql> select ATAN(2);
-> 1.107149
mysql> select ATAN(-2);
-> -1.107149
ATAN2(X,Y) Returns the arc tangent of the two variables X and Y.
It is similar to calculating the arc tangent of Y /
X, except that the signs of both arguments are used
to determine the quadrant of the result.
mysql> select ATAN(-2,2);
-> -0.785398
mysql> select ATAN(PI(),0);
-> 1.570796
COT(X) Returns the cotangent of X.
mysql> select COT(12);
-> -1.57267341
mysql> select COT(0);
-> NULL
RAND()
RAND(N) Returns a random floating-point value in the range 0
to 1.0. If an integer argument N is specified, it is
used as the seed value.
mysql> select RAND();
-> 0.5925
mysql> select RAND(20);
-> 0.1811
mysql> select RAND(20);
-> 0.1811
mysql> select RAND();
-> 0.2079
mysql> select RAND();
-> 0.7888
You can't use a column with RAND() values in an ORDER BY clause,
because ORDER BY would evaluate the column multiple times. In MySQL
3.23, you can however do: SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY RAND()
This is useful to get a random sample of a set SELECT * FROM
table1,table2 WHERE a=b AND c select LEAST(2,0);
-> 0
mysql> select LEAST(34.0,3.0,5.0,767.0);
-> 3.0
mysql> select LEAST("B","A","C");
-> "A"
In MySQL versions prior to 3.22.5, you can use MIN() instead of
LEAST.
GREATEST(X,Y,...)
Returns the largest (maximum-valued) argument. The arguments are
compared using the same rules as for LEAST.
mysql> select GREATEST(2,0);
-> 2
mysql> select GREATEST(34.0,3.0,5.0,767.0);
-> 767.0
mysql> select GREATEST("B","A","C");
-> "C"
In MySQL versions prior to 3.22.5, you can use MAX() instead of
GREATEST.
DEGREES(X)
Returns the argument X, converted from radians to degrees.
mysql> select DEGREES(PI());
-> 180.000000
RADIANS(X)
Returns the argument X, converted from degrees to radians.
mysql> select RADIANS(90);
-> 1.570796
TRUNCATE(X,D)
Returns the number X, truncated to D decimals.
mysql> select TRUNCATE(1.223,1);
-> 1.2
mysql> select TRUNCATE(1.999,1);
-> 1.9
mysql> select TRUNCATE(1.999,0);
-> 1
7.3.10 String functions
String-valued functions return NULL if the length of the result would
be greater than the max_allowed_packet server parameter. See section
10,1 Tuning server parame.
For functions that operate on string positions, the first position is
numbered 1.
ASCII(str)
Returns the ASCII code value of the leftmost character of the
string str. Returns 0 if str is the empty string. Returns NULL if str
is NULL.
mysql> select ASCII('2');
-> 50
mysql> select ASCII(2);
-> 50
mysql> select ASCII('dx');
-> 100
CONV(N,from_base,to_base)
Converts numbers between different number bases. Returns a string
representation of the number N, converted from base from_base to base
to_base. Returns NULL if any argument is NULL. The argument N is
interpreted as an integer, but may be specified as an integer or a
string. The minimum base is 2 and the maximum base is 36. If to_base
is a negative number, N is regarded as a signed number. Otherwise, N
is treated as unsigned. CONV works with 64-bit precision.
mysql> select CONV("a",16,2);
-> '1010'
mysql> select CONV("6E",18,8);
-> '172'
mysql> select CONV(-17,10,-18);
-> '-H'
mysql> select CONV(10+"10"+'10'+0xa,10,10);
-> '40'
BIN(N)
Returns a string representation of the binary value of N, where N is
a longlong (BIGINT) number. This is equivalent to CONV(N,10,2).
Returns NULL if N is NULL.
mysql> select BIN(12);
-> '1100'
OCT(N)
Returns a string representation of the octal value of N, where N is
a longlong number. This is equivalent to CONV(N,10,8). Returns NULL
if N is NULL.
mysql> select OCT(12);
-> '14'
HEX(N)
Returns a string representation of the hexadecimal value of N, where
N is a longlong (BIGINT) number. This is equivalent to CONV(N,10,16).
Returns NULL if N is NULL.
mysql> select HEX(255);
-> 'FF'
CHAR(N,...)
CHAR() interprets the arguments as integers and returns a string
consisting of the characters given by the ASCII code values of those
integers. NULL values are skipped.
mysql> select CHAR(77,121,83,81,'76');
-> 'MySQL'
mysql> select CHAR(77,77.3,'77.3');
-> 'MMM'
CONCAT(X,Y,...)
Returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments.
Returns NULL if any argument is NULL. May have more than 2 arguments.
mysql> select CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL');
-> 'MySQL'
mysql> select CONCAT('My', NULL, 'QL');
-> NULL
LENGTH(str)
OCTET_LENGTH(str)
CHAR_LENGTH(str)
CHARACTER_LENGTH(str) Returns the length of the string str.
mysql> select LENGTH('text');
-> 4
mysql> select OCTET_LENGTH('text');
-> 4
LOCATE(substr,str)
POSITION(substr IN str)
Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in
string str. Returns 0 if substr is not in str.
mysql> select LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar');
-> 4
mysql> select LOCATE('xbar', 'foobar');
-> 0
LOCATE(substr,str,pos)
Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in
string str, starting at position pos. Returns 0 if substr is not in
str.
mysql> select LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar',5);
-> 7
INSTR(str,substr)
Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in
string str. This is the same as the two-argument form of LOCATE(),
except that the arguments are swapped.
mysql> select INSTR('foobarbar', 'bar');
-> 4
mysql> select INSTR('xbar', 'foobar');
-> 0
LPAD(str,len,padstr)
Returns the string str, left-padded with the string padstr until str
is len characters long.
mysql> select LPAD('hi',4,'??');
-> '??hi'
RPAD(str,len,padstr)
Returns the string str, right-padded with the string padstr until
str is len characters long.
mysql> select RPAD('hi',5,'?');
-> 'hi???'
LEFT(str,len)
Returns the leftmost len characters from the string str.
mysql> select LEFT('foobarbar', 5);
-> 'fooba'
RIGHT(str,len)
Returns the rightmost len characters from the string str.
mysql> select RIGHT('foobarbar', 4);
-> 'rbar'
mysql> select SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4);
-> 'rbar'
SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)
SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
MID(str,pos,len)
Returns a substring len characters long from string str, starting at
position pos. The variant form that uses FROM is ANSI SQL92 syntax.
mysql> select SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6);
-> 'ratica'
SUBSTRING(str,pos)
SUBSTRING(str FROM pos)
Returns a substring from string str starting at position pos.
mysql> select SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5);
-> 'ratically'
SUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)
Returns the substring from string str after count occurrences of the
delimiter delim. If count is positive, everything to the left of the
final delimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is
negative, everything to the right of the final delimiter (counting
from the right) is returned.
mysql> select SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', 2);
-> 'www.mysql'
mysql> select SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', -2);
-> 'mysql.com'
LTRIM(str)
Returns the string str with leading space characters removed.
mysql> select LTRIM(' barbar');
-> 'barbar'
RTRIM(str)
Returns the string str with trailing space characters removed.
mysql> select RTRIM('barbar ');
-> 'barbar'
TRIM([[BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING] [remstr] FROM] str)
Returns the string str with all remstr prefixes and/or suffixes
removed. If none of the specifiers BOTH, LEADING or TRAILING are
given, BOTH is assumed. If remstr is not specified, spaces are
removed.
mysql> select TRIM(' bar ');
-> 'bar'
mysql> select TRIM(LEADING 'x' FROM 'xxxbarxxx');
-> 'barxxx'
mysql> select TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxbarxxx');
-> 'bar'
mysql> select TRIM(TRAILING 'xyz' FROM 'barxxyz');
-> 'barx'
SOUNDEX(str)
Returns a soundex string from str. Two strings that sound ``about
the same'' should have identical soundex strings. A ``standard''
soundex string is 4 characters long, but the SOUNDEX() function
returns an arbitrarily long string. You can use SUBSTRING() on the
result to get a ``standard'' soundex string. All non-alphanumeric
characters are ignored in the given string. All international alpha
characters outside the A-Z range are treated as vowels.
mysql> select SOUNDEX('Hello');
-> 'H400'
mysql> select SOUNDEX('Quadratically');
-> 'Q36324'
SPACE(N)
Returns a string consisting of N space characters.
mysql> select SPACE(6);
-> ' '
REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str)
Returns the string str with all all occurrences of the string
from_str replaced by the string to_str.
mysql> select REPLACE('www.mysql.com', 'w', 'Ww');
-> 'WwWwWw.mysql.com'
REPEAT(str,count)
Returns a string consisting of the string str repeated count times.
If count <= 0, returns an empty string. Returns NULL if str or count
are NULL.
mysql> select REPEAT('MySQL', 3);
-> 'MySQLMySQLMySQL'
REVERSE(str)
Returns the string str with the order of the characters reversed.
mysql> select REVERSE('abc');
-> 'cba'
INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)
Returns the string str, with the substring beginning at position pos
and len characters long replaced by the string newstr.
mysql> select INSERT('Quadratic', 3, 4, 'What');
-> 'QuWhattic'
ELT(N,str1,str2,str3,...)
Returns str1 if N = 1, str2 if N = 2, and so on. Returns NULL if N
is less than 1 or greater than the number of arguments. ELT() is the
complement of FIELD().
mysql> select ELT(1, 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo');
-> 'ej'
mysql> select ELT(4, 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo');
-> 'foo'
FIELD(str,str1,str2,str3,...)
Returns the index of str in the str1, str2, str3, ... list. Returns
0 if str is not found. FIELD() is the complement of ELT().
mysql> select FIELD('ej', 'Hej', 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo');
-> 2
mysql> select FIELD('fo', 'Hej', 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo');
-> 0
FIND_IN_SET(str,strlist)
Returns a value 1 to N if the string str is in the list strlist
consisting of N substrings. A string list is a string composed of
substrings separated by `,' characters. If the first argument is a
constant string and the second is a column of type SET, the
FIND_IN_SET() function is optimized to use bit arithmetic! Returns 0
if str is not in strlist or if strlist is the empty string. Returns
NULL if either argument is NULL. This function will not work properly
if the first argument contains a `,'.
mysql> SELECT FIND_IN_SET('b','a,b,c,d');
-> 2
MAKE_SET(bits,str1,str2,...)
Returns a set (a string containing substrings separated by `,'
characters) consisting of the strings that have the corresponding bit
in bits set. str1 corresponds to bit 0, str2 to bit 1, etc. NULL
strings in str1, str2, ... are not appended to the result.
mysql> SELECT MAKE_SET(1,'a','b','c');
-> 'a'
mysql> SELECT MAKE_SET(1 | 4,'hello','nice','world');
-> 'hello,world'
mysql> SELECT MAKE_SET(0,'a','b','c');
-> ''
EXPORT_SET(bits,on,off,[separator,[number_of_bits]])
Returns a string where for every bit set in 'bit', you get a 'on'
string and for every reset bit you get an 'off' string. Each string
is separated with 'separator' (default ',') and only 'number_of_bits'
(default 64) of 'bits' is used.
mysql> select EXPORT_SET(5,'Y','N',',',4)
-> Y,N,Y,N
LCASE(str)
LOWER(str)
Returns the string str with all characters changed to lowercase
according to the current character set mapping (the default is
ISO-8859-1 Latin1).
mysql> select LCASE('QUADRATICALLY');
-> 'quadratically'
UCASE(str)
UPPER(str)
Returns the string str with all characters changed to uppercase
according to the current character set mapping (the default is
ISO-8859-1 Latin1).
mysql> select UCASE('Hej');
-> 'HEJ'
LOAD_FILE(file_name)
Reads the file and returns the file contents as a string. The file
must be on the server, you must specify the full pathname to the
file, and you must have the file privilege. The file must be readable
by all and be smaller than max_allowed_packet. If the file doesn't
exist or can't be read due to one of the above reasons, the function
returns NULL.
mysql> UPDATE table_name SET blob_column=LOAD_FILE("/tmp/picture")
WHERE id=1;
There is no string function to convert a number to a char. There is
no need for one, because MySQL automatically converts numbers to
strings as necessary, and vice versa:
mysql> SELECT 1+"1";
-> 2
mysql> SELECT CONCAT(2,' test');
-> '2 test'
If a string function is given a binary string as an argument, the
resulting string is also a binary string. A number converted to a
string is treated as a binary string. This only affects comparisons.
7.3.11 Date and time functions
See section 7.2.6 Date and time types for a description of the range
of values each type has, and the valid formats in which date and time
values may be specified.
Here is an example that uses date functions. The query below selects
all records with a date_col value from within the last 30 days:
mysql> SELECT something FROM table
WHERE TO_DAYS(NOW()) - TO_DAYS(date_col) <= 30;
DAYOFWEEK(date)
Returns the weekday index for date (1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ... 7 =
Saturday). These index values correspond to the ODBC standard.
mysql> select DAYOFWEEK('1998-02-03');
-> 3
WEEKDAY(date)
Returns the weekday index for date (0 = Monday, 1 = Tuesday, ... 6 =
Sunday).
mysql> select WEEKDAY('1997-10-04 22:23:00');
-> 5
mysql> select WEEKDAY('1997-11-05');
-> 2
DAYOFMONTH(date)
Returns the day of the month for date, in the range 1 to 31.
mysql> select DAYOFMONTH('1998-02-03');
-> 3
DAYOFYEAR(date)
Returns the day of the year for date, in the range 1 to 366.
mysql> select DAYOFYEAR('1998-02-03');
-> 34
MONTH(date)
Returns the month for date, in the range 1 to 12.
mysql> select MONTH('1998-02-03');
-> 2
DAYNAME(date)
Returns the name of the weekday for date.
mysql> select DAYNAME("1998-02-05");
-> 'Thursday'
MONTHNAME(date) Returns the name of the month for date.
mysql> select MONTHNAME("1998-02-05");
-> 'February'
QUARTER(date)
Returns the quarter of the year for date, in the range 1 to 4.
mysql> select QUARTER('98-04-01');
-> 2
WEEK(date)
WEEK(date,first)
With a single argument, returns the week for date, in the range 0 to
52, for locations where Sunday is the first day of the week. The
two-argument form of WEEK() allows you to specify whether the week
starts on Sunday or Monday. The week starts on Sunday if the second
argument is 0, on Monday if the second argument is 1.
mysql> select WEEK('1998-02-20');
-> 7
mysql> select WEEK('1998-02-20',0);
-> 7
mysql> select WEEK('1998-02-20',1);
-> 8
YEAR(date)
Returns the year for date, in the range 1000 to 9999.
mysql> select YEAR('98-02-03');
-> 1998
HOUR(time)
Returns the hour for time, in the range 0 to 23.
mysql> select HOUR('10:05:03');
-> 10
MINUTE(time)
Returns the minute for time, in the range 0 to 59.
mysql> select MINUTE('98-02-03 10:05:03');
-> 5
SECOND(time)
Returns the second for time, in the range 0 to 59.
mysql> select SECOND('10:05:03');
-> 3
PERIOD_ADD(P,N)
Adds N months to period P (in the format YYMM or YYYYMM). Returns a
value in the format YYYYMM. Note that the period argument P is{{
}}
not{{
}}
a
date value.
mysql> select PERIOD_ADD(9801,2);
-> 199803
PERIOD_DIFF(P1,P2)
Returns the number of months between periods P1 and P2. P1 and P2
should be in the format YYMM or YYYYMM. Note that the period
arguments P1 and P2 are not date values.
mysql> select PERIOD_DIFF(9802,199703);
-> 11
DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr type)
DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr type)
ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr type)
SUBDATE(date,INTERVAL expr type)
These functions perform date arithmetic. They are new for MySQL
3.22. ADDDATE() and SUBDATE() are synonyms for DATE_ADD() and
DATE_SUB(). date is a DATETIME or DATE value specifying the starting
date. expr is an expression specifying the interval value to be added
or substracted from the starting date. expr is a string; it may start
with a `-' for negative intervals. type is a keyword indicating how
the expression should be interpreted. The EXTRACT() function returns
the corresponding interval from the date. The following table shows
how the type and expr arguments are related:
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| typevalue | Meaning | Expectedexprformat |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| SECOND | Seconds | SECONDS |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| MINUTE | Minutes | MINUTES |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| HOUR | Hours | HOURS |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| DAY | Days | DAYS |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| MONTH | Months | MONTHS |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| YEAR | Years | YEARS |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| MINUTE_SECOND | Minutes and seconds | "MINUTES:SECONDS" |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| HOUR_MINUTE | Hours and minutes | "HOURS:MINUTES" |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| DAY_HOUR | Days and hours | "DAYS HOURS" |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| YEAR_MONTH | Years and months | "YEARS-MONTHS" |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| HOUR_SECOND | Hours, minutes, | "HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS" |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| DAY_MINUTE | Days, hours, minutes| "DAYS HOURS:MINUTES" |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
| DAY_SECOND | Days, hours, minutes| "DAYS HOURS:MINUTES |
| | ,seconds | :SECONDS" |
+----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+
MySQL allows any non-numeric delimiter in the expr format. The ones
shown in the table are the suggested delimiters. If the date argument
is a DATE value and your calculations involve only YEAR, MONTH and
DAY parts (that is, no time parts), the result is a DATE value.
Otherwise the result is a DATETIME value.
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD("1997-12-31 23:59:59",
INTERVAL 1 SECOND);
-> 1998-01-01 00:00:00
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD("1997-12-31 23:59:59",
INTERVAL 1 DAY);
-> 1998-01-01 23:59:59
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD("1997-12-31 23:59:59",
INTERVAL "1:1" MINUTE_SECOND);
-> 1998-01-01 00:01:00
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB("1998-01-01 00:00:00",
INTERVAL "1 1:1:1" DAY_SECOND);
-> 1997-12-30 22:58:59
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD("1998-01-01 00:00:00",
INTERVAL "-1 10" DAY_HOUR);
-> 1997-12-30 14:00:00
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB("1998-01-02", INTERVAL 31 DAY);
-> 1997-12-02
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM "1999-07-02");
-> 1999
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM "1999-07-02 01:02:03");
-> 199907
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM "1999-07-02 01:02:03");
-> 20102
If you specify an interval value that is too short (does not include
all the interval parts that would be expected from the type keyword),
MySQL assumes you have left out the leftmost parts of the interval
value. For example, if you specify a type of DAY_SECOND, the value of
expr is expected to have days, hours, minutes and seconds parts. If
you specify a value like "1:10", MySQL assumes that the days and
hours parts are missing and the value represents minutes and seconds.
In other words, "1:10" DAY_SECOND is interpreted in such a way that
it is equivalent to "1:10" MINUTE_SECOND. This is analogous to the
way that MySQL interprets TIME values as representing elapsed time
rather than as time of day. If you use incorrect dates, the result is
NULL. If you add MONTH, YEAR_MONTH or YEAR and the resulting date has
a day that is larger than the maximum day for the new month, the day
is adjusted to the maximum days in the new month.
mysql> select DATE_ADD('1998-01-30', Interval 1 month);
-> 1998-02-28
Note from the preceding example that the word INTERVAL and the type
keyword are not case sensitive.
TO_DAYS(date)
Given a date date, returns a daynumber (the number of days
since year 0).
mysql> select TO_DAYS(950501);
-> 728779
mysql> select TO_DAYS('1997-10-07');
-> 729669
TO_DAYS() is not intended for use with values that precede the advent
of the Gregorian calendar (1582).
FROM_DAYS(N)
Given a daynumber N, returns a DATE value.
mysql> select FROM_DAYS(729669);
-> '1997-10-07'
FROM_DAYS() is not intended for use with values that precede the
advent of the Gregorian calendar (1582).
DATE_FORMAT(date,format)
Formats the date value according to the format string. The following
specifiers may be used in the format string:
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %M | Month name (January..December) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %W | Weekday name (Sunday..Saturday) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %D | Day of the month with english suffix |
| | (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %Y | Year, numeric, 4 digits |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %y | Year, numeric, 2 digits |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %a | Abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %d | Day of the month, numeric (00..31) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %e | Day of the month, numeric (0..31) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %m | Month, numeric (01..12) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %c | Month, numeric (1..12) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %b | Abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %j | Day of year (001..366) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %H | Hour (00..23) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %k | Hour (0..23) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %h | Hour (01..12) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %I | Hour (01..12) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %l | Hour (1..12) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %i | Minutes, numeric (00..59) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %r | Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %T | Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %S | Seconds (00..59) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %s | Seconds (00..59) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %p | AM or PM |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %w | Day of the week (0=Sunday..6=Saturday) |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %U | Week (0..52), where Sunday is the |
| | first day of the week |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %u | Week (0..52), where Monday is the |
| | first day of the week |
+------+------------------------------------------+
| %% | A literal `%'. |
+------+------------------------------------------+
All other characters are just copied to the result without
interpretation.
mysql> select DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y');
-> 'Saturday October 1997'
mysql> select DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s');
-> '22:23:00'
mysql> select DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00',
'%D %y %a %d %m %b %j');
-> '4th 97 Sat 04 10 Oct 277'
mysql> select DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00',
'%H %k %I %r %T %S %w');
-> '22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6'
As of MySQL 3.23, the % is required before a format specifier
characters. In earlier versions of MySQL, % was optional.
TIME_FORMAT(time,format)
This is used like the DATE_FORMAT() function above, but the format
string may contain only those format specifiers that handle hours,
minutes and seconds. Other specifiers produce a NULL value or 0.
CURDATE()
CURRENT_DATE
Returns today's date as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD' or YYYYMMDD format,
depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric
context.
mysql> select CURDATE();
-> '1997-12-15'
mysql> select CURDATE() + 0;
-> 19971215
CURTIME()
CURRENT_TIME
Returns the current time as a value in 'HH:MM:SS' or HHMMSS format,
depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric
context.
mysql> select CURTIME();
-> '23:50:26'
mysql> select CURTIME() + 0;
-> 235026
NOW()
SYSDATE()
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
Returns the current date and time as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD
HH:MM:SS' or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format, depending on whether the function
is used in a string or numeric context.
mysql> select NOW();
-> '1997-12-15 23:50:26'
mysql> select NOW() + 0;
-> 19971215235026
UNIX_TIMESTAMP()
UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date)
If called with no argument, returns a Unix timestamp (seconds since
'1970-01-01 00:00:00' GMT). If UNIX_TIMESTAMP() is called with a date
argument, it returns the value of the argument as seconds since
'1970-01-01 00:00:00' GMT. date may be a DATE string, a DATETIME
string, a TIMESTAMP, or a number in the format YYMMDD or YYYYMMDD in
local time.
mysql> select UNIX_TIMESTAMP();
-> 882226357
mysql> select UNIX_TIMESTAMP('1997-10-04 22:23:00');
-> 875996580
When UNIX_TIMESTAMP is used on a TIMESTAMP column, the function will
receive the value directly, with no implicit
``string-to-unix-timestamp'' conversion.
FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp)
Returns a representation of the unix_timestamp argument as a value
in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format, depending on
whether the function is used in a string or numeric context.
mysql> select FROM_UNIXTIME(875996580);
-> '1997-10-04 22:23:00'
mysql> select FROM_UNIXTIME(875996580) + 0;
-> 19971004222300
FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp,format)
Returns a string representation of the Unix timestamp, formatted
according to the format string. format may contain the same
specifiers as those listed in the entry for the DATE_FORMAT()
function.
mysql> select FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(),
'%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x');
-> '1997 23rd December 03:43:30 x'
SEC_TO_TIME(seconds)
Returns the seconds argument, converted to hours, minutes and
seconds, as a value in 'HH:MM:SS' or HHMMSS format, depending on
whether the function is used in a string or numeric context.
mysql> select SEC_TO_TIME(2378);
-> '00:39:38'
mysql> select SEC_TO_TIME(2378) + 0;
-> 3938
TIME_TO_SEC(time)
Returns the time argument, converted to seconds.
mysql> select TIME_TO_SEC('22:23:00');
-> 80580
mysql> select TIME_TO_SEC('00:39:38');
-> 2378
7.3.12 Miscellaneous functions
DATABASE()
Returns the current database name.
mysql> select DATABASE();
-> 'test'
If there is no current database, DATABASE() returns the empty string.
USER()
SYSTEM_USER()
SESSION_USER()
Returns the current MySQL user name.
mysql> select USER();
-> 'davida@localhost'
In MySQL 3.22.11 or later, this includes the client hostname as well
as the username. You can extract just the username part like this
(which works whether or not the value includes a hostname part):
mysql> select substring_index(USER(),"@",1);
-> 'davida'
PASSWORD(str)
Calculates a password string from the plaintext password str. This
is the function that is used for encrypting MySQL passwords for
storage in the Password column of the user grant table.
mysql> select PASSWORD('badpwd');
-> '7f84554057dd964b'
PASSWORD() encryption is non-reversible. PASSWORD() does not perform
password encryption in the same way that Unix passwords are
encrypted. You should not assume that if your Unix password and your
MySQL password are the same, PASSWORD() will result in the same
encrypted value as is stored in the Unix password file. See
ENCRYPT().
ENCRYPT(str[,salt])
Encrypt str using the Unix crypt() system call. The salt argument
should be a string with 2 characters.
mysql> select ENCRYPT("hello");
-> 'VxuFAJXVARROc'
If crypt() is not available on your system, ENCRYPT() always returns
NULL. ENCRYPT() ignores all but the first 8 characters of str, at
least on some systems. This will be determined by the behavior of the
underlying crypt() system call.
ENCODE(str,pass_str)
Encrypt str using pass_str as the password. To decrypt the result,
use DECODE(). The results is a binary string. If you want to save it
in a column, use a BLOB column type.
DECODE(crypt_str,pass_str)
Descrypts the encrypted string crypt_str using pass_str as the
password. crypt_str should be a string returned from ENCODE().
MD5(string)
Calculates a MD5 checksum for the string. Value is returned as a 32
long hex number that may, for example, be used as a hash key.
mysql> select MD5("testing")
-> 'ae2b1fca515949e5d54fb22b8ed95575'
This is a "RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm".
LAST_INSERT_ID([expr])
Returns the last automatically generated value that was inserted
into an AUTO_INCREMENT column. See section 20.4.29 mysql_insert_id().
mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID();
-> 195
The last ID that was generated is maintained in the server on a
per-connection basis. It will not be changed by another client. It
will not even be changed if you update another AUTO_INCREMENT column
with a non-magic value (that is, a value that is not NULL and not 0).
If expr is given as an argument to LAST_INSERT_ID() in an UPDATE
clause, then the value of the argument is returned as a
LAST_INSERT_ID() value. This can be used to simulate sequences: First
create the table:
mysql> create table sequence (id int not null);
mysql> insert into sequence values (0);
Then the table can be used to generate sequence numbers like this:
mysql> update sequence set id=LAST_INSERT_ID(id+1);
You can generate sequences without calling LAST_INSERT_ID(), but the
utility of using the function this way is that the ID value is
maintained in the server as the last automatically generated value.
You can retrieve the new ID as you would read any normal
AUTO_INCREMENT value in MySQL. For example, LAST_INSERT_ID() (without
an argument) will return the new ID. The C API function
mysql_insert_id() can also be used to get the value.
FORMAT(X,D)
Formats the number X to a format like '#,###,###.##' with D
decimals. If D is 0, the result will have no decimal point or
fractional part.
mysql> select FORMAT(12332.1234, 2);
-> '12,332.12'
mysql> select FORMAT(12332.1,4);
-> '12,332.1000'
mysql> select FORMAT(12332.2,0);
-> '12,332'
VERSION()
Returns a string indicating the MySQL server version.
mysql> select VERSION();
-> '3.22.19b-log'
GET_LOCK(str,timeout)
Tries to obtain a lock with a name given by the string str, with a
timeout of timeout seconds. Returns 1 if the lock was obtained
successfully, 0 if the attempt timed out, or NULL if an error
occurred (such as running out of memory or the thread was killed with
mysqladmin kill). A lock is released when you execute RELEASE_LOCK(),
execute a new GET_LOCK() or the thread terminates. This function can
be used to implement application locks or to simulate record locks.
mysql> select GET_LOCK("lock1",10);
-> 1
mysql> select GET_LOCK("lock2",10);
-> 1
mysql> select RELEASE_LOCK("lock2");
-> 1
mysql> select RELEASE_LOCK("lock1");
-> NULL
Note that the second RELEASE_LOCK() call returns NULL because the
lock "lock1" was automatically released by the second GET_LOCK()
call.
RELEASE_LOCK(str)
Releases the lock named by the string str that was obtained with
GET_LOCK(). Returns 1 if the lock was released, 0 if the lock wasn't
locked by this thread (in which case the lock is not released) and
NULL if the named lock didn't exist. The lock will not exist if it
was never obtained by a call to GET_LOCK() or if it already has been
released.
BENCHMARK(count,expr)
The BENCHMARK() function executes the expression expr repeatedly
count times. It may be used to time how fast MySQL processes the
expression. The result value is always 0. The intended use is in the
mysql client, which reports query execution times.
mysql> select BENCHMARK(1000000,encode("hello","goodbye"));
+----------------------------------------------+
| BENCHMARK(1000000,encode("hello","goodbye")) |
+----------------------------------------------+
| 0 |
+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (4.74 sec)
The time reported is elapsed time on the client end, not CPU time on
the server end. It may be advisable to execute BENCHMARK() several
times, and interpret the result with regard to how heavily loaded the
server machine is.
7.3.13 Functions for use with GROUP BY clauses
If you use a group function in a statement containing no GROUP BY
clause, it is equivalent to grouping on all rows.
COUNT(expr)
Returns a count of the number of non-NULL rows retrieved by a SELECT
statement.
mysql> select student.student_name,COUNT(*)
from student,course
where student.student_id=course.student_id
GROUP BY student_name;
COUNT(*) is optimized to return very quickly if the SELECT retrieves
from one table, no other columns are retrieved and there is no WHERE
clause. For example:
mysql> select COUNT(*) from student;
COUNT(DISTINCT expr,[expr...])
Returns a count of the number of different values.
mysql> select COUNT(DISTINCT results) from student;
In MySQL you can get the number of distinct expressions combinations
by giving a list of expressions. In ANSI SQL you would have to do a
concatenation of all expressions inside CODE(DISTINCT ..).
AVG(expr) Returns the average value of expr.
mysql> select student_name, AVG(test_score)
from student
GROUP BY student_name;
MIN(expr)
MAX(expr)
Returns the minimum or maximum value of expr. MIN() and MAX() may
take a string argument; in such cases they return the minimum or
maximum string value.
mysql> select student_name, MIN(test_score), MAX(test_score)
from student
GROUP BY student_name;
SUM(expr)
Returns the sum of expr. Note that if the return set has no
rows, it returns NULL!
STD(expr)
STDDEV(expr)
Returns the standard deviation of expr. This is an extension to ANSI
SQL. The STDDEV() form of this function is provided for Oracle
compatability.
BIT_OR(expr)
Returns the bitwise OR of all bits in expr. The calculation is
performed with 64-bit (BIGINT precision.
BIT_AND(expr)
Returns the bitwise AND of all bits in expr. The calculation is
performed with 64-bit (BIGINT precision.
MySQL has extended the use of GROUP BY. You can use columns or
calculations in the SELECT expressions which don't appear in the
GROUP BY part. This stands for any possible value for this group. You
can use this to get better performance by avoiding sorting and
grouping on unnecessary items. For example, you don't need to group
on customer.name in the following query:
mysql> select order.custid,customer.name,max(payments)
from order,customer
where order.custid = customer.custid
GROUP BY order.custid;
In ANSI SQL, you would have to add customer.name to the GROUP BY
clause. In MySQL, the name is redundant.
Don't use this feature if the columns you omit from the GROUP BY part
aren't unique in the group!
In some cases, you can use MIN() and MAX() to obtain a specific
column value even if it isn't unique. The following gives the value
of column from the row containing the smallest value in the sort
column:
substr(MIN(concat(sort,space(6-length(sort)),column),7,length(column)
))
Note that if you are using MySQL 3.22 (or earlier) or if you are
trying to follow ANSI SQL, you can't use expressions in GROUP BY or
ORDER BY clauses. You can work around this limitation by using an
alias for the expression:
mysql> SELECT id,FLOOR(value/100) AS val FROM tbl_name
GROUP BY id,val ORDER BY val;
In MySQL 3.23 you can do:
mysql> SELECT id,FLOOR(value/100) FROM tbl_name ORDER BY RAND();
7.4 CREATE DATABASE syntax
CREATE DATABASE db_name
CREATE DATABASE creates a database with the given name. Rules for
allowable database names are given in section 7.1.5 Database, table,
index, column and alias. An error occurs if the database already
exists.
Databases in MySQL are implemented as directories containing files
that correspond to tables in the database. Since there are no tables
in a database when it is initially created, the CREATE DATABASE
statement only creates a directory under the MySQL data directory.
You can also create databases with mysqladmin. See section
12.1 Overview of the different MySQL pro.
7.5 DROP DATABASE syntax
DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] db_name
DROP DATABASE drops all tables in the database and deletes the
database. Be VERY careful with this command!
DROP DATABASE returns the number of files that were removed from the
database directory. Normally, this is three times the number of
tables, since each table corresponds to a `.ISD' file, a `.ISM' file
and a `.frm' file.
In MySQL 3.22 or later, you can use the keywords IF EXISTS to prevent
an error from occurring if the database doesn't exist.
You can also drop databases with mysqladmin. See section
12.1 Overview of the different MySQL pro.
7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
(create_definition,...)
[table_options] [select_statement]
create_definition:
col_name type [NOT NULL | NULL] [DEFAULT default_value]
[AUTO_INCREMENT]
[PRIMARY KEY] [reference_definition]
or PRIMARY KEY (index_col_name,...)
or KEY [index_name] KEY(index_col_name,...)
or INDEX [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
or UNIQUE [INDEX] [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
or [CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY index_name
(index_col_name,...)
[reference_definition]
or CHECK (expr)
type:
TINYINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or SMALLINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or MEDIUMINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or INT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or INTEGER[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or BIGINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or REAL[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or DOUBLE[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or FLOAT[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or DECIMAL(length,decimals) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or NUMERIC(length,decimals) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
or CHAR(length) [BINARY]
or VARCHAR(length) [BINARY]
or DATE
or TIME
or TIMESTAMP
or DATETIME
or TINYBLOB
or BLOB
or MEDIUMBLOB
or LONGBLOB
or TINYTEXT
or TEXT
or MEDIUMTEXT
or LONGTEXT
or ENUM(value1,value2,value3,...)
or SET(value1,value2,value3,...)
index_col_name:
col_name [(length)]
reference_definition:
REFERENCES tbl_name [(index_col_name,...)]
[MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL]
[ON DELETE reference_option]
[ON UPDATE reference_option]
reference_option:
RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT
table_options:
type = [ISAM | MYISAM | HEAP]
or AUTO_INCREMENT = #
or AVG_ROW_LENGTH = #
or CHECKSUM = [0 | 1]
or COMMENT = "string"
or MAX_ROWS = #
or MIN_ROWS = #
or PACK_KEYS = [0 | 1]
or PASSWORD = "string"
or DELAY_KEY_WRITE = [0 | 1]
select_statement:
[IGNORE | REPLACE] SELECT ... (Some legal select statement)
CREATE TABLE creates a table with the given name in the current
database. Rules for allowable table names are given in section
7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias. An error occurs if
there is no current database or if the table already exists.
In MySQL 3.22 or later, the table name can be specified as
db_name.tbl_name. This works whether or not there is a current
database.
In MySQL 3.23, you can use the TEMPORARY keyword when you create a
table. A temporary table will automatically be deleted if a
connection dies and the name is per connection. This means that two
different connections can both use the same temporary table name
without conflicting with each other or with an existing table of the
same name. (The existing table is hidden until the temporary table is
deleted).
In MySQL 3.23 or later, you can use the keywords IF NOT EXISTS so
that an error does not occur if the table already exists. Note that
there is no verification that the table structures are identical.
Each table tbl_name is represented by some files in the database
directory. In the case of ISAM-type tables you will get:
+----------------+--------------------------------+
| File | Purpose |
+----------------+--------------------------------+
| tbl_name.frm | Table definition (form) file |
+----------------+--------------------------------+
| tbl_name.ISD | Data file |
+----------------+--------------------------------+
| tbl_name.ISM | Index file |
+----------------+--------------------------------+
For more information on the properties of the various column types,
see section 7.2 Column type.
If neither NULL nor NOT NULL is specified, the column is treated as
though NULL had been specified.
An integer column may have the additional attribute AUTO_INCREMENT.
When you insert a value of NULL (recommended) or 0 into an
AUTO_INCREMENT column, the column is set to value+1, where value is
the largest value for the column currently in the table.
AUTO_INCREMENT sequences begin with 1. See section 20.4.29 mysql
insert id(). If you delete the row containing the maximum value for
an AUTO_INCREMENT column, the value will be reused. If you delete all
rows in the table, the sequence starts over. Note: There can be only
one AUTO_INCREMENT column per table, and it must be indexed. To make
MySQL compatible with some ODBC applications, you can find the last
inserted row with the following query:
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE auto_col IS NULL
NULL values are handled differently for TIMESTAMP columns than for
other column types. You cannot store a literal NULL in a TIMESTAMP
column; setting the column to NULL sets it to the current date and
time. Because TIMESTAMP columns behave this way, the NULL and NOT
NULL attributes do not apply in the normal way and are ignored if you
specify them. On the other hand, to make it easier for MySQL clients
to use TIMESTAMP columns, the server reports that such columns may be
assigned NULL values (which is true), even though TIMESTAMP never
actually will contain a NULL value. You can see this when you use
DESCRIBE tbl_name to get a description of your table. Note that
setting a TIMESTAMP column to 0 is not the same as setting it to
NULL, because 0 is a valid TIMESTAMP value.
If no DEFAULT value is specified for a column, MySQL automatically
assigns one. If the column may take NULL as a value, the default
value is NULL. If the column is declared as NOT NULL, the default
value depends on the column type:
For numeric types other than those declared with the
AUTO_INCREMENT attribute, the default is 0. For an
AUTO_INCREMENT column, the default value is the next value in
the sequence.
For date and time types other than TIMESTAMP, the default is
the appropriate ``zero'' value for the type. For the first
TIMESTAMP column in a table, the default value is the current
date and time. See section 7.2.6 Date and time types.
For string types other than ENUM, the default is the empty
string. For ENUM, the default is the first enumeration value.
KEY is a synonym for INDEX.
In MySQL, a UNIQUE key can have only distinct values. An error
occurs if you try to add a new row with a key that matches an
existing row.
In MySQL a PRIMARY KEY is the same thing as a unique KEY that is
named PRIMARY. A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY. If you don't
have a PRIMARY KEY and some applications ask for the PRIMARY KEY in
your tables, MySQL will return the first UNIQUE key as the PRIMARY
KEY.
A PRIMARY KEY can be a multiple-column index. However, you cannot
create a multiple-column index using the PRIMARY KEY key attibute in
a column specification. Doing so will mark only that single column as
primary. You must use the PRIMARY KEY(index_col_name, ...) syntax.
If you don't assign a name to an index, the index will be assigned
the same name as the first index_col_name, with an optional suffix
(_2, _3, ...) to make it unique. You can see index names for a table
using SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name. See section 7.20 SHOW syntax (Get
information about tables, columns,...).
Only the MyISAM table type supports indexes on columns that can
have NULL values. In other cases you must declare such columns NOT
NULL or an error results.
With col_name(length) syntax, you can specify an index which uses
only a part of a CHAR or VARCHAR column. This can make the index file
much smaller. See section 7.2.9 Column indexs.
Only the MyISAM table type supports indexing on BLOB and TEXT
columns. When putting an index on a BLOB or TEXT column you MUST
always specify the length of the index:
CREATE TABLE test (blob_col BLOB, index(blob_col(10)));
When you use ORDER BY or GROUP BY with a TEXT or BLOB column, only
the first max_sort_length bytes are used. See section 7.2.7.2 The
BLOB and TEXT types.
The FOREIGN KEY, CHECK and REFERENCES clauses don't actually do
anything. The syntax for them is provided only for compatibility, to
make it easier to port code from other SQL servers and to run
applications that create tables with references. See section
5.3 Functionality missing from MySQL.
Each NULL column takes one bit extra, rounded up to the nearest
byte.
The maximum record length in bytes can be calculated as follows:
row length = 1
+ (sum of column lengths)
+ (number of NULL columns + 7)/8
+ (number of variable-length columns)
The table_options and SELECT options is only implemented in MySQL
3.23 and above. The different table types are:
+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ISAM | The original table handler |
+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| MyISAM | The new binary portable table handler |
+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| HEAP | The data for this table is only stored in memory |
+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
See section 10.18 MySQL table type. The other table options are used
to optimize the behavior of the table. In most cases, you don't have
to specify any of them. The options work for all table types, if not
otherwise indicated.
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| AUTO_INCREMENT | The next auto_increment value you want |
| | to set for your table (MyISAM) |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| AVG_ROW_LENGTH | An approximation of the average row length for |
| | your table |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| CHECKSUM | Set this to 1 if you want MySQL to maintain a |
| | checksum for all rows (makes the table a |
| | little slower to update but makes it easier |
| | to find corrupted tables) (MyISAM) |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| COMMENT | A 60 character comment for your table |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| MAX_ROWS | Max number of rows you plan to store |
| | in the table |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| MIN_ROWS | Minimum number of rows you plan to store |
| | in the table |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| PACK_KEYS | Set this to 1 if you want to have smaller |
| | index. This usually makes updates slower and |
| | reads faster (MyISAM, ISAM). |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| PASSWORD | Encrypt the .frm file with a password. This |
| | option doesn't do anything in the standard |
| | MySQL version. |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| DELAY_KEY_WRITE | Set this to 1 if want to delay key table |
| | updates until the table is closed (MyISAM). |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
When you use a MyISAM table, MySQL uses the product of max_rows *
avg_row_length to decide how big the resulting table will be. If you
don't specify any of the above options, the maximum size for a table
will be 4G (or 2G if your operating systems only supports 2G tables).
If you specify a SELECT after the CREATE STATEMENT, MySQL will
create new fields for all elements in the SELECT. For example:
mysql> CREATE TABLE test (a int not null auto_increment,
primary key (a), key(b))
TYPE=HEAP SELECT b,c from test2;
This will create a HEAP table with 3 columns. Note that the table
will automatically be deleted if any errors occur while copying data
into the table.
7.6.1 Silent column specification changes
In some cases, MySQL silently changes a column specification from
that given in a CREATE TABLE statement. (This may also occur with
ALTER TABLE.)
VARCHAR columns with a length less than four are changed to CHAR.
If any column in a table has a variable length, the entire row is
variable-length as a result. Therefore, if a table contains any
variable-length columns (VARCHAR, TEXT or BLOB), all CHAR columns
longer than three characters are changed to VARCHAR columnss. This
doesn't affect how you use the columns in any way; in MySQL, VARCHAR
is just a different way to store characters. MySQL performs this
conversion because it saves space and makes table operations faster.
See section 10.17 What are the different row formats? Or, when should
VARCHAR/CHAR be used?.
TIMESTAMP display sizes must be even and in the range from 2 to 14.
If you specify a display size of 0 or greater than 14, the size is
coerced to 14. Odd-valued sizes in the range from 1 to 13 are coerced
to the next higher even number.
You cannot store a literal NULL in a TIMESTAMP column; setting it
to NULL sets it to the current date and time. Because TIMESTAMP
columns behave this way, the NULL and NOT NULL attributes do not
apply in the normal way and are ignored if you specify them. DESCRIBE
tbl_name always reports that a TIMESTAMP column may be assigned NULL
values.
MySQL maps certain column types used by other SQL database vendors
to MySQL types. See section 7.2.11 Using column types from other
database engines.
If you want to see whether or not MySQL used a column type other
than the one you specified, issue a DESCRIBE tbl_name statement after
creating or altering your table.
Certain other column type changes may occur if you compress a table
using pack_isam. See section 10.17 What are the different row
format? Or, when should VARCHAR/.
7.7 ALTER TABLE syntax
ALTER [IGNORE] TABLE tbl_name alter_spec [, alter_spec ...]
alter_specification:
ADD [COLUMN] create_definition [FIRST | AFTER column_name ]
or ADD INDEX [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
or ADD PRIMARY KEY (index_col_name,...)
or ADD UNIQUE [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
or ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT}
or CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name create_definition
or MODIFY [COLUMN] create_definition
or DROP [COLUMN] col_name
or DROP PRIMARY KEY
or DROP INDEX key_name
or RENAME [AS] new_tbl_name
or table_option
ALTER TABLE allows you to change the structure of an existing table.
For example, you can add or delete columns, create or destroy
indexes, change the type of existing columns, or rename columns or
the table itself. You can also change the comment for the table and
type of the table. See section 7.6 CREAT TABLE syntax
If you use ALTER TABLE to change a column specification but DESCRIBE
tbl_name indicates that your column was not changed, it is possible
that MySQL ignored your modification for one of the reasons described
in section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
For example, if you try to change a VARCHAR column to CHAR, MySQL
will still use VARCHAR if the table contains other variable-length
columns.
ALTER TABLE works by making a temporary copy of the original table.
The alteration is performed on the copy, then the original table is
deleted and the new one is renamed. This is done in such a way that
all updates are automatically redirected to the new table without any
failed updates. While ALTER TABLE is executing, the original table is
readable by other clients. Updates and writes to the table are
stalled until the new table is ready.
To use ALTER TABLE, you need select, insert, delete,
update, create and drop privileges on the table.
IGNORE is a MySQL extension to ANSI SQL92. It controls how
ALTER TABLE works if there are duplicates on unique keys in
the new table. If IGNORE isn't specified, the copy is aborted
and rolled back. If IGNORE is specified, then for rows with
duplicates on a unique key, only the first row is used; the
others are deleted.
You can issue multiple ADD, ALTER, DROP and CHANGE clauses
in a single ALTER TABLE statement. This is a MySQL extension
to ANSI SQL92, which allows only one of each clause per ALTER
TABLE statement.
CHANGE col_name, DROP col_name and DROP INDEX are MySQL
extensions to ANSI SQL92.
MODIFY is an Oracle extension to ALTER TABLE.
The optional word COLUMN is a pure noise word and can be
omitted.
If you use ALTER TABLE tbl_name RENAME AS new_name without
any other options, MySQL simply renames the files that
correspond to the table tbl_name. There is no need to create
the temporary table.
create_definition clauses use the same syntax for ADD and
CHANGE as for CREATE TABLE. Note that this syntax includes
the column name, not just the column type. See section 7.6
CREATE TABLE syntax.
You can rename a column using a CHANGE old_col_name
create_definition clause. To do so, specify the old and new
column names and the type that the column currently has. For
example, to rename an INTEGER column from a to b, you can do
this:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE a b INTEGER;
If you want to change a column's type but not the name,
CHANGE syntax still requires two column names even if they
are the same. For example:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE b b BIGINT NOT NULL;
However, as of MySQL 3.22.16a, you can also use MODIFY to
change a column's type without renaming it:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY b BIGINT NOT NULL;
If you use CHANGE or MODIFY to shorten a column for which
an index exists on part of the column (for instance, if you
have an index on the first 10 characters of a VARCHAR
column), you cannot make the column shorter than the number
of characters that are indexed.
When you change a column type using CHANGE or MODIFY, MySQL
tries to convert data to the new type as well as possible.
In MySQL 3.22 or later, you can use FIRST or ADD ... AFTER
col_name to add a column at a specific position within a
table row. The default is to add the column last.
ALTER COLUMN specifies a new default value for a column or
removes the old default value. If the old default is removed
and the column can be NULL, the new default is NULL. If the
column cannot be NULL, MySQL assigns a default value. Default
value assignment is described in section 7.6 CREATE TABLE
syntax.
DROP INDEX removes an index. This is a MySQL extension to
ANSI SQL92.
If columns are dropped from a table, the columns are also
removed from any index of which they are a part. If all
columns that make up an index are dropped, the index is
dropped as well.
DROP PRIMARY KEY drops the primary index. If no such index
exists, it drops the first UNIQUE index in the table. (MySQL
marks the first UNIQUE key as the PRIMARY KEY if no PRIMARY
KEY was specified explicitly.)
With the C API function mysql_info(), you can find out how
many records were copied, and (when IGNORE is used) how many
records were deleted due to duplication of unique key values.
The FOREIGN KEY, CHECK and REFERENCES clauses don't
actually do anything. The syntax for them is provided only
for compatibility, to make it easier to port code from other
SQL servers and to run applications that create tables with
references. See section 5.3 Functionality missing form MySQL
Here is an example that shows some of the uses of ALTER TABLE. We
begin with a table t1 that is created as shown below:
mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (a INTEGER,b CHAR(10));
To rename the table from t1 to t2:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME t2;
To change column a from INTEGER to TINYINT NOT NULL (leaving the name
the same), and to change column b from CHAR(10) to CHAR(20) as well
as renaming it from b to c:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 MODIFY a TINYINT NOT NULL, CHANGE b c CHAR(20);
To add a new TIMESTAMP column named d:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 ADD d TIMESTAMP;
To add an index on column d, and make column a the primary key:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 ADD INDEX (d), ADD PRIMARY KEY (a);
To remove column c:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 DROP COLUMN c;
To add a new AUTO_INCREMENT integer column named c:
mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 ADD c INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
ADD INDEX (c);
Note that we indexed c, because AUTO_INCREMENT columns must be
indexed, and also that we declare c as NOT NULL, because indexed
columns cannot be NULL.
When you add an AUTO_INCREMENT column, column values are filled in
with sequence numbers for you automatically.
7.8 OPTIMIZE TABLE syntax
OPTIMIZE TABLE tbl_name
OPTIMZE TABLE should be used if you have deleted a large part of a
table or if you have made many changes to a table with
variable-length rows (tables that have VARCHAR, BLOB or TEXT
columns). Deleted records are maintained in a linked list and
subsequent INSERT operations reuse old record positions. You can use
OPTIMIZE TABLE to reclaim the unused space.
OPTIMIZE TABLE works by making a temporary copy of the original
table. The old table is copied to the new table (without the unused
rows), then the original table is deleted and the new one is renamed.
This is done in such a way that all updates are automatically
redirected to the new table without any failed updates. While
OPTIMIZE TABLE is executing, the original table is readable by other
clients. Updates and writes to the table are stalled until the new
table is ready.
7.9 DROP TABLE syntax
DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] tbl_name [, tbl_name,...]
DROP TABLE removes one or more tables. All table data and the table
definition are removed, so be careful with this command! In MySQL
3.22 or later, you can use the keywords IF EXISTS to prevent an error
from occurring for tables that don't exist.
7.10 DELETE syntax
DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] FROM tbl_name
[WHERE where_definition] [LIMIT rows]
DELETE deletes rows from tbl_name that satisfy the condition given by
where_definition, and returns the number of records deleted.
If you issue a DELETE with no WHERE clause, all rows are deleted.
MySQL does this by recreating the table as an empty table, which is
much faster than deleting each row. In this case, DELETE returns zero
as the number of affected records. (MySQL can't return the number of
rows that were actually deleted, since the recreate is done without
opening the data files. As long as the table definition file
`tbl_name.frm' is valid, the table can be recreated this way, even if
the data or index files have become corrupted.).
If you really want to know how many records are deleted when you are
deleting all rows, and are willing to suffer a speed penalty, you can
use a DELETE statement of this form:
mysql> DELETE FROM tbl_name WHERE 1>0;
Note that this is MUCH slower than DELETE FROM tbl_name with no WHERE
clause, because it deletes rows one at a time.
If you specify the keyword LOW_PRIORITY, execution of the DELETE is
delayed until no other clients are reading from the table.
Deleted records are maintained in a linked list and subsequent INSERT
operations reuse old record positions. To reclaim unused space and
reduce file sizes, use the OPTIMIZE TABLE statement or the isamchk
utility to reorganize tables. OPTIMIZE TABLE is easier, but isamchk
is faster. See section 7.8 OPIMIZE TABLE syntax, and section
3.4.3 Tableoptimization.
The MySQL-specific LIMIT rows option to DELETE tells the server the
maximum number of rows to be deleted before control is returned to
the client. This can be used to ensure that a specific DELETE command
doesn't take too much time. You can simply repeat the DELETE command
until the number of affected rows is less than the LIMIT value.
7.11 SELECT syntax
SELECT [STRAIGHT_JOIN] [SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT]
[HIGH_PRIORITY]
[DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW | ALL]
select_expression,...
[INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' export_options]
[FROM table_references
[WHERE where_definition]
[GROUP BY col_name,...]
[HAVING where_definition]
[ORDER BY {unsigned_integer | col_name | formula} [ASC |
DESC] ,...]
[LIMIT [offset,] rows]
[PROCEDURE procedure_name] ]
SELECT is used to retrieve rows selected from one or more tables.
select_expression indicates the columns you want to retrieve. SELECT
may also be used to retrieve rows computed without reference to any
table. For example:
mysql> SELECT 1 + 1;
-> 2
All keywords used must be given in exactly the order shown above. For
example, a HAVING clause must come after any GROUP BY clause and
before any ORDER BY clause.
A SELECT expression may be given an alias using AS. The
alias is used as the expression's column name and can be used
with ORDER BY or HAVING clauses. For example:
mysql> select concat(last_name,', ',first_name) AS full_name
from mytable ORDER BY full_name;
The FROM table_references clause indicates the tables from
which to retrieve rows. If you name more than one table, you
are performing a join. For information on join syntax, see
section 7.12 JOIN syntax.
You can refer to a column as col_name, tbl_name.col_name or
db_name.tbl_name.col_name. You need not specify a tbl_name or
db_name.tbl_name prefix for a column reference in a SELECT
statement unless the reference would be ambiguous. See
section 7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias names
, for examples of ambiguity that require the more explicit
column reference forms.
A table reference may be aliased using tbl_name [AS]
alias_name.
mysql> select t1.name, t2.salary from employee AS t1, info AS
t2
where t1.name = t2.name;
mysql> select t1.name, t2.salary from employee t1, info t2
where t1.name = t2.name;
Columns selected for output may be referred to in ORDER BY
and GROUP BY clauses using column names, column aliases or
column positions. Column positions begin with 1.
mysql> select college, region, seed from tournament
ORDER BY region, seed;
mysql> select college, region AS r, seed AS s from tournament
ORDER BY r, s;
mysql> select college, region, seed from tournament
ORDER BY 2, 3;
To sort in reverse order, add the DESC (descending) keyword
to the name of the column in the ORDER BY clause that you are
sorting by. The default is ascending order; this may be
specified explicitly using the ASC keyword.
The HAVING clause can refer to any column or alias named in
the select_expression. It is applied last, just before items
are sent to the client, with no optimization. Don't use
HAVING for items that should be in the WHERE clause. For
example, do not write this:
mysql> select col_name from tbl_name HAVING col_name > 0;
Write this instead:
mysql> select col_name from tbl_name WHERE col_name > 0;
In MySQL 3.22.5 or later, you can also write queries like
this:
mysql> select user,max(salary) from users
group by user HAVING max(salary)>10;
In older MySQL versions, you can write this instead:
mysql> select user,max(salary) AS sum from users
group by user HAVING sum>10;
STRAIGHT_JOIN forces the optimizer to join the tables in
the order in which they are listed in the FROM clause. You
can use this to speed up a query if the optimizer joins the
tables in non-optimal order. See section 7.21 EXPLAIN syntax
(Get information about a SELECT).
SQL_SMALL_RESULT can be used with GROUP BY or DISTINCT to
tell the optimizer that the result set will be small. In this
case, MySQL will use fast temporary tables to store the
resulting table instead of using sorting. SQL_SMALL_RESULT is
a MySQL extension to ANSI SQL92.
The LIMIT clause can be used to constrain the number of
rows returned by the SELECT statement. LIMIT takes one or two
numeric arguments. If two arguments are given, the first
specifies the offset of the first row to return, the second
specifies the maximum number of rows to return. The offset of
the initial row is 0 (not 1).
mysql> select * from table LIMIT 5,10; # Retrieve rows 6-15
If one argument is given, it indicates the maximum number of
rows to return.
mysql> select * from table LIMIT 5; # Retrieve first 5
rows
In other words, LIMIT n is equivalent to LIMIT 0,n.
The SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' form of SELECT
writes the selected rows to a file. The file is created on
the server host, and cannot already exist (among other
things, this prevents database tables and files such as
`/etc/passwd' from being destroyed). You must have the file
privilege on the server host to use this form of SELECT.
SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE is the complement of LOAD DATA
INFILE; the syntax for the export_options part of the
statement consists of the same FIELDS and LINES clauses that
are used with the LOAD DATA INFILE statement. See section
7.15 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax. In the resulting text file,
only the following characters are escaped by the ESCAPED BY
character:
The ESCAPED BY character
The first character in FIELDS TERMINATED BY
The first character in LINES TERMINATED BY
Additionally, ASCII 0 is converted to ESCAPED BY followed by
0 (ASCII 48). The reason for the above is that you MUST
escape any FIELDS TERMINATED BY, ESCAPED BY or LINES
TERMINATED BY characters to reliably be able to read the file
back. ASCII 0 is escaped to make it easier to view with some
pagers. As the resulting file doesn't have to conform to the
SQL syntax, nothing else need be escaped.
7.12 JOIN syntax
MySQL supports the following JOIN syntaxes for use in SELECT
statements:
table_reference, table_reference
table_reference [CROSS] JOIN table_reference
table_reference INNER JOIN table_reference
table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_reference
table_reference LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference ON conditional_expr
table_reference LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference USING (column_list)
table_reference NATURAL LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference
{ oj table_reference LEFT OUTER JOIN table_reference ON
conditional_expr }
The last LEFT OUTER JOIN syntax shown above exists only for
compatibility with ODBC.
A table reference may be aliased using tbl_name AS
alias_name or tbl_name alias_name.
mysql> select t1.name, t2.salary from employee AS t1, info AS
t2
where t1.name = t2.name;
INNER JOIN and , (comma) are semantically equivalent. Both
do a full join between the tables used. Normally, you specify
how the tables should be linked in the WHERE condition.
The ON conditional is any conditional of the form that may
be used in a WHERE clause.
If there is no matching record for the right table in a
LEFT JOIN, a row with all columns set to NULL is used for the
right table. You can use this fact to find records in a table
that have no counterpart in another table:
mysql> select table1.* from table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id
where table2.id is NULL;
This example finds all rows in table1 with an id value that
is not present in table2 (i.e., all rows in table1 with no
corresponding row in table2). This assumes that table2.id is
declared NOT NULL, of course.
The USINGcolumn_list clause names a list of columns that
must exist in both tables. A USING clause such as:
A LEFT JOIN B USING (C1,C2,C3,...)
is defined to be semantically identical to an ON expression
like this:
A.C1=B.C1 AND A.C2=B.C2 AND A.C3=B.C3,...
The NATURAL LEFT JOIN of two tables is defined to be
semantically equivalent to a LEFT JOIN with a USING clause
that names all columns that exist in both tables.
STRAIGHT_JOIN is identical to JOIN, except that the left
table is always read before the right table. This can be used
for those (few) cases where the join optimizer puts the
tables in the wrong order.
Some examples:
mysql> select * from table1,table2 where table1.id=table2.id;
mysql> select * from table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id;
mysql> select * from table1 LEFT JOIN table2 USING (id);
mysql> select * from table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id
LEFT JOIN table3 ON table2.id=table3.id;
See section 10.6 How MySQL optimize LEFT
7.13 INSERT syntax
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
VALUES (expression,...),(...),...
or INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
SELECT ...
or INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE]
[INTO] tbl_name
SET col_name=expression, col_name=expression, ...
INSERT inserts new rows into an existing table. The INSERT ...
VALUES form of the statement inserts rows based on
explicitly-specified values. The INSERT ... SELECT form inserts rows
selected from another table or tables. The INSERT ... VALUES form
with multiple value lists is supported in MySQL 3.22.5 or later. The
col_name=expression syntax is supported in MySQL 3.22.10 or later.
tbl_name is the table into which rows should be inserted. The column
name list or the SET clause indicates which columns the statement
specifies values for.
If you specify no column list for INSERT ... VALUES or
INSERT ... SELECT, values for all columns must be provided in
the VALUES() list or by the SELECT. If you don't know the
order of the columns in the table, use DESCRIBE tbl_name to
find out.
Any column not explicitly given a value is set to its
default value. For example, if you specify a column list that
doesn't name all the columns in the table, unnamed columns
are set to their default values. Default value assignment is
described in section 7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax.
An expression may refer to any column that was set earlier
in a value list. For example, you can say this:
mysql> INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1,col2) VALUES(15,col1*2);
But not this:
mysql> INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1,col2) VALUES(col2*2,15);
If you specify the keyword LOW_PRIORITY, execution of the
INSERT is delayed until no other clients are reading from the
table.
If you specify the keyword IGNORE in an INSERT with many
value rows, any rows which duplicate an existing PRIMARY or
UNIQUE key in the table are ignored and are not inserted. If
you do not specify IGNORE, the insert is aborted if there is
any row that duplicates an existing key value. You can check
with the mysql_info() how many rows were inserted into the
table.
If MySQL was configured using the DONT_USE_DEFAULT_FIELDS
option, INSERT statements generate an error unless you
explicitly specify values for all columns that require a
non-NULL value. See section 4.7.3 Typical configure options.
The following conditions hold for a INSERT INTO ... SELECT
statement:
The query cannot contain an ORDER BY clause.
The target table of the INSERT statement cannot
appear in the FROM clause of the SELECT part of the
query, because it's forbidden in ANSI SQL to SELECT
from the same table into which you are INSERTing.
(The problem is that the SELECT possibly would find
records that were inserted earlier during the same
run. When using sub-select clauses, the situation
could easily be very confusing!)
AUTO_INCREMENT columns work as usual.
If you use INSERT ... SELECT or a INSERT ... VALUES statement with
multiple value lists, you can use the C API function mysql_info() to
get information about the query. The format of the information string
is shown below:
Records: 100 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
Duplicates indicates the number of rows that couldn't be inserted
because they would duplicate some existing unique index value.
Warnings indicates the number of attempts to insert column values
that were problematic in some way. Warnings can occur under any of
the following conditions:
Inserting NULL into a column that has been declared NOT
NULL. The column is set to its default value.
Setting a numeric column to a value that lies outside the
column's range. The value is clipped to the appropriate
endpoint of the range.
Setting a numeric column to a value such as '10.34 a'. The
trailing garbage is stripped and the remaining numeric part
is inserted. If the value doesn't make sense as a number at
all, the column is set to 0.
Inserting a string into a CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT or BLOB
column that exceeds the column's maximum length. The value is
truncated to the column's maximum length.
Inserting a value into a date or time column that is
illegal for the column type. The column is set to the
appropriate ``zero'' value for the type.
The DELAYED option for the INSERT statement is a MySQL-specific
option that is very useful if you have clients that can't wait for
the INSERT to complete. This is common when you use MySQL for logging
and you also periodically run SELECT statements that take a long time
to complete. DELAYED was introduced in MySQL 3.22.15. It is a MySQL
extension to ANSI SQL92.
Another major benefit of using INSERT DELAYED is that inserts from
many clients are bundled together and written in one block. This is
much faster than doing many separate inserts.
Note that currently the queued rows are only stored in memory until
they are inserted into the table. This means that if you kill mysqld
the hard way (kill -9) or if mysqld dies unexpectedly, any queued
rows that weren't written to disk are lost!
The following happens when you use the DELAYED option to INSERT or
REPLACE. In this description, the ``thread'' is the thread that
received an INSERT DELAYED command and ``handler'' is the thread that
handles all INSERT DELAYED statements for a particular table.
When a thread executes a DELAYED statement for a table, a
handler thread is created to handle all DELAYED statements
for the table, if no such handler already exists.
The thread checks whether or not the handler has acquired a
DELAYED lock already; if not, it tells the handler thread to
do so. The DELAYED lock can be obtained even if other threads
have a READ or WRITE lock on the table. However, the handler
will wait for all ALTER TABLE locks or FLUSH TABLES to ensure
that the table structure is up to date.
The thread executes the INSERT statement but instead of
writing the row to the table it puts a copy of the final row
into a queue that is managed by the handler thread. Any
syntax errors are noticed by the thread and reported the
client program.
The client can't report the number of duplicates or the
AUTO_INCREMENT value for the resulting row; it can't obtain
them from the server, because the INSERT returns before the
insert operation has been completed. If you use the C API,
the mysql_info() function doesn't return anything meaningful,
for the same reason.
The update log is updated by the handler thread when the
row is inserted into the table. In case of multiple-row
inserts, the update log is updated when the first row is
inserted.
After every delayed_insert_limit rows are written, the
handler checks whether or not any SELECT statements are still
pending. If so, it allows these to execute before continuing.
When the handler has no more rows in its queue, the table
is unlocked. If no new INSERT DELAYED commands are received
within delayed_insert_timeout seconds, the handler
terminates.
If more than delayed_queue_size rows are pending already in
a specific handler queue, the thread waits until there is
room in the queue. This is useful to ensure that the mysqld
server doesn't use all memory for the delayed memory queue.
The handler thread will show up in the MySQL process list
with delayed_insert in the Command column. It will be killed
if you execute a FLUSH TABLES command or kill it with KILL
thread_id. However, it will first store all queued rows into
the table before exiting. During this time it will not accept
any new INSERT commands from another thread. If you execute
an INSERT DELAYED command after this, a new handler thread
will be created.
Note that the above means that INSERT DELAYED commands have
higher priority than normal INSERT commands if there is an
INSERT DELAYED handler already running! Other update commands
will have to wait until the INSERT DELAY queue is empty,
someone kills the handler thread (with KILL thread_id) or
someone executes FLUSH TABLES.
The following status variables provide information about
INSERT DELAYED commands:
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Delayed_insert_threads | Number of handler threads |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Delayed_writes | Number of rows written with |
| | INSERT DELAYED |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Not_flushed_delayed_rows | Number of rows waiting to be written |
+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+
You can view these variables by issuing a SHOW STATUS statement or by
executing a mysqladmin extended-status command.
7.14 REPLACE syntax
REPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
VALUES (expression,...)
or REPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]
[INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)]
SELECT ...
or REPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED]
[INTO] tbl_name
SET col_name=expression, col_name=expression,...
REPLACE works exactly like INSERT, except that if an old record in
the table has the same value as a new record on a unique index, the
old record is deleted before the new record is inserted. See section
7.13 INSERT syntax.
7.15 LOAD DATA INFILE syntax
LOAD DATA [LOW_PRIORITY] [LOCAL] INFILE 'file_name.txt' [REPLACE |
IGNORE]
INTO TABLE tbl_name
[FIELDS
[TERMINATED BY '\t']
[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY '']
[ESCAPED BY '\\' ]]
[LINES TERMINATED BY '\n']
[IGNORE number LINES]
[(col_name,...)]
The LOAD DATA INFILE statement reads rows from a text file into a
table at a very high speed. If the LOCAL keyword is specified, the
file is read from the client host. If LOCAL is not specified, the
file must be located on the server. (LOCAL is available in MySQL
3.22.6 or later.)
For security reasons, when reading text files located on the server,
the files must either reside in the database directory or be readable
by all. Also, to use LOAD DATA INFILE on server files, you must have
the file privilege on the server host. See section 6.5 Privileges
provided by MySQL.
Using LOCAL will be a bit slower than letting the server access the
files directly, since the contents of the file must travel from the
client host to the server host. On the other hand, you do not need
the file privilege to load local files.
You can also load data files by using the mysqlimport utility; it
operates by sending a LOAD DATA INFILE command to the server. The
--local option causes mysqlimport to read data files from the client
host. You can specify the --compress option to get better performance
over slow networks if the client and server support the compressed
protocol.
When locating files on the server host, the server uses the
following rules:
If an absolute pathname is given, the server uses the
pathname as is.
If a relative pathname with one or more leading components
is given, the server searches for the file relative to the
server's data directory.
If a filename with no leading components is given, the
server looks for the file in the database directory of the
current database.
Note that these rules mean a file given as `./myfile.txt' is read
from the server's data directory, whereas a file given as
`myfile.txt' is read from the database directory of the current
database. Note also that for statements such as those below, the file
is read from the database directory for db1, not db2:
mysql> USE db1;
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE "./data.txt" INTO TABLE db2.my_table;
The REPLACE and IGNORE keywords control handling of input records
that duplicate existing records on unique key values. If you specify
REPLACE, new rows replace existing rows that have the same unique key
value. If you specify IGNORE, input rows that duplicate an existing
row on a unique key value are skipped. If you don't specify either
option, an error occurs when a duplicate key value is found, and the
rest of the text file is ignored.
If you load data from a local file using the LOCAL keyword, the
server has no way to stop transmission of the file in the middle of
the operation, so the default bahavior is the same as if IGNORE is
specified.
LOAD DATA INFILE is the complement of SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE. See
section 7.11 SELECT syntax. To write data from a database to a file,
use SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE. To read the file back into the database,
use LOAD DATA INFILE. The syntax of the FIELDS and LINES clauses is
the same for both commands. Both clauses are optional, but FIELDS
must precede LINES if both are specified.
If you specify a FIELDS clause, each of its subclauses (TERMINATED
BY, [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY and ESCAPED BY) is also optional, except
that you must specify at least one of them.
If you don't specify a FIELDS clause, the defaults are the same as if
you had written this:
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t' ENCLOSED BY '' ESCAPED BY '\\'
If you don't specify a LINES clause, the default is the same as if
you had written this:
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'
In other words, the defaults cause LOAD DATA INFILE to act as follows
when reading input:
Look for line boundaries at newlines
Break lines into fields at tabs
Do not expect fields to be enclosed within any quoting
characters
Interpret occurrences of tab, newline or `\' preceded by
`\' as literal characters that are part of field values
Conversely, the defaults cause SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE to act
follows when writing output:
Write tabs between fields
Do not enclose fields within any quoting characters
Use `\' to escape instances of tab, newline or `\' that
occur within field values
Write newlines at the ends of lines
Note that to write FIELDS ESCAPED BY '\\', you must specify two
backslashes for the value to be read as a single backslash.
The IGNORE number LINES option can be used to ignore a header of
column names at the start of the file:
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE "/tmp/file_name" into table test IGNORE 1
LINES;
When you use SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE in tandem with LOAD DATA INFILE
to write data from a database into a file and then read the file back
into the database later, the field and line handling options for both
commands must match. Otherwise, LOAD DATA INFILE will not interpret
the contents of the file properly.
Suppose you use SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE to write a file with fields
delimited by commas:
mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 INTO OUTFILE 'data.txt'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
FROM ...
To read the comma-delimited file back in, the correct statement would
be:
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'data.txt' INTO TABLE table2
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',';
If instead you tried to read in the file with the statement shown
below, it wouldn't work because it instructs LOAD DATA INFILE to look
for tabs between fields:
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'data.txt' INTO TABLE table2
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t';
The likely result is that each input line would be interpreted as a
single field.
LOAD DATA INFILE can be used to read files obtained from external
sources, too. For example, a file in dBASE format will have fields
separated by commas and enclosed in double quotes. If lines in the
file are terminated by newlines, the command shown below illustrates
the field and line handling options you would use to load the file:
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'data.txt' INTO TABLE tbl_name
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"'
LINES TERMINATED BY '\n';
Any of the field or line handling options may specify an empty string
(''). If not empty, the FIELDS [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY and FIELDS
ESCAPED BY values must be a single character. The FIELDS TERMINATED
BY and LINES TERMINATED BY values may be more than one character. For
example, to write lines that are terminated by carriage
return-linefeed pairs, or to read a file containing such lines,
specify a LINES TERMINATED BY '\r\n' clause.
FIELDS [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY controls quoting of fields. For
output (SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE), if you omit the word OPTIONALLY,
all fields are enclosed by the ENCLOSED BY character. An example of
such output (using a comma as the field delimiter) is shown below:
"1","a string","100.20"
"2","a string containing a , comma","102.20"
"3","a string containing a \" quote","102.20"
"4","a string containing a \", quote and comma","102.20"
If you specify OPTIONALLY, the ENCLOSED BY character is used only to
enclose CHAR and VARCHAR fields:
1,"a string",100.20
2,"a string containing a , comma",102.20
3,"a string containing a \" quote",102.20
4,"a string containing a \", quote and comma",102.20
Note that occurrences of the ENCLOSED BY character within a field
value are escaped by prefixing them with the ESCAPED BY character.
Also note that if you specify an empty ESCAPED BY value, it is
possible to generate output that cannot be read properly by LOAD DATA
INFILE. For example, the output just shown above would appear as
shown below if the escape character is empty. Observe that the second
field in the fourth line contains a comma following the quote, which
(erroneously) appears to terminate the field:
1,"a string",100.20
2,"a string containing a , comma",102.20
3,"a string containing a " quote",102.20
4,"a string containing a ", quote and comma",102.20
For input, the ENCLOSED BY character, if present, is stripped from
the ends of field values. (This is true whether or not OPTIONALLY is
specified; OPTIONALLY has no effect on input interpretation.)
Occurrences of the ENCLOSED BY character preceded by the ESCAPED BY
character are interpreted as part of the current field value. In
addition, duplicated ENCLOSED BY characters occurring within fields
are interpreted as single ENCLOSED BY characters if the field itself
starts with that character. For example, if ENCLOSED BY '"' is
specified, quotes are handled as shown below:
"The ""BIG"" boss" -> The "BIG" boss
The "BIG" boss -> The "BIG" boss
The ""BIG"" boss -> The ""BIG"" boss
FIELDS ESCAPED BY controls how to write or read special characters.
If the FIELDS ESCAPED BY character is not empty, it is used to prefix
the following characters on output:
The FIELDS ESCAPED BY character
The FIELDS [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY character
The first character of the FIELDS TERMINATED BY and LINES
TERMINATED BY values
ASCII 0 (what is actually written following the escape
character is ASCII '0', not a zero-valued byte)
If the FIELDS ESCAPED BY character is empty, no characters are
escaped. It is probably not a good idea to specify an empty escape
character, particularly if field values in your data contain any of
the characters in the list just given.
For input, if the FIELDS ESCAPED BY character is not empty,
occurrences of that character are stripped and the following
character is taken literally as part of a field value. The exceptions
are an escaped `0' or `N' (e.g., \0 or \N if the escape character is
`\'). These sequences are interpreted as ASCII 0 (a zero-valued byte)
and NULL. See below for the rules on NULL handling.
For more information about `\'-escape syntax, see section
7.1 Literals: how to write string and nimbers.
In certain cases, field and line handling options interact:
If LINES TERMINATED BY is an empty string and FIELDS
TERMINATED BY is non-empty, lines are also terminated with
FIELDS TERMINATED BY.
If the FIELDS TERMINATED BY and FIELDS ENCLOSED BY values
are both empty (''), a fixed-row (non-delimited) format is
used. With fixed-row format, no delimiters are used between
fields. Instead, column values are written and read using the
``display'' widths of the columns. For example, if a column
is declared as INT(7), values for the column are written
using 7-character fields. On input, values for the column are
obtained by reading 7 characters. Fixed-row format also
affects handling of NULL values; see below.
Handling of NULL values varies, depending on the FIELDS and LINES
options you use:
For the default FIELDS and LINES values, NULL is written as
\N for output and \N is read as NULL for input (assuming the
ESCAPED BY character is `\').
If FIELDS ENCLOSED BY is not empty, a field containing the
literal word NULL as its value is read as a NULL value (this
differs from the word NULL enclosed within FIELDS ENCLOSED BY
characters, which is read as the string 'NULL').
If FIELDS ESCAPED BY is empty, NULL is written as the word
NULL.
With fixed-row format (which happens when FIELDS TERMINATED
BY and FIELDS ENCLOSED BY are both empty), NULL is written as
an empty string. Note that this causes both NULL values and
empty strings in the table to be indistinguishable when
written to the file since they are both written as empty
strings. If you need to be able to tell the two apart when
reading the file back in, you should not use fixed-row
format.
Some cases are not supported by LOAD DATA INFILE:
Fixed-size rows (FIELDS TERMINATED BY and FIELDS ENCLOSED
BY both empty) and BLOB or TEXT columns.
If you specify one separator that is the same as or a
prefix of another, LOAD DATA INFILE won't be able to
interpret the input properly. For example, the following
FIELDS clause would cause problems:
FIELDS TERMINATED BY '"' ENCLOSED BY '"'
If FIELDS ESCAPED BY is empty, a field value that contains
an occurrence of FIELDS ENCLOSED BY or LINES TERMINATED BY
followed by the FIELDS TERMINATED BY value will cause LOAD
DATA INFILE to stop reading a field or line too early. This
happens because LOAD DATA INFILE cannot properly determine
where the field or line value ends.
The following example loads all columns of the persondata table:
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'persondata.txt' INTO TABLE persondata;
No field list is specified, so LOAD DATA INFILE expects input rows to
contain a field for each table column. The default FIELDS and LINES
values are used.
If you wish to load only some of a table's columns, specify a field
list:
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'persondata.txt'
INTO TABLE persondata (col1,col2,...);
You must also specify a field list if the order of the fields in the
input file differs from the order of the columns in the table.
Otherwise, MySQL cannot tell how to match up input fields with table
columns.
If a row has too few fields, the columns for which no input field is
present are set to default values. Default value assignment is
described in section 7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax.
An empty field value is interpreted differently than if the field
value is missing:
For string types, the column is set to the empty string.
For numeric types, the column is set to 0.
For date and time types, the column is set to the
appropriate ``zero'' value for the type. See section 7.2.6
Date and time types.
TIMESTAMP columns are only set to the current date and time if there
is a NULL value for the column, or (for the first TIMESTAMP column
only) if the TIMESTAMP column is left out from the field list when a
field list is specified.
If an input row has too many fields, the extra fields are ignored
and the number of warnings is incremented.
LOAD DATA INFILE regards all input as strings, so you can't use
numeric values for ENUM or SET columns the way you can with INSERT
statements. All ENUM and SET values must be specified as strings!
If you are using the C API, you can get information about the query
by calling the API function mysql_info() when the LOAD DATA INFILE
query finishes. The format of the information string is shown below:
Records: 1 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0
Warnings occur under the same circumstances as when values are
inserted via the INSERT statement (see section 7.13 INSERT syntax),
except that LOAD DATA INFILE also generates warnings when there are
too few or too many fields in the input row. The warnings are not
stored anywhere; the number of warnings can only be used as an
indication if everything went well. If you get warnings and want to
know exactly why you got them, one way to do this is to use SELECT
... INTO OUTFILE into another file and compare this to your original
input file.
For more information about the efficiency of INSERT versus LOAD DATA
INFILE and speeding up LOAD DATA INFILE, see section 10.12 How to
arrange a table to be as fast/small as possible
7.16 UPDATE syntax
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] tbl_name SET
col_name1=expr1,col_name2=expr2,...
[WHERE where_definition] [LIMIT #]
UPDATE updates columns in existing table rows with new values. The
SET clause indicates which columns to modify and the values they
should be given. The WHERE clause, if given, specifies which rows
should be updated. Otherwise all rows are updated.
If you specify the keyword LOW_PRIORITY, execution of the UPDATE is
delayed until no other clients are reading from the table.
If you access a column from tbl_name in an expression, UPDATE uses
the current value of the column. For example, the following statement
sets the age column to one more than its current value:
mysql> UPDATE persondata SET age=age+1;
UPDATE assignments are evaluated from left to right. For example,
the following statement doubles the age column, then increments it:
mysql> UPDATE persondata SET age=age*2, age=age+1;
If you set a column to the value it currently has, MySQL notices
this and doesn't update it.
UPDATE returns the number of rows that were actually changed. In
MySQL 3.22 or later, the C API function mysql_info() returns the
number of rows that were matched and updated and the number of
warnings that occurred during the UPDATE.
In MySQL 3.23 you can use LIMIT # to ensure that only a given number
of rows are changed.
7.17 USE syntax
USE db_name
The USE db_name statement tells MySQL to use the db_name database as
the default database for subsequent queries. The database remains
current until the end of the session, or until another USE statement
is issued:
mysql> USE db1;
mysql> SELECT count(*) FROM mytable; # selects from db1.mytable
mysql> USE db2;
mysql> SELECT count(*) FROM mytable; # selects from db2.mytable
Making a particular database current by means of the USE statement
does not preclude you from accessing tables in other databases. The
example below accesses the author table from the db1 database and the
editor table from the db2 database:
mysql> USE db1;
mysql> SELECT author_name,editor_name FROM author,db2.editor
WHERE author.editor_id = db2.editor.editor_id;
The USE statement is provided for Sybase compatibility.
7.18 FLUSH syntax (clearing caches)
FLUSH flush_option [,flush_option]
You should use the FLUSH command if you want to clear some of the
internal caches MySQL uses. To execute FLUSH, you must have the
reload privilege.
flush_option can be any of the following:
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| HOSTS | Empties the host cache tables. You should |
| | flush the host tables if some of your hosts |
| | change IP number or if you get the error |
| | message Host ... is blocked. When more than |
| | max_connect_errors errors occur in a row for |
| | a given host while connection to the MySQL |
| | server, MySQL assumes something is wrong and |
| | blocks the host from further connection requests. |
| | Flushing the host tables allows the host to |
| | attempt to connect again. See section |
| | 18.2.3 Host '...' is blicked error.) You can start|
| | mysqld with -O max_connection_errors=999999999 |
| | to avoid this error message. |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| LOGS | Closes and reopens the standard and update log |
| | files. If you have specified the update log file |
| | without an extension, the extension number of |
| | t he new update log file will be incremented by |
| | o ne relative to the previous file. |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| PRIVILEGES | Reloads the privileges from the grant tables |
| | in the mysql database. |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| TABLES | Closes all open tables. |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| STATUS | Resets most status variables to zero. |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------+
You can also access each of the commands shown above with the
mysqladmin utility, using the flush-hosts, flush-logs, reload or
flush-tables commands.
7.19 KILL syntax
KILL thread_id
Each connection to mysqld runs in a separate thread. You can see
which threads are running with the SHOW PROCESSLIST command, and kill
a thread with the KILL thread_id command.
If you have the process privilege, you can see and kill all threads.
Otherwise, you can see and kill only your own threads.
You can also use the mysqladmin processlist and mysqladmin kill
commands to examine and kill threads.
7.20 SHOW syntax (Get information about tables, columns,...)
SHOW DATABASES [LIKE wild]
or SHOW TABLES [FROM db_name] [LIKE wild]
or SHOW COLUMNS FROM tbl_name [FROM db_name] [LIKE wild]
or SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name [FROM db_name]
or SHOW STATUS
or SHOW VARIABLES [LIKE wild]
or SHOW PROCESSLIST
or SHOW TABLE STATUS [FROM db_name] [LIKE wild]
SHOW provides information about databases, tables, columns or the
server. If the LIKE wild part is used, the wild string can be a
string that uses the SQL `%' and `_' wildcard characters.
You can use db_name.tbl_name as an alternative to the tbl_name FROM
db_name syntax. These two statements are equivalent:
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM mytable FROM mydb;
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM mydb.mytable;
SHOW DATABASES lists the databases on the MySQL server host. You can
also get this list using the mysqlshow command.
SHOW TABLES lists the tables in a given database. You can also get
this list using the mysqlshow db_name command.
Note: If a user doesn't have any privileges for a table, the table
will not show up in the output from SHOW TABLES or mysqlshow db_name.
SHOW COLUMNS lists the columns in a given table. If the column types
are different than you expect them to be based on a CREATE TABLE
statement, note that MySQL sometimes changes column types. See
section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
The DESCRIBE statement provides information similar to SHOW COLUMNS.
See section 7.22 DESCRIBE syntax (Get information about columns)
SHOW TABLE STATUS (new in version 3.23) works likes SHOW STATUS, but
provides a lot of information about each table. You can also get this
list using the mysqlshow --status db_name command. The following
columns are returned:
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Name | Name of the table |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Type | Type of table (NISAM, MyISAM or HEAP) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Rows | Number of rows |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Avg_row_length | Average row length |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Data_length | Length of the data file |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Max_data_length | Max length of the data file |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Index_length | Length of the index file |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Data_free | Number of allocated but not used bytes |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Auto_increment | Next autoincrement value |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Create_time | When the table was created |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Update_time | When the data file was last updated |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Check_time | When one last run a check on the table |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Create_options | Extra options used with CREATE TABLE |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
| Comment | The comment used when creating the table |
| | (or some information why MySQL couldn't |
| | access the table information). |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+-
SHOW FIELDS is a synonym for SHOW COLUMNS and SHOW KEYS is a synonym
for SHOW INDEX. You can also list a table's columns or indexes with
mysqlshow db_name tbl_name or mysqlshow -k db_name tbl_name.
SHOW INDEX returns the index information in a format that closely
resembles the SQLStatistics call in ODBC. The following columns are
returned:
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Name of the table |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Non_unique | 0 if the index can't contain duplicates. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Key_name | Name of the index |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Seq_in_index | Column sequence number in index, starting with 1.|
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Column_name | Column name. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Collation | How the column is sorted in the index. |
| | In MySQL, this can have values A (Ascending) |
| | or NULL (Not sorted). |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Cardinality | Number of unique values in the index. |
| | This is updated by running isamchk -a. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Sub_part | Number of indexed characters if the column |
| | is only partly indexed. NULL if the entire |
| | key is indexed. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
SHOW STATUS provides server status information (like mysqladmin
extended-status). The output resembles that shown below, though the
format and numbers may differ somewhat:
+--------------------------+--------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+--------+
| Aborted_clients | 0 |
| Aborted_connects | 0 |
| Created_tmp_tables | 0 |
| Delayed_insert_threads | 0 |
| Delayed_writes | 0 |
| Delayed_errors | 0 |
| Flush_commands | 2 |
| Handler_delete | 2 |
| Handler_read_first | 0 |
| Handler_read_key | 1 |
| Handler_read_next | 0 |
| Handler_read_rnd | 35 |
| Handler_update | 0 |
| Handler_write | 2 |
| Key_blocks_used | 0 |
| Key_read_requests | 0 |
| Key_reads | 0 |
| Key_write_requests | 0 |
| Key_writes | 0 |
| Max_used_connections | 1 |
| Not_flushed_key_blocks | 0 |
| Not_flushed_delayed_rows | 0 |
| Open_tables | 1 |
| Open_files | 2 |
| Open_streams | 0 |
| Opened_tables | 11 |
| Questions | 14 |
| Running_threads | 1 |
| Slow_queries | 0 |
| Uptime | 149111 |
+--------------------------+--------+
The status variables listed above have the following meaning:
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Aborted_clients | Number of connections that has been |
| | aborted because the client has died |
| | without closing the connection properly. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Aborted_connects | Number of tries to connect to the MySQL |
| | server that has failed. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Created_tmp_tables | Number of implicit temporary tables |
| | that has been created while executing |
| | statements. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Delayed_insert | Number of delayed insert handler |
| _threads | threads in use. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Delayed_writes | Number of rows written with |
| | INSERT DELAYED. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Delayed_errors | Number of rows written with INSERT |
| | DELAYED for which some error occurred |
| | (probably duplicate key). |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Flush_commands | Number of executed FLUSH commands. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Handler_delete | Number of requests to delete a row |
| | from a table. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Handler_read_first | Number of request to read first the |
| | row in a table. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Handler_read_key | Number of request to read a row based |
| | on a key. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Handler_read_next | Number of request to read next row |
| | in key order. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Handler_read_rnd | Number of request to read a row based |
| | on a fixed position. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Handler_update | Number of requests to update a row |
| | in a table. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Handler_write | Number of requests to insert a row |
| | in a table. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Key_blocks_used | The number of used blocks in the |
| | key cache. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Key_read_requests | The number of request to read a key |
| | block from the cache. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Key_reads | The number of physical reads of a key |
| | block from disk. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Key_write_requests | The number of request to write a key |
| | block to the cache. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Key_writes | The number of physical writes of a key |
| | block to disk. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Max_used_connections | The maximum number of connections |
| | that has been in use simultaneously. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Not_flushed_key | Keys blocks in the key cache that has |
| _blocks | changed but hasn't yet been flushed |
| | to disk. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Not_flushed_delayed | Number of rows waiting to be written |
| _rows | in INSERT DELAY queues. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Open_tables | Number of tables that are open. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Open_files | Number of files that are open. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Open_strems | Number of streams that are open |
| | (used mainly for logging) |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Opened_tables | Number of tables that has been opened. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Questions | Number of questions asked from to the |
| | server. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Running_threads | Number of currently open connections. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Slow_queries | Number of queries that has taken more |
| | than long_query_time |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Uptime | How many seconds the server has |
| | been up. |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
Some comments about the above:
If Opened_tables is big, then your table_cache variable is
probably too small.
If key_reads is big, then your key_cache is probably too
small. The cache hit rate can be calculated with
key_reads/key_read_requests.
If Handler_read_rnd is big, then you have a probably a lot
of queries that requires MySQL to scan whole tables or you
have joins that doesn't use keys properly.
SHOW VARIABLES shows the values of the some of MySQL system
variables. You can also get this information using the mysqladmin
variables command. If the default values are unsuitable, you can set
most of these variables using command-line options when mysqld starts
up. The output resembles that shown below, though the format and
numbers may differ somewhat:
+------------------------+--------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+--------------------------+
| back_log | 5 |
| connect_timeout | 5 |
| basedir | /my/monty/ |
| datadir | /my/monty/data/ |
| delayed_insert_limit | 100 |
| delayed_insert_timeout | 300 |
| delayed_queue_size | 1000 |
| join_buffer_size | 131072 |
| flush_time | 0 |
| key_buffer_size | 1048540 |
| language | /my/monty/share/english/ |
| log | OFF |
| log_update | OFF |
| long_query_time | 10 |
| low_priority_updates | OFF |
| max_allowed_packet | 1048576 |
| max_connections | 100 |
| max_connect_errors | 10 |
| max_delayed_threads | 20 |
| max_heap_table_size | 16777216 |
| max_join_size | 4294967295 |
| max_sort_length | 1024 |
| max_tmp_tables | 32 |
| net_buffer_length | 16384 |
| port | 3306 |
| protocol-version | 10 |
| record_buffer | 131072 |
| skip_locking | ON |
| socket | /tmp/mysql.sock |
| sort_buffer | 2097116 |
| table_cache | 64 |
| thread_stack | 131072 |
| tmp_table_size | 1048576 |
| tmpdir | /machine/tmp/ |
| version | 3.23.0-alpha-debug |
| wait_timeout | 28800 |
+------------------------+--------------------------+
See section 10.1 Tuning server parame.
SHOW PROCESSLIST shows you which threads are running. You can also
get this information using the mysqladmin processlist command. If you
have the process privilege, you can see all threads. Otherwise, you
can see only your own threads. See section 7.19 KILL syntax.
7.21 EXPLAIN syntax (Get information about a SELECT)
EXPLAIN SELECT select_options
When you precede a SELECT statement with the keyword EXPLAIN, MySQL
explains how it would process the SELECT, providing information about
how tables are joined and in which order.
With the help of EXPLAIN, you can see when you must add indexes to
tables to get a faster SELECT that uses indexes to find the records.
You can also see if the optimizer joins the tables in an optimal
order. To force the optimizer to use a specific join order for a
SELECT statement, add a STRAIGHT_JOIN clause.
For non-simple joins, EXPLAIN returns a row of information for each
table used in the SELECT statement. The tables are listed in the
order they would be read. MySQL resolves all joins using a
single-sweep multi-join method. This means that MySQL reads a row
from the first table, then finds a matching row in the second table,
then in the third table and so on. When all tables are processed, it
outputs the selected columns and backtracks through the table list
until a table is found for which there are more matching rows. The
next row is read from this table and the process continues with the
next table.
Output from EXPLAIN includes the following columns:
table The table to which the row of output refers.
type The join type. Information about the various types is given
below.
possible_keys
The possible_keys column indicates which indexes MySQL could
use to find the rows in the table. If this column is empty, there
are no relevant indexes. In this case, you may be able to improve
the performance of your query by examining the WHERE
clause to see if it refers to some column or columns that would
be suitable for indexing. If so, create an appropriate index and
check the query with EXPLAIN again. To see what indexes a table
has, use SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name.
key The key column indicates the key that MySQL actually
decided to use. The key is NULL if no index was chosen.
key_len
The key_len column indicates the length of the key that
MySQL decided to use. The length is NULL if the key is NULL.
ref The ref column shows which columns or constants are used
with the key to select rows from the table.
rows The rows column indicates the number of rows MySQL must
examine to execute the query.
Extra If the Extra column includes the text Only index, this means
that information is retrieved from the table using only
information in the index tree. Normally, this is much faster
than scanning the entire table. If the Extra column includes
the text where used, it means that a WHERE clause will be
used to restrict which rows will be matched against the next
table or sent to the client.
The different join types are listed below, ordered from best to worst
type:
system
The table has only one row (= system table). This is a
special case of the const join type.
const The table has at most one matching row, which will be read
at the start of the query. Since there is only one row,
values from the column in this row can be regarded as constants by
the rest of the optimizer. const tables are very fast as they
are read only once!
eq_ref
One row will be read from this table for each combination
of rows from the previous tables. This the best possible
join type, other than the const types. It is used when all
parts of an index are used by the join and the index is
UNIQUE or a PRIMARY KEY.
ref All rows with matching index values will be read from this
table for each combination of rows from the previous tables.
ref is used if the join uses only a leftmost prefix of the
key, or if the key is not UNIQUE or a PRIMARY KEY (in other
words, if the join cannot select a single row based on the
key value). If the key that is used matches only a few rows,
this join type is good.
range Only rows that are in a given range will be retrieved, using
an index to select the rows. The ref column indicates which
index is used.
index This is the same as ALL, except that only the index tree is
scanned. This is usually faster than ALL, as the index file
is usually smaller than the data file.
ALL A full table scan will be done for each combination of rows
from the previous tables. This is normally not good if the
table is the first table not marked const, and usually very
bad in all other cases. You normally can avoid ALL by adding
more indexes, so that the row can be retrieved based on
constant values or column values from earlier tables.
You can get a good indication of how good a join is by multiplying
all values in the rows column of the EXPLAIN output. This should tell
you roughly how many rows MySQL must examine to execute the query.
This number is also used when you restrict queries with the
max_join_size variable. See section 10.1 Tuning server parameters.
The following example shows how a JOIN can be optimized
progressively using the information provided by EXPLAIN.
Suppose you have the SELECT statement shown below, that you examine
using EXPLAIN:
EXPLAIN SELECT tt.TicketNumber, tt.TimeIn,
tt.ProjectReference, tt.EstimatedShipDate,
tt.ActualShipDate, tt.ClientID,
tt.ServiceCodes, tt.RepetitiveID,
tt.CurrentProcess, tt.CurrentDPPerson,
tt.RecordVolume, tt.DPPrinted, et.COUNTRY,
et_1.COUNTRY, do.CUSTNAME
FROM tt, et, et AS et_1, do
WHERE tt.SubmitTime IS NULL
AND tt.ActualPC = et.EMPLOYID
AND tt.AssignedPC = et_1.EMPLOYID
AND tt.ClientID = do.CUSTNMBR;
For this example, assume that:
The columns being compared have been declared as follows:
+---------+--------------+---------------+
| Table | Column | Column type |
+---------+--------------+---------------+
| tt | ActualPC | CHAR(10) |
+---------+--------------+---------------+
| tt | AssignedPC | CHAR(10) |
+---------+--------------+---------------+
| tt | ClientID | CHAR(10) |
+---------+--------------+---------------+
| et | EMPLOYID | CHAR(15) |
+---------+--------------+---------------+
| do | CUSTNMBR | CHAR(15) |
+---------+--------------+---------------+
The tables have the indexes shown below:
+---------+------------------------------+
| Table | Index |
+---------+------------------------------+
| tt | ActualPC |
+---------+------------------------------+
| tt | AssignedPC |
+---------+------------------------------+
| tt | ClientID |
+---------+------------------------------+
| et | EMPLOYID (primary key) |
+---------+------------------------------+
| do | CUSTNMBR (primary key) |
+---------+------------------------------+
The tt.ActualPC values aren't evenly distributed.
Initially, before any optimizations have been performed, the EXPLAIN
statement produces the following information:
table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
et ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 74
do ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 2135
et_1 ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 74
tt ALL AssignedPC,ClientID,ActualPC NULL NULL NULL 3872
range checked for each record (key map: 35)
Since type is ALL for each table, this output indicates that MySQL is
doing a full join for all tables! This will take quite a long time,
as the product of the number of rows in each table must be examined!
For the case at hand, this is 74 * 2135 * 74 * 3872 = 45,268,558,720
rows. If the tables were bigger, you can only imagine how long it
would take...
One problem here is that MySQL can't (yet) use indexes on columns
efficiently if they are declared differently. In this context,
VARCHAR and CHAR are the same unless they are declared as different
lengths. Since tt.ActualPC is declared as CHAR(10) and et.EMPLOYID is
declared as CHAR(15), there is a length mismatch.
To fix this disparity between column lengths, use ALTER TABLE to
lengthen ActualPC from 10 characters to 15 characters:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tt MODIFY ActualPC VARCHAR(15);
Now tt.ActualPC and et.EMPLOYID are both VARCHAR(15).
Executing the EXPLAIN statement again produces this result:
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+
| table|type |possible_ | key |key | ref |rows| Extra |
| | |keys | |_len| | | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+
| tt | ALL |Assigned PC| NULL |NULL| NULL | 872| where used |
| | |,ClientID | | | | | |
| | |,ActualPC | | | | | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+
| do | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL |NULL| NULL |2135| range checked |
| | | | | | | | for each |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----| record |
| et_1 | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL |NULL| NULL | 74 | (key map:1) |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+
| et |eq_ref| PRIMARY |PRIMARY|15 |tt.Act| 1 | |
| | | | | | ualPC| | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+
This is not perfect, but is much better (the product of the rows
values is now less by a factor of 74). This version is executed in a
couple of seconds.
A second alteration can be made to eliminate the column length
mismatches for the tt.AssignedPC = et_1.EMPLOYID and tt.ClientID =
do.CUSTNMBR comparisons:
mysql> ALTER TABLE tt MODIFY AssignedPC VARCHAR(15),
MODIFY ClientID VARCHAR(15);
Now EXPLAIN produces the output shown below:
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| table|type |possible_ | key |key | ref |rows | Extra |
| | |keys | |_len| | | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| et |ALL |PRIMARY | NULL |NULL| NULL 74 | | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| tt |ref |AssignedPC,|Actual | 15 | et.EMPLOYID | 52 | where |
| | |ClientID, |PC | | | | used |
| | |ActualPC | | | | | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| et_1 |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.AssignedPC| 1 | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| do |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.ClientID | 1 | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
This is ``almost'' as good as it can get.
The remaining problem is that, by default, MySQL assumes that values
in the tt.ActualPC column are evenly distributed, and that isn't the
case for the tt table. Fortunately, it is easy to tell MySQL about
this:
shell> isamchk --analyze PATH_TO_MYSQL_DATABASE/tt
shell> mysqladmin refresh
Now the join is ``perfect'', and EXPLAIN produces this result:
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| table|type |possible_ | key |key | ref |rows | Extra |
| | |keys | |_len| | | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| tt |All |AssignedPC,| NULL |NULL| | 3872| where |
| | |ClientID, | | | | | used |
| | |ActualPC | | | | | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| et |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.ActualPC | 1 | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| et_1 |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.AssignedPC| 1 | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
| do |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.ClientID | 1 | |
+------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+
Note that the rows column in the output from EXPLAIN is an ``educated
guess'' from the MySQL join optimizer; To optimize a query, you
should check if the numbers are even close to the truth. If not, you
may get better performance by using STRAIGHT_JOIN in your SELECT
statement and trying to list the tables in a different order in the
FROM clause.
7.22 DESCRIBE syntax (Get information about columns)
{DESCRIBE | DESC} tbl_name {col_name | wild}
DESCRIBE provides information about a table's columns. col_name may
be a column name or a string containing the SQL `%' and `_' wildcard
characters.
If the column types are different than you expect them to be based
on a CREATE TABLE statement, note that MySQL sometimes changes column
types. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes.
This statement is provided for Oracle compatibility.
The SHOW statement provides similar information. See section
7.20 SHOW syntax (Get information about table, columns,...)
7.23 LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES syntax
LOCK TABLES tbl_name [AS alias] {READ | [LOW_PRIORITY] WRITE}
[, tbl_name {READ | [LOW_PRIORITY] WRITE} ...]
...
UNLOCK TABLES
LOCK TABLES locks tables for the current thread. UNLOCK TABLES
releases any locks held by the current thread. All tables that are
locked by the current thread are automatically unlocked when the
thread issues another LOCK TABLES, or when the connection to the
server is closed.
If a thread obtains a READ lock on a table, that thread (and all
other threads) can only read from the table. If a thread obtains a
WRITE lock on a table, then only the thread holding the lock can READ
from or WRITE to the table. Other threads are blocked.
Each thread waits (without timing out) until it obtains all the
locks it has requested.
WRITE locks normally have higher priority than READ locks, to ensure
that updates are processed as soon as possible. This means that if
one thread obtains a READ lock and then another thread requests a
WRITE lock, subsequent READ lock requests will wait until the WRITE
thread has gotten the lock and released it. You can use LOW_PRIORITY
WRITE locks to allow other threads to obtain READ locks while the
thread is waiting for the WRITE lock. You should only use
LOW_PRIORITY WRITE locks if you are sure that there will eventually
be a time when no threads will have a READ lock.
When you use LOCK TABLES, you must lock all tables that you are
going to use! If you are using a table multiple times in a query
(with aliases), you must get a lock for each alias! This policy
ensures that table locking is deadlock free.
Note that you should NOT lock any tables that you are using with
INSERT DELAYED. This is because that in this case the INSERT is done
by a separate thread.
Normally, you don't have to lock tables, as all single UPDATE
statements are atomic; no other thread can interfere with any other
currently executing SQL statement. There are a few cases when you
would like to lock tables anyway:
If you are going to run many operations on a bunch of
tables, it's much faster to lock the tables you are going to
use. The downside is, of course, that no other thread can
update a READ-locked table and no other thread can read a
WRITE-locked table.
MySQL doesn't support a transaction environment, so you
must use LOCK TABLES if you want to ensure that no other
thread comes between a SELECT and an UPDATE. The example
shown below requires LOCK TABLES in order to execute safely:
mysql> LOCK TABLES trans READ, customer WRITE;
mysql> select sum(value) from trans where customer_id=
some_id;
mysql> update customer set total_value
=sum_from_previous_statement
where customer_id=some_id;
mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;
Without LOCK TABLES, there is a chance that another thread
might insert a new row in the trans table between execution
of the SELECT and UPDATE statements.
By using incremental updates (UPDATE customer SET
value=value+new_value) or the LAST_INSERT_ID() function, you can
avoid using LOCK TABLES in many cases.
You can also solve some cases by using the user-level lock functions
GET_LOCK() and RELEASE_LOCK(). These locks are saved in a hash table
in the server and implemented with pthread_mutex_lock() and
pthread_mutex_unlock() for high speed. See section 7.3.12
Miscellaneous functions.
See section 10,11 How MySQL locks table, for more information on
locking policy.
7.24 SET OPTION syntax
SET [OPTION] SQL_VALUE_OPTION= value, ...
SET OPTION sets various options that affect the operation of the
server or your client. Any option you set remains in effect until the
current session ends, or until you set the option to a different
value.
CHARACTER SET character_set_name | DEFAULT
This maps all strings from and to the client with the given mapping.
Currently the only option for character_set_name is cp1251_koi8, but
you can easily add new mappings by editing the `sql/convert.cc' file
in the MySQL source distribution. The default mapping can be restored
by using a character_set_name value of DEFAULT. Note that the syntax
for setting the CHARACTER SET option differs from the syntax for
setting the other options.
PASSWORD = PASSWORD('some password')
Set the password for the current user. Any non-anonymous user can
change his own password!
PASSWORD FOR user = PASSWORD('some password')
Set the password for a specific user on the current server host.
Only a user with access to the mysql database can do this. The user
should be given in user@hostname format, where user and hostname are
exactly as they are listed in the User and Host columns of the
mysql.user table entry. For example, if you had an entry with User
and Host fields of 'bob' and '%.loc.gov', you would write:
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR bob@"%.loc.gov" = PASSWORD("newpass");
SQL_BIG_TABLES = 0 | 1
If set to 1, all temporary tables are stored on disk rather than in
memory. This will be a little slower, but you will not get the error
The table tbl_name is full for big SELECT operations that require a
large temporary table. The default value for a new connection is 0
(i.e., use in-memory temporary tables).
SQL_BIG_SELECTS = 0 | 1
If set to 1, MySQL will abort if a SELECT is attempted that probably
will take a very long time. This is useful when an inadvisable WHERE
statement has been issued. A big query is defined as a SELECT that
probably will have to examine more than max_join_size rows. The
default value for a new connection is 0 (which will allow all SELECT
statements).
SQL_LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES = 0 | 1
If set to 1, all INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements wait until
there is no pending SELECT on the affected table.
SQL_SELECT_LIMIT = value | DEFAULT
The maximum number of records to return from SELECT statements. If a
SELECT has a LIMIT clause, the LIMIT takes precedence over the value
of SQL_SELECT_LIMIT. The default value for a new connection is
``unlimited''. If you have changed the limit, the default value can
be restored by using a SQL_SELECT_LIMIT value of DEFAULT.
SQL_LOG_OFF = 0 | 1
If set to 1, no logging will be done to the standard log for this
client, if the client has the process privilege. This does not affect
the update log!
SQL_LOG_UPDATE = 0 | 1
If set to 0, no logging will be done to the update log for the
client, if the client has the process privilege. This does not affect
the standard log!
TIMESTAMP = timestamp_value | DEFAULT
Set the time for this client. This is used to get the original
timestamp if you use the update log to restore rows.
LAST_INSERT_ID = #
Set the value to be returned from LAST_INSERT_ID(). This is stored
in the update log when you use LAST_INSERT_ID() in a command that
updates a table.
INSERT_ID = #
Set the value to be used by the following INSERT command when
inserting an AUTO_INCREMENT value. This is mainly used with the
update log.
7.25 GRANT and REVOKE syntax
GRANT priv_type [(column_list)] [, priv_type [(column_list)] ...]
ON {tbl_name | * | *.* | db_name.*}
TO user_name [IDENTIFIED BY 'password']
[, user_name [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'] ...]
[WITH GRANT OPTION]
REVOKE priv_type [(column_list)] [, priv_type [(column_list)] ...]
ON {tbl_name | * | *.* | db_name.*}
FROM user_name [, user_name ...]
GRANT is implemented in MySQL 3.22.11 or later. For earlier MySQL
versions, the GRANT statement does nothing.
The GRANT and REVOKE commands allow system administrators to grant
and revoke rights to MySQL users at four privilege levels:
Global level
Global privileges apply to all databases on a given server. These
privileges are stored in the mysql.user table.
Database level
Database privileges apply to all tables in a given database. These
privileges are stored in the mysql.db and mysql.host tables.
Table level
Table privileges apply to all columns in a given table. These
privileges are stored in the mysql.tables_priv table.
Column level
Column privileges apply to single columns in a given table. These
privileges are stored in the mysql.columns_priv table.
For examples of how GRANT works, see section 6.11 Adding new user
privileges to MySQL.
For the GRANT and REVOKE statements, priv_type may be specified as
any of the following:
ALL PRIVILEGES FILE RELOAD
ALTER INDEX SELECT
CREATE INSERT SHUTDOWN
DELETE PROCESS UPDATE
DROP REFERENCES USAGE
ALL is a synonym for ALL PRIVILEGES. REFERENCES is not yet
implemented. USAGE is currently a synonym for ``no privileges''. It
can be used when you want to create a user that has no privileges.
To revoke the grant privilege from a user, use a priv_type value of
GRANT OPTION:
REVOKE GRANT OPTION ON ... FROM ...;
The only priv_type values you can specify for a table are SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, GRANT, INDEX and ALTER.
The only priv_type values you can specify for a column (that is, when
you use a column_list clause) are SELECT, INSERT and UPDATE.
You can set global privileges by using ON *.* syntax. You can set
database privileges by using ON db_name.* syntax. If you specify ON *
and you have a current database, you will set the privileges for that
database. (Warning: If you specify ON * and you{{
}}
don't{{
}}
h
a
v
e a current database, you will affect the global privileges!)
In order to accommodate granting rights to users from arbitrary
hosts, MySQL supports specifying the user_name value in the form
user@host. If you want to specify a user string containing special
characters (such as `-'), or a host string containing special
characters or wildcard characters (such as `%'), you can quote the
user or host name (e.g., 'test-user'@'test-hostname').
You can specify wildcards in the hostname. For example,
user@"%.loc.gov" applies to user for any host in the loc.gov domain,
and user@"144.155.166.%" applies to user for any host in the
144.155.166 class C subnet.
The simple form user is a synonym for user@"%". Note: If you allow
anonymous users to connect to the MySQL server (which is the
default), you should also add all local users as user@localhost
because otherwise the anonymous user entry for the local host in the
mysql.user table will be used when the user tries to log into the
MySQL server from the local machine! Anonymous users are defined by
inserting entries with User='' into the mysql.user table. You can
verify if this applies to you by executing this query:
mysql> SELECT Host,User FROM mysql.user WHERE User='';
For the moment, GRANT only supports host, table, database and column
names up to 60 characters long. A user name can be up to 16
characters.
The privileges for a table or column are formed from the logical OR
of the privileges at each of the four privilege levels. For example,
if the mysql.user table specifies that a user has a global select
privilege, this can't be denied by an entry at the database, table or
column level.
The privileges for a column can be calculated as follows:
global privileges
OR (database privileges AND host privileges)
OR table privileges
OR column privileges
In most cases, you grant rights to a user at only one of the
privilege levels, so life isn't normally as complicated as above. :)
The details of the privilege-checking procedure are presented in
section 6 The MySQL access privilege system.
If you grant privileges for a user/hostname combination that does
not exist in the mysql.user table, an entry is added and remains
there until deleted with a DELETE command. In other words, GRANT may
create user table entries, but REVOKE will not remove them; you must
do that explicitly using DELETE.
In MySQL 3.22.12 or later, if a new user is created or if you have
global grant privileges, the user's password will be set to the
password specified by the IDENTIFIED BY clause, if one is given. If
the user already had a password, it is replaced by the new one.
Warning: If you create a new user but do not specify an IDENTIFIED
BY clause, the user has no password. This is insecure.
Passwords can also be set with the SET PASSWORD command. See section
7.24 SET OPTION syntax.
If you grant privileges for a database, an entry in the mysql.db
table is created if needed. When all privileges for the database have
been removed with REVOKE, this entry is deleted.
If a user doesn't have any privileges on a table, the table is not
displayed when the user requests a list of tables (e.g., with a SHOW
TABLES statement).
The WITH GRANT OPTION clause gives the user the ability to give to
other users any privileges the user has at the specified privilege
level. You should be careful to whom you give the grant privilege, as
two users with different privileges may be able to join privileges!
You cannot grant another user a privilege you don't have yourself;
the grant privilege allows you to give away only those privileges you
possess.
Be aware that when you grant a user the grant privilege at a
particular privilege level, any privileges the user already possesses
(or is given in the future!) at that level are also grantable by that
user. Suppose you grant a user the insert privilege on a database. If
you then grant the select privilege on the database and specify WITH
GRANT OPTION, the user can give away not only the select privilege,
but also insert. If you then grant the update privilege to the user
on the database, the user can give away the insert, select and
update.
You should not grant alter privileges to a normal user. If you do
that, the user can try to subvert the privilege system by renaming
tables!
Note that if you are using table or column privileges for even one
user, the server examines table and column privileges for all users
and this will slow down MySQL a bit.
When mysqld starts, all privileges are read into memory. Database,
table and column privileges take effect at once and user-level
privileges take effect the next time the user connects. Modifications
to the grant tables that you perform using GRANT or REVOKE are
noticed by the server immediately. If you modify the grant tables
manually (using INSERT, UPDATE, etc.), you should execute a FLUSH
PRIVILEGES statement or run mysqladmin flush-privileges to tell the
server to reload the grant tables. See section 6.9 When privilege
changes take effect.
The biggest differences between the ANSI SQL and MySQL versions of
GRANT are:
ANSI SQL doesn't have global or database-level privileges
and ANSI SQL doesn't support all privilege types that MySQL
supports.
When you drop a table in ANSI SQL, all privileges for the
table are revoked. If you revoke a privilege in ANSI SQL, all
privileges that were granted based on this privilege are also
revoked. In MySQL, privileges can be dropped only with
explicit REVOKE commands or by manipulating the MySQL grant
tables.
7.26 CREATE INDEX syntax
CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name ON tbl_name (col_name[(length]),...
)
The CREATE INDEX statement doesn't do anything in MySQL prior to
version 3.22. In 3.22 or later, CREATE INDEX is mapped to an ALTER
TABLE statement to create indexes. See section 7.7 ALTER TABLE
syntax.
Normally, you create all indexes on a table at the time the table
itself is created with CREATE TABLE. See section 7.6 CREATE TABLE
syn. CREATE INDEX allows you to add indexes to existing tables.
A column list of the form (col1,col2,...) creates a multiple-column
index. Index values are formed by concatenating the values of the
given columns.
For CHAR and VARCHAR columns, indexes can be created that use only
part of a column, using col_name(length) syntax. (On BLOB and TEXT
columns the length is required). The statement shown below creates an
index using the first 10 characters of the name column:
mysql> CREATE INDEX part_of_name ON customer (name(10));
Since most names usually differ in the first 10 characters, this
index should not be much slower than an index created from the entire
name column. Also, using partial columns for indexes can make the
index file much smaller, which could save a lot of disk space and
might also speed up INSERT operations!
Note that you can only add a index on a column that can have NULL
values or on a BLOB/TEXT column if you are useing MySQL version
3.23.2 or newer and are using the MyISAM table type.
For more information about how MySQL uses indexes, see section
10.4 How MySQL uses inde.
7.27 DROP INDEX syntax
DROP INDEX index_name
DROP INDEX doesn't do anything in MySQL prior to version 3.22. In
3.22 or later, DROP INDEX is mapped to an ALTER TABLE statement to
drop the index. See section 7.7 ALTER TABLE syntax.
7.28 Comment syntax
The MySQL server supports the # to end of line, -- to end of line and
/* in-line or multiple-line */ comment styles:
mysql> select 1+1; # This comment continues to the end of line
mysql> select 1+1; -- This comment continues to the end of line
mysql> select 1 /* this is an in-line comment */ + 1;
mysql> select 1+
/*
this is a
multiple-line comment
*/
1;
Note that the -- comment style requires you to have at least one
space after the --!
Although the server understands the comment syntax just described,
there are some limitations on the way that the mysql client parses /*
... */ comments:
Single-quote and double-quote characters are taken to
indicate the beginning of a quoted string, even within a
comment. If the quote is not matched by a second quote within
the comment, the parser doesn't realize the comment has
ended. If you are running mysql interactively, you can tell
that it has gotten confused like this because the prompt
changes from mysql> to '> or ">.
A semicolon is taken to indicate the end of the current SQL
statement and anything following it to indicate the beginning
of the next statement.
These limitations apply both when you run mysql interactively and
when you put commands in a file and tell mysql to read its input from
that file with mysql < some-file.
MySQL doesn't support the `--' ANSI SQL comment style. See section
5.3.7 '--' as the start of a cc..
7.29 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION syntax
CREATE FUNCTION function_name RETURNS {STRING|REAL|INTEGER}
SONAME shared_library_name
DROP FUNCTION function_name
A user-definable function (UDF) is a way to extend MySQL with a new
function that works like native (built in) MySQL functions such as
ABS() and CONCAT().
CREATE FUNCTION saves the function's name, type and shared library
name in the mysql.func system table. You must have the insert and
delete privileges for the mysql database to create and drop
functions.
All active functions are reloaded each time the server starts,
unless you start mysqld with the --skip-grant-tables option. In this
case, UDF initialization is skipped and UDFs are unavailable. (An
active function is one that has been loaded with CREATE FUNCTION and
not removed with DROP FUNCTION.)
For instructions on writing user-definable functions, see sectio
14 Adding new funtion to My. For the UDF mechanism to work, functions
must be written in C or C++ and your operating system must support
dynamic loading.
7.30 Is MySQL picky about reserved words?
A common problem stems from trying to create a table with column
names that use the names of datatypes or functions built into MySQL,
such as TIMESTAMP or GROUP. You're allowed to do it (for example, ABS
is an allowed column name), but whitespace is not allowed between a
function name and the `(' when using functions whose names are also
column names.
The following words are explicitly reserved in MySQL. Most of them
are forbidden by ANSI SQL92 as column and/or table names (for
example, group). A few are reserved because MySQL needs them and is
(currently) using a yacc parser:
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| action | add | all | alter |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| after | and | as | asc |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| auto_increment | between | bigint | bit |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| binary | blob | bool | both |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| by | cascade | char | character |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| change | check | column | columns |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| constraint | create | cross | current_date |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| current_time | current | data | database |
| | _timestamp | | |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| databases | date | datetime | day |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| day_hour | day_minute | day_second | dayofmonth |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| dayofweek | dayofyear | dec | decimal |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| default | delete | desc | describe |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| distinct | distinctrow | double | drop |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| escaped | enclosed | enum | explain |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| exists | fields | first | float |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| float4 | float8 | foreign | from |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| for | full | function | grant |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| group | having | hour | hour_minute |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| hour_second | ignore | in | index |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| infile | insert | int | integer |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| interval | int1 | int2 | int3 |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| int4 | int8 | into | if |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| is | join | key | keys |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| last_insert_id | leading | left | like |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| lines | limit | load | lock |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| long | longblob | longtext | low_priority |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| match | mediumblob | mediumtext | mediumint |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| middleint | minute | minute_second| month |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| monthname | natural | numeric | no |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| not | null | on | option |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| optionally | or | order | outer |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| outfile | partial | password | precision |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| primary | procedure | processlist | privileges |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| quarter | read | real | references |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| rename | regexp | reverse | repeat |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| replace | restrict | returns | rlike |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| second | select | set | show |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| smallint | soname | sql_big_ | sql_big_ |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| | | tables | selects |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| sql_select_ | sql_low_ | sql_log_off | sql_log_ |
| limit | priority_ | | update |
| | updates | | |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| straight_join | starting | status | string |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| table | tables | terminated | text |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| time | timestamp | tinyblob | tinytext |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| tinyint | trailing | to | use |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| using | unique | unlock | unsigned |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| update | usage | values | varchar |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| variables | varying | varbinary | with |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| write | where | year | year_month |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| zerofill | | | |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
The following symbols (from the table above) are disallowed by ANSI
SQL but allowed by MySQL as column/table names. This is because some
of these names are very natural names and a lot of people have
already used them.
ACTION
BIT
DATE
ENUM
NO
TEXT
TIME
TIMESTAMP
8 MySQL Tutorial
mysql̶ Ŭ̾Ʈ α ̿Ͽ MySQL .
mysql ͺ̽ ְ ִ α
'̳ 'Ȥ '' Ѵ.
mysql ȭ αμ ϰ, ϰ,
ȭ鿡 ִ Ѵ. mysql ġ (batch mode)
ִ:
̸ Ͽ sql ɹ ־ΰ mysql ϶
ϸ ȴ(ڿ ˾ 'mysql -vvv < batch_test.txt'
ϸ ȴ).
mysql ɼǵ --help ɼ ٿ ϸ ȴ:
shell> mysql --help
Ʃ丮 mysql ġǾ ִ MySQL
ִٴ Ѵ. MySQL ڿ ϶(
ڶMySQL ٸ κ 캼 ʿ䰡 ̴).
Ʃ丮 ͺ̽ ϰ ϴ ٷ
. ̹ ϴ ͺ̽ ϴ Ϳ ִٸ
̽ ȿ ̺ dzʶ
.
Ʃ丮 ̶ ڼ ʴ´.
ڼ ˰ Ͱŵ MySQL Ŵ ȴ.
shell> Ʈ, mysql> MySQL Ʈ Ÿ.
1. ϱ/
Ϸ mysql MySQL ̸ 밳
н带 ־ ̴. α ǻͰ
Ϳ ȴٸ ȣƮ ̸ ʿ䰡 ̴(ȣƮ
, ̸, н). ˾Ҵٸ ó
:
shell> mysql -h host -u user -p
Enter password: ********
******* κ н. 'Enter password' Ʈ ̸ н
带 ָ ȴ. ϸ Ұ 'mysql>'
Ʈ ̴.
shell> mysql -h host -u user -p
Enter password: ********
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 459 to server version: 3.22.20a-log
Type 'help' for help.
mysql>
'mysql>' Ʈ ǹϴ ٴ غǾ ɾ Է϶
̴.
ġϴ MySQL ȣƮ(LOCAL host)
" (anonymous user)" ְ Ѵ. ̷
쿡 ܼ
shell> mysql
ó ؼ ִ. Ͽٸ 'mysql>' Ʈ
'QUIT'̶ ļ ִ:
mysql> QUIT
Bye
CtrlŰ D Ű ÿ ִ.
̾ κ ¶
Ѵ. 'mysql>' Ʈ ¶ Ÿ.
2. ϱ(Entering Queries)
Ͽ ӵ Ȯ. ̷ Ѵٰ
۾ ͺ̽ ͵ ϴ ƴ ¶
Ѵ. Ȳ ͺ̽ȿ ̺ , ̺
ڷḦ ø, ̺ ڷḦ ͺٴ ϴ ణ
̶ ߿ϴ. ̹ ɾ Է ⺻ Ģ
˾ . mysql ϴ
ͼ ̴.
Ʒ MySQL ¥ ϴ ɾ δ. 'mysql>'
Ʈ . Ű ģ.
mysql> SELECT version(), current_date;
+-----------+-------------+
| version() | current_date |
+-----------+-------------+
| 3.22.20a-log | 1999-03-19 |
+-----------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
κ mysql ͵ ִ:
SQL ڿ ݷ(;) ̷ (ݷ
ʿ ܰ ֱϴ. QUIT ϳ. ߿ ̰Ϳ
ϰڴ).
, mysql ǰ
ϰ, ְ ٽ Ʈ('mysqld>')
.
mysql ̺ ( ̷) ش. ù
Ѷ ִ. ° ʹ
. , ̽ ̺ ̸
. ó ̺ ƴ ǥ(expression)
ǥ ȴ.
mysql ð(뷫 )
ش. ð Ȯ ƴϴ. ֳϸ ð
wall clock time(CPU ð ƴϴ)̶ Ͱ Ʈũ
Ͽ ð ޱ ̴(
κ Ÿ ʰڴ).
Ű('' մϴ. ̸ ̶
̸Դϴ) 빮ڷ ϴ, ҹڷ ϴ . Ʒ
ϴ:
mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
mysql> SELECT version(), current_date;
mysql> seLect vErSiOn(), current_DATE;
ٸ ϳ .
mysql ̴:
mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;
+------------------------+
| SIN(PI()/4) | (4+1)*5) |
+-------------+----------+
| 0.707107 | 25 |
+-------------+----------+
ݱ ɾ ªҰ, ¥. ٿ
ִ. ݷ ⸸ ϸ ȴ:
mysql> SELECT version(); SELECT now();
+---------------+
| version() |
+---------------+
| 3.22.20a -log |
+---------------+
+---------------------+
| now() |
+---------------------+
| 1999-03-19 00:15:33 |
+---------------------+
ɾ ٿ ؾ߸ ϴ ƴϴ.
ٿ ı ִ. mysql ݷ
аѴ(mysql Է δ: Է
ݷ Ѵ).
:
mysql> SELECT -> user() -> , -> current_date;
+--------------------+--------------+
| user() | current_date |
+--------------------+--------------+
| joesmith@localhost | 1999-03-18 |
+--------------------+--------------+
Է ù Էϰ Ű Ʈ 'mysql>'
'->' ٲ ָ϶. ̰ ϼ ʾ
,
Է ٸٶ mysql п ˸ ̴. Ʈ
ģ ȳڴ. п ˷ ش. Ʈ ˷
͵ mysql ٸ ִ
.ɾ Է Ϸ \c ָ ȴ:
mysql> SELECT -> user() -> \cmysql>
Ʈ ȭ . \c ģ 'mysql>' ٲ. ɾ
Ƶ غ Ǿٴ ˸ ̴.
ǥ ġ Ʈ ǹ̸ ̴.
+------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Ʈ | ǹ |
+------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| mysql> | غ Ǿ. |
+------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| -> | ɾ ٿ ٸ |
| | ǹ. |
+------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| '> | Է Ÿ. ' ϴ ڿ |
| | ϴ ̶ Ÿ. (ڿ Է |
| | ڿ Է ' ٿ ) |
+------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| "> | '> . ̴ ڿ ' ƴ϶ " |
| | θٴ ̴. |
+------------+------------------------------------------------------+
ݷ ̴ ؾ 쿬 Ȥ Ǽ ٿ ġ
Է ִ. mysql Է ٸ
:
mysql> SELECT user()
->
̷ mysql ݷ ٸ ִ ̴(
Էߴٰ mysql ʴ. ݷ
̴). Ʈ ٲ ġ ä Ѵٸ
ð ִ. ݷ ־
ϼϸ ̴:
mysql> SELECT user()
-> ;
+--------------------+
| user() |
+--------------------+
| joesmith@localhost |
+--------------------+
'> "> ڿ ߿ Ÿ Ʈ̴. MySQL
ڵ ' " ѷθ ڿ ȴ( 'hello', "goodbye"
̴). ٿ ڿ Է ִ.'> ">
Ʈ Ÿ ̰ ' " ϴ ڿ ϴ ɾ
־ ݴ ' " ʾҴٴ ǹϴ ̴.
ٿ ڿ Է . ڿ
Էϰ ϴ 찡 ɱ? ״ ʴ. κ
, '> "> Ʈ ݴ ' " Ծٰ ˷ִ ǹ
̴. :
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE name = "Smith And age < 30;
">
SELECT Էϰ Ű ġ ٸص ƹ
̴. " ƹ ϱ?" ̻ϰ
"> Ʈ ³ ǹ̸ . ڿ
ο ȣ Ծٴ ˸ ִ. ߸
ִ. "Smith " ̴.
, ؾ ұ?
ϴ ̴. \c ĥ
. ֳϸ \c " Էϱ ڿ Ϻη
̱ ̴. "\c Էϸ ȴ:
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE name = "Smith AND age < 30;
"> "\cmysql>
Ʈ mysql> ǵ . ̰ " ɾ غ
" ̴.
'> "> ǹϴ ٸ ϴ ߿ϴ. ߸Ͽ ݴ ο
ȣ Ծ Էϴ ͵ õǴ ϰ ̱
̴(QUIT Եȴ). ϱ ݴ ο
ȣ Ѵٴ ̰ ſ ȥ ̴.
3. ̽ ϱ
ɾ Է ˾ ̽
.
ֿϵ Űٰ .
ֿϵ ؼ ΰ ϰ ̴.
̽ ȿ ̺ ϴ
־θ ȴ. ϸ ̺ ڷḦ ͼ ֿϵ
˾ ִ. ̷ ͵
Ͽ ٷ :
̽
̺
̺ ڷ ֱ
̺ ڷ
̺ ϱ
̽ ̸ menagerie(''̶ ̴) .
menagerie ̽ ſ ϳ Ȱ
̽ ϴ°찡 ִ. ϴ
̽ ϴ γ ֿϵ ġ ܵξ ϴ
ǻ翡 Ǿ ִ.
SHOW Ͽ ̽
ִ:
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+----------+
| Database |
+----------+
| mysql |
| test |
| tmp |
+----------+
ٸ ִ. mysql, test ͺ̽
̴. mysql ͺ̽
ִ ߿ ͺ̴̽. test ״ ϱ ִ
ͺ̽. test ͺ̽ ִٸ ó ؼ
:
mysql> USE test
Database changed
QUITó USE ݷ ʿ ʴٴ (ݷ
. ׳ ϰ ݷ ٰ
δ ͵ ). USE ٿ ؾ Ѵٴ ͵ ݵ
. test ͺ̽ ̰
. ͺ̽( 쿣 test) ִ
̶ ڷ ٸ
ϴ. ̰ ִٴ ̴.
MySQL ڿ и ͺ̽
ûؾ Ѵ. ⼭ menagerie . ڴ ɹ
ʿ䰡 ִ:
mysql> GRANT ALL ON menagerie.* TO your_mysql_name;
your_mysql_name MySQL ġؾ Ѵ.
3.1 ͺ̽ ϱ
ڰ ͺ̽ ־ٸ װ
׳ ϸ ȴ. ó Ͽ ռ
ָ ȴ:
mysql> CREATE DATABASE menagerie;
н ͺ̽ ̸ ҹڸ Ѵ(SQL Ű
ʴ). ͺ̽ ̸ 'menagerie' ؾ
Menagerie, MENAGERIE, meNaGerIE ȵȴ. ̺ ̸
ҹڸ Ѵ. ͺ̽ ٰ ϰڴٰ ˸
ƴϴ. ϰڴٰؾ Ѵ:
mysql> USE menagerie
Database changed
ͺ̽ ѹ use ̿Ͽ
̽ ؾ Ѵ. 翬 ƴұ? ٸ
δ mysql ͺ̽ ̸ ־ ȴ:
shell> mysql -h host -u user -p menagerie
Enter password: ********
⼭ menagerie н ƴϴ. ȥ . н带
ٷ -p ڿ ٿ ־ Ѵ( Ȼ
ٶ ƴϴ. н尡 ڱ״ ȭ鿡 ̱
̴. ʸӷ ִٸ ΰ? н尡 ڱ
ȭ鿡 ٴ ϴ. ڶ
-p ڿ н带 ִ "" ̴. MySQL ڵ
̷ ?). н尡 ƴ϶ ͺ̸̴̽.
3.2 ̺
ͺ̽ . Ŀ ó
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
ͺ̽ ִ. 翬ϴ. µ ִ
. SHOW TABLES; õ ͺ̽ ִ ̺
̴ ̴. ߿ϰ ư ͺ̽
ΰ̴. ̺ ʿϰ ȿ ڷ
־ ؾ Ѵ.
⼭ ֿ ڵ带 ξ ̴.
pet ̶̺ ̸ . ̺ ֿ ̸, (
̸ ɰ̴), , ( ) Էϰ
̴. ̴? ̵ ʿ ð ϴ
̹Ƿ ̿ ־ ̴.
ؾ Ѵ. ̷ Ȳ ̸ ο ΰ ؾ Ѵٴ
ͺ̽ ƴұ Ѵ. ̴ ð
ϹǷ صΰ ¥ ̷κ ϸ
̴. MySQL ƾ ϹǷ ̰
ƴϴ. ̴ δ ΰ
ִ:
ٰ ֿ ̸ ˷ִ Ͽ ִ(
̶... , ̰ ٸ
ִ.
? ī带 ϴ
ʿ䰡 ?).
¥ ٸ ¥ ε ̸ ִ.
ֿ ̴.
μ ٸ ͵鵵 ְ
. ϴ.
CREATE TABLE ̺ ڷ ִ:
mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (name VARCHAR(20), owner VARCHAR(20),
-> species VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(2), birth DATE, death DATE);
CREATE TABLE ̺ ̸ ְ ȣ ȿ ̸
ڷ ¦ Ͽ ǥ Ͽ ָ ȴ.
name, owner, species, sex,birth ̸̸, VARCHAR(20),
CHAR(2), DATE ڷ̴. ڷ̶ ״ ڷ ̴.
ڿ ְ, ¥ ְ, ϼ ִ. ǥ
̺ :
pet TABLE
1 2 3 4 5 6
̸ name owner species sex birth death
ڷḦ ԷϴĿ ٸ "밨"
ó ִ.
name owner species sex birth death
----------------------------------------------
밨 ȫ浿 1998-3-4 NULL
VARCHAR ̰ ϴ ڿ Ѵ. ̸, , ̰
ڿ ڷ ̴. VARCHAR
鿡 , ̴ ݵ ʿ䵵 20
ʿ䵵 . 1 255 ̸ ִ. ϰ ָ
ȴ(߿ ALTER TABLE ִ). ̺
ͺ̽ ̺ Ͽ ߰Ǿ° Ȯ:
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+--------------------+
|Tables in menagerie |
+--------------------+
| pet |
+--------------------+
̺ Ѵ Ȯϱ ؼ DESCRIBE
:
mysql> DESCRIBE pet;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| sex | char(2) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| birth | date | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| death | date | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
Filed κа Type κ ̸ ڷ Ȯ. DESCRIBE
ִ. ̺ ̸ ڷ ؾ
ϸ ϴ.
3.3 ̺ ڷḦ ־ .
̺ Ŀ ̺ ڷḦ ־ Ѵ. LOAD DATA Ȥ
insert ϸ ȴ.
ֿ ڷᰡ ٰ (MySQL YYYY-MM-DD
¥ 䱸Ѵ).
name owner species sex birth death
-----------------------------------------
Fluffy Harold cat f 1993-02-04
Claws Gwen cat m 1994-03-17
Buffy Harold dog f 1989-05-13
Fang Benny dog m 1990-08-27
Bowser Dianne dog m 1998-08-31 1995-07-29
Chirpy Gwen bird f 1998-09-11
Whistler Gwen bird 1997-12-09
Slim Benny snake m 1996-04-29
̺ ϹǷ ̸ Ͽ ڷḦ
ΰ Ͽ о ̺ ä ̴.
pet.txt (̸ ƹ̵ ) ٿ ϳ
ڵ带 ϸ ȴ. ó:
# cat pet.txt
Fluffy Harold cat f 1993-02-04
- -
Ű ϳ ϸ CREATE TABLE
ؾ Ѵ. ص Ǵ ( ¥ )
ؼ NULL ִ. ؽƮ Ͽ NULL Ÿ
ؼ \N ̶ ָ ȴ. Whistler
̴.
Whistler Gwen bird \N 1997-12-09 \N
pet.txt εϱ ؼ ó LOAD DATA Ѵ:
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "pet.txt" INTO TABLE pet;
:
LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "̸" INTO TABLE ̸̺;
ѹ ڵ带 ߰ϰ ̴. CREATE TABLE
Ͽ ָ ȴ.
´ ڷ ̴:
mysql> insert into pet
-> values('Puffball', 'Diane', 'hamster', 'f', '1999-03-30',
NULL);
ڿ ¥ ǥ ' οϿ. NULL
Է ִ(\N̶ ȵȴ).
3.4 ̺κ ˻ .
SELECT ϸ ȴ. Ϲ :
SELECT <˻> FROM <̺> WHERE <˻>
<˻> ˸ ̴. ǥ
Ͽ ǹϴ * ִ. WHERE κ
ִ. WHERE ˻ ش. ˻
ʴ ˻ ܵȴ.
3.4.1 ˻.
SELECT · ó ִ:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet;
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner |species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Fang | Benny | dog | m | 1990-08-27 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1998-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
| Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
̷ SELECT ϴ ̺ ü
ϴ. ʱ ġ ÷ ÷
Ȯ ִ. , ߸
ִ:
Bower ڰ ں ʴ. ڿ ¾?!
Ȯ birth 1989-08-31 Ǿ ˼ ־ٰ ϸ ̸
ĥ?
ΰ ִ:
pet.txt Ͽ Ѵ. ̺ pet.txt ٽ
о δ:
mysql> DELETE FROM pet;
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL infile "pet.txt" into TABLE pet;
̷ ϸ 3.3 insert ̿Ͽ Է
Puffballؼ ٽ Էؾ Ѵ.
ϰ ٶ ?
߸ Ѵ. UPDATE Ѵ:
mysql> UPDATE pet SET birth="1989-08-31" WHERE name="Bowser";
ֵ, ü ̺ .
̷ ʴ´. ̺ ũⰡ Ŀ ΰ?
˻ ΰ? Ư
ϴ ڷ鸸 ̾Ƽ ̴.
3.4.2 ־ ǿ ´ Ư ุ ˻ .
̺ Ư 鸸 ̾Ƴ ִ. Bower
ٲ Ȯϱ Bower ڵ常 ̾Ƴ
:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = "Bower";
+--------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------------+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------------+
birth 1998 ƴ 1989 ùٸ Ȯ
ִ.
ڿ ҹڸ ϴ . "bowser", "BOWSER"
ڿ ǹѴ( "Bowser" ߴ).
ؼ ټ ִ. 1998 Ŀ ¾
˰ ʹٸ birth ˻ϸ ȴ:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth >= "1998-1-1"
+----------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth |death |
+----------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------+
| Chirp y | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------+
ִ:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "dog" AND sex = "f";
+----------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+----------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
̸鼭 ˻ϴ ̴. AND
Ͽ OR ִ:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "snake" OR species = "bird";
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
AND OR ִ. ̷ ǵ
ȣ :
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE (species = "cat" AND sex = "m")
-> OR (species = "dog" AND sex = "f");
+-------+--------+--------+-----+------------+-------+
| name | owner |species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+--------+-----+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+--------+-----+------------+-------+
3.4.3 Ư ϱ
̺ ü ٴ " Ÿ" 鸸 ʹٸ
ϴ ̸ ó ϸ ȴ(Ʒ name, birth
̴):
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
+----------+------------+
ָ :
mysql> SELECT owner FROM pet;
+--------+
| owner |
+--------+
| Harold |
| Gwen |
| Harold |
| Benny |
| Diane |
| Gwen |
| Gwen |
| Benny |
| Diane |
+--------+
ߺ ִ.
ߺ :
mysql> SELECT distinct owner FROM pet;
+--------+
| owner |
+--------+
| Benny |
| Diane |
| Gwen |
| Harold |
+--------+
distinct Ű带 ϸ ȴ.
WHERE ̿Ͽ ð ִ.
̿ ؼ ̸, , ˰ ó SELECT
ִ:
mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE species = "dog" OR species = "cat";
+--------+---------+------------+
| name | species | birth |
+--------+---------+------------+
| Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 |
|Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 |
+--------+---------+------------+
3.4.4 ϱ
ݱ ĵǾ ʾ
̴.
ĵȴٸ ϴ ڷḦ ξ ˾ ִ. ϱ
ؼ ORDER BY ϸ ȴ. Ʒ
̴.
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
+----------+------------+
Ϸ desc Ű带 ̸ ڿ ش:
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth desc;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
+----------+------------+
ϳ ؼ ƴ϶ ؼ ִ.
̸ ϰ Ϸ ϵ
( ʰ ¾ ; ) Ϸ ó
Ѵ:
mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet ORDER BY species, birth
DESC;
+----------+---------+------------+
| name | species | birth |
+----------+---------+------------+
| Chirpy | bird | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | bird | 1997-12-09 |
| Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 |
| Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 |
| Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 |
| Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 |
| Puffball | hamster | 1999-03-30 |
| Slim | snake | 1996-04-29 |
+----------+---------+------------+
DESC Ű ٷ տ ̸(birth) ȴٴ
. species ĵȴ.
3.4.5 ¥ MySQL ¥ ٷ Լ ش.
ֿ ̰ Ǵ Ϸ ¥ ¥
ϰ, ¥ ϼ ȯ , ϼ 365Ϸ
ָ ̴:
mysql> SELECT name, (to_days(now())-to_days(birth))/365 FROM pet;
+----------+-------------------------------------+
| name | (TO_DAYS(NOW())-TO_DAYS(birth))/365 |
+----------+-------------------------------------+
| Fluffy | 6.15 |
| Claws | 5.04 |
| Buffy | 9.88 |
| Fang | 8.59 |
| Bowser | 9.58 |
| Chirpy | 0.55 |
| Whistler | 1.30 |
| Slim | 2.92 |
| Puffball | 0.00 |
+----------+-------------------------------------+
⼭ ΰ . ̸ Ȥ
Ǿ
ڰ, ̿ شϴ ǥ ״ ٴ "age"
ϴ ̴:
mysql> SELECT name, (to_days(now())-to_days(birth))/365 as age
-> FROM pet ORDER BY name;
̼ Ϸ ORDER BY name ORDER BY age ָ ȴ.
̵ ˾ ִ:
mysql> SELECT name, (to_days(death)-to_days(birth))/365 as age
-> FROM pet WHERE death is not null ORDER BY age;
now() death ϸ ȴ. ⼭
Ѵٴ ǹϱ death ʵ尡 null ƴ 츦
־ . death is not nulló
־ Ѵ. death != null ó ־ ȵȴ. null
. ߿ ٽ ٷ ̴.
˷ ؾ ұ? ̷
MySQL ¥ , ϴ Լ Ѵ:
year(), month, day().month() ˾ :
mysql> SELECT name, birth, month(birth) FROM pet;
+----------+------------+--------------+
| name | birth | MONTH(birth) |
+----------+------------+--------------+
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 | 3 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 5 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 | 8 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 8 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 9 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 12 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 | 4 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 3 |
+----------+------------+--------------+
month شϴ ȯ ָ, 1 12
̴.
³ ؼ 1 ָ ȴ:
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE month(birth) = 10;
ִ. 12 13 ־ ϳ? 13̶
.
ο ǽ Ѵ.
ҰѴ:
month(date_add(now(), interval 1 month));
now() ¥ ð ȯ ش. 1̶ Ⱓ
ְ ٲٸ ذȴ.
mod(month(now()), 12) + 1;mod ٸ
ȯϴ Լ̴. ù ° ڸ ι° ڷ ȯ
. ⼭ month(now()) 12 Ÿ
1 ش. ̹ 12̶ 12 0̹Ƿ
1 1 ³ ִ. SQL
:
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE MONTH(birth) = MONTH(DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 MONTH));
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE MONTH(birth) = MOD(MONTH(NOW()),12) + 1;
3.4.6 null NULL Ư ̴.
ͼ ȥ ̴. NULL ǹϴ ٴ "
, ", " Ȯ " ǹѴ.
̰ ٸ ٸ ȴ. NULL
. NULL =, <, != ̿Ͽ ϴ ǹ
. Ȯ Ȯ ΰ?
:
mysql> SELECT 1 = NULL, 1 != NULL, 1 < NULL, 1 > NULL;
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
| 1 = NULL | 1 != NULL | 1 < NULL | 1 > NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+
Ȯ Ȯ Ȯ ȴ. ǹ̰
. ϸ ǹ̰ ִ:
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NULL, 1 IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+---------------+
| 1 IS NULL | 1 IS NOT NULL |
+-----------+---------------+
| 0 | 1 |
+-----------+---------------+
MySQL 0 1 Ÿ.
3.4.7 ġ
ġ ſ ̴. ϰ ϴ
Ͽ ˻ ְ ִ ̱ ̴.
MySQL ǥ SQL Ӹƴ϶ н ϴ ǥĿ
ϴ ġ ɵ Ѵ.
SQL _ ڸ ǹϸ, % (0
) Ų. SQL ҹڸ ʴ´. LIKE
شٴ . Ʒ :
b ϴ ̸ ؼ ˻ :
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "b%";
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-----------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-----------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-----------+
fy ̸ ؼ ˻ :
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%fy";
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
w ϴ ̸ ˻ :
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%w%";
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
Ȯϰ 5 ڷ ̷ ̸ ؼ ˻ ?
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "_____";
+-------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
5 ش.
ǥ ġ ˾ .
ǥĿ Ǵ
. ϳ
* տ 0 ̻ ݺ
^ ڿ ó
$ ڿ
[,] ȣ ڵ鿡 ġ
{,} ݺ Ÿ . n ݺ
{n} ´.
⼭ SQL ü ġؾ "ġѴ" ǥ
κа ġص "ġѴ" Ѵٴ ؾ Ѵ.
, SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "ffy"; SELECT * FROM
pet WHERE name LIKE "ffy"; ٸ ´.
a b c ϳ Ű ǥ [abc]̴. ־ ǥ
ִ. ǥ ҹڸ Ѵ. 빮ڴ ҹ
ڴ ĺ ϳ Ű ǥ [a-zA-Z] ؾ
. * 0 ̻ ڵ̶ ߴ. x* x, xx, xxx ... ش
. [0-9]* 7, 12, 345, 678 ̸ Ÿ.
^abc ó abc ϴ abc$ abc ڿ
ǹѴ. ǥ LIKE REGEXP Ѵ.
.
̸ ҹ b Ȥ 빮 B ϴ ˻:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "^[bB]";
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+------------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+------------+
̸ fy ($ Ѵ):
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "fy$";
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+
Ȯϰ 5 ڷ ̸ ǥ ġѴ:
^.....$
̰ ݺ ڸ ̿Ͽ ó ִ.
^.{5}$
3.4.8
ֿ ̳ ߴ ˾Ƴ ?
̿ count()Լ ϸ Ǹ ϰ ο
ָ ȴ.
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pet;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 9 |
+----------+
ְ ֿϵ ó ϸ Ȯ ִ:
mysql> SELECT owner, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY owner;
+--------+----------+
| owner | COUNT(*) |
+--------+----------+
| Benny | 2 |
| Diane | 2 |
| Gwen | 3 |
| Harold | 2 |
+--------+----------+
owner ڵ ѵ GROUP BY
ָ϶. ̷ ̴.
mysql> SELECT owner, COUNT(owner) FROM pet;
ERROR 1140 at line 1: Mixing of GROUP columns
(MIN(),MAX(),COUNT()...)
with no GROUP columns is illegal if there is no GROUP BY clause
COUNT() GROUP BY Ϳ Ư οϴ
ִ. 鵵 :
شϴ :
mysql> SELECT species, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species;
+---------+----------+
| species | COUNT(*) |
+---------+----------+
| bird | 2 |
| cat | 2 |
| dog | 3 |
| hamster | 1 |
| snake | 1 |
+---------+----------+
:
mysql> SELECT sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY sex;
+------+----------+
| sex | COUNT(*) |
+------+----------+
| NULL | 1 |
| f | 4 |
| m | 4 |
+------+----------+
NULL " " ǹ̴. :
mysql> SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species, sex;
+---------+------+----------+
| species | sex |COUNT(*) |
+---------+------+----------+
| bird | NULL | 1 |
| bird | f | 1 |
| cat | f | 1 |
| cat | m | 1 |
| dog | f | 1 |
| dog | m | 2 |
| hamster | f | 1 |
| snake | m | 1 |
+---------+------+----------+
ٷ ʹ , Ư ؼ
. 쿡 :
mysql> SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet
-> WHERE species = "dog" OR species = "cat" -> GROUP BY
species, sex;
+---------+------+----------+
| species | sex | COUNT(*) |
+---------+------+----------+
| cat | f | 1 |
| cat | m | 1 |
| dog | f | 1 |
| dog | m | 2 |
+---------+------+----------+
3.5 ̺ ϱ
pet ̺ ֿϵ ִ. ǻ翡 ġ
Ƚ ¥ ǵ鿡 ٸ ϰ
ʹٸ ̺ʿ ̴. ̺ 䱸
̴:
ش ̸ ־ Ѵ. ֿ Ͼ
кؾ ϱ ̴.
Ͼ ˱ ¥ ʿϴ.
ʿ䰡 ִ.
зϷ Ÿ ʵ嵵 ̴.
̿ Ͽ, ó ̺ :
mysql> CREATE TABLE event (name VARCHAR(20), date DATE,
-> type VARCHAR(15), remark VARCHAR(255));
pet ̺ ó Ϸκ ̺ ø. event.txt
ó ִٰ .
Fluffy 1995-05-15 litter 4 kittens, 3 female, 1 male
Buffy 1993-06-23 litter 5 puppies, 2 female, 3 male
Buffy 1994-06-19 litter 3 puppies, 3 female
Chirpy 1999-03-21 vet needed beak straightened
Slim 1997-08-03 vet broken rib
Bowser 1991-10-12 kennelFang 1991-10-12 kennel
Fang 1998-08-28 birthday Gave him a new chew toy
Claws 1998-03-17 birthday Gave him a new flea collar
Whistler 1998-12-09 birthday First birthday
ó ̺ ä:
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "event.txt" INTO TABLE event;
ݱ pet ̺ ٷ鼭 event ̺
Ǹ ̴. ϴ
? ̸ ˷ ؾ ϴ°? event
̺ Ҵ ̶簡,
ֶ簡 ϴ pet ̺ ؼ ˾ Ѵ.
SELECT ̺ ʿϴ:
mysql> SELECT pet.name, (TO_DAYS(date) - TO_DAYS(birth))/365 AS age,
-> remark FROM pet, event
-> WHERE pet.name = event.name AND type = "litter";
+--------+------+-----------------------------+
| name | age | remark |
+--------+------+-----------------------------+
| Fluffy | 2.27 | 4 kittens, 3 female, 1 male |
| Buffy | 4.12 | 5 puppies, 2 female, 3 male |
| Buffy | 5.10 | 3 puppies, 3 female |
+--------+------+-----------------------------+
κ ˾ ξ ִ:
FROM ̺ ־ Ѵ. ̰͵ ηκ
ʿϱ ̴.
̺ ̾ ̺ ڵ尡 ٸ
̺ ڵ ġϴ ־ Ѵ. ⼭
̺ name ʵ带 Ƿ ̰ ̿ϸ ȴ.
WHERE pet.name = event.name ν ̺
شϴ ڵ忡 ؼ Ǹ ϰ ȴ. ٸٸ
̰ .
̺ name ʵ带 Ƿ ̺ ϴ
ϱ ≮̺>.<ʵ̸> ־
. ̺ ̸ʵ ̸ Ͽ ش.
̺ . ̺ ؼ ó
ʿ䰡 ִ. ư ¦ ַ
ؾ ϴ°? ̺ ؼ ٸ ˻ؾ
Ѵ. :
mysql> SELECT p1.name, p1.sex, p2.name, p2.sex, p1.species
-> FROM pet AS p1, pet AS p2
-> WHERE p1.species = p2.species AND p1.sex = "f" AND p2.sex =
"m";
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| name | sex | name | sex | species |
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
| Fluffy | f | Claws | m | cat |
| Buffy | f | Fang | m | dog |
| Buffy | f | Bowser | m | dog |
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+
3.6 ġ (ϰ ó ) ϱ
ݱ ȭ Ͽ. Ǹ ְ
۾̾. ۾ θ Ͽ Ѳ ó
ִ. ̷ ϴ ۾ ġ ۾̶ Ѵٴ ˾
. Ѵ:
shell> mysql < batch-file
۾ ǥ Է ȴ. ȣƮ
,н带 Է ʿ䰡 ߰ ش:
shell> mysql -h host -u user -p < batch-file
Enter password: ********
ġ 忡 ۼϴ ٷ ũƮ
ϴ ̴. ⺻ ȭ ʹ ٸ. SELECT
DISTINCT species FROM pet ȭİ ġ 忡
. ٸ.ȭ:
+---------+
| species |
+---------+
| bird |
| cat |
| dog |
| hamster |
| snake |
+---------+
ġ :speciesbirdcatdoghamstersnake
ġ 忡 ȭ 忡 ϸ mysql
-t ɼ ָ ȴ. Ǵ ɾ ¿ ϰ
ٸ -vvv ٿ.
ٸ ֱ淡 ġ 带 ұ?
ξ.
Ǹ Ѵٸ ũƮ δ Ź
ٽ ־ִ ش.
̹ ۼ ũƮ Ͽ ְ ο ũƮ
ۼ ִ ִ.
ٿ ġ ſ Ǹ ġ 尡
̴.
Ǽ ȭ ٽ ־ ־ Ѵ. ġ
϶ ϸ ָ ȴ. MySQL readline ̺귯
(丮 ̺귯) ϹǷ ȭ
ٽ ɾ ִ ũ ִ.
ٸ ġ Ű (
ټ ִ α Īϴ Ī)
̴. ó:
shell> mysqlk < batch-file | less
ٸ Ϸ ִ. ߰ ۾
Ȱ ִ.
shell> mysql < batch-file > mysql.out
ۼ ũƮ ٸ ִ. ٸ
ۼ ũƮ ִ.
۾ ݻ ġ忡 ִ. ð
۾ cron ̿Ͽ ġ忡 ó ۿ
.
9. mysql (functions)
9.1 mysql ϴ
mysqld Ÿ ֽϴ. : Czech,
Dutch, English(⺻), Ÿ (** Ÿ Ŵ . ѱ,
Ϻ ⼭ ֽϴ. 9.1.1 ϼ. **)
mysqld Ư Ϸ --language=lang Ǵ -L lang ɼ
ϸ ˴ϴ.
> # mysqld--language=swedish
Ǵ
# mysqld --language=/usr/local/share/swedish
ҹڷ ǥմϴ.
(⺻) 'mysql_base_dir/share/LANGUAGE/' ֽ
.
ƮϷ 'errmsg.txt' ϰ
'errmsg.sys' մϴ.
# comp_err errmsg.txt errmsg.sys
mysql ο ̵ϸ ο 'errmsg.txt'
ľ մϴ.
9.1.1 Ϳ ϴ
⺻ mysql ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1) մϴ.
ڼ ̱ ϴ Դϴ.
ڼ ̸ ڼ ִ SELECT
ORDER BY GROUP BY ĵǴ մϴ.
Ҷ configure --with-charset=charset ɼ Ͽ
ٲ ֽϴ. ڼ 4.7.1 ϼ.
(** ѱ ϱ ؼ κ ߿մϴ. 츮 Ҷ
ڼ sjis ٲپ ָ ˴ϴ. sjis Ϻ 2Ʈ
ϴ. ̷ ؾ ǰ ǥ ֽϴ.
**)
9.1.2 ο ڼ ߰
** **
9.1.3 ƼƮ
Ƽ ̽ ڼ _MB ũθ ֽϴ.
** **
9.2 Ʈ α
mysqld --log-update=file_name ɼ ϸ mysqld
Ÿ Ʈ sql ϴ α մϴ.
data 丮(** mysql ġ 丮 data 丮 **)
ϵǸ file_name.# · ˴ϴ. # mysqladmin refresh
mysqladmin flush -logs, FLUSH LOGS , Ǵ Ҷ
˴ϴ.
--log -l ɼ ϸ ̸ 'hostname.log' Ǹ,
restart refreshes ص ο α ʽϴ.
mysql.server ũƮ -l ɼ mysql մϴ.
production enviroment(?) Ͽ Ҷ ʿϸ
mysql.server -l ɼ ֽϴ.
Ʈ α״ ̼ Ÿ Ʈ α
ϴ. WHERE UPDATE DELETE شϴ
带 ã ϸ α Ͽ ʽϴ. ̹ ϴ
Ҷ Update õ˴ϴ.
Ʈ α Ͽ ͺ̽ ƮϷ
ϸ ˴ϴ. (α 'file_name.#' ¶ )
# ls -1 -t -r file_name.[0-9]* | xargs cat | mysql
ls Ȯ α մϴ.
̰ ͺ̽ ջ Ϸ ϸ,
ջ ð ̿ Ͼ Ʈ ٽ Ҷ(redo)
ֽϴ.
ٸ ȣƮ ̷ ͺ̽
ͺ̽ ȭ Ҷ Ʈ α ֽϴ.
9.3 mysql ̺ ִ ũ
mysql ü ̺ ִ ũⰡ 4G̸ ý
ũ ֽϴ. 2G Դϴ. ֶ
2.5.1 4G̸, ֶ 2.6 1000G Դϴ.
ũ 4G̰ų, (MYSQL ) ý Դϴ. 4G ̻
Ȯϱ mysql ٲ Դϴ. η F ϼ.
Ŵ ̺ б ϸ ̺ ϳ
pack_isam ֽϴ. pack_isam Ϲ ̺
ּ 50% Ͽ ȿ ū ̺ ֽϴ. 12.3
[pack_isam] ϼ.
ٸ ַ MERGE ̺귯 ԵǾ identical ̺
ϳ ֽϴ. (⼭ Identical ̺
identical ÷ ٴ ǹմϴ.) MERGE
ʱ ̺ (collection) ˻ϴ
ֽϴ. ϳ ε ߰
ϴ.
(** б ̺ mysql ̼ ϰ
ֽϴ. б⸸ ϴ б
̺ ϴ. **)
10. mysql ִ
10.1 ũ
mysqld ϴ ⺻ ũ ִ.
shell> mysqld --help
mysqld ɼ ϰ ش. µǴ
⺻ ϰ ϴ.
Possible variables for option --set-variable (-O) are:
back_log current value: 5
connect_timeout current value: 5
join_buffer current value: 131072
key_buffer current value: 1048540
long_query_time current value: 10
max_allowed_packet current value: 1048576
max_connections current value: 90
max_connect_errors current value: 10
max_join_size current value: 4294967295
max_sort_length current value: 1024
net_buffer_length current value: 16384
record_buffer current value: 131072
sort_buffer current value: 2097116
table_cache current value: 64
tmp_table_size current value: 1048576
thread_stack current value: 131072
wait_timeout current value: 28800
mysqld ̸
ִ.
shell> mysqladmin variables
ɼ ؿ Ѵ. ũ, , ũ Ʈ̴.
'K'(ųιƮ) 'M'(ްƮ) տ ٿ ִ.
16M 16 ްƮ Ų. ҹڴ ʴ´.
16M 16m .
-back_log
mysql ִ ִ û . ̰ main mysql 尡
ſ ª ð ſ û Ѵ. ̶
尡 üũϰ ο 带 ϴµ ణ ð
ɸ.( ª ð) back_log mysql
ο û ϴ ߱ ª ð
û Ƶΰ ִ Ѵ. ſ ª ð ſ
ɶ Ѿ Ѵ.
ٸ tcp/ip listen queue ũ̴.
ü ̷ ť ũ Ѱ谡 ִ. Unix system call listen(2)
Ŵ ڼ ִ. back_log Ѱ ü
Ȯغ. back_log ִ밪 ȿ .
-connect_timeout
Bad handshake ϱ Ŷ mysql ٸ
.()
-join_buffer
(ε ʴ ) full-join ϴ ũ.
۴ ̺ ̿ full-join ѹ Ҵ ȴ. ε
߰ ۸ Ű full join ӵ ų
ִ. (Ϲ ϴ ε ߰
ϴ ̴)
-key_buffer
ε ۸ǰ 忡 Ѵ. Ű ۴ ε
ϴ ũ̴. ε ̺ delete
insert ۾ ϸ Ű ۰ Ű .
LOCK TABLES . [Lock Tables] .
-max_allowed_packet
Ŷ ִ ũ. ۴ net_buffer_length Ʈ ʱȭ
ʿϸ ִ Ŷ Ʈ ų ִ.⺻ ū
Ŷ ۴. Ŵ BLOB ÷ Ѵٸ Ѿ
. ڰ ϴ ִ blobŭ ũ ؾ Ѵ.
-max_connections
Ŭ̾Ʈ . mysqld ʿϴ (descriptor)
ڸŭ ÷ Ѵ. ؿ ũ ѿ
.
-max_connect_errors
ȣƮ ִ ̻ interrupted
ȣƮ blockȭȴ. FLUSH HOSTS ȣƮ block
ִ.
-max_join_size
ִ ũ̻ ũ д ϸ .
ڰ where ʰ ð ɸ鼭 鸸
带 д Ϸ ϸ Ѵ.
-max_sort_length
BLOB TEXT Ҷ ϴ Ʈ . ( ù
° max_sort_length Ʈ ȴ. õȴ)
-net_buffer_length
ǿ ۰ ʱȭǴ ũ. Ϲ ٲ ſ
Ǵ ǿ ° ִ. (
Ŭ̾Ʈ sql ̴. ǹ ũ⸦
۴ ڵ max_allowed_packet Ʈ Ѵ)
-record_buffer
˻ ϴ 忡 ˻ ̺ Ҵϴ ũ
. ˻ ϸ Ѿ Ѵ.
-sort_buffer
ʿ 忡 Ҵϴ ũ. order by group by
۷̼ Ϸ Ų. 16.4 [ӽ ] .
-table_cache
忡 ִ ̺ . mysqld ʿ ϴ
ũ ڸŭ Ѷ. mysql
ΰ ũͰ ʿϴ. ũ
Ѵ. ̺ ij ۵ϴ 10.6 [̺ ij]
.
-tmp_table_size
ӽ ̺ mysql "The Table tbl_name is full"̶
. ſ group by Ǹ ϸ
Ѿ Ѵ.
-thread_stack
. creash-me test(** : ͺ̽
ġŷ ϴ ƮԴϴ. ״ ͺ̽ )
ִ. ⺻ Ϲ ũ.
11 [ġũ]
-wait_timeout
Ȱ(activity) ٸ ð().
table_cache max_connections ִ ִ
ģ. Ű ýۿ ũ
per-process Ѱ ø ִ. (** ... imposed by your
operating system on the per-process number of open file descriptors.
̻ϹǷ )
ýۿ Ѱ踦 ų ִ. ̷ Ϸ
ۿ Ѱ踦 ȭŰ ſ پϹǷ ü
ؾ Ѵ.
table_cache max_connections 谡 ִ. 200
ּ 200 * n ̺ ij Ѵ. ⼭ n
̺ ִ ̴.
mysql ſ ˰ ϱ Ϲδ ſ
ȴ.
̺ ߰ Ŭ̾Ʈ ִ
Ѵٸ Ѵ.
shell> safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=16M -O table_cache=128 \
-O sort_buffer=4M -O record_buffer=1M &
Ѵ.
shell> safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=512k -O sort_buffer=100k \
-O record_buffer=100k &
Ǵ:
shell> safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=512k -O sort_buffer=16k \
-O table_cache=32 -O record_buffer=8k -O net_buffer=1K &
ſ mysqld Ḷ ּ
ϵ ʾҴٸ "swapping problems" ̴.
mysqld ɼ ٲپ װ شϴ νϽ
ģٴ .
ɼ ٲپ ȿ غ.
shell> mysqld -O key_buffer=32m --help
--help ɼ . Ŀǵ
ο ɼ ȿ ¿ ݿ ̴.
10.2 < ȭ>
Ʒ ϴ mysqld ϴ
Ÿ ִ. õ ̸ ־.
- Ű ( key_buffer) 忡 Ѵ.
ϴ ٸ ۴ ʿѴ Ҵ ȴ.
- 帶 Ư Ѵ. (64k,
thread_stack) , ( net_buffer_length), result (
net_buffer_length) . ۿ result ۴ ʿҶ
max_allowed_packet ȴ. ǰ
ǹ 繮 Ҵ ȴ. (** When a query is running a copy
of the current query string is also alloced.)
- ⺻ Ѵ.
- ȵȴ. ( ̺ ϰ.
ٸ ̴̾߱) ֳϸ 4GB 32Ʈ κ
̺ ũⰡ ʱ ̴. 츮 64Ʈ ּ
ý 츮 Ϲ
߰ ̴.
- ̺ ˻ ϴ û read ۿ Ҵ ȴ.
( record_buffer)
- ѹ Ǹ κ ӽ ̺
ʰ ȴ. κ ̺ (HEAP) ̴̺.
Ŵ ڵ带 ų BLOB ÷ ӽ ̺ ũ
ȴ. ̺ tmp_table_size
ʰ "The table tbl_name is full"̶ ̴.
Ͼȿ ʿҶ ڵ (HEAP) ̺ ũ
(NISAM) ̺ ٲٵ ĥ ̴. ذϱ ؼ
mysqld tmp_table_size ɼ Ͽ ӽ ̺ ũ⸦ ̰ų
Ŭ̾Ʈ α SQL_BIG_TABLES sql ɼ Ͽ
. 7.24 SET OPTION .
mysql 3.20 ӽ ̺ ִ ũ record_buffer*16̴. 3.20
ϰ ִٸ record_buffer Ѿ Ѵ.
mysqld --big-tables ɼ Ͽ ӽ ̺
ũ ӵ ģ.
- ϴ κ û ۿ ϳ ΰ ӽ
ҴѴ. 16.4 [ӽ ] Ѵ.
- κ ¡(parsing) ̷.
ۿ overhead ʿ Ϲ Ҵ(slow
memory allocation) freeing( ) õȴ.
Ŵ ڿ Ҵ ȴ.( mallloc() free() )
- ε ѹ Ǵ 忡
ѹ . 帶 ̺ , ÷
, 3 * n ũⰡ Ҵȴ. ( n ִ ڵ ̸
BLOB ÷ ش ʴ´) BLOB BLOB ̿ 5 8
Ʈ Ѵ.
- BLOB ÷ ̺ ۴ Ŵ BLOB ֵ
Ŀ. ̺ ˻ϸ ۴ ִ BLOB ŭ ۰
Ҵ ȴ.
- ̺ ̺ ڵ鷯 ij Ǹ FIFO
ȴ. Ϲ ij 64 Ʈ ´. ÿ ΰ
忡 ̺ ϸ ij ̺ Ʈ Ѵ. 10.6
[̺ ij] Ѵ.
- mysqladmin flush-tables ʴ ̺ ݰ
Ǵ 尡 ̺ ݴ´ٰ ǥ
. ̰ ȿ Ѵ.
ps ٸ ý Ȳ α mysqld ϰ
ٰ ̴. ̰ ٸ ּ -ö
. ֶ ps û ʴ
ϴ Ѵ. ̰ swap -s ̿ 밡 üũ
Ͽ ȮҼ ִ. 츮 mysqld α
ؼ mysqld .
10.3 ӵ ġ /ũ
<Ͻ ȭϱ>
Ʈ κ mysql ġũ Ǿ
ٸ ýۿ Ͻִ ִ.
static ũ Ҷ ӵ ִ. ͺ
ϱ TCP/IPٴ н ϸ
ִ.
pgcc -O6 ϸ . 'sql_yacc.cc' ɼ
Ϸ gcc/pgcc ʿ
ϱ 180M ʿϴ. mysql Ҷ libstdc++
̺귯 ʱ CXX=gcc ؾ Ѵ.
- pgcc ϰ δ -O6 ɼ ϸ mysqld gcc
ͺ 11% .
- ũϸ (-static ʰ) 13% .
If you connect using TCP/IP rather than Unix sockets, the result
is 7.5% slower.
- н ϴ ͺ tcp/ip ϴ 7.5% .
- On a Sun sparcstation 10, gcc 2.7.3 is 13% faster than Sun Pro C++
4.2.
- On Solaris 2.5.1, MIT-pthreads is 8-12% slower than Solaris native
threads. (** . ϱ... **)
TcX mysql pgcc ϵǾ
ũǾ.
10.4 How MySQL uses indexes
prefix- and end-space compressed. See section 7.26 CREATE INDEX
syntax (Compatibility function).
ε(PRIMARY, UNIQUE and INDEX()) B-trees ȴ.
ڵ (?) ȴ. 7.26 [ε ] .
ε :
- WHERE شϴ ڵ ã
- Ҷ ٸ ̺ ڵ
- Ư Ű MAX() MIN() ã
- ̳ ȭҶ ε Ű ϸ ̺ ϰų ȭ
Ѵ. Ű DESC ε д´.
- 쿡 Ͽ ʰ ´. ̺
ϴ ÷ ̰ Ư Ű Ǿ ӵ
ε Ʈ ִ.
.
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1 AND col2=val2;
÷ ε col1 col2 شϴ ڵ带
ִ. и ÷ ε col1 col2 ȭ
ε ڵ带 Ȯϰ ڵ带
ε ϵ Ѵ.
̺ ÷ ε ٸ ȭⰡ ڵ带 ãµ
εŰ ִ. ÷ ε(col1, col2,
col3) ٸ (col1), (col1,col2) (col1,col2,col3) ε
˻ ִ.
MySQL can't use a partial index if the columns don't form a leftmost
prefix of the index.
Suppose you have the SELECT statements shown below:
(** ؼ ȵǴµ ø **)
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1;
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col2=val2;
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col2=val2 AND col3=val3;
If an index exists on (col1,col2,col3), only the first query shown
above uses the index.
The second and third queries do involve indexed columns, but (col2)
and (col2,col3) are not leftmost prefixes of (col1,col2,col3).
ε (col1,col2,col3) ִٸ ù° Ǹ
Ѵ. ι° ° ε ÷ ԵǾ
(col2) (col2,col3) (col1,col2,col3) ε ش ʴ
.
MySQL also uses indexes for LIKE comparisons if the argument to LIKE
is a constant string that doesn't start with a wildcard character.
For example, the following SELECT stat ements use indexes:
mysql LIKE μ ϵī ڷ ʴ
̶ LIKE ε Ѵ. SELECT
ε Ѵ.
mysql> select * from tbl_name where key_col LIKE "Patrick%";
mysql> select * from tbl_name where key_col LIKE "Pat%_ck%";
ù° 忡 "Patrick" <= key_col < "Patricl" ڵ常
ȴ. ι° 忡 "Pat" <= key_col < "Pau" ڵ常
ȴ.
SELECT ε ʴ´:
mysql> select * from tbl_name where key_col LIKE "%Patrick%";
mysql> select * from tbl_name where key_col LIKE other_col;
ù° 忡 LIKE ϵī ڷ ϰ ִ. ι°
忡 LIKE ƴϴ.
10.5 WHERE ȭϱ
(̹ ϰ ʴ. mysql ȭ
ִ.)
In general, when you want to make a slow SELECT ... WHERE faster, the
first thing to check is whether or not you can add an index. All
references between different tables should usually be done with
indexes. You can use the EXPLAIN command to determine which indexes
are used for a SELECT. See section 7.21 EXPLAIN syntax (Get
information about a SELECT).
Ϲ SELECT ... WHERE Ϸ Ȯ
ε ߰ ̴. ٸ ̺̿ ۷
(references ) Ϲ ε ȴ. SELECT
ε ϴ ϱ EXPLAIN ִ.
7.21 [Explain] .
mysql ϴ ȭ .
- ʿ Ծ
((a AND b) AND c OR (((a AND b) AND (c AND d))))
-> (a AND b ANDc) OR (a AND b AND c AND d)
- (folding)
(a b>5 AND b=c AND a=5
- ( ʿ)
(B>=5 AND B=5) OR (B=6 AND 5=5) OR (B=7 AND 5=6)
-> B=5 OR B=6
- ε Ǵ ǥ ѹ ȴ.
(Constant expressions used by indexes are evaluated only once.)
- WHERE ̺ COUNT(*) ̺
´.
̺ NOT NULL ǥ ̿ ȴ.
- ȿ ǥ ̸ ŵȴ. mysql Ұϰ ش
ڵ尡 SELECT Ѵ.
- GROUP BY (COUNT(), MIN() ...) HAVING
WHERE .
(** HAVING ε . Ƿ HAVING
ʴ° ӵ鿡 **)
- ο WHERE ϰ ڵ带
ϵ ϰ WHERE .
- mysql Ϲ ּ ڵ带 ã ε Ѵ.
=, >, >=, <, <=, BETWEEN 'something%' ó ϵī
ʴ LIKE Ͽ ε Ѵ.
(** 10.4 Ͽ like Ҷ ϵī ϴ
like ϸ ε ʴ´. ܾθ ϴ
÷ ڷḦ ã ̴. **)
- Any index that doesn't span all AND levels in the WHERE clause is
not used to optimize the query.
WHERE ε Ѵ.:
... WHERE index_part1=1 AND index_part2=2
... WHERE index=1 OR A=10 AND index=2 /* index = 1 OR index = 2
*/
... WHERE index_part1='hello' AND index_part_3=5
/* optimized like "index_part1='hello'" */
WHERE ε ʴ´.:
... WHERE index_part2=1 AND index_part3=2 /* index_part_1 is not
used */
... WHERE index=1 OR A=10 /* No index */
... WHERE index_part1=1 OR index_part2=10 /* No index spans all rows
*/
- ǿ ٸ ̺ ̺ д´.
.
̺̳ 1 ڵ常 ִ ̺
WHERE UNIQUE ε PRIMARY KEY ϰ
ε ǥε ̺
̺ ̺ ȴ.
mysql> SELECT * FROM t WHERE primary_key=1;
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1,t2
WHERE t1.primary_key=1 AND t2.primary_key=t1.id;
- ɼ õϿ ̺ ϴµ ã
´. (ORDER BY GROUP BY ÷ ̺
Ҷ ̺ õȴ)
- ORDER BY ٸ GROUP BY , Ǵ ORDER BY GROUP BY
ť ù° ̺ ƴ ٸ ̺ ÷ ϰ
ӻ ̺ .
- ̺ ε ã ڵ 30%̸ ϴ (best) ε
ȴ. ε ̺ ˻ ȴ.
- 쿡 mysql ȸ ʰ ε ڵ
ִ. ε ÷ ڶ Ǹ ó
µ ε Ʈ Ѵ.
- ڵ尡 µDZ HAVING ʴ ڵ dzʶڴ.
ſ ̴:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tbl_name;
mysql> SELECT MIN(key_part1),MAX(key_part1) FROM tbl_name;
mysql> SELECT MAX(key_part2) FROM tbl_name
WHERE key_part_1=constant;
mysql> SELECT ... FROM tbl_name
ORDER BY key_part1,key_part2,... LIMIT 10;
mysql> SELECT ... FROM tbl_name
ORDER BY key_part1 DESC,key_part2 DESC,... LIMIT 10;
Ŀ ε Ʈ Ͽ Ѵ.(ε ÷
ڶ ):
mysql> SELECT key_part1,key_part2 FROM tbl_name WHERE key_part1=val;
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tbl_name
WHERE key_part1=val1 and key_part2=val2;
mysql> SELECT key_part2 FROM tbl_name GROUP BY key_part1;
Ǵ ʰ
ε Ѵ:
mysql> SELECT ... FROM tbl_name ORDER BY key_part1,key_part2,...
mysql> SELECT ... FROM tbl_name ORDER BY key_part1 DESC,key_part2
DESC,...
10.6 ̺ ݴ
open ̺ ij table_cache ִ밪 Ŀ ִ. (⺻
64 ; mysqld -0 table_cache=# ٲ ִ) ij
á, ٸ 尡 ̺ , Ǵ mysqladmin
refresh mysqladmin flush-tables Ҷ ϰ ̺
ʴ´.
̺ ij ij Ʈ ϵ ϱ
Ѵ.
- ߴ ʴ ̺ ݴ´.
- ij á ̺ ο ̺
Ѵٸ ij ʿ ŭ ӽ Ȯȴ.
- ij ӽ Ȯ ̰ ̺ Ȳ
̺ ݰ ij Ѵ.
̺ ú ٶ . ̺ ϴ
ΰ 尡 ְų ǿ ̺ ι ϸ(with AS)
̺ ι Ѵٴ ǹ̴. ̺ ù° ΰ
ũ . ; ߰ ̺ ϳ
ũ ̴. ó 濡 ϴ ߰ ũ
ε Ͽ ȴ. ; ũʹ 忡
.
10.6.1 ͺ̽ ̺ 鶧
丮 ִٸ open, close create ۷̼
̴. ٸ ̺ SELECT ϸ ̺
ij ణ overhead ̴. ֳĸ ̺
ִٸ ٸ ̺ ϱ ̴. ̺ ij ũ ؼ
带 ִ.
10.7 ̺
mysqladmin status ̴:
Uptime: 426 Running threads: 1 Questions: 11082 Reloads: 1 Open
tables: 12
6̺ ߴµ ̷ Ȳ ̴.
mysql Ƽ带 Ѵ. ÿ ̺
Ǹ ִ. Ͽ Ͽ ٸ Ȳ ΰ
̱ ̺ ú 帶
ȴ. ̰ Ÿ Ͽ ణ ϳ ߰
ũ Ѵ. 忡 ε ȴ.
10.8 ͺ̽ ̺ ɺ ũ
ͺ̽ 丮 ̺ ͺ̽ ٸ ġ ű
ο ġ ɺ ũ ִ. ̷ ϴ
찡 ִ. ͺ̽ Ͻý
ű .
mysql ̺ ɺ ũǾٴ ϸ ɺ ũ
Ű ̺ ִ. realpath() call ϴ
ýۿ ۵Ѵ. (ּ ֶ realpath()
) realpath() ʴ ýۿ ÿ ο ɺ
ũ ο ϸ ȵȴ. ̷ 쿡 Ʈ Ŀ ̺
ִ.
mysql ⺻ ͺ̽ ũ ʴ´. ͺ̽
ɺ ũ ʴ ۵ ̴. mysql
丮 db1 ͺ̽ ְ db1 Ű db2 ɺ ũ
ٰ غ:
shell> cd /path/to/datadir
shell> ln -s db1 db2
db1 tbl_a ̺ ִٸ db2 tbl_a Ÿ ̴.
尡 db1.tbl_a Ʈϰ ٸ 尡 db2.tbl_a
Ʈϸ ̴.
ʿϸ , `mysys/mf_format.c' ڵ带
ؾ Ѵ.:
if (!lstat(to,&stat_buff)) /* Check if it's a symbolic link */
if (S_ISLNK(stat_buff.st_mode) && realpath(to,buff))
ڵ带 Ѵ :
if (realpath(to,buff))
10.9 ̺ Ŵ
mysql deadlock-free ̴. Ǹ Ҷ ѹ
ʿ ûϰ ̺ ɾ
Ѵ.
WRITE ϴ :
- ̺ ̺ write Ǵ.
- ̷ 찡 ƴ϶ write ť ûѴ.
READ ϴ :
- ̺ write ̺ read Ǵ.
- ̷ 찡 ƴ϶ read ť ûѴ.
Ǿ write ť 忡
read ť 忡 Ѵ.
̺ Ʈ ϸ SELECT ̻ Ʈ
ٸٴ ǹѴ.
̷ ذϱ ̺ INSERT SELECT ۷̼
ϴ 쿡 ϸ ȴ. ӽ ̺ ڵ带
ϰ ѹ ӽ ̺ ̺ ڵ带 ƮѴ.
:
mysql> LOCK TABLES real_table WRITE, insert_table WRITE;
mysql> insert into real_table select * from insert_table;
mysql> delete from insert_table;
mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;
쿡 SELECT 켱 ְ ʹٸ INSERT ɼǿ
LOW_PRIORITY or HIGH_PRIORITY ɼ ִ. 7.13 [Insert]
. (** LOW_PRIORITY ϸ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺
INSERT ̷. **)
ť ϱ `mysys/thr_lock.c' ŷ ڵ带 ٲ
. ̷ write read 켱 ø
̼ǿ ִ.
10.10 ̺ ۰ 迭ϴ
<** ̺ ȭ **>
̺ ִǼ ִ
ũ̴:
- NOT NULL ÷ Ѵ. ӵ ÷ 1
Ʈ ִ.
- default ϴ. ԷµǴ ⺻ ٸ Ȯ
ϰ Էµȴ. INSERT ù° TIMESTAMP ÷̳
AUTO-INCREAMENT ÷ Է ʿ䰡 . 18.4.49
[mysql_insert_id()] .
- ̺ ۰ integer Ÿ .
MEDIUMINT INT .
- ÷ ٸ(VARCHAR, TEXT or BLOB columns),
ڵ ȴ. ӵ (~)
Ǵ . 10.14 [Row format] .
- mysql Ǹ ȿ ȭϱ Է
isamchk --analyze . ̷ ϸ
ڸ Ű ε ƮѴ. ( unique ε
1̴)
- ε ε Ÿ Ϸ isamchk --sort-index
--sort-records=1 .(if you want to sort on index 1).
ε ĵ ڵ带 б unique ε ٸ
̷ ϴ ӵ ϴ ̴.
- INSERT . SELECT
ξ . Ÿ ̺ Է LOAD DATA INFILE
. INSERT ϴ ͺ 20 . 7.15 [Load]
.
ε ̺ Ÿ ԷҶ ϸ
ӵ ų ִ.
1. mysql̳ Perl CREATE TABLE ̺ .
2. mysqladmin flush-tables . (** ̺ **)
3. isamchk --keys-used=0 /path/to/db/tbl_name . ̺
ε Ѵ.
4. LOAD DATA INFILE ̿ ̺ Ÿ Է.
5. pack_isam ְ ̺ ϱ ϸ pack_isam .
6. isamchk -r -q /path/to/db/tbl_name ̿ ε ٽ .
7. mysqladmin flush-tables .
- LODA DATA INFILE INSERT ӵ Ű ۸
Ų. mysqld safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=# ɼ ϸ
ȴ. 16M dz ٸ Ǹ ̴.
- ٸ α Ͽ Ÿ ؽƮ Ϸ Ҷ SELECT ...
INTO OUTFILE . 7.15 [LOAD DATA INFILE] .
- ٷ insert update LOCK TABLE Ͽ
ɸ ӵ ų ִ. LOAD DATA INFILE
SELECT ...INTO OUTFILE ̱ LOCK TABLE ϸ
ȴ. 7.23 [LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES] .
̺ ȭǾ Ϸ '.ISM' Ͽ isamchk
-evi Ѵ. 1
3 [Maintenance] .
10.11 INSERT ӵ ġ κ
<** insert ȭ **>
insert ϴ ð ȴ:
Connect: (3)
Sending query to server: (2)
Parsing query: (2)
Inserting record: (1 x size of record)
Inserting indexes: (1 x indexes)
Close: (1)
() ð̴. ̰ ̺ Ҷ ʱ overhead
ϰ ʴ. ( ú Ǵ Ǹ )
The size of the table slows down the insertion of indexes by N log N
(B-trees).
̺ ũ N log N(B-trees) ε Է . (**
̻. ̺ Ŀ ε ٴ ̰
**)
̺ ɰų insert Ͽ Է ӵ
ִ. ϸ insert 5
ӵ .
mysql> LOCK TABLES a WRITE;
mysql> INSERT INTO a VALUES (1,23),(2,34),(4,33);
mysql> INSERT INTO a VALUES (8,26),(6,29);
mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;
ֿ ӵ ̴ INSERT Ϸǰ Ŀ ѹ ε
۰ . ٸ INSERT
ε ÷ ̴. Էϸ
ʿ.
ŷ Ʈ ð ִ.
忡 ð ִ.(ֳĸ ٸ
̴)
:
thread 1 does 1000 inserts
thread 2, 3, and 4 does 1 insert
thread 5 does 1000 inserts
2, ,3 4 1 5 ĥ ̴.
2,3,4 Ƹ 1̳ 5 ̴. ð
40% .
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ۷̼ mysql ſ .
ٿ 5 ̻ insert update ߰ϸ
ִ. ٿ ſ ڷḦ ԷѴٸ ٸ 忡
̺ ϵ ϱ ( 1000ٸ) UNLOCK TABLES
ϴ LOCK TABLES ϸ ȴ. ̷ ϸ
. (** Է ϰ ߰ Ǯٰ ٽ Ŵ
**)
LOAD DATA INFILE .
10.12 DELETE ӵ ġ κ
<** DELETE ȭ **>
ڵ带 ϴ ð Ȯ ε ڿ Ѵ. ڵ带
ε ij ũ⸦ ų ִ. ⺻ ε ij
1M ̴; ϱ Ǿ Ѵ.(
ִٸ 16M )
10.13 mysql ִ ӵ
ġŷ ! mysql ġũ Ʈ α
ִ. (Ϲ 'sql-bench' 丮 ) Ը¿ °
. ̷ ϸ ذ ִ ٸ ذå ã
ſ ذå Ʈ ִ.
- mysqld ɼ . ӵ .
10.1 [MySQL parameters] .
- SELECT ӵ ϱ ε .
10.4 [MySQL indexes] .
- ȿ ÷ Ÿ ȭ. NOT NULL
÷ . 10.10 [Table efficiency] .
- --skip-locking ɼSQL û ŷ ش. ӵ
Ѵ:
isamchk ̺ üũϰų ϱ mysqladmin
flush-tables ̺ ÷ؾ Ѵ.
(isamchk -d tbl_name ȴ. ֳϸ ̰
̺ ֱ ̴)
ÿ ΰ mysql ̺ ƮϷ
Ѵٸ Ͽ ΰ mysql ȵȴ.
--skip-locking ɼ MIT-pthreads Ҷ ⺻̴.
ֳĸ ÷ MIT-pthreads flock() ϰ
ʱ ̴.
- Ʈ ִٸ Ʈ ̷ ߿ .
Ʈ ϴ ѹ ϳ Ʈϴ ͺ .
- FreeBSD ýۿ MIT-pthreads FreeBSD 3.0
Ʈ ϴ° . ̷ ϸ н ϴ
ϸ(FreBSD н MIT-pthreads TCP/IP
ϴ ͺ ) Ű (intergrated?)Ǿ
Ѵ.
- ̺̳ ÷ ܰ踦 üũϴ GRANT ߸.
10.14 ο ˰ ٸ ΰ?
VARCHAR/CHAR ؾ ϴ°?
mysql SQL VARCHAR Ÿ . ״ mysql ڵ带
ϰ ̰ VARCHAR ķƮϴµ ִ.
̺ VARCHAR, BLOB, TEXT ÷ row size Ѵ.
ܿ row size Ѵ. CHAR VARCHAR ÷ ø
ϰ ȴ; Ѵ trailing space ÷
ŵȴ.
isamchk -d ̿ ̺ ϴ üũ ִ.
(-d "̺ " ǹ)
mysql ٸ ̺ ִ; , ̳,
.
̺
- ⺻ . ̺ VARCHAR, BLOB, TEXT ÷ .
- CHAR, NUMERIC, DECIMAL ÷ ÷ ̿ space-padded ̴.
(** space-padded ̶ ؾ ָŸȣؼ **)
- ſ
- ijϱ
- ջ . ֳĸ ̿ ڵ尡 ġϱ
.
- ڵ尡 ų ýۿ ø
ġ ʴ´ٸ (isamchk ̿) ȭ ʿ.
- ̳ ̺ ũ ʿ Ѵ.
̳ ̺
- ̺ VARCHAR, BLOB, TEXT ÷ ϰ .
- ڿ ÷ ̳ϴ.(4 ̸ ڿ
)
- ÷ ڿ ÷ ų ('') ÷ 0(NULL
÷ ƴϴ) Ÿ Ʈ ڵ տ
ȴ. ڿ ÷ trailing space zero ̸
ų ÷ zero Ʈ ǥõǰ ũ
ʴ´. ڴ ڳ뿡 Ʈŭ ߰Ǿ
ȴ.
- ̺ ũ .
- ̸ Ȯϴ Ʈϸ ȭ
̴. ̷ isamchk -r ؾ
Ѵ. (?) isamchk -ei tbl_name .
- ջ ƴ. ֳĸ ڵ尡 ȭǰ ũ
() ̴.
- ̳ ̺ Ǵ :
3
+ (number of columns + 7) / 8
+ (number of char columns)
+ packed size of numeric columns
+ length of strings
+ (number of NULL columns + 7) / 8
ũ 6 Ʈ ִ. ̳ ڵ Ʈ ڵ尡
þ ũȴ. ο ũ ּ 20Ʈ ̸,
Ȯ Ƹ ũ ̴. װ ƴ϶ ٸ
ũ ̴. isamchk -ed ũ ִ üũ
ִ. ũ isamchk -r ִ.(** ?? **)
There is a penalty of 6 bytes for each link. A dynamic record is
linked whenever an update causes an enlargement of the record. Each
new link will be at least 20 bytes, so the next enlargement will
probably go in the same link. If not, there will be another link. You
may check how many links there are with isamchk -ed. All links may be
removed with isamchk -r.
GC
- б ̺ pack_isam ƿƼ ִ. Ȯ mysql
뵵 pack_isam
־.
- ڵ mysql ǿ Ƿ pack_isam
pack_isam ̺ ִ. (̺ ÷
Ǿ ִ)
- ſ ũ 뷮 .
- ڵ ȴ.( ſ overhead)
ڵ ̺ ū ڵ忡 (1-3 Ʈ) ȴ.
÷ ٸ ȴ. Ÿ :
Ϲ ÷ ٸ Huffman ̴̺.
Suffic
Prefix
0 ڴ 1Ʈ .
integer ÷ ٸ, ÷ ִ
Ÿ ȴ. BIGINT ÷ 0 255
TINIINT ÷(1Ʈ) ȴ.
÷ θ Ǿ ִٸ, ÷ Ÿ
ENUM ȯȴ.
÷ Ͽ Ѵ.
- ̳ ̳ ̺ ٷ ִ. BLOB
TEXT ÷ ٷ .
- isamchk ִ.
mysql ٸ ε Ÿ Ѵ. Ϲ Ÿ NISAM
. ̰ B-tree ε̸ Ű Ͽ (Ű +4)*0.67
ε ũ⸦ 밭 ִ. (̰ Ű ĵ
Էµ ̴)
String indexes are space compressed. If the first index part is a
string, it will also be prefix compressed. Space compression makes
the index file smaller if the string column has a lot of trailing
space or is a VARCHAR column that is not always used to the full
length. Prefix compression helps if there are many strings with an
identical prefix.
ڿ ε ȴ. ù° ε κ ڿ̶,
prefix ȴ.
ڿ ÷ ٷ trailing space ų ̸
ʴ VARCHAR ÷ space ε ۰
. prefix ڿ prefix ϴ.
{{
}}
11. mysql ġũ Ʈ
mysql ġũ Ʈ( crash-me)
Ѵ. ۼ ʾҴ. μ
'bench' 丮 ڵ 캸ƾ Ѵ.(
캼 ִ.
̰ ڿ ־ SQL Ǵ ƴ ˷
ִ ġũ̴.
crash-me Ǹ Ͽ ͺ̽ ϴ ɰ
ɷ, ѻ ϴ α̴.
Ѵ:
ϴ ÷ Ÿ
ϴ ε
ϴ
ִ ũ
VARCHAR ÷ ִ ũ
12. mysql ƿƼ
12.1 پ mysql α
mysql client ̺귯 Ͽ ϴ mysql Ŭ
̾Ʈ ȯ Ѵ:
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Name | Description |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL_UNIX_PORT | ⺻ . ȣƮ |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL_TCP_PORT | ⺻ TCP/IP port |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL_PWD | ⺻ н |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL_DEBUG | Debug-trace ɼ |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| TMPDIR | ӽ ̺/ Ǵ 丮 |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+
MYSQL_PWD ϴ ȿ ϴ. 6.2 [Connecting] .
'mysql' Ŭ̾Ʈ 丮 ȯ ϱ
MYSQL_HISTFILE ̶ Ѵ.
MYSQL α ſ پ ɼ ִ. MYSQL
--help ɼ Ѵ. --help ɼ ̿ α پ
ɼǿ ִ. , mysql --help
.
Ʒ mysql α ؼ ϰ ִ:
isamchk : mysql ̺ , , ȭ, ƿƼ.
ֱ 忡 ڼ ϰ ִ. 13 .
make_binary_release : ϵ mysql ̳ʸ . ٸ
myql Ǹ ftp.tcx.e '/pub/mysql/Incoming' ø
.
msql2mysql : msql α mysql ȯϴ ũƮ.
ٷ ȯҶ ̴.
mysql : SQL . (GNU readline ȣȯ) ȣȭ ȭ
ִ. ȭ ϴ , ƽŰ-
̺ µȴ. ȭ ,
µȴ. ( ɼ ̿ ٲ
ִ) ũƮ ִ:
shell> mysql database < script.sql > output.tab
Ŭ̾Ʈ ؼ --quick ɼ
. mysql_store_result()
mysql_use_result() Ѵ.
mysqlaccess : host, user, database ũƮ.
mysqladmin : ͺ̽ , ̺ ε, ũ
̺ ÷, α ϴ ڿ ƿƼ.
mysqladmin , μ, (status) Ȯ
ִ.
mysqlbug : mysql Ʈ ũƮ. mysql ˸
ũƮ.
mysqld : SQL . ǰ ־ Ѵ.
mysqldump : mysql ͺ̽ SQL ̳ е
ؽ Ϸ ϴ ƿƼ.
mysqlimport : LOAD DATA INFILE ؽƮ ڷḦ ̺
Էϴ ƿƼ. 12.2 .
mysqlshow : ͺ̽, ̺, ÷ ε
mysql_install_db : ⺻ MYSQL ̺ . ó ġ
ȴ.
replace : msql2mysql Ǵ ƿƼ̴. پϰ
ִ. ̳ ǥ Է ڿ ü ִ.
ڿ Īϱ ѵ Ȳ ýۿ (** ??)
üϴµ ִ. ɾ Ͽ a
b üѴ:
shell> replace a b b a -- file1 file2 ...
safe_mysqld : mysqld ϴ ũƮ.
ϰ α Ͽ ϴ å
.
12. 2 ؽƮ Ͽ Է(?)ϱ
mysqlimport ̽ LOAD DATA INFILE sql
. κ ɼ LOAD DATA INFILE ϴ. 7.15 [Load] .
Ѵ:
shell> mysqlimport [options] filename ...
ؽƮ Ͽ Ͽ, mysqlimport ̸ Ȯ
ڸ Ѵ.
̺ ϴµ Ѵ.
vkdlfdlfmadl 'patient.txt', 'patient.text', 'patient'
patient ̺ ̸ Էµ ̴.
mysqlimport ɼ Ѵ:
-C, --compress : , Ŭ̾Ʈ ϸ /Ŭ̾Ʈ
̿ Ѵ
-#, --debug[=option_string] : α ()
-d, --delete : ؽƮ Ͽ Էϱ ̺
--fields-terminated-by=...
--fields-enclosed-by=...
--fields-optionally-enclosed-by=...
--fields-escaped-by=...
--fields-terminated-by=...
: LODA DATA INFILE ɼǰ ɼ
-f, --force : .ؽƮ ̺ , ٸ
ִ ó(if a table for a text file doesn't exist,
continue processing any remaining files) ɼ , ̺
´
--help :
-h host_name, --host=host_name : ȣƮ mysql Ÿ
Է. ⺻ localhost
-i, --ignore : --replace ɼ .
-l, --lock-tables : ؽƮ Ϸ óϱ ̺
Ǵ. ̺ ȭ ִ.
-L, --local : Ŭ̾Ʈ Է . ⺻, localhost
ϸ ؽƮ ִٰ ȴ.
-pyour_pass, --password[=your_pass] : ϴ
ȣ. '=your_pass' ̳ο йȣ
-P port_num, --port=port_num : ȣƮ ϴ TCP/IP
. (localhost ƴ ȣƮ . н
ϴ )
-r, --replace : --replace --ignore ɼ unique key ڵ尡
ߺǾ 쿡 ȴ. --replcae ,
unique key ִ ڵ带 üѴ. --ignore
, unique key ڵ ȴ. ɼ
ʴ´ٸ, ߺǴ Ű ߰ߵǸ ϰ ؽƮ
κ ȴ.
-s, --silent : ħ . .
-S /path/to/socket, --socket=/path/to/socket : ȣƮ(⺻ ȣƮ
) ϴ .
-u user_name, --user=user_name : ϴ mysql
̸. ⺻ н α ̸.
-v, --verbose : Verbose . α
.
-V, --version : .
12.3 mysql б ̺
** κ . ϰ Ұ մϴ **
pack_isam 10 ̼ ̻ ϰų extended support
ִ ߰ ƿƼ. ̳ʸθ ϹǷ Ư ÷
. 40%-70% ̴. ϹǷ
(mmap()) mmap() ۵ . ϰ б
̺ Ǹ BLOB Į Ѵ.
ִ mysql б ̺
д ϴ. Ÿ ڼ Ŵ .
13. ̺ ļ isamchk ϱ
ͺ̽ ̺ , ̺ , ȭ
isamchk ƿƼ ִ. isamchk
ϴ(ɼǿ ), ̺ ȹ
, isamchk پ ϱ isamchk
ϴ ϰ ִ.
13.1 isamchk ɾ
isamchk Ѵ:
shell> isamchk [options] tbl_name
ɼ isamchk Ѵ. Ʒ Ѵ.
(isamchk --help ɼ ִ) ɼ ,
isamchk ̺ Ѵ. ϰų Ư
۾ ʿϸ Ʒ ϴµ ɼ Ѵ.
tbl_name ϱ ϴ ͺ̽ ̴̺. ͺ̽
丮 ƴ ٸ isamchk ϸ, θ ؾ
. ֳϸ isamchk ͺ̽ ġ ؼ ϱ
̴. , isamchk ۾Ϸ ͺ̽ 丮
ƴ Ű ʴ´; ͺ̽ ̺ شϴ
ٸ ϰ װ ۾ ִ.
Ѵٸ isamchk ̺ ִ.
̸ ε ̸('.ISM' ) ̷
'*.ISM' Ͽ 丮 ̺ ִ.
ͺ̽ 丮 ִٸ 丮
̺ ִ:
shell> isamchk *.ISM
If you are not in the database directory, you can check all the
tables there by specifying the path to the directory:
ͺ̽ 丮 , 丮 θ Ͽ
̺ ִ.
shell> isamchk /path/to/database_dir/*.ISM
mysql data 丮 θ ϵ ī带 Ͽ
ͺ̽ ̺ ִ:
shell> isamchk /path/to/datadir/*/*.ISM
isamchk ɼ Ѵ:
-a, --analyze
Analyze the distribution of keys. This will make some joins in MySQL
faster. Ű м. mysql Ư .
-#, --debug=debug_options
Output debug log. The debug_options string often is
'd:t:o,filename'.
α . debug_options ڴ 'd:t:o,filename' ̴.
-d, --description
̺
-e, --extend-check
̺ ſ ϰ . Ư 쿡 ʿϴ. Ϲ
isamchk ɼ ã ִ.
-f, --force
Overwrite old temporary files. If you use -f when checking tables
(running isamchk without -r), isamchk will automatically restart with
-r on any table for which an error occurs during checking.
ӽ . ̺ Ҷ -f ϸ(-r
isamchk ) isamchk ϴ ϴ ̺
-r ɼ Ѵ.
--help
.
-i, --information
̺ .
-k #, --keys-used=#
Used with -r. Tell the NISAM table handler to update only the first
# indexes. Higher-numbered indexes are deactivated. This can be used
to get faster inserts! Deactivated indexes can be reactivated by
using isamchk
-r.
-r Բ . NISAM ̺ ڵ鷯 ù # ε Ʈ϶
˷ش. Higher-numberd(?) ε ȴ. ̰ insert
Ҷ Ѵ! ε isamchk -r Ͽ Ȱȭ
ȴ.
-l, --no-symlinks
Ҷ ɺ ũ ʴ´. Ϲ isamchk ɺ
ũ Ű ̺ Ѵ.
-q, --quick
ϱ -r Բ . Ϲ Ÿ
ǵ帮 ʴ´; ι° -q Ͽ Ÿ ϵ
ִ.
-r, --recover
. ʴ unique Ű ϰ
.
-o, --safe-recover
. ; -r Ͽ ϴ ͺ
. -r ٷ 쿡 ִ.
(** -r ٷ ڳ... **)
-O var=option, --set-variable var=option
. Ʒ .
-s, --silent
ħ . Ѵ. ΰ -s(-ss) ϸ
isamchk ſ ϰ ۾ ִ.
-S, --sort-index
Sort index blocks. This speeds up "read-next" in applications.
ε . ø̼ǿ "read-next" ӵ .(??)
-R index_num, --sort-records=index_num
ε ڵ带 . ۾ ϸ Ÿ ߽ų ְ
ε SELECT ORDER BY ۾ ӵ ų ִ.
(ó ϴ ð ſ !) ̺ ε ȣ ã
SHOW INDEX Ѵ. SHOW INDEX isamchk ϴ Ͱ
̺ ε ش. ε 1 Ͽ ȣ
Ű.
-u, --unpack
Unpack a table that was packed with pack_isam.
pack_isam ̺ .
-v, --verbose
Verbose . . -d -e Բ ִ.
-v (-vv, -vvv)Ͽ ڼϰ ִ.
-V, --version isamchk .
-w, --wait
̺ ɷ ٸ.
--set-variable (-O) ɼ :
keybuffer default value: 520192
readbuffer default value: 262136
writebuffer default value: 262136
sortbuffer default value: 2097144
sort_key_blocks default value: 16
decode_bits default value: 9
13.2 isamchk
Memory allocation is important when you run isamchk. isamchk uses no
more memory than you specify with the -O options. If you are going to
use isamchk on very large files, you should first decide how much
memory you want it to use. The default is to use only about 3M to fix
things. By using larger values, you can get isamchk to operate
faster. For example, if you have more than 32M RAM, you could use
options such as these (in addition to any other options you might
specify):
Ҵ isamchk ߿ϴ.isamchk -O ɼǿ
̻ ʴ´. ſ ū Ͽ isamchk
Ϸ ϸ, ؾ Ѵ.
⺻ ġµ 3M Ѵ.
isamchk ִ. 32M ̻ ִٸ
ɼ ִ. (ڰ ɼǿ ߰Ͽ):
shell> isamchk -O sortbuffer=16M -O keybuffer=16M \
-O readbuffer=1M -O writebuffer=1M ...
-O sortbuffer=16M ϸ κ 쿡 ϴ.
Be aware that isamchk uses temporary files in TMPDIR. If TMPDIR
points to a memory file system, you may easily get out of memory
errors.
isamchk TMPDIR ӽ Ѵٴ Ϳ . TMPDIR
ý Ųٸ
.
13. 3 ̺
涧 ٸ ͺ ̺ ϴ .
ȹ Ͽ isamchk -s ̺ ִ.
-s ɼ ϸ isamchk ħ ۵ ϸ
Ѵ.
Ҷ ̺ ϴ ͵ ̴.
Ʈ ߿ ý Ϲ
̺(̰ "expected crashed table"̶ Ѵ) ؾ Ѵ.
'.pid' (μ ID) Ŀ ִٸ ֱ
24ð ̺ ϱ safe_mysqld
isamchk ϴ Ʈ ߰ؾ Ѵ.('.pid' mysqld
Ҷ Ϲ mysqld ɶ ŵȴ. ý
Ҷ '.pid' ִٴ mysqld Ǿٴ
Ÿ.)
Ʈ ֱٿ ð '.pid' Ϻ ֱ ̺
ϴ ̴.
Ϲ ý ߿ ̺ ִ. TcX
'crontab' Ͽ Ͽ Ͽ ѹ 츮
߿ ̺ ϵ cron ۾ :
35 0 * * 0 /path/to/isamchk -s /path/to/datadir/*/*.ISM
̷ ϸ ջ ̺ Ͽ ʿҶ ̺
ϰ ִ.
⵿ 츮 ϰ ̺ ջ(ϵ ƴ
̺) 찡 츮 ϸε
ϴ. (̰ ̴)
츮ŭ mysql ŷڸ ֱ 24ð Ʈ
̺ 㸶 isamchk -s õѴ.
13.4 ̺
̺ 踦 Ʒ . ڿ
ڼϰ ̴.
isamchk -d tbl_name
̺ "describe() " isamchk
. mysql --skip-locking ɼ ϸ, isamchk
Ǵ Ʈ ̺ Ѵ.
isamchk describe 忡 ̺ ϱ
Ÿ .
isamchk -d -v tbl_name
isamchk ϴ Ϳ ڼ -v ɼ ߰
Ͽ verbose ִ.
isamchk -eis tbl_name
̺ ߿ ش. ü ̺ о ϱ
ӵ .
isamchk -eiv tbl_name
-eiv ǰ ִ ش.
isamchk -d :
ISAM file: company.ISM
Data records: 1403698 Deleted blocks: 0
Recordlength: 226
Record format: Fixed length
table description:
Key Start Len Index Type
1 2 8 unique double
2 15 10 multip. text packed stripped
3 219 8 multip. double
4 63 10 multip. text packed stripped
5 167 2 multip. unsigned short
6 177 4 multip. unsigned long
7 155 4 multip. text
8 138 4 multip. unsigned long
9 177 4 multip. unsigned long
193 1 text
isamchk -d -v :
ISAM file: company.ISM
Isam-version: 2
Creation time: 1996-08-28 11:44:22
Recover time: 1997-01-12 18:35:29
Data records: 1403698 Deleted blocks: 0
Datafile: Parts: 1403698 Deleted data: 0
Datafilepointer (bytes): 3 Keyfile pointer (bytes): 3
Max datafile length: 3791650815 Max keyfile length: 4294967294
Recordlength: 226
Record format: Fixed length
table description:
Key Start Len Index Type Root Blocksize
Rec/key
1 2 8 unique double 15845376 1024
1
2 15 10 multip. text packed stripped 25062400 1024
2
3 219 8 multip. double 40907776 1024
73
4 63 10 multip. text packed stripped 48097280 1024
5
5 167 2 multip. unsigned short 55200768 1024
4840
6 177 4 multip. unsigned long 65145856 1024
1346
7 155 4 multip. text 75090944 1024
4995
8 138 4 multip. unsigned long 85036032 1024
87
9 177 4 multip. unsigned long 96481280 1024
178
193 1 text
Example of isamchk -eis :
Checking ISAM file: company.ISM
Key: 1: Keyblocks used: 97% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4
Key: 2: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 50% Max levels: 4
Key: 3: Keyblocks used: 97% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4
Key: 4: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 60% Max levels: 3
Key: 5: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3
Key: 6: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3
Key: 7: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3
Key: 8: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3
Key: 9: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4
Total: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 17%
Records: 1403698 M.recordlength: 226 Packed:
0%
Recordspace used: 100% Empty space: 0% Blocks/Record:
1.00
Recordblocks: 1403698 Deleteblocks: 0
Recorddata: 317235748 Deleted data: 0
Lost space: 0 Linkdata: 0
User time 1626.51, System time 232.36
Maximum resident set size 0, Integral resident set size 0
Non physical pagefaults 0, Physical pagefaults 627, Swaps 0
Blocks in 0 out 0, Messages in 0 out 0, Signals 0
Voluntary context switches 639, Involuntary context switches 28966
isamchk -eiv :
Checking ISAM file: company.ISM
Data records: 1403698 Deleted blocks: 0
- check file-size
- check delete-chain
index 1:
index 2:
index 3:
index 4:
index 5:
index 6:
index 7:
index 8:
index 9:
No recordlinks
- check index reference
- check data record references index: 1
Key: 1: Keyblocks used: 97% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4
- check data record references index: 2
Key: 2: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 50% Max levels: 4
- check data record references index: 3
Key: 3: Keyblocks used: 97% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4
- check data record references index: 4
Key: 4: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 60% Max levels: 3
- check data record references index: 5
Key: 5: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3
- check data record references index: 6
Key: 6: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3
- check data record references index: 7
Key: 7: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3
- check data record references index: 8
Key: 8: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3
- check data record references index: 9
Key: 9: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4
Total: Keyblocks used: 9% Packed: 17%
- check records and index references
[LOTS OF ROW NUMBERS DELETED]
Records: 1403698 M.recordlength: 226 Packed:
0%
Recordspace used: 100% Empty space: 0% Blocks/Record:
1.00
Recordblocks: 1403698 Deleteblocks: 0
Recorddata: 317235748 Deleted data: 0
Lost space: 0 Linkdata: 0
User time 1639.63, System time 251.61
Maximum resident set size 0, Integral resident set size 0
Non physical pagefaults 0, Physical pagefaults 10580, Swaps 0
Blocks in 4 out 0, Messages in 0 out 0, Signals 0
Voluntary context switches 10604, Involuntary context switches 122798
̺ Ÿ ε ũ̴:
-rw-rw-r-- 1 monty tcx 317235748 Jan 12 17:30 company.ISD
-rw-rw-r-- 1 davida tcx 96482304 Jan 12 18:35 company.ISM
isamchk ϴ ŸԿ Ʒ . "keyfile"
ε ̴. "Record" "row" ̴.
ISAM file
ISAM (index) ̸.
Isam-version
ISAM . 2.
Creation time
Ÿ ð.
Recover time
ε/Ÿ ֱٿ ð.
Data records
̺ ִ ڵ .
Deleted blocks
ϰ ִ . ̷ ̱
̺ ȭ ִ. 13.5.3 [ȭ] .
Datafile: Parts
ڵ , Ÿ ִ
˸. ȭ ڵ尡 ȭ ̺ Data
records .
Deleted data
ȸ Ÿ Ʈ . ̷ ֱ
̺ ȭ ִ. 13.5.3 [ȭ] .
Datafile pointer
Ÿ ũ Ʈ. Ϲ 2,3,4,5
Ʈ̴. κ ̺ 2Ʈ Ѵ.
mysql . ̺ ̴
ڵ ּ(address)̴. ̺ ̴ Ʈ ּ
.
Keyfile pointer
ε ũ Ʈ. Ϲ 1,2,3 Ʈ
. ̺ 2Ʈ Ѵ. ũ
mysql ȴ. ̴ּ.
Max datafile length
̺ (.ISD ) ִ ũ. Ʈ.
Max keyfile length
̺ key file(.ISM ) ִ ũ. Ʈ.
Recordlength
ڵ尡 ϰ ִ . Ʈ.
Record format
̺ ڵ带 ϴµ .
̸ ϰ ִ.
ٸ Compressed Packed ̴.
table description
̺ Ű . Ű ڼ
:
Key
Ű .
Start
Where in the record this index part starts.
ڵ忡 ε ϴ ġ.
Len
How long this index part is. For packed numbers, this should always
be the full length of the column. For strings, it may be shorter than
the full length of the indexed column, because you can index a prefix
of a string column.
ε κ . For packed numbers( ڸ ???
̻..), ÷ ѱ̰ Ǿ Ѵ. ڿ ε
̺ ۾ƾ Ѵ. ֳϸ ڿ ÷ տ ε....
Index
ε ִ Ÿ
.
Type
ε κ Ÿ. packed, stripped, empty ɼ
NISAM Ÿ Ÿ̴.
Root
Ʈ ε ּ.
Blocksize
ε ũ.⺻ 1024̴.
ִ.
Rec/key
This is a statistical value used by the optimizer. It tells how many
records there are per value for this key. A unique key always has a
value of 1. This may be updated after a table is loaded (or greatly
changed) with isamchk -a. If this is not updated at all, a default
value of 30 is given.
ȭ(optimizer) ϴ . It tells how
many records there are per value for this key. unique Ű 1
. isamchk -a ̺ ε Ŀ(Ǵ ſ
Ǿ) Ʈȴ. Ʈ ⺻ 30
־.
ù° , 9° Ű κκ Ƽ-Ʈ Ű̴.
Keyblocks used
What percentage of the keyblocks are used. Since the table used in
the examples had just been reorganized with isamchk, the values are
very high (very near the theoretical maximum).
Ű ϰ ִ .(%) ̺ isamchk
ȭ(reorganize)Ǿ ſ .(̷ ִ밪
)
Packed
MySQL tries to pack keys with a common suffix. This can only be used
for CHAR/VARCHAR/DECIM
AL keys. For long strings like names, this can significantly reduce
the space used. In the third example above, the 4th key is 10
characters long and a 60% reduction in space is achieved.
.... ̸ long ڿ δ.
° 4° Ű 10 long ̰ 60% پ.
(** ȵǴµ ̻簰 ٿ ڿ
̰ **)
Max levels
How deep the B-tree for this key is. Large tables with long
keys get high values.
Records
̺ ڵ.
M.recordlength
ڵ . 渮 ڵ ̺
̿ .
Packed
MySQL strips spaces from the end of strings. The Packed value
indicates the percentage savings achieved by doing this.
mysql ڳ Ѵ.Packed value ̷ ؼ
Ѵ.
Recordspace used
Ÿ ϴ .
Empty space
Ÿ ʴ .
Blocks/Record
ڵ .(, ȭ ڵ尡 ũ
Ǿ ִ) - ̺ 1̴. 1
ؾѴ. ʹ Ŀ isamchk ̺ ȭ
(reorganize)ؾ Ѵ. 13.5.3 [Optimizaiton] .
Recordblocks
ϴ (ũ). ˿ ̰ ڵ .
Deleteblocks
(ũ).
Recorddata
Ÿ ϴ Ʈ.
Deleted data
Ͽ ( ʴ) Ʈ.
Lost space
ڵ尡 ſ ª ̷ ƮǸ ణ Ұ
. ̷ bytes հ̴.
Linkdata
̺ ,ڵ ͷ ũ
.Linkdata ̷ Ϳ ϴ ̴.
pack_isam ̺ , isamchk -d ̺ ÷
߰ Ѵ.̷ ǹϴ
ؼ 12.3 [pack_isam] .
13.5 ļ isamchk ϱ.
mysql Ÿ ϴµ ϴ ϰ Ʈ
Ǿ. ͺ̽ ̺ ջ ִ ܺ Ȳ
ִ:
߿ mysqld μ .
ġ ϰ ǻͰ ˴ٿǾ
( , ǻ )
ϵ
̹ mysql ͺ̽ data ջ üũϰ ̿ ó
ϴ ؼ Ѵ.
ջ ۾ ͺ̽ ̺ tbl_name ͺ
丮 Ͽ Ѵٴ Ϳ ؼ ϰ ִ
ϴ:
뵵
`tbl_name.frm' ̺ ()
`tbl_name.ISD' Ÿ
`tbl_name.ISM' ε
Ÿ پ ջ Ѵ. κ
Ÿ ϰ ε Ͽ .
isamchk '.ISD' (Ÿ) 纹 ۾ Ѵ.
'.ISD' ϰ ο ̸ ٲٸ鼭
۾ ģ. --quick ɼ ϸ isamchk ӽ '.ISD'
ʴ´. '.ISD' Ȯϴٰ Ͽ '.ISD'
մ ʰ ο ε ϸ Ѵ. isamchk ڵ
'ISD' ջǾ Ȯϰ ջǾ ۾
Ƿ --quick ɼ ϴ ϴ. ΰ -quick ɼ
ִ. ̷ Ư (ߺ Ű ) Ҹ
'.ISD' Ͽ ذϷ Ѵ.Ϲ ΰ
--quick ɼ ϴ ۾ ϱ ũ
쿡 ϴ. ̷ isamchk ϱ ּ
ƾ Ѵ.
13.5.1 ̺
̺ ϱ Ѵ:
:
isamchk tbl_name
99.99% ߰ ִ. ߰ ϴ
Ÿ ϰ õ ջ̴.(Ϲ ʴ´)
̺ ϰ Ѵٸ Ϲδ ƹ ɼ ʰų -s
--silent ɼ ־ isamchk ϴ ̴.
isamchk -e tbl_name
ɼ ϰ Ѵ.( -e "extended
check" ǹѴ) Ű Ȯ ڵ带 Ű ִ
.It does a check-read of every key for each row to verify that they
indeed point to the correct row. Ű ū ̺ ð
ɸ. isamchk Ϲ ù° ߰ϸ
. Ѵٸ, --verbose (-v) ɼ ߰
ִ. ɼ ߰ϸ isamchk ִ 20
Ѵ. Ϲδ isamchk (̺ ̸ ܿ ƹ
μ ) ϴ.
isamchk -e -i tbl_name
ɰ . -i ɼ ̸ isamchk
踦 Ѵ.
13.5.2 ̺
ջ ̺ ¡Ĵ Ϲ ǰ ڱ ǰ
:
`tbl_name.frm' is locked against change
Can't find file `tbl_name.ISM' (Errcode: ###)
Got error ### from table handler (Error 135 is an exception in this
case)
Unexpected end of file
Record file is crashed
̷ , ̺ ľ Ѵ. isamchk Ϲ ߸
ϰ κ ģ.
Ʒ ϴ´ 4ܰ谡 ִ.ϱ
Ÿ̽ 丮 ̵ϰ(cd ̿) ̺ ۹̼
Ȯؾ Ѵ. mysqld մ н ڰ ִ
Ȯؾ Ѵ. ( ۾ Ϸ . ֳϸ Ϸ Ͽ
ؾ ϱ ̴) ؾ Ѵٸ Ͽ
Ѵ.
1ܰ : ̺
isamchk *.ISM Ǵ ( ð ִٸ isamchk -e *.ISM). ʿ
-s (silent) ɼ Ѵ.
isamchk ִٰ ˸ ̺ ľ Ѵ. ̷ ̺
2ܰ Ѿ.
ϸ鼭 (out of memory ) Ǵ isamchk
߾ 3ܰ Ѿ.
2ܰ :
isamchk -r -r tbl_name õѴ. (-r -q " "
ǹ) ̰ Ÿ մ ʰ ε õѴ.
Ÿ Ǿ ְ ũ Ÿ ϳ Ȯ
ġ Ű ִٸ, Ȱϰ ۵ ϰ ̺ ĥ ̴.(If
the data file contains everything that it should and the delete links
point at the correct locations within the data file, this should work
and the table is fixed.) ̺ ġ. װ ƴ϶
Ѵ:
1. ϱ Ÿ
2. isamchk -r tbl_name .(-r " " ǹ)
Ÿ Ͽ Ȯ ڵ ڵ带 ϰ ε
籸Ѵ.
3. ϸ, isamchk --safe_recover tbl_name
. Safe recovery ϸ Ϲ
쿡 ִ.( )
ϸ鼭 (out of memory ) Ǵ isamchk
߾ 3ܰ Ѿ.
3ܰ :
ε ù 16k ıǰų Ȯ
, Ǵ ε 쿡 ̹ ܰ ´. ̰
ο ε Ѵ. :
1. Ÿ ҷ ̵.
2. ο() Ÿ ε table
description :
shell> mysql db_name
mysql> DELETE FROM tbl_name;
mysql> quit
3. Ÿ Ӱ Ϸ . (
Ÿ ο Ϸ ű ; ߸Ǿ 纻
ϱ ̴)
2ܰ . isamchk -r -q ۵ ̴. (
Ǹ ȵȴ. This shouldn't be an endless loop).
4ܰ : ſ
description ջ Ծ 쿡 ̹ ܰ ´.
description ̺ Ŀ ʱ , ̷
ܼ ȵȴ.
1. description 3ܰ Ѿ.
ε ְ 2ܰ Ѿ.
isamchk -r ؾ Ѵ.
2. Ȯ ̺ ˰
ٸ, ͺ̽ ̺ 纻 . ο
Ÿ ϰ ٸ ͺ̽ description ε
ջ ͺ̽ ű. ̷ ϸ ο description
ε Ÿ ϸ ִ. 2ܰ
ε 籸Ѵ.
13.5.3 ̺ ȭ
ڵ带 ϰų ̵ ϸ鼭 ȭ ڵ带
ʿϰ ϱ isamchk
:
shell> isamchk -r tbl_name
SQL OPTIMIZE TABLE ̿Ͽ ̺ ȭ
ִ. OPTIMIZE TABLE isamchk .
isamchk ̺ ų ִ ɼ
ִ:
-S, --sort-index
high-low ε Ʈ . ˻ ȭϰ Ű
̺ ˻ Ѵ.
-R index_num, --sort-records=index_num
ε ڵ带 . Ÿ ȭϰ ε
ϴ SELECT ORDER BY ۷̼ ӵ Ų.
(ó ϴ ð û !) ̺ ε ȣ
ȮϷ SHOW INDEX ϸ Ǹ, SHOW INDEX isamchk
˻ϴ ̺ ε ش. ε 1
ȣ Ű.
-a, --analyze
̺ Ű м. ߿ ̺ ڵ带
Ų.
14 Adding new functions
to MySQL
There are two ways to add new functions to MySQL:
You can add the function through the user-definable function (UDF)
interface. User-definable functions are added and removed dynamically
using the CREATE FUNCTION and DROP FUNCTION statements. See section
7.29 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION syntax.
You can add the function as a native (built in) MySQL function.
Native functions are compiled into the mysqld server and become
available on a permanent basis.
Each method has advantages and disadvantages:
If you write a user-definable function, you must install the object
file in addition to the server itself. If you compile your function
into the server, you don't need to do that.
You can add UDFs to a binary MySQL distribution. Native functions
require you to modify a source distribution.
If you upgrade your MySQL distribution, you can continue to use your
previously-installed UDFs. For native functions, you must repeat your
modifications each time you upgrade.
Whichever method you use to add new functions, they may be used just
like native functions such as ABS() or SOUNDEX().
14.1 Adding a new user-definable function
For the UDF mechanism to work, functions must be written in C or C++
and your operating system must support dynamic loading. The MySQL
source distribution includes a file `sql/udf_example.cc' that defines
5 new functions. Consult this file to see how UDF calling conventions
work.
For each function that you want to use in SQL statements, you should
define corresponding C (or C++) functions. In the discussion below,
the name ``xxx'' is used for an example function name. To distinquish
between SQL and C/C++ usage, XXX() (uppercase) indicates a SQL
function call, and xxx() (lowercase) indicates a C/C++ function call.
The C/C++ functions that you write to implement the inferface for
XXX() are:
xxx() (required)
The main function. This is where the function result is computed.
The correspondence between the SQL type and return type of your C/C++
function is shown below:
+------------+--------------+
| SQL type | C/C++ type |
+------------+--------------+
| STRING | char * |
+------------+--------------+
| INTEGER | long long |
+------------+--------------+
| REAL | double |
+------------+--------------+
xxx_init() (optional)
The initialization function for xxx(). It can be used to:
Check the number of arguments to XXX()
Check that the arguments are of a required type, or, alternatively,
tell MySQL to coerce arguments to the types you want when the main
function is called Allocate any memory required by the main function
Specify the maximum length of the result
Specify (for REAL functions) the maximum number of decimals
Specify whether or not the result can be NULL
xxx_deinit() (optional)
The deinitialization function for xxx(). It should deallocate any
memory allocated by the initialization function.
When a SQL statement invokes XXX(), MySQL calls the initialization
function xxx_init() to let it perform any required setup, such as
argument checking or memory allocation. If xxx_init() returns an
error, the SQL statement is aborted with an error message and the
main and deinitialization functions are not called. Otherwise, the
main function xxx() is called once for each row. After all rows have
been processed, the deinitialization function xxx_deinit() is called
so it can perform any required cleanup.
All functions must be thread-safe (not just the main function, but
the initialization and deinitialization functions as well). This
means that you are not allowed to allocate any global or static
variables that change! If you need memory, you should allocate it in
xxx_init() and free it in xxx_deinit().
14.1.1 UDF calling sequences
The main function should be declared as shown below. Note that the
return type and parameters differ, depending on whether you will
declare the SQL function XXX() to return STRING, INTEGER or REAL in
the CREATE FUNCTION statement:
For STRING functions:
char *xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
char *result, unsigned long *length,
char *is_null, char *error);
For INTEGER functions:
long long xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
char *is_null, char *error);
For REAL functions:
double xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
char *is_null, char *error);
The initialization and deinitialization functions are declared like
this:
my_bool xxx_init(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args, char *message);
void xxx_deinit(UDF_INIT *initid);
The initid parameter is passed to all three functions. It points to a
UDF_INIT structure that is used to communicate information between
functions. The UDF_INIT structure members are listed below. The
initialization function should fill in any members that it wishes to
change. (To use the default for a member, leave it unchanged.)
my_bool maybe_null
xxx_init() should set maybe_null to 1 if xxx() can return NULL. The
default value is 1 if any of the arguments are declared maybe_null.
unsigned int decimals
Number of decimals. The default value is the maximum number of
decimals in the arguments passed to the main function. (For example,
if the function is passed 1.34, 1.345 and 1.3, the default would be
3, since 1.345 has 3 decimals.
unsigned int max_length
The maximum length of the string result. The default value differs
depending on the result type of the function. For string functions,
the default is the length of the longest argument. For integer
functions, the default is 21 digits. For real functions, the default
is 13 plus the number of decimals indicated by initid->decimals. (For
numeric functions, the length includes any sign or decimal point
characters.)
char *ptr
A pointer that the function can use for its own purposes. For
example, functions can use initid->ptr to communicate allocated
memory between functions. In xxx_init(), allocate the memory and
assign it to this pointer:
initid->ptr = allocated_memory;
In xxx() and xxx_deinit(), refer to initid->ptr to use or deallocate
the memory.
14.1.2 Argument processing
The args parameter points to a UDF_ARGS structure which has the
members listed below:
unsigned int arg_count
The number of arguments. Check this value in the initialization
function if you want your function to be called with a particular
number of arguments. For example:
if (args->arg_count != 2)
{
strcpy(message,"XXX() requires two arguments");
return 1;
}
enum Item_result *arg_type
The types for each argument. The possible type values are
STRING_RESULT, INT_RESULT and REAL_RESULT. To make sure that
arguments are of a given type and return an error if they are not,
check the arg_type array in the initialization function. For example:
if (args->arg_type[0] != STRING_RESULT
&& args->arg_type[1] != INT_RESULT)
{
strcpy(message,"XXX() requires a string and an integer");
return 1;
}
As an alternative to requiring your function's arguments to be of
particular types, you can use the initialization function to set the
arg_type elements to the types you want. This causes MySQL to coerce
arguments to those types for each call to xxx(). For example, to
specify coercion of the first two arguments to string and integer, do
this in xxx_init():
args->arg_type[0] = STRING_RESULT;
args->arg_type[1] = INT_RESULT;
char **args
args->args communicates information to the initialization function
about the general nature of the arguments your function was called
with. For a constant argument i, args->args[i] points to the argument
value. (See below for instructions on how to access the value
properly.) For a non-constant argument, args->args[i] is 0. A
constant argument is an expression that uses only constants, such as
3 or 4*7-2 or SIN(3.14). A non-constant argument is an expression
that refers to values that may change from row to row, such as column
names or functions that are called with non-constant arguments. For
each invocation of the main function, args->args contains the actual
arguments that are passed for the row currently being processed.
Functions can refer to an argument i as follows:
An argument of type STRING_RESULT is given as a string pointer plus a
length, to allow handling of binary data or data of arbitrary length.
The string contents are available as args->args[i] and the string
length is args->lengths[i]. You should not assume that strings are
null-terminated.
For an argument of type INT_RESULT, you must cast args->args[i] to a
long long value:
long long int_val;
int_val = *((long long*) args->args[i]);
For an argument of type REAL_RESULT, you must cast args->args[i] to a
double value:
double real_val;
real_val = *((double*) args->args[i]);
unsigned long *lengths
For the initialization function, the lengths array indicates the
maximum string length for each argument. For each invocation of the
main function, lengths contains the actual lengths of any string
arguments that are passed for the row currently being processed. For
arguments of types INT_RESULT or REAL_RESULT, lengths still contains
the maximum length of the argument (as for the initialization
function).
14.1.3 Return values and error handling
The initialization function should return 0 if no error occurred and
1 otherwise. If an error occurs, xxx_init() should store a
null-terminated error message in the message parameter. The message
will be returned to the client. The message buffer is
MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE characters long, but you should try to keep the
message to less than 80 characters so that it fits the width of a
standard terminal screen.
The return value of the main function xxx() is the function value,
for long long and double functions. For string functions, the string
is returned in the result and length arguments. result is a buffer at
least 255 bytes long. Set these to the contents and length of the
return value. For example:
memcpy(result, "result string", 13);
*length = 13;
The string function return value normally also points to the result.
To indicate a return value of NULL in the main function, set is_null
to 1:
*is_null = 1;
To indicate an error return in the main function, set the error
parameter to 1:
*error = 1;
If xxx() sets *error to 1 for any row, the function value is NULL for
the current row and for any subsequent rows processed by the
statement in which XXX() was invoked. (xxx() will not even be called
for subsequent rows.) Note: In MySQL versions prior to 3.22.10, you
should set both *error and *is_null:
*error = 1;
*is_null = 1;
14.1.4 Compiling and installing user-definable functions
Files implementing UDFs must be compiled and installed on the host
where the server runs. This process is described below for the
example UDF file `udf_example.cc' that is included in the MySQL
source distribution. This file contains the following functions:
metaphon() returns a metaphon string of the string argument. This is
something like a soundex string, but it's more tuned for English.
myfunc_double() returns the sum of the ASCII values of the characters
in its arguments, divided by the sum of the length of its arguments.
myfunc_int() returns the sum of the length of its arguments.
lookup() returns the IP number for a hostname.
reverse_lookup() returns the hostname for an IP number. The function
may be called with a string "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx" or four numbers.
A dynamically-loadable file should be compiled as a sharable object
file, using a command something like this:
shell> gcc -shared -o udf_example.so myfunc.cc
You can easily find out the correct compiler options for your system
by running this command in the `sql' directory of your MySQL source
tree:
shell> make udf_example.o
You should run a compile command similar to the one that make
displays, except that you should remove the -c option near the end of
the line and add -o udf_example.so to the end of the line. (On some
systems, you may need to leave the -c on the command.)
Once you compile a shared object containing UDFs, you must install it
and tell MySQL about it. Compiling a shared object from
`udf_example.cc' produces a file named something like
`udf_example.so' (the exact name may vary from platform to platform).
Copy this file to some directory searched by ld, such as `/usr/lib'.
On many systems, you can set the LD_LIBRARY or LD_LIBRARY_PATH
environment variable to point at the directory where you have your
UDF function files. The dopen manual page tells you which variable
you should use on your system. You should set this in mysql.server or
safe_mysqld and restart mysqld.
After the library is installed, notify mysqld about the new functions
with these commands:
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION metaphon RETURNS STRING SONAME
"udf_example.so";
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION myfunc_double RETURNS REAL SONAME
"udf_example.so";
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION myfunc_int RETURNS INTEGER SONAME
"udf_example.so";
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION lookup RETURNS STRING SONAME "udf_example.so";
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION reverse_lookup RETURNS STRING SONAME
"udf_example.so";
Functions can be deleted using DROP FUNCTION:
mysql> DROP FUNCTION metaphon;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION myfunc_double;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION myfunc_int;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION lookup;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION reverse_lookup;
The CREATE FUNCTION and DROP FUNCTION statements update the system
table func in the mysql database. The function's name, type and
shared library name are saved in the table. You must have the insert
and delete privileges for the mysql database to create and drop
functions.
You should not use CREATE FUNCTION to add a function that has already
been created. If you need to reinstall a function, you should remove
it with DROP FUNCTION and then reinstall it with CREATE FUNCTION. You
would need to do this, for example, if you recompile a new version of
your function, so that mysqld gets the new version. Otherwise the
server will continue to use the old version.
Active functions are reloaded each time the server starts, unless you
start mysqld with the --skip-grant-tables option. In this case, UDF
initialization is skipped and UDFs are unavailable. (An active
function is one that has been loaded with CREATE FUNCTION and not
removed with DROP FUNCTION.)
14.2 Adding a new native function
The procedure for adding a new native function is described below.
Note that you cannot add native functions to a binary distribution
since the procedure involves modifying MySQL source code. You must
compile MySQL yourself from a source distribution. Also note that if
you migrate to another version of MySQL (e.g., when a new version is
released), you will need to repeat the procedure with the new
version.
To add a new native MySQL function, follow these steps:
Add one line to `lex.h' that defines the function name in the
sql_functions[] array.
Add two lines to `sql_yacc.yy'. One indicates the preprocessor symbol
that yacc should define (this should be added at the beginning of the
file). Then define the function parameters and add an ``item'' with
these parameters to the simple_expr parsing rule. For an example,
check all occurrences of SOUNDEX in `sql_yacc.yy' to see how this is
done.
In `item_func.h', declare a class inheriting from Item_num_func or
Item_str_func, depending on whether your function returns a number or
a string.
In `item_func.cc', add one of the following declarations, depending
on whether you are defining a numeric or string function:
double Item_func_newname::val()
longlong Item_func_newname::val_int()
String *Item_func_newname::Str(String *str)
You should probably also define the following function:
void Item_func_newname::fix_length_and_dec()
This function should at least calculate max_length based on the given
arguments. max_length is the maximum number of characters the
function may return. This function should also set maybe_null = 0 if
the main function can't return a NULL value. The function can check
if any of the function arguments can return NULL by checking the
arguments maybe_null variable.
All functions must be thread-safe.
For string functions, there are some additional considerations to be
aware of:
The String *str argument provides a string buffer that may be used to
hold the result.
The function should return the string that holds the result.
All current string functions try to avoid allocating any memory
unless absolutely necessary!
15. mysql ODBC
mysql MyODBC α ODBC Ѵ.
15.1 MyODBC ϴ ü
MyODBC 95 NT 32Ʈ ODBC(2.50) 0 ̴̹.
3.x α ֱ ٶ.
(** , ɷ¾ȵ **)
15.2 MyODBC ִ
ODBC , Admndemo.exe, C++-, Centura Team Developer
(formerly Gupta SQL/Windows), ݵǻ(ֶ), ũŻ Ʈ,
, , iHTML, FileMaker Pro, , Notes 4.5/4.6,
SBSS, perl DBD-ODBC, Ķ, Ŀ, VC++, ־
õǾ.
MyODBC ۵ϴ ٸ ø̼ myodbc@tcx.se
ּ~ (** ־ μ **)
εġ, ODBC Ŵ α ϰ MyODBC α ؼ
˰ ʹ. ̷ ̳ ̴µ
̴.
MyODBC log MyODBC / ȭ 'Trace MyODBC'
ǿ üũ Ѵ.
α״ `c:\myodbc.log' ϵ ̴. ɼ ۵Ϸ
MYSQL2.DLL ƴ϶ MYSQL.DLL ؾ Ѵٴ !
15.3 MyODBC ۵ϴ α
κ α myodbc ۵Ѵ. Ʒ Ͽ
ִ 츮 Ͽų ٸ ۵Ѵٰ
Ȯ ̴::
ʹ ۵Ѵ:
- ̺ ̸Ӹ Ű ؾ Ѵ.
- Ʈ DZ ϴ ̺ timestamp
.
- double float ʵ常 ؾ Ѵ. single floats
ϸ Ѵ.
- mysql 'Return matching rows' ɼ ʵ忡 üũ
.
- NT BLOB ÷ OLE OBJECTS Ѵ.
MEMO ÷ ϸ ALTER TABLE ̿ ÷ TEXT
ٲ.
۵Ѵ ִ:
dates CONCAT() Լ Ͽ string
select .
:
select CONCAT(rise_time), CONCAT(set_time) from
sunrise_sunset;
ڿμ 97 time νĵ ̴.
CONCAT() ODBC ÷ "string type"
̴ ̴. CONCAT() , ODBC ÷ time Ÿ
νϸ ̰ ϴµ Ѵ.
̰ . ڵ ڿ
(string) time ȯѴ. ҽ ؽƮ ̶ ̴.
ҽ ÷ Ȯ Ÿ ϴ ODBC ̶ и
̴.
odbcadmin
ODBC Ʈ α.
DBE 3.2 ؾ Ѵ. mysql 'Don't
optimize column width' ɼ ʵ忡 üũ Ѵ.
, myodbc ODBC ϰ BDE ϱ
ڵ尡 ִ. (BDE
ִ BDE Alias ʿ Ѵ) : (Thanks to
Bryan Brunton bryan@flesherfab.com for this)
fReg:= TRegistry.Create;
fReg.OpenKey('\Software\ODBC\ODBC.INI\DocumentsFab', True);
fReg.WriteString('Database', 'Documents');
fReg.WriteString('Description', ' ');
fReg.WriteString('Driver', 'C:\WINNT\System32\myodbc.dll');
fReg.WriteString('Flag', '1');
fReg.WriteString('Password', ");
fReg.WriteString('Port', ' ');
fReg.WriteString('Server', 'xmark');
fReg.WriteString('User', 'winuser');
fReg.OpenKey('\Software\ODBC\ODBC.INI\ODBC Data Sources',
True);
fReg.WriteString('DocumentsFab', 'MySQL');
fReg.CloseKey;
fReg.Free;
Memo1.Lines.Add('DATABASE NAME=');
Memo1.Lines.Add('USER NAME=');
Memo1.Lines.Add('ODBC DSN=DocumentsFab');
Memo1.Lines.Add('OPEN MODE=READ/WRITE');
Memo1.Lines.Add('BATCH COUNT=200');
Memo1.Lines.Add('LANGDRIVER=');
Memo1.Lines.Add('MAX ROWS=-1');
Memo1.Lines.Add('SCHEMA CACHE DIR=');
Memo1.Lines.Add('SCHEMA CACHE SIZE=8');
Memo1.Lines.Add('SCHEMA CACHE TIME=-1');
Memo1.Lines.Add('SQLPASSTHRU MODE=SHARED AUTOCOMMIT');
Memo1.Lines.Add('SQLQRYMODE=');
Memo1.Lines.Add('ENABLE SCHEMA CACHE=FALSE');
Memo1.Lines.Add('ENABLE BCD=FALSE');
Memo1.Lines.Add('ROWSET SIZE=20');
Memo1.Lines.Add('BLOBS TO CACHE=64');
Memo1.Lines.Add('BLOB SIZE=32');
AliasEditor.Add('DocumentsFab','MySQL',Memo1.Lines);
C++
BDE 3.0 ߴ. ϰ ˷ ̺ Ű
ʵ尡 Ʈ ʴ´. BDE ƴ
index PRIMARY ̸Ӹ Ű ν ϴ
δ.
Tested with BDE 3.0. The only known problem is that when the table
schema changes, query fields are not updated. BDE however does not
seem to recognize primary keys, only the index PRIMARY, though this
has not been a problem.
־
̺ Ʈ ϰ Ϸ ̺ ̸Ӹ Ű ؾ
Ѵ.
(** κ ps Ͽ µ Ʈ ֳ...
**)
15.4 ODBC α
95 ̸ ϴ Ϳ ִ:
- IP ּ .
-'lmhosts' Ͽ ߰:
ip hostname
194.216.84.21 my
- DNS Ͽ PC
"ODBC setup" ä :
Windows DSN name: taejun
Description: This is my love database
MySql Database: love
Server: 194.216.84.21
User: taejun
Password: my_password
Port:
DSN ̸ ʵ ODBC ¾ ̴.
ODBC ¾ ȭ鿡 , , н, ʵ忡 ʿ
. صθ õ ⺻
ȴ. ٲ ִ.
Ʈ ȣ ־ , ⺻ Ʈ(3306) ȴ.
15.5 ODBC AUTO_INCREMENT ÷
Ϲ INSERT ڵ Ǵ ID
̴ִ. ODBC ִ. (auto
AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ ):
INSERT INTO foo (auto,text) VALUES(NULL,'text');
SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID();
Ǵ, ٸ ̺ ID ԷѴٸ ִ:
INSERT INTO foo (auto,text) VALUES(NULL,'text');
INSERT INTO foo2 (id,text) VALUES(LAST_INSERT_ID(),'text');
ٸ ODBC ø̼(ּ ̿ ) ϰ ϱ
Ǹ Ӱ Էµ ãµ ִ:
SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE auto IS NULL;
17. Ϲ ذ
17. 1. ͺ̽ (?)
ͺ̽ ϴ Ϲ Ʈ α ̿ϴ
̴. 9.2 [The update log] . ͷ ۵ϴ ͺ
̽ ϳ(Ͱ ) ̺ ۵ϴ ٸ ϳ
ͺ̽ ʿϴ. ̺긦 ƮϷ mysql <
update_log ϸ ȴ. ̵ ͺ̽ ´ ȣƮ, ,
ɼ Ѵ. Է° ͺ̽
Ʈ α Ѵ.
̺ ٸ, 縦 (
ð ) ̺ Էµǰų ãƳ
TIMESTAMP ÷ ְ ̷Ǵ ͺ̽ ڷ
縦 Ѵ.
Ʈ α(for deletes) timestamps(on both sides)
ΰ Ʈϴ ý ִ. ̷
ΰ ends(?) Ϳ 浹 ־
Ѵ. Ƹ ƮǾ ϱ
ϰ ̴.
It is possible to make a two-way updating system using both the
update log (for deletes) and timestamps (on both sides). But in that
case you must be able to handle conflicts when the same data have
been changed in both ends. You probably want to keep the old version
to help with deciding what has been updated.
() SQL ̷ , ͺ̽
Ʈϴ 忡 Լ ؼ ȵȴ;
ͺ̽ ȯ ִ:
DATABASE()
GET_LOCK() and RELEASE_LOCK()
RAND()
USER(), SYSTEM_USER() or SESSION_USER()
VERSION()
timestamp ʿ 쿡 ̷Ǵ time
Լ ϰ ִ. LAST_INSERT_ID() ϰ
ִ.
All time functions are safe to use, as the timestamp is sent to the
mirror if needed.
LAST_INSERT_ID() is also safe to use.
17.2 ͺ̽
mysql ̺ Ϸ DZ ϱⰡ . ϰ
۾ õ ̺ LOCK TABLES . 7.23 [LOCK
TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES syntax] . б ʿϴ;
ͺ̽ 丮 纻 ȿ ٸ 忡
̺ Ǹ ִ. SQL ϰ Ѵٸ
SELECT INTO OUTFILE ִ.
ͺ̽ ϴ ٸ mysqldump α ϴ
̴:
ͺ̽ Ǯ :
shell> mysqldump --tab=/path/to/some/dir --lock-tables --opt
Ʈ ʴ ϰ ̺
(`*.frm', `*.ISD' , `*.ISM' ) ִ. mysqld ǰ
߾ Ѵ. --log-update ɼ ٽ .
''hostname.n' α ̴. n mysqladmin
refresh, mysqladmin flush-logs, the FLUSH LOGS , Ǵ
Ҷ ϴ ̴. ̷ α ̿ mysqldump
ϰ ͺ̽ ȭ ()ϴµ ʿ
ִ.
ϰ Ѵٸ, isamchk -r ̺ .
99.9% ȴ. isamchk ϸ
:
mysqldump Ѵ.
Ʈ α Ʈ ٽ ϱ
Ѵ:
shell> ls -1 -t -r hostname.[0-9]* | xargs cat | mysql
ls Ȯ α µ ȴ.
SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' FROM tbl_name ̿
ڵ尡 ߺǴ ϱ LOAD
DATA INFILE 'file_name' REPLACE ... ̿ ִ. ̰
̺ PRIMARY Ű UNIQUE Ű ʿϴ. REPLACE Ű
ο ڵ忡 unique Ű ڵ尡 ߺǴ
ڵ带 ο ڵ üѴ.
17.3 ӽſ mysqld ϱ
ӽſ ϱ ִ. ,
״ ΰ ο mysql ϴ 찡
. Ǵ ٸ 鿡 mysql ġ ϱ ϴ ͳ
ִ.
ϱ ϸ, ٸ TCP/IP Ʈ
Ϸ ؼ TCP/IP Ʈ û
ʵ ִ.
̹ ϰ ִ ⺻ Ʈ Ϸ Ǿ ִٰ
غ. ο :
shell> ./configure --with-tcp-port=port_number \
--with-unix-socket=file_name \
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql-3.22.9
⼭ port_number file_name ⺻ Ʈ ο
ϸ, --prefix ġǾ ִ mysql ٸ
ؾ Ѵ.
Here port_number and file_name should be different than the default
port number and socket file pathname, and the --prefix value should
specify an installation directory different than the one under which
the existing MySQL installation is located.
ǰ ִ mysql ϰ Ȯ
ִ:
shell>; mysqladmin -h hostname --port port_number variables
ϰ ִ Ʈ ǰ ִ mysql ִٸ, ̸
mysql ߿ ִ. mysqld
ϰ Ű ý ʱȭ ũƮ(Ϲ
''mysql.server') ؾ Ѵ.
ٸ Ʈ ϱ ο mysql
ʿ .
safe_mysqld ɼ Ʈ ִ:
shell>; /path/to/safe_mysqld --socket=file-name --port=file-name
ͺ̽ 丮 α ϵ ϸ鼭 ٸ
ϰ Ѵٸ, safe_mysqld --log --log-update ̿
α ̸ ־ Ѵ.
α Ͽ Ϸ ̴.
: Ϲ ͺ̽ ڷḦ Ʈϴ ΰ
ؼ ȵȴ! ü fault-free ý ŷ(locking)
ʴ´ٸ, ̴.
(** fault-free Ȯ ڱ. Ƹ Ŵµ
ִٸ ϴ Դϴ. **)
ι ٸ ͺ̽ 丮 ϱ ϸ
safe_mysqld --datadir=path ɼ ִ.
ٸ Ʈ mysql ϱ Ѵٸ
ִ:
Ŭ̾Ʈ ɼ . --host
'hostname' --port=port-numer or [--host localhost]
--socket=file-name.
C α mysql Ʈ
ڸ .
Ŭ̾Ʈ ϱ MYSQL_UNIX_PORT
MYSQL_TCP_PORT ȯ . Ϲ Ư
̳ Ʈ ϸ, 'login' Ͽ ȯ .
12.1 [Programs] .
Ȩ 丮 '.my.cnf' Ͽ ⺻ ϰ TCP/IP
. 4.15.4 [Option files] .
18 MySQL client tools
and APIs
18.1 MySQL C API
C API ڵ MYSQL Բ Ǹ, ̰ mysqlclient ̺귯
ԵǾ C α Ͽ ͺ̽ ֵ
. MySQL ҽ Ŭ̾Ʈ C ڵǾ , C
API ϴ ã Ŭ̾Ʈ ڵ
ִ.
18.2 C API datatypes
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL | ̽ ϳ ٷ |
| | üμ MySQL Լ鿡 |
| | ȴ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL_RES | ϴ ǵ(SELECT, SHOW, |
| | DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN) ǥϴ |
| | üμ μ ϵǴ |
| | (result set)̶ θ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL_ROW | ǥϴ ̴. |
| | ̰ counted byte string |
| | 迭 Ǿ ִ. ʵ尪 |
| | ִ 쿡 ο |
| | null Ʈ ֱ |
| | null-terminated string |
| | ٷ . |
| | mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣ |
| | ν ִ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL_FIELD | ʵ , , ũ ʵ忡 |
| | ϴ ü̴. ü |
| | Ʒ ȴ. |
| | ʵ忡 Ͽ mysql_fetch_field() |
| | Լ ȣν ʵ忡 MYSQL_ |
| | FIELD ü ִ. ʵ忡 |
| | ִ ü |
| | ƴϸ, ʹ MYSQL_ROW ü |
| | ȴ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| MYSQL_FIELD_OFFSET | MySQL ʵ Ʈ |
| | (offset) ǥϴ type-safe ̴ |
| | (mysql_field_seek() Լ ȴ). |
| | Offset ʵ ̸ |
| | 0 Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| my_ulonglong | , mysql_affected_rows(), |
| | mysql_num_rows(), mysql_insert_id() |
| | Լ Ǵ ̴. |
| | 0 1.84e19 |
| | ִ. ýۿ |
| | my_ulonglong ϴµ |
| | ִµ, 쿡 |
| | ϱ ؼ ̰ unsigned long |
| | ȯ '%lu' Ʈ |
| |Ѵ. : |
| | |
| |printf (Number of rows: %lu\n", |
| |(unsigned long) mysql_num_rows(result)); |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
MYSQL_FIELD ü :
char * name - ʵ ̸
char * table
- ʵ尡 ʵ(calculated field) ƴ ,
带 ִ ̺ ̸. ʵ NULL
char * def
- ʵ Ʈ (mysql_list_fields() Լ ϴ
쿡 ȴ)
enum enum_field_types type
- ʵ (type). ʵ ̺ ߿ ϳ
.
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Type value | Type meaning |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_TINY | TYNYINT field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_SHORT | SMALLINT field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_LONG | INTEGER field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_INT24 | MEDIUMINT field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_LONGLONG | BIGINT field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_DECIMAL | DECIMAL or NUMERIC field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_FLOAT | FLOAT field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_DOUBLE | DOUBLE or REAL field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_TIMESTAMP | TIMESTAMP field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_DATE | DATE field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_TIME | TIME field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_DATETIME | DATETIME field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_YEAR | YEAR field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_STRING | String (CHAR or VARCHAR) field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_BLOD | BLOD or TEXT field (use max_length |
| | to dete rmine the maximum length) |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_SET | SET field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_ENUM | ENUM field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_NULL | NULL-type field |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| FILE_TYPE_CHAR | Deprecated: use FIELD_TYPE_TINY instead |
+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
IS_NUM() ũ(macro) ̿Ͽ ʵ尡 (numeric type)ΰ
Ʈ ִ.
IS_NUM() İ(type value) μ Ѱ ʵ尡 ̸
'TRUE' Ѵ:
if (IS_NUM(field->type)) {
printf("Field is numeric\n");
}
unsigned int length
- ʵ (width)
unsigned int max_length
- ¿ ʵ ִ (maximum width).
mysql_list_fields() Լ ϴ ʵ ִ
ȴ.
unsigned int flags
- ʵ忡 Different bit-flags. ÷ 0 Ȥ
Ʈ (bit set) ߿ ϳ̴.
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| ÷ | |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| NOT_NULL_FLAG | Field can't be NULL |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| PRI_KEY_FLAG | Field is part of a primary key |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| UNIQUE_KEY_FLAG | Field is part of a unique key |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| MULTIPLE_KEY_FLAG | Field is part of a key |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| UNSIGNED_FLAG | Field has the UNSIGNED attribute |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| ZEROFILL_FLAG | Field has the ZEROFILL attribute |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| BINARY_FLAG | Field has the BINARY attribute |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| AUTO_INCREMENT_FLAG | Field has the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| ENUM_FLAG | Field is an ENUM (deprecated) |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| BLOB_FLAG | Field is a BLOB or TEXT (deprecated) |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| TIMESTAMP_FLAG | Field is a TIMESTAMP (deprecated) |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
BLOB_FLAG, ENUM_FLAG, TIMESTAMP_FLAG ÷ ̵ ÷ ڽ
(type) Ӽ ǥϱ ٴ ʵ ǥϱ
÷ ϴ ʴ. 'field->type'
FIELD_TYPE_BLOB, FIELD_TYPE_ENUM, Ȥ FIELD_TYPE_TIMESTAMP
. Ʒ ÷ Ͽ
Ѵ:
if (field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) {
printf("Field can't be null\n");
}
÷ Ҹ (boolean status) ϴµ ũ
(macro) ִ:
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| IS_NOT_NULL(flags) | ʵ尡 'NOT NULL' ǵǾ |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| IS_PRI_KEY(flags) | ʵ尡 primary key 쿡 |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| IS_BLOB(flags) | ʵ尡 BLOB̳ TEXT |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
unsigned int decimals
- ʵ(numeric field) ڸ(number of decimal)
18.3 C API function overview
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Function | Description |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Mysql_affected | ֱ UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT |
| _rows() | ǿ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Mysql_close() | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Mysql_connect() | ϸ Լ ϱ |
| | ٴ mysql_real_connect() Լ |
| | ϴ ȴ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Mysql_create | DB Ѵ. Լ ϱ |
| _db() | ٴ SQL ɾ CREATE DATABASE |
| | ϴ . |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Mysql_data | ¿ ã´. |
| _seek() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_debug() | ־ ڿ DBUG_PUSH Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_drop | DB Ѵ. Լ ϱ |
| _db() | ٴ SQL ɾ DROP DATABASE |
| | ϴ . |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_dump | Ͽ α |
| _debug_info() | Ѵ |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_eof() | ° |
| | ǥѴ. Լ ϱ⺸ٴ |
| | mysql_errno() mysql_error()Լ |
| | ȴ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_errno() | ֱٿ MySQL Լ |
| | ѹ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_error() | ֱٿ MySQL Լ |
| | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_escape | Escapes special characters in a |
| _string() | string for use in a SQL statement. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_fetch | ̺ ʵ (type) |
| _field() | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_fetch | ־ ʵ ȣ ʵ |
| _field_direct() | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_fetch | ʵ 迭 Ѵ. |
| _fields() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_fetch | ÷ ̸ Ѵ. |
| _lengths() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_fetch | κ ´. |
| _row() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_field | ÷Ŀ Ư ÷ ´. |
| _seek() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_free | ¿ |
| _result() | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_get | Ŭ̾Ʈ Ѵ. |
| _client_info() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_get | ῡ |
| _host_info() | ڿ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_get | ῡ |
| _proto_info() | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_get | ѹ Ѵ. |
| _server_info() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_info() | ֱٿ ǿ |
| | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_init() | MYSQL ü ϰų |
| | ʱȭѴ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_insert | AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ忡 Ͽ |
| _id() | ֱٿ ID . |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_list | ԽĿ ĪǴ |
| _dbs() | DB ̸ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_list | ԽĿ ĪǴ |
| _fields() | ʵ ̸ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_list | Ʈ |
| _processes() | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_list | ԽĿ ĪǴ |
| _tables() | ̺ ̸ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_num | ÷ Ѵ. |
| _fields() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_num | Ѵ |
| _rows() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_ping() | ǰ |
| | ֳ üũϸ, ʿϸ |
| | 翬Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_query() | Null terminated ڿ ־ |
| | SQL Ǹ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_real | MySQL Ѵ. |
| _connect() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_real | Counted ڿ ־ SQL Ǹ |
| _query() | Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_reload() | Ͽ grant ̺ ٽ |
| | εϰ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_row_seek() | mysql_row_tell() Լ |
| | ã´. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_row_tell() | Row cursor ġ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_select | Ư DB Ѵ. |
| _db() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_shutdown() | DB ˴ٿŲ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_stat() | ¸ ǥϴ ڿ Ѵ. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_store | ü Ŭ̾Ʈ ´. |
| _result() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_thread | ID Ѵ. |
| _id() | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| mysql_use | Initiates a row-by-row result set |
| _result() | retrieval. |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+
mysql_init() Լ ȣν connection
handler ʱȭ , handler hostname, user name, password
ٸ mysql_real_connect() Լ ȣѴ.
۾ mysql_close() Լ ȣν Ѵ.
̷ ִ Ŭ̾Ʈ mysql_query()
mysql_real_query() Լ ̿Ͽ SQL Ǹ ִ.
mysql_query() ǰ null-terminated string̾ ϸ,
mysql_real_query() counted string̾ Ѵ. string ̳
(߰ NULL Ʈ ִ) 쿡 ݵ
mysql_real_query() Ͽ Ѵ.
SELECT ǰ ƴ (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) ؼ
mysql_affected_row() Լ ȣν affectǾ
ִ.
SELECT , selectǾ (result set)
ȴ(SHOW, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN ϴ Ϳ ־
SELECT ϸ, ̵ SELECT ϰ óǾ Ѵ)
Ŭ̾Ʈ óϴ ΰ ִ. ϳ
mysql_store_result() Լ ȣν ü ѹ
ν, Լ ǿ ϵ κ
Ŭ̾Ʈ Ѵ. ι° mysql_use_result() Լ ȣ
ν Ŭ̾Ʈ ະ ̴. Լ
۾ ʱȭϱ⸸ ϸ κ
ʴ´.
ΰ , mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣν 鿡
ϰ ȴ.
mysql_store_result() mysql_fetch_row() κ ̹ fetch
鿡 ϸ, mysql_use_result() , mysql_fetch_row()
κ ´. ũ
mysql_fetch_lengths() Լ ȣν ִ.
̿ ۾ mysql_free_result() ȣν
Ѵ.
ΰ retrieval ü ȣ ̴. Ŭ̾Ʈ α
䱸 Ͽ Ѵ. δ
mysql_store_result() ַ ȴ.
mysql_store_result() Ŭ̾Ʈ fetch Ŀ Ŭ
̾Ʈ 鿡 Ӹ ƴ϶
mysql_data_seek() mysql_row_seek() ̿Ͽ ȿ
ġ(current row position) ν յڷ
ִٴ ̴. mysql_num_rows() ȣν
ֳ ִ. ٸ , mysql_store_result()
䱸Ǵ out-of-memory ¸ ɼ
.
mysql_use_result() ѹ ϳ ุ ϱ
ʿϴٴ ̸ Ҵ
Ϸ Ͽ ӵ ִ. tying upϴ
ϱ Ͽ ó־ ϸ
鿡 θ ִ.
ޱ ֳ
. ߰ ã ϴ ãҴ
־ Ѵ.
API ̿ν ǰ SELECTΰ ƴѰ ¿ Ŭ
Ʈ ǿ ְ ִµ, ̴ mysql_query()
(Ȥ mysql_real_query()) ȣ Ŀ mysql_store_result() ȣ
ν ϴ. (succeed)̸ ǰ SELECT̸
ִ. ̸ mysql_num_fields() ȣϿ
result Ǿ° , mysql_num_fields()
0 ϸ Ǵ ƹ ͵ ʴ´(̰ ǰ
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ǹѴ). mysql_num_fields() 0
ƴϸ Ǵ ݵ Ͽ ϴµ ʾ ǹ
ϸ, ̴ ǰ SELECT Ͽ ˷ش.
mysql_store_result() mysql_use_result() ϴ ʵ
(ʵ , ̸, ) ְ ش.
mysql_fetch_field() ȣϿ ʵ
ϰų, mysql_fetch_field_direct() ȣν
ʵ ȣ Ͽ ִ. ʵ Ŀ ġ(current
field cursor position) mysql_field_seek() Լ ȣν
ִ. Setting the field cursor affects subsequent calls to
mysql_fetch_field(). mysql_fetch_fields() ȣν Ѳ
ʵ ִ.
ã ϱ ؼ MySQL mysql_errno() mysql_error()
Լ Ͽ ְ ش. Լ
ٿ invoke ϰų ִ Լ ڵ Ȥ
ϸ, ̸ Ͽ ϰ װ
ִ.
18.4 C API function descriptions
Ʒ Լ ־ NULL ǥ μ ϰ C α
NULL ǹ̸, MySQL NULL ǹϴ ƴ
.
ϴ Լ ͳ Ѵ.
ǥð ٸ ϴ Լ Ͽ NULL ƴ
, ǥϱ ؼ NULL Ѵ. ϴ
쿡 Ͽ 0, 쿡 0 ƴ
Ѵ.
Լ 쿡 mysql_errno(), mysql_error() Լ
Ͽ üũ ִ.
18.4.1 mysql_affected_rows()
my_ulonglong mysql_affected_rows(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.1.1 Description
UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT ǿ
, ַ UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT mysql_query() Լ ȣ
ȣȴ.
SELECT mysql_affected_rows() Լ mysql_num_row() Լó
Ѵ.
mysql_affected_rows() Լ ũ(macro) Ǿ ִ.
18.4.1.2 Return values
0 ū affectedǰų retrieved ǹѴ. 0
WHERE ǿ մϴ ڵ尡 ų ƹ ǵ ʾ
ǹѴ. -1 ǰ Ͽų Ȥ SELECT
mysql_affected_rows() Լ mysql_store_result() Լ ȣ
ȣǾ ǹѴ.
18.4.1.3 Errors
.
18.4.1.4 Example
mysql_query(&mysql,"UPDATE products SET cost=cost*1.25 WHERE
group=10");
printf("%d products updated",mysql_affected_rows(&mysql));
18.4.2 mysql_close()
void mysql_close(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.2.1 Description
ִ ´. ڵ(connection
handle) mysql_init()̳ mysql_real_connect() ؼ ڵ
Ǿٸ mysql_close() mysql ڵ
deallocationѴ.
18.4.2.2 Return values
.
18.4.2.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.3 mysql_connect()
MYSQL *mysql_connect(MYSQL *mysql, const char *host, const char
*user, const char *passwd)
18.4.3.1 Description
Լ ϴ , mysql_real_connect()
ַ ȴ.
mysql_connect() Լ ȣƮ ư ִ MySQL DB
õѴ.
Mysql_connect() mysql_get_client_info() Լ ٸ API
Լ ϱ ݵ Ǿ Ѵ.
Լ μ ǹ̴ mysql_real_connect() Լ ϴ.
18.4.3.2 Return values
mysql_real_connect() Լ .
18.4.3.3 Errors
mysql_real_connect() Լ .
18.4.4 mysql_create_db()
int mysql_create_db(MYSQL *mysql, const char *db)
18.4.4.1 Description
'db' μ ־ ̸ ͺ̽ Ѵ.
Լ ϴ , 'CREATE DATABASE'
SQL mysql_query() Լ ̿Ͽ ϴ .
18.4.4.2 Return values
ͺ̽ 0, 0 ƴ
Ѵ.
18.4.4.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.4.4 Example
if(mysql_create_db(&mysql, "my_database"))
{
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create new database. Error: %s\n",
mysql_error(&mysql));
}
18.4.5 mysql_data_seek()
void mysql_data_seek(MYSQL_RES *result, unsigned int offset)
18.4.5.1 Description
ã´. ̸ ؼ ü
ǿ ü ϰ ־ ϸ, mysql_data_seek()
Լ mysql_use_result() Լʹ
mysql_store_result() Լ Ѵ.
Offset μ 0 mysql_num_rows(result)-1 Ѵ.
18.4.5.2 Return values
None.
18.4.5.3 Errors
None.
18.4.6 mysql_debug()
void mysql_debug(char *debug)
18.4.6.1 Description
debug μ ־ ڿ DBUG_PUSH Ѵ.
mysql_debug() Լ Fred Fish debug ̺귯 Ѵ. Լ
ϱ ؼ ݵ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 ϵ
Ͽ Ѵ. 19.10 MySQL 뿡 Ͽ
, 19.11 MySQL Ŭ̾Ʈ 뿡 Ͽ Ѵ.
18.4.6.2 Return values
None.
18.4.6.3 Errors
None.
18.4.6.4 Example
Ʒ ȣ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 Ͽ Ŭ̾Ʈǿ
'/tmp/client.trace' Ͽ trace file ϰ ش:
mysql_debug("d:t:O,/tmp/client.trace");
18.4.7 mysql_drop_db()
int mysql_drop_db(MYSQL *mysql, const char *db)
18.4.7.1 Description
db μ ־ ̸ ͺ̽ ӽŲ.
Լ ϴ , 'DROP DATABASE'
SQL mysql_query() Լ ̿Ͽ ϴ .
18.4.7.2 Return values
ͺ̽ ӵ 0, 0
Ѵ.
18.4.7.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.7.4 Example
if(mysql_drop_db(&mysql, "my_database"))
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to drop the database: Error: %s\n",
mysql_error(&mysql));
18.4.8 mysql_dump_debug_info()
int mysql_dump_debug_info(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.8.1 Description
Ͽ α ϰ Ѵ. Ǿ ִ
(connected user) ۾ ־ Ѵ.
18.4.8.2 Return values
ϸ 0, ϸ 0 ƴ Ѵ.
18.4.8.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.9 mysql_eof()
my_bool mysql_eof(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.9.1 Description
Լ ϴ , mysql_errno() Լ
mysql_error() Լ Ѵ.
mysql_eof() Լ ǴѴ.
mysql_store_result() Լκ ٸ Ŭ
Ʈ ѹ ۾ ü Եȴ. mysql_fetch_row()
Լκ ϵǴ NULL Ͽ ǹ
ϰ Ǹ mysql_eof() Լ ȣ ʿ䰡 .
mysql_use_result() Լ Ͽ ٸ
mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣ κ ϳ .
߿ ֱ myql_fetch_row() Լ
ϴ NULL ݵ Ͽ ǹѴٰ
. mysql_eof() Լ Ͽ Ͼ
ִ. ̶ mysql_eof() Լ
0 ƴ ϸ, 쿡 0 ϰ ȴ.
ǥ mySQL Լ mysql_errno() mysql_error() Լ
ϱ ̵ ϴ ١
18.4.9.2 Return values
̸ 0, Ͽ 0 ƴ Ѵ.
18.4.9.3 Errors
None.
18.4.9.4 Example
mysql_eof() 뿹 ش:
mysql_query(&mysql,"SELECT * FROM some_table");
result = mysql_use_result(&mysql);
while((row = mysql_fetch_row(result)))
{
// do something with data
}
if(!mysql_eof(result)) // mysql_fetch_row() failed due to an error
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql));
}
However, you can achieve the same effect with the standard MySQL
error functions:
mysql_query(&mysql,"SELECT * FROM some_table");
result = mysql_use_result(&mysql);
while((row = mysql_fetch_row(result)))
{
// do something with data
}
if(mysql_errno(&mysql)) // mysql_fetch_row() failed due to an error
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql));
}
18.4.10 mysql_errno()
unsigned int mysql_errno(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.10.1 Description
mysql μ ῡ Ͽ mysql_errno() ֱٿ
API Լ ڵ带 Ѵ. 0 ϸ ƹ
ǹѴ. Ŭ̾Ʈ ѹ MYSQL
'errmsg.h' Ͽ Ǿ , ѹ
'mysqld_error.h' Ͽ ִ.
18.4.10.2 Return values:
ڵ . ƹ 0 Ѵ.
18.4.10.3 Errors
None.
18.4.11 mysql_error()
char *mysql_error(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.11.1 Description
mysql μ ῡ Ͽ mysql_error() ֱٿ
API Լ Ѵ. ִ ڿ("")
ϸ ƹ ǹѴ. ̰ ΰ
Ʈ ǹѴ:
if(mysql_errno(&mysql)) {
// an error occurred
}
if(mysql_error(&mysql)[0] != '\0') {
// an error occurred
}
Ŭ̾Ʈ MySQL Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯
ν ִ. ٸ
, 9.1 MySQL Ǵ ٷ.
18.4.11.2 Return values
ϴ ڿ. 쿡 ִ ڿ
.
18.4.11.3 Errors
None.
18.4.12 mysql_escape_string()
unsigned int mysql_escape_string(char *to, const char *from, unsigned
int length)
18.4.12.1 Description
from μ ִ ڿ Ѱ escaped SQL ڵϿ
to μ ִ´.
ڵǾ ڵ NUL(ASCII 0), `\n', `\r', `\', `'' ̴(7.1
ڿ ڵ ϴ Ͽ ٷ).
from μ ڿ length μ ־ Ʈ ŭ
(terminating NULL ) Ѵ. to μ ݵ
length μ ־ 2迡 1 ŭ Ʈ ҴǾ
Ѵ. mysql_escape_string() Լ to μ
null-terminated ڿ ȴ. ϰ ڵǾ ڿ
, ̰ terminating null ڰ Ե ̴.
to μ ڿ null-terminated ڿ ڿ
strlen() Լ strcpy() Լ Ͽ ȵȴ. from μ
־ ڿ null ϰ ִٸ mysql_escape_string() Լ
ڸ '\' տ ٿ to μ ְ Ǹ, ̰ Լ
terminating null νϰ ȴ.
̷ null Ʈ mysql_query() ؼ terminating
null Ǹ ϰ ȴ.
mysql_escape_query() Լ ̿Ͽ Ǹ mysql_query()
Լ ϱ ٴ mysql_real_query() Լ ϴ .
18.4.12.2 Example
char query[1000],*end;
end = strmov(query, "INSERT INTO test_table values(");
*end++ = '\";
end += mysql_escape_string(query,"What's this",11);
*end++ = '\";
*end++ = ',';
*end++ = '\";
end += mysql_escape_string(query,"binary data: \0\r\n",16);
*end++ = '\";
*end++ = ')';
if (mysql_real_query(&mysql,query,(int) (end - query))) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to insert row, Error: %s\n",
mysql_error(&mysql));
}
strmov() Լ mysqlclient ̺귯 ԵǾ
, strcpy() Լ ϰ ù° μ
terminating null ϴ ٸ.
18.4.12.3 Return values
terminating null ڸ to μ
18.4.12.4 Errors
None.
18.4.13 mysql_fetch_field()
MYSQL_FIELD *mysql_fetch_field(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.13.1 Description
÷ (definition) MYSQL_FIELD ü Ƽ
Ѵ. ÷鿡 ϴ 쿡
Լ ݺϿ ȣѴ. ̻ ʵ尡
mysql_fetch_field() Լ NULL Ѵ.
ο SELECT ǰ mysql_fetch_field() ο ù
° ʵ忡 ϱ ʱȭȴ. mysql_fetch_field()
Լ ϵǴ ʵ mysql_field_seek() Լ ȣ
´.
SELECT ϱ msyql_query() ȣϿ
mysql_store_result() ȣ , mysql_fetch_field() ȣ
Ͽ BLOB ʵ ̸ ûϰ Ǹ MySQL Ʈ blob 8K
Ʈ Ѵ. ϴ ѹ Ǹ field->max_length
־ ǿ ִ ÷ ū ̸ ȴ.
18.4.13.2 Return values
÷ MYSQL_FIELD ü ϸ, ̻ ʵ尡
NULL Ѵ.
18.4.13.3 Errors
None.
18.4.13.4 Example
MYSQL_FIELD *field;
while((field = mysql_fetch_field(result)))
{
printf("field name %s\n", field->name);
}
18.4.14 mysql_fetch_fields()
MYSQL_FIELD *mysql_fetch_fields(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.14.1 Description
¿ MYSQL_FIELD ü 迭 Ѵ.
ü ÷鿡 ʵ ǿ
.
18.4.14.2 Return values
÷鿡 MYSQL_FIELD ü 迭
18.4.14.3 Errors
None.
18.4.14.4 Example
unsigned int num_fields;
unsigned int i;
MYSQL_FIELD *fields;
num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result);
fields = mysql_fetch_fields(result);
for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
printf("Field %u is %s\n", i, fields[i].name);
}
18.4.15 mysql_fetch_field_direct()
MYSQL_FIELD *mysql_fetch_field_direct(MYSQL_RES *result, unsigned int
fieldnr)
18.4.15.1 Description
fieldnr μ ־ ʵ ȣ ʵ忡 ʵ
Ǹ MYSQL_FIELD ü Ѵ. Լ ̿Ͽ ÷
Ǹ ִ. fieldnr 0
mysql_num_fields(result)-1 Ѵ.
18.4.15.2 Return values
ʵ忡 MYSQL_FIELD ü
18.4.15.3 Errors
None.
18.4.15.4 Example
unsigned int num_fields;
unsigned int i;
MYSQL_FIELD *field;
num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result);
for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
field = mysql_fetch_field_direct(result, i);
printf("Field %u is %s\n", i, field->name);
}
18.4.16 mysql_fetch_lengths()
unsigned long *mysql_fetch_lengths(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.16.1 Description
÷ ̸ Ѵ. ʵ
ϰ ϴ ȭ(optimization)
ִ. strlen() Լ ȣ ʿ䰡 ̴. Ư
ϰ ִ 쿡 strlen() Լ NULL
ڸ ϰ ִ ʵ忡 Ͽ ߸ ֱ
ũ⸦ ϴµ Լ Ͽ Ѵ.
÷̳ NULL ÷ ̴ 0 ȴ. ΰ
츦 ϴ mysql_fetch_row() Լ Ѵ.
18.4.16.2 Return values
÷(null termination character ) ũ⸦ ִ
unsigned long 迭. 쿡 NULL Ѵ.
18.4.16.3 Errors
mysql_fetch_lengths() ؼ ȿϴ.
mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣϱ Լ ȣϰų
Ŀ ȣϴ 쿡 NULL Ѵ.
18.4.16.4 Example
MYSQL_ROW row;
unsigned long *lengths;
unsigned int num_fields;
unsigned int i;
row = mysql_fetch_row(result);
if (row) {
num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result);
lengths = mysql_fetch_lengths(result);
for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
printf("Column %u is %lu bytes in length.\n", i,
lengths[i]);
}
}
18.4.17 mysql_fetch_row()
MYSQL_ROW mysql_fetch_row(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.17.1 Description
´. mysql_store_result() Լ ȣ Ŀ
, ̻ mysql_fetch_row() NULL
Ѵ. mysql_use_result() Լ ȣ Ŀ , ̻
ų Ͽ NULL Ѵ.
mysql_num_fields(result) ־.
mysql_fetch_row() ȣ Ͽ
row[0] row[mysql_num_fields(result)-1]
. ο NULL ִ 쿡 NULL ͷ ǥõȴ.
ʵ ̵ mysql_fetch_lengths() Լ ȣ
ν մ.
ִ ʵ峪 NULL ϴ ʵ 0 ̸ , ʵ
üũν ΰ 츦 ִ.
Ͱ NULL̸ ش ʵ尡 NULL ̸, ƴϸ ִ ʵ
ǹѴ.
18.4.17.2 Return values
MYSQL_ROW ü. ̻ ų
NULL Ѵ.
18.4.17.3 Errors
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.17.4 Example
MYSQL_ROW row;
unsigned int num_fields;
unsigned int i;
num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result);
while ((row = mysql_fetch_row(result))) {
unsigned long *lengths;
lengths = mysql_fetch_lengths(result);
for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) {
printf("[%.*s] ", (int) lengths[i], row[i] ? row[i] : "NULL");
}
printf("\n");
}
18.4.18 mysql_field_seek()
MYSQL_FIELD_OFFSET mysql_field_seek(MYSQL_RES *result,
MYSQL_FIELD_OFFSET offset)
18.4.18.1 Description
ʵ Ŀ offset μ ־ ġ Ѵ.
mysql_fetch_field() Լ ȣ ش offset ̵ ŭ ش
÷ ʵ ȴ.
ùκ ؼ offset 0 ְ Լ ȣϸ
ȴ.
18.4.18.2 Return values
ʵ Ŀ (previous value)
18.4.18.3 Errors
None.
18.4.19 mysql_field_tell()
MYSQL_FIELD_OFFSET mysql_field_tell(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.19.1 Description
mysql_fetch_field() Լ ʵ Ŀ ġ ˷
ش. ϰ mysql_field_seek() Լ offset μ
ִ.
18.4.19.2 Return values
ʵ Ŀ (current offset)
18.4.19.3 Errors None.
18.4.20 mysql_free_result()
void mysql_free_result(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.20.1 Description
mysql_store_result(), mysql_use_result(), mysql_list_dbs()
ҴǾ Ѵ. ۾
ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ȣϿ
־ Ѵ.
18.4.20.2 Return values
None.
18.4.20.3 Errors
None.
18.4.21 mysql_get_client_info()
char *mysql_get_client_info(void)
18.4.21.1 Description
Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 (client library version) ǥ
ϴ ڿ Ѵ.
18.4.21.2 Return values
MySQL client library version ǥϴ ڿ
18.4.21.3 Errors None.
18.4.22 mysql_get_host_info()
char *mysql_get_host_info(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.22.1 Description
ȣƮ ϴ ǰ ִ (connection)
(type) ϴ ڿ Ѵ.
18.4.22.2 Return values
ȣƮ (server host name) (connection type)
Ÿ ڿ
18.4.22.3 Errors
None.
18.4.23 mysql_get_proto_info()
unsigned int mysql_get_proto_info(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.23.1 Description
ῡ ǰ ִ Ѵ.
18.4.23.2 Return values
ῡ ǰ ִ Ÿ unsigned integer
18.4.23.3 Errors
None.
18.4.24 mysql_get_server_info()
char *mysql_get_server_info(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.24.1 Description
ѹ(server version number) ǥϴ ڿ Ѵ.
18.4.24.2 Return values
ѹ ǥϴ ڿ
18.4.24.3 Errors None.
18.4.25 mysql_info()
char *mysql_info(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.25.1 Description
ֱٿ peogks ϴ ڿ Ѵ.
ڿ (format) ŸԿ , Ʒ .
ǿ ϰ ȴ.
INSERT INTO ... SELECT ...
String format: Records: 100 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
INSERT INTO ... VALUES (...),(...),(...)...
String format: Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
LOAD DATA INFILE ...
String format: Records: 1 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0
ALTER TABLE
String format: Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
18.4.25.2 Return values
ֱٿ ǿ ΰ ǥϴ 忭. ش
ǿ Ͽ ƹ NULL Ѵ.
18.4.25.3 Errors
None.
18.4.26 mysql_init()
MYSQL *mysql_init(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.26.1 Description
mysql_real_connect() Լ MYSQL ü Ҵ(allocate)ϰų
ȭ(initialize)Ѵ.
mysql μ NULL ̸ mysql_init() Լ ο ü
Ҵ, ʱȭϿ ü Ѵ. NULL Ͱ ƴϸ ü ʱ
ȭ ü ּҰ ϵȴ.
mysql_init() Լ ο ü Ҵϰ Ǹ ü
ݱ mysql_close() Լ ȣ ǰ ȴ.
18.4.26.2 Return values
ʱȭ MYSQL * handle. ο ü Ҵϱ
NULL Ѵ.
18.4.26.3 Errors
NULL ϵȴ.
18.4.27 mysql_insert_id()
my_ulonglong mysql_insert_id(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.27.1 Description
AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ忡 Ͽ ֱٿ ID Ѵ.
AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ带 ϴ ̺ INSERT Ǹ Ŀ
ȴ.
18.4.27.2 Return values
ֱٿ ŵ AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ
18.4.27.3 Errors
None.
18.4.28 mysql_kill()
int mysql_kill(MYSQL *mysql, unsigned long pid)
18.4.28.1 Description
Ͽ pid μ ־ (thread) ̵(kill) û
Ѵ.
18.4.28.2 Return values
0, 0 ƴ Ѵ.
18.4.28.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.29 mysql_list_dbs()
MYSQL_RES *mysql_list_dbs(MYSQL *mysql, const char *wild)
18.4.29.1 Description
wild μ Խ(simple regular expression) ġ
ͺ̽ ̸ ϰ ִ Ѵ.
wild μ '%', '_' ϵī ڸ
ͺ̽ ̸ ϴ NULL ִ.
mysql_list_dbs() Լ ȣϴ 'SHOW databases [LIKE wild]'
Ǹ ϴ Ͱ ϴ.
ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ̿Ͽ ־
Ѵ.
18.4.29.2 Return values
MYSQL_RES ϸ, NULL
.
18.4.29.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_OUT_OF_MEMORY
Out of memory.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.30 mysql_list_fields()
MYSQL_RES *mysql_list_fields(MYSQL *mysql, const char *table, const
char *wild)
18.4.30.1 Description
wild μ Խ(simple regular expression) ġ
̺ ʵ ϰ ִ Ѵ. wild μ
'%', '_' ϵī ڸ ʵ
ϴ NULL ִ. mysql_list_fields() Լ ȣ
ϴ 'SHOW fields FROM table [LIKE wild]' Ǹ
Ͱ ϴ.
ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ̿Ͽ ־
Ѵ.
18.4.30.2 Return values
MYSQL_RES ϸ, NULL
.
18.4.30.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.31 mysql_list_processes()
MYSQL_RES *mysql_list_processes(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.31.1 Description
ϴ Ѵ. ̰
'mysqladmin processlist' ش.
ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ̿Ͽ ־
Ѵ.
18.4.31.2 Return values
MYSQL_RES ϸ, NULL
.
18.4.31.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.32 mysql_list_tables()
MYSQL_RES *mysql_list_tables(MYSQL *mysql, const char *wild)
18.4.32.1 Description
wild μ Խ(simple regular expression) ġ
ͺ̽ ̺ ϰ ִ
. wild μ '%', '_' ϵī ڸ
̺ ϴ NULL ִ.
mysql_list_tables() Լ ȣϴ 'SHOW tables [LIKE wild]'
Ǹ ϴ Ͱ ϴ.
ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ̿Ͽ ־
Ѵ.
18.4.32.2 Return values
MYSQL_RES ϸ, NULL
.
18.4.32.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.33 mysql_num_fields()
unsigned int mysql_num_fields(MYSQL_RES *result)
Ȥ,
unsigned int mysql_num_fields(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.33.1 Description
÷ Ѵ.
mysql_num_fields() ȣ ¿ Ȥ ڵ
ȣ ִ. mysql_store_result() Լ NULL
( ) ڵ ϰ
, mysql_num_fields() Լ ȣν
mysql_store_result() Լ (non-empty result)
Ͽ θ ִ. ̰ Ŭ̾Ʈ α Ͽ
ǰ SELECT (Ȥ SELECT-like) ΰ ƴѰ ϴ
ൿ ֵ ش. Ʒ ִ.
18.4.33.2 Return values
ʵ ǥϴ unsigned integer.
18.4.33.3 Errors None.
18.4.33.4 Example
MYSQL_RES *result;
unsigned int num_fields;
unsigned int num_rows;
if (mysql_query(&mysql,query_string)) {
// error
}
else { // query succeeded, process any data returned by it
result = mysql_store_result(&mysql);
if (result) { // there are rows
num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result);
// retrieve rows, then call mysql_free_result(result)
}
else { // mysql_store_result() returned nothing; should it
have?
if(mysql_num_fields(&mysql) == 0) {
// query does not return data
// (it was not a SELECT)
num_rows = mysql_affected_rows(&mysql);
}
else { // mysql_store_result() should have returned data
fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql));
}
}
}
ٸ mysql_num_fields(&mysql) ſ mysql_errno(&mysql)
ȣϴ ̴.
, ǰ SELECT ΰ msyql_num_fields() ϰ
ϱ⺸ٴ mysql_store_result()κ üũϰ ȴ.
18.4.34 mysql_num_rows()
my_ulonglong mysql_num_rows(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.34.1 Description
Ѵ.
mysql_num_rows() Լ δ ؼ
mysql_store_result() Լ ϴ° mysql_use_result() Լ
ϴ° ִ. mysql_store_result() Լ Ѵٸ
mysql_num_rows() Լ ȣ ִ. mysql_use_result()
Լ Ѵٸ mysql_num_rows() Լ
retrieveDZ ù
Ѵ.
18.4.34.2 Return values
18.4.34.3 Errors
None.
18.4.35 mysql_ping()
int mysql_ping(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.35.1 Description
ϰ ֳ Ȯϸ,
쿡 ڵ 翬 õѴ.
Լ Ŭ̾Ʈ ʹ
üũϰ ʿϴٸ ٽ ϱ ִ.
18.4.35.2 Return values
0, 0 ƴ Ѵ.
18.4.35.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.36 mysql_query()
int mysql_query(MYSQL *mysql, const char *query)
18.4.36.1 Description
null-terminated ڿ query μ SQL Ǹ Ѵ.
Ǵ ݵ ϳ SQL ̷ ϸ, ǹ ݷ(;)
'\g' ٿ ȵȴ.
mysql_query() ϴ ǿ .
ʹ ߰ NULL ڸ ̰ mysql_query()
ű⼭ ڿ νϱ ̰쿡
mysql_real_query() Լ Ͽ Ѵ.
18.4.36.2 Return values
̸ 0, ̸ 0 ƴ .
18.4.36.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.37 mysql_real_connect()
MYSQL *mysql_real_connect(MYSQL *mysql, const char *host, const char
*user, const char *passwd, const char *db, uint port, const char
*unix_socket, uint client_flag)
18.4.37.1 Description
mysql_real_connect() Լ ȣƮ ư ִ MySQL ͺ
õѴ. mysql_real_connect()
mysql_get_client_info() Լ ٸ API Լ ϱ
ݵ Ǿ Ѵ.
ϴ μ :
mysql μ MYSQL connection ṵ̈ų NULL ִ.
mysql μ NULL̸ C API ڵ ü
ϰ mysql_close() ȣ ̸ Ѵ. ̰
ٴ ̴(mysql_errno()
mysql_error() Լκ ؼ ȿ MYSQL
Ͽ Ѵ). mysql μ NULL ƴϸ ̹ ϴ
MYSQL ü ּҰ Ǿ Ѵ. , mysql_real_connect() Լ
ȣϱ ݵ mysql_init() Լ ȣϿ MYSQL ü
ʱȭ ־ Ѵ. .
host μ ȣƮ ǰų IP 巹 ִ. host
NULL̰ų "localhost" ȣƮ ֵȴ.
OS (socket-Unix)̳ (pipe-Win32) Ѵٸ
Ͽ TCP/IP ̵ ִ.
user μ MySQL α ̵ ־ش. User μ
NULL̸ ڷ ֵȴ. Unix ȯ濡 ý αθ
Ǹ, Windows ODBC ڸ Ȯ Ǿ
. 15.4 ODBC α ʵ ä
Ͽ Ѵ.
passwd μ ڿ н带 ־ش. passwd NULL
̸ user ̺ н ʵ尡 ִ ڵ鸸 ġ
üũǾ. ̰ ͺ̽ ڷ Ͽ ͺ̽
ڰ ڽ н带 Ͽ ٸ
MySQL ý ֵ ش.
mysql_real_connect() Լ ȣϱ н带 ȣȭϷ
ƾ Ѵٴ ̸, н ȣȭ Ŭ̾Ʈ API Ͽ
ڵ ȴ.
db μ ͺ̽ ̸ ־ش. db μ NULL
̸ Ʈ ͺ̽ õϰ ȴ. port μ 0 ƴ
port μ õ Ʈ ȣ TCP/IP Ʈ ȣ
ϰ ȴ. host μ Ѵٴ Ϳ Ѵ.
unix_socket μ NULL ƴϸ μ ڿ socket̳
named pipe ȴ. client_flag 0 ſ Ư 쿡
÷ ִ.
+---------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Flag name | Flag meaning |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------+
| CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS | Return the number of found rows, |
| | not the number of affected rows. |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------+
| CLIENT_NO_SCHEMA | Don't allow the db_name.tbl_name. |
| | col_name syntax. This is for ODBC; |
| | it causes the parser to generate |
| | an error if you use that syntax, |
| | which is is useful for trapping bugs |
| | in some ODBC programs. |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------+
| CLIENT_COMPRESS | Use compression protocol |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------+
| CLIENT_ODBC | The client is an ODBC client. |
| | This changes mysqld to be more |
| | ODBC-friendly. |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------+
18.4.37.2 Return values
ϸ MYSQL * ڵ(connection handle) ϸ,
ϸ NULL Ѵ. ù° μ
NULL ʾҴٸ μ ϴ.
18.4.37.3 Errors
CR_CONN_HOST_ERROR
MySQL ῡ
CR_CONNECTION_ERROR
MySQL ῡ
CR_IPSOCK_ERROR
IP
CR_OUT_OF_MEMORY
(Out of memory).
CR_SOCKET_CREATE_ERROR
Unix
CR_UNKNOWN_HOST
ش ȣƮ IP ּҸ ã .
CR_VERSION_ERROR
ġ ʴ ϴ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯
Ϸ õ Ͽ ġ
.
̰ ſ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 Ͽ ο
ϰ ϴ 쿡 Ѵ. ̷ 쿡
'--old-protocol' ɼ ־ õϸ ذ
.
CR_NAMEDPIPEOPEN_ERROR;
Win32 ȯ濡 named pipe ϴµ .
CR_NAMEDPIPEWAIT_ERROR;
Win32 ȯ濡 named pipe ٸµ .
CR_NAMEDPIPESETSTATE_ERROR;
Win32 ȯ濡 pipe ڵ鷯 µ .
18.4.37.4 Example
MYSQL mysql;
mysql_init(&mysql);
if
(!mysql_real_connect(&mysql,"host","user","passwd","database",0,NULL,
0)) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to database: Error: %s\n",
mysql_error(&mysql));
}
18.4.38 mysql_real_query()
int mysql_real_query(MYSQL *mysql, const char *query, unsigned int
length)
18.4.38.1 Description
query μ SQL Ǹ ϸ, query μ length μ
̸ Ѵ. Ǵ ϳ SQL ̷ ϸ,
ݷ̳ '\g' SQL ٿ ȵȴ.
ϴ mysql_query() Լ ƴ
mysql_real_query() Լ Ͽ Ѵ. mysql_real_query()
ǹ ̸ strlen() Լ ʱ
mysql_query() Լ Ͽ ӵ .
18.4.38.2 Return values
ǿ ϸ 0, ϸ 0 ƴ Ѵ.
18.4.38.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.39 mysql_reload()
int mysql_reload(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.39.1 Description
MySQL Ͽ grant ̺ ٽ е ûѴ.
ִ ڴ ݵ ٽ о Ѵ.
Լ ϴ , 'FLUSH PRIVILEGES' SQL
mysql_query() Լ ̿Ͽ ϴ .
18.4.39.2 Return values
ϸ 0, 0 ƴ Ѵ.
18.4.39.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.40 mysql_row_seek()
MYSQL_ROW_OFFSET mysql_row_seek(MYSQL_RES *result, MYSQL_ROW_OFFSET
offset)
18.4.40.1 Description
Ŀ(row cursor) ġ Ѵ. ̸
ü ü ־ ϸ,
mysql_row_seek() Լ mysql_use_result() Լʹ
mysql_store_result() Լ ִ.
offset μ mysql_row_tell() Լ mysql_row_seek() Լ ȣ
ϰ Ǿ ϸ, ܼ ȣ ǹϴ ƴϴ.
ȣ ̿Ͽ ã ϴ 쿡
mysql_data_seek() Լ Ͽ Ѵ.
18.4.40.2 Return values
Ŀ(row cursor) (previous value).
mysql_row_seek() Լ μ Ѱ.
18.4.40.3 Errors
None.
18.4.41 mysql_row_tell()
MYSQL_ROW_OFFSET mysql_row_tell(MYSQL_RES *result)
18.4.41.1 Description
mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣ Ŀ ġ
Ѵ. ̰ mysql_row_seek() Լ μ Ѱ.
mysql_row_tell() Լ ݵ mysql_store_result() Լ ڿ
ϸ,
mysql_use_result() Լ ڿ .
18.4.41.2 Return values
Ŀ (The current offset of the row cursor).
18.4.41.3 Errors
None.
18.4.42 mysql_select_db()
int mysql_select_db(MYSQL *mysql, const char *db)
18.4.42.1 Description
db μ ͺ̽ mysql μ ῡ
ͺ̽ ǵ Ѵ. ǿ ؼ ⼭
ͺ̽ ͺ̽ ̺ Ʈ
ͺ̽ ȴ.
Ǿ ִ ڰ db μ ͺ̽
ִٴ mysql_select_db() Լ Ѵ.
18.4.42.2 Return values
̸ 0, ̸ 0 ƴ
18.4.42.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.43 mysql_shutdown()
int mysql_shutdown(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.43.1 Description
ͺ̽ Ͽ ˴ٿǵ ûϸ,
˴ٿ ־ Ѵ.
18.4.43.2 Return values
̸ 0, ̸ 0 ƴ Ѵ.
18.4.43.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.44 mysql_stat()
char *mysql_stat(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.44.1 Description
'mysqladmin status' ɾ Ǵ
ϰ ִ ڿ Ѵ. ڿ ð(uptime), ǰ
ִ , (question), õ(reload), ִ ̺
ԵǾ ִ.
18.4.44.2 Return values
¸ ϴ ڿ. ̸ NULL Ѵ.
18.4.44.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.45 mysql_store_result()
MYSQL_RES *mysql_store_result(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.45.1 Description
(SELECT, SHOW, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN)
mysql_store_result() Ȥ mysql_use_result() Լ ȣѴ.
mysql_store_result() Լ ü Ŭ̾Ʈ о,
MYSQL_RES ü Ҵϰ ü ־ش. ƹ ൵
ϵ (empty result set) ϵȴ(
NULL ٸ).
mysql_store_result() Լ ȣϸ mysql_num_rows() Լ ȣϿ
ִ° ˾ ִ.
mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣϿ κ
, Ȥ mysql_row_seek() mysql_row_tell() Լ Ͽ
ġ ų ġ ִ.
۾ ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ȣ
ش.
18.4.45.2 Return values
MYSQL_RES ü(result structure). ̸ NULL
.
18.4.45.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_OUT_OF_MEMORY
Out of memory.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.46 mysql_thread_id()
unsigned long mysql_thread_id(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.46.1 Description
ῡ ID Ѵ. mysql_kill() Լ
Ǿ 带 kill ϴµ ִ.
18.4.46.2 Return values
ῡ ID.
18.4.46.3 Errors
None.
18.4.47 mysql_use_result()
MYSQL_RES *mysql_use_result(MYSQL *mysql)
18.4.47.1 Description
(SELECT, SHOW, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN)
mysql_store_result() Ȥ mysql_use_result() Լ ȣѴ.
mysql_use_result() Լ ۾ ʱȭ
mysql_store_result() Լó о Ŭ̾Ʈ
Ѱ ʴ´. mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣν
ϳ . ̰ ӽ ̺̳
ʰ κ о Ǹ, ̴
mysql_store_result() Լ Ͽ ξ
Ѵ. Ŭ̾Ʈ max_allowed_packet
Ʈ ִ (communication buffer) Ҵ
ȴ.
Ŭ̾Ʈ ະ ۾ ϰ ְų
^S(stop scroll) Է ִ ũ
mysql_use_result() Լ ؼ ȵȴ. ̰
ϰ ٸ Ͽ Ͱ ִ ̺
ȴ.
mysql_use_result() Լ NULL ϵ
mysql_fetch_row() Լ ؾ Ѵ.
ǿ Ѿ ϵǰ ȴ. C
API 'Commands out of sync' ְ ȴ.
mysql_use_result() Լκ ϵǴ ؼ
mysql_data_seek(), mysql_row_seek(), mysql_row_tell(),
mysql_num_rows(), mysql_affected_
rows() Լ , Ȥ mysql_use_result() Լ
ٸ Ǹ ( fetch
Ŀ mysql_num_rows() Լ fetchǾ
Ѵ).
¿ ۾ ݵ mysql_free_result() ȣϿ
Ѵ.
18.4.47.2 Return values
MYSQL_RES ü(result structure). ̸ NULL Ѵ.
18.4.47.3 Errors
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC
Commands were executed in an improper order.
CR_OUT_OF_MEMORY
Out of memory.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR
The MySQL server has gone away.
CR_SERVER_LOST
The connection to the server was lost during the query.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
An unknown error occurred.
18.4.48 mysql_query() Լ Ͽµ mysql_store_result() Լ
NULL ϴ ΰ?
̷ 찡 ̰ ϳ Ȳ Ͽ
ǹѴ:
malloc() ( ʹ ū ).
(ῡ ).
ǰ ƹ ͵ ʴ (INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE ).
ǹ (non-empty) Ͽ
mysql_num_fields() Լ ȣν üũغ ִ.
mysql_num_fields() Լ 0 ϸ ̰
ǰ INSERT, DELETE ʴ ǹ ǹѴ.
mysql_num_fields() Լ 0 ƴ ϴ ǹ
ʴ ؾ߸ ǹѴ. ڼ
mysql_num_fields() Լ Ѵ.
mysql_errno() Լ mysql_error() Լ ȣν Ʈ
غ ִ.
18.4.49 What results can I get from a query?
ϵǴ ¿ ٿ
ִ:
- mysql_affected_rows() INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
ֱٿ ǿ affected Ѵ. ܴ
DELETE WHERE Ǿ ̺ truncateǴ ̴.
mysql_affected_rows() Լ affected ڵ ڷμ 0
Ѵ.
- mysql_num_rows() Ѵ.
mysql_store_result() Լ Բ Ǵ 쿡
mysql_store_result() ϵڸ ִ mysql_num_rows() ȣ
Ǿ. mysql_use_result() Բ Ǵ 쿡
mysql_fetch_row() ؼ Ŀ mysql_num_rows()
ȣ ִ.
- mysql_insert_id() AUTO_INCREMENT ε ̺ ߰
ֱٿ ID Ѵ.
- ǵ(LOAD DATA INFILE ..., INSERT INTO ... SELECT ...,
UPDATE) ΰ Ѵ. mysql_info() Ͽ
ϵȴ. mysql_info() ΰ NULL
Ѵ.
18.4.50 How can I get the unique ID for the last inserted row?
AUTO_INCREMENT Ӽ ÷ ϰ ִ ̺ ο
ڵ带 ϴ , mysql_insert_id() Լ ȣν ֱ
ID ִ.
ڵ带 ν AUTO_INCREMENT ε Ǿ üũ
ִ. ǰ AUTO_INCREMENT ε INSERT ΰ
üũ ִ:
if (mysql_error(&mysql)[0] == 0 && mysql_num_fields(result) == 0 &&
mysql_insert_id(&mysql) != 0)
{
used_id = mysql_insert_id(&mysql);
}
ϳ ̺ ID ٸ ̺ ϴµ ϰ
SQL Ѵ:
INSERT INTO foo (auto, text) VALUES(NULL, 'text'); #
generate ID by inserting NULL
INSERT INTO foo2 (id, text) VALUES(LAST_INSERT_ID(), 'text'); # use
ID in second table
18.4.51 Problems linking with the C API
ýۿ C API linkingϿ
ִ:
gcc -g -o client test.o -L/usr/local/lib/mysql -lmysqlclient -lsocket
-lnsl
Undefined first referenced
symbol in file
floor /usr/local/lib/mysql/libmysqlclient.a(password.o)
ld: fatal: Symbol referencing errors. No output written to client
ϴ 쿡 ÿ -lm ߰ν
math ̺귯 Բ ش.
18.4.52 How to make a thread-safe client
Ŭ̾Ʈ thread-safeϴ. ū 'net.c'
д ƾ interrupt-safe ϴٴ ̴. ̰
κ д ۾ ɸ Ŭ̾Ʈ ۾ ߴ ִ
̶ ۼǾ.
ǥ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 ɼǾ ϵǾ.
Thread-safe Ŭ̾Ʈ ؼ -lmysys, -lstring, -ldbug
̺귯 ϴ net_serv.o Բ Ѵ.
Threaded client ϸ 'thr_alarm.c' Ͽ ִ ƾ Ȱ
ִ. mysys ̺귯 ƾ ؾ Ѱ
my_init() Լ ȣؾ Ѵٴ ̴!
mysql_real_connect() Լ thread-safeϴ.
뿡 thread-safe Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 ϴ
װ thread-safe ϴ Ͽ Ѵ(⼭
mysql_real_connect() Լ ϸ, mysql_connect()
쿡 ϴ).
mysql_real_connect() Լ thread-safeϰ ؼ
Ŭ̾Ʈ Ͽ Ѵ:
shell> CPPFLAGS=-DTHREAD_SAFE_CLIENT ./configure ...
pthread ̺귯 Ʈ ԵǾ ʱ ǥ Ŭ̾
Ʈ(standard client) ŷ ǵ ɺ(undefined symbols)
ִ.
'libmysqld.a' ̺귯 thread-safeϴ. ̰
ΰ thread mysql_real_connect() ϵ ڵ
(connection handle) ÿ ʴ Ŭ̾Ʈ ڵ尡
thread-safeϴٴ ǹѴ; Ŭ̾Ʈ/ ־
ῡ Ͽ ÿ ϳ û Ѵ. ῡ Ͽ
thread ϱ ϴ 쿡 mysql_query()
mysql_store_result() ȣ (call combination) Ͽ mutex
lock ؾ Ѵ.
ϴ mysql_store_result() غǸ lock ٸ
thread ῡ Ͽ query ִ(ٽ ؼ,
ٸ thread locking ϴ
mysql_store_result() Բ ٸ MYSQL_RES ͵
ִ). POSIX thread αѴٸ mutex lock ϰ
ϴµ pthread_mutex_lock() pthread_mutex_
unlock() Լ ִ.
mysql_store_result() ƴ mysql_use_result() ϴ 쿡
lock mysql_use_result() mysql_fetch_row() ȣ surround
ʿ䰡 ִ. threaded client mysql_use_result()
ʴ .
19. Ÿ DB
19.1 Mysql/mSQL
̹ Mysql ڰ ̹Ƿ ο ΰ ƾ Ѵ.
ڵ ˰ ִ´ ϰ ۼǾ.
Ǵ Լ, Ÿ, ѻ crash-me ϸ ȴ.
<>
ӵ ؼ Mysql ġũ Ѵ. (11) mSQL
ϴ ϰ , (parser) ,
ϴ. 쿡 mSQL ӵ
.
- / ݺϸ鼭 ᶧ Ǹ ϴ Ʈ
- ÷ Ű ִ ̺ ڷ Է(INSER)ϴ
- CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE
- ε SELECT ϴ (̺ ˻ ſ )
̷ ۾ ſ ؼ, ۽ ϰ ɸ 쿡 .
ǰ Mysql ش.
ܿ 鿡 Mysql mSQL( ٸ SQL α)
.
- SELECT
- 뷮 ڷḦ ˻ (Mysql پ
Ѵ)
- ڿ ̺. Mysql ȿ Ǿ VARCHA
R ÷ ε ִ.
- ÷ ̺ ٷ
- ڵ ̰ ū ̺ ٷ
- ǥ(expression) SELECT ϴ
- Ŵ ̺ SELECT ϴ
- ÿ óؾ . Mysql Ƽ带
Ѵ. ڽ 带 ̴ 忡 ٸ
带 ٸ ʿ䰡 ٴ ǹѴ. ( 尡 ٸ
ϱ ϴ ̺ ϰ ִ ) mSQL
ϳ Ǹ ῡ Ǹ ϵ ʵ
ù ° ٸ ͵ ٷѴ. ù °
Ǹ ǰ ٸ ͵ ٽ ٷѴ.
- . mSQL SELECT ̺ ϸ û
. ġŷ α Ͽ , ð Mysql
15000 ȴ. mSQL ̺ ϱ
ȭⰡ ̴. , ̺ mSQL2
Ȯϰ ̺ ϰ WHERE ϰ ε
ϸ . 11 Mysql ġŷ .
- ORDER BY and GROUP BY.
- DISTINCT
- TEXT BLOB ÷
- GROUP BY, HAVING. mSQL GROUP BY ʴ´. Mysql
ϰ GROUP BY HAVING ϸ Լ Ѵ.
COUNT(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), SUM() and STD(). COUNT(*) ϳ
̺ SELECT ϰ, ÷ ˻ WHERE
ſ ȭǾִ. MIN() MAX() ڿ
ڸ .
- INSERT UPDATE 갡.
)Mysql> UPDATE SET x=x*10+y WHERE x<20;
- ˸ƽ. Mysql ÷ ˸ƽ ִ.
- ÷ ̸ . Mysql ø ̸ ǿ ̺
ϴٸ, ڸ ʿ䰡 . (** table_name.column_name
̷ ʾƵ ȴٴ Դϴ**)
- SELECT پ Լ . 7.3 Լ .
<ũ ȿ>
̺ ۰ ִ° Ѵ. Mysql ſ
Ÿ Ƿ ſ ϵ ̺ ִ.
Ÿ ϳ MEDIUMINT 3 Ʈ long̴.
1 ڵ尡 ִ , ڵ 1 Ʈ ϴ ſ
߿ϴ. mSQL2 ϴ Ÿ ѵǾ־ ̺ ۰
Ⱑ ƴ.
<>
Ǵϴ ƴϴ. Mysql
1.5 . 츮(Mysql ) mSQL
Ƿ ̿ ؼ .
<>
ֿ ϳ ̴̼. Mysql mSQL ̼
å ݵ ϴ. ǰ ϵ ּ
̼ ̸ ؾѴ. ( Ǹϴ
ǰ Mysql ԵǾ ̼ ݵ ʿϴ)
< ̽>
Mysql ߰ ɰ Բ mSQL ̽
ִ.
Mysql 4 JDBC ̹ ִ.
- The gwe driver: A Java interface by GWE technologies (not supported
anymore).
- The jms driver: An improved gwe driver by Xiaokun Kelvin ZHU
- The twz driver: A type 4 JDBC driver by Terrence W. Zellers and
educational use.
- The mm driver: A type 4 JDBC driver by Mark Matthews{{}}
õϴ ̹ twz mm ̴̹. Ѵ Ǹϰ ۵ϴ
Ǿ.
mSQL JDBC ̹ ִ ˰
.
<ӵ>
Mysql ſ Ը , C C++ ڵ
ſ ϴµ ͼִ. , Լ, GROUP BY mSQL
͵ Ƽ ־. mSQL ֱ
'HISTORY' ϰ Mysql ۷ Ŵ غ.
ߵǰ ִ Ȯ ̴.
<ƿƼ α>
mSQL Mysql ſ پ -Ƽ ִ. mSQL Mysql
ϴ ſ , mSQL 밡 κ ø
̼ Mysql ִ.
Mysql mSQL2Mysql α ִµ mSQL Mysql
κ C-API Լ 縵 ٲ ִ. mSQL Mysql Ŭ
Ʈ α ϴ Ϲ ״ ð ɸ ʴ´.
19.1.1 mSQL Mysql ٲٱ
, mSQL C-API ϴ mSQL-tcl mSQLjava
Mysql C-API ۵ ֵ ȯϴ ð̸ ϴ.
ȯ :
1. ҽ mSQL2Mysql ũƮ Ѵ. replace α
ʿѵ, Mysql Բ ȴ.
2.
3.
mSQL C API Mysql C API .
- Mysql uses a Mysql structure as a connection type (mSQL uses an
int).
- Mysql_connect() takes a pointer to a Mysql structure as a
parameter. It is easy to define one globally or to use malloc() to
get one. Mysql_connect() also takes 2 parameters for specifying the
user and password. You may set these to NULL, NULL for default use.
- Mysql_error() takes the Mysql structure as a parameter. Just add
the parameter to your old mSQL_error() code if you are porting old
code.
- Mysql returns an error number and a text error message for all
errors. mSQL returns only a text error message.
- Some incompatibilities exist as a result of Mysql supporting
multiple connections to the server from the same process.{{}}
( Mysql μ ϹǷ ȣȯ
ʴ κ Ѵ.)
19.1.2 mSQL Mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ/
mSQL Mysql Ѵ ϰų ִ.
Mysql mSQL ݰ ٸ ֿ
.
- ۿ ˻ ִ.
- ۴ dz ۺ ũ, Ŭ̾Ʈ
Ѽ Ȯ ִ.
- ߺǰų нǵ Ŷ Ŷ ڸ ִ.
- ÷ ƽŰ ۵ȴ. ÷ ̴ ̳ʸ ڵ
(1, 2, 3 Ʈ) ٷ ۵ȴ.
- Mysql can read in the result unbuffered (without having to store
the full set in the client).
- /б 30̻ ɸ, Ѵ.
- 8ð ̻ , Ѵ.
19.1.3 How mSQL 2.0 SQL syntax differs from Mysql
(** ʽϴ. ɽϸ ѹ о. mSQL ẻ
Ǿ ״ **)
Column types
Mysql
Has the following additional types (among others; see see section
7.6)
ENUM type for one of a set of strings.
SET type for many of a set of strings.
BIGINT type for 64-bit integers.{{
}}
Mysql also supports the following additional type attributes:
UNSIGNED option for integer columns.
ZEROFILL option for integer columns.
AUTO_INCREMENT option for integer columns that are a PRIMARY KEY.
DEFAULT value for all columns.{{
}}
mSQL2
mSQL column types correspond to the Mysql types shown below:{{
}}
mSQLtype Corresponding Mysql type
CHAR(len) CHAR(len)
TEXT(len) TEXT(len). len is the maximal length. And LIKE works.
INT INT. With many more options!
REAL REAL. Or FLOAT. Both 4- and 8-byte versions are avail
able.
UINT INT UNSIGNED
DATE DATE. Uses ANSI SQL format rather than mSQL's own.
TIME TIME
MONEY DECIMAL(12,2). A fixed-point value with two decimals.
{{
}}
{{
}}Index creation
Mysql
Indexes may be specified at table creation time with the CREATE TABLE
statement.
mSQL
Indexes must be created after the table has been created, with
separate CREATE INDEX statements.{{
}}
To insert a unique identifier into a table
Mysql
Use AUTO_INCREMENT as a column type specifier.
mSQL
Create a SEQUENCE on a table and select the _seq column.{{
}}
To obtain a unique identifier for a row
Mysql
Add a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE key to the table.
mSQL
Use the _rowid column. Observe that _rowid may change over time depen
ding on many factors.{{
}}
To get the time a column was last modified
Mysql
Add a TIMESTAMP column to the table. This column is automatically set
to the current date and time for INSERT or UPDATE statements if you
don't give the column a value or if you give it a NULL value.
mSQL
Use the _timestamp column.{{
}}
NULL value comparisons
Mysql
Mysql follows ANSI SQL and a comparison with NULL is always NULL.
mSQL
In mSQL, NULL = NULL is TRUE. You must change =NULL to IS NULL and <>
NULL to IS NOT NULL when porting old code from mSQL to Mysql.{{
}}
String comparisons
Mysql
Normally, string comparisons are performed in case-independent
fashion with the sort order determined by the current character set
(ISO-8859-1 Latin1 by default). If you don't like this, declare your
columns with the BINARY attribute, which causes comparisons to be
done according to the ASCII order used on the Mysql server host.
mSQL
All string comparisons are performed in case-sensitive fashion with
sorting in ASCII order.{{
}}
Case-insensitive searching
Mysql
LIKE is a case-insensitive or case-sensitive operator, depending on
the columns involved. If possible, Mysql uses indexes if the LIKE
argument doesn't start with a wildcard character.
mSQL
Use CLIKE.{{
}}
Handling of trailing spaces
Mysql
Strips all spaces at the end of CHAR and VARCHAR columns. Use a TEXT
column if this behavior is not desired.
mSQL
Retains trailing space.{{
}}
WHERE clauses
Mysql
Mysql correctly prioritizes everything (AND is evaluated before OR).
To get mSQL behavior in Mysql, use parentheses (as shown below).mSQL
Evaluates everything from left to right. This means that some logical
calculations with more than three arguments cannot be expressed in
any way. It also means you must change some queries when you upgrade
to Mysql. You do this easily by adding parentheses. Suppose you have
the following mSQL query:
Mysql> SELECT * FROM table WHERE a=1 AND b=2 OR a=3 AND b=4;
To make Mysql evaluate this the way that mSQL would, you must add
parentheses:
Mysql> SELECT * FROM table WHERE (a=1 AND (b=2 OR (a=3 AND (b=4)
)));
{{
}}Access control
Mysql
Has tables to store grant (permission) options per user, host and
database.
mSQL
Has a file `mSQL.acl' in which you can grant read/write privileges
for users.
19.2 PostgreSQL Mysql
PostgreSQL - Ÿ, Ʈ, , Ʈ
ִ. ANSI SQL ODBC ǥ Ÿ̳
Լ ̾ϴ. ǰų ʴ , Ÿ, Լ
crash-me .
(http://www.Mysql.com/crash-me-choose.htmy)
Ϲ PostgreSQL Mysql . 11 [ġũ] . ̰
κ Ʈ ý ̴. Ʈ ʿϰ ӵ
ִٸ PostgreSQL غ ִ.
=======================================================================
- -
## : mysql 3.21 Reference Manual PostScript Ŵ
( ֽ Ŵ 3.22 ۷ Ŵ̸ 3.22.14b-gammaԴϴ.)
5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17 : (taejun@hitel.net)
18 C-API κ : ǿ (golmong@cre.co.kr)
ġ õ κ kldp.org database õ
Ƿ Ͻø ˴ϴ.
<< MySQL Reference Manual >>
version : MySQL 3.21
K.N.U.T
Software Engineering
9801260
1999. 9. 29