## : mysql 3.21 Reference Manual PostScript Ŵ ### 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18 : (taejun@hitel.net) 18 C-API κ : ǿ (golmong@cre.co.kr) ̸ : taejun@hitel.net, taejun@taejun.pe.kr : http://taejun.pe.kr (Mysql ڷᰡ ֽϴ) - - 5. mysql ǥ ȣȯ 5.1 mysql ANSI SQL92 Ȯκ 5.2 MYSQL 5.2.1 Sub-selects 5.2.2 SELECT INTO TABLE 5.2.3 Ʈ(Transactions) 5.2.4 ν Ʈ 5.2.5 ܷŰ(Foreign Keys) 5.2.5.1 ܷŰ ʴ 5.2.6 5.2.7 `--' ּ 5.3 Mysql ִ ǥ ΰ? 5.4 BLOB TEXT Ÿ 5.5 COMMIT-ROLLBACK  ġ ? 6. Mysql ý 6.1 ý̶ ΰ? 6.2 mysql ϱ 6.2.1 йȣ 6.3 mysql ϴ 6.4 ý ۵ 6.5 , 6.6 , 2ܰ : û 6.7 6.8 ʱ mysql Ѽ 6.9 mysql ο ߰ϱ 6.10 йȣ 6.11 ź 6.12 ũĿ Ͽ mysql ϰ ϴ 7. MySQL language reference. 7.1 Literals: how to write strings and numbers 7.1.1 Strings 7.1.2 Numbers 7.1.3 Hexadecimal values 7.1.4 NULL values 7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias names 7.1.5.1 Case sensitivity in names 7.2 Column types 7.2.1 Column type storage requirements 7.2.2 Numeric types 7.2.3 Date and time types 7.2.4 String types 7.2.5 Numeric types 7.2.6 Date and time types 7.2.6.1 Y2K issues and date types 7.2.6.2 The DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP types 7.2.6.3 The TIME type 7.2.6.4 The YEAR type 7.2.7 String types 7.2.7.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR types 7.2.7.2 The BLOB and TEXT types 7.2.7.3 The ENUM type 7.2.7.4 The SET type 7.2.8 Choosing the right type for a column 7.2.9 Column indexes 7.2.10 Multiple-column indexes 7.2.11 Using column types from other database engines 7.3 Functions for use in SELECT and WHERE clauses 7.3.1 Grouping functions 7.3.2 Normal arithmetic operations 7.3.3 Bit functions 7.3.4 Logical operations 7.3.5 Comparison operators 7.3.6 String comparison functions 7.3.7 Cast operators 7.3.8 Control flow functions 7.3.9 Mathematical functions 7.3.10 String functions 7.3.11 Date and time functions 7.3.12 Miscellaneous functions 7.3.13 Functions for use with GROUP BY clauses 7.4 CREATE DATABASE syntax 7.5 DROP DATABASE syntax 7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes 7.7 ALTER TABLE syntax 7.8 OPTIMIZE TABLE syntax 7.9 DROP TABLE syntax 7.10 DELETE syntax 7.11 SELECT syntax 7.12 JOIN syntax 7.13 INSERT syntax 7.14 REPLACE syntax 7.15 LOAD DATA INFILE syntax 7.16 UPDATE syntax 7.17 USE syntax 7.18 FLUSH syntax (clearing caches) 7.19 KILL syntax 7.20 SHOW syntax (Get information about tables, columns,...) 7.21 EXPLAIN syntax (Get information about a SELECT) 7.22 DESCRIBE syntax (Get information about columns) 7.23 LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES syntax 7.24 SET OPTION syntax 7.25 GRANT and REVOKE syntax 7.26 CREATE INDEX syntax 7.27 DROP INDEX syntax 7.28 Comment syntax 7.29 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION syntax 7.30 Is MySQL picky about reserved words? 8 MySQL Tutorial 1. ϱ/ 2. ϱ(Entering Queries) 3. ̽ ϱ 3.1 ͺ̽ ϱ 3.2 ̺ 3.3 ̺ ڷḦ ־ . 3.4 ̺κ ˻ . 3.4.1 ͸ ˻. 3.4.2 ־ ǿ ´ Ư ุ ˻ . 3.4.3 Ư ϱ 3.4.4 ϱ 3.4.5 ¥ MySQL ¥ ٷ  Լ ش. 3.4.6 null NULL Ư ̴. 3.4.7 ġ 3.4.8 3.5 ̺ ϱ 3.6 ġ (ϰ ó ) ϱ 9. mysql (functions) 9.1 mysql ϴ 9.1.1 Ϳ ϴ 9.1.2 ο ڼ ߰ 9.1.3 ƼƮ 9.2 Ʈ α 9.3 mysql ̺ ִ ũ 10. mysql ִ 10.1 ũ 10.2 ޸ <޸ ȭ> 10.3 ӵ ġ /ũ 10.4 How MySQL uses indexes 10.5 WHERE ȭϱ 10.6 ̺ ݴ 10.6.1 ͺ̽ ̺ 鶧 10.7 ̺ 10.8 ͺ̽ ̺ ɺ ũ 10.9 ̺ Ŵ 10.10 ̺ ۰ 迭ϴ 10.11 INSERT ӵ ġ κ 10.12 DELETE ӵ ġ κ 10.13 mysql ִ ӵ 10.14 ο ˰ ٸ ΰ? 11. mysql ġũ Ʈ 12. mysql ƿƼ 12.1 پ mysql α׷ 12.2 ؽƮ Ͽ Է(?)ϱ 12.3 mysql б ̺ 13. ̺ ļ isamchk ϱ 13.1 isamchk ɾ 13.2 isamchk ޸ 13.3 ̺ 13.4 ̺ 13.5 ļ isamchk ϱ. 13.5.1 ̺ 13.5.2 ̺ 13.5.3 ̺ ȭ 14 Adding new functions 14.1 Adding a new user-definable function 14.1.1 UDF calling sequences 14.1.2 Argument processing 14.1.3 Return values and error handling 14.1.4 Compiling and installing user-definable functions 14.2 Adding a new native function 15. mysql ODBC 15.1 MyODBC ϴ ü 15.2 MyODBC ִ 15.3 MyODBC ۵ϴ α׷ 15.4 ODBC α׷ 15.5 ODBC AUTO_INCREMENT ÷ 17. Ϲ ذ 17.1. ͺ̽ (?) 17.2 ͺ̽ 17.3 ӽſ mysqld ϱ 18 MySQL client tools 18.1 MySQL C API 18.2 C API datatypes 18.3 C API function overview 18.4 C API function descriptions 18.4.1 mysql_affected_rows() 18.4.2 mysql_close() 18.4.3 mysql_connect() 18.4.4 mysql_create_db() 18.4.5 mysql_data_seek() 18.4.6 mysql_debug() 18.4.7 mysql_drop_db() 18.4.8 mysql_dump_debug_info() 18.4.9 mysql_eof() 18.4.10 mysql_errno() 18.4.11 mysql_error() 18.4.12 mysql_escape_string() 18.4.13 mysql_fetch_field() 18.4.14 mysql_fetch_fields() 18.4.15 mysql_fetch_field_direct() 18.4.16 mysql_fetch_lengths() 18.4.17 mysql_fetch_row() 18.4.18 mysql_field_seek() 18.4.19 mysql_field_tell() 18.4.20 mysql_free_result() 18.4.21 mysql_get_client_info() 18.4.22 mysql_get_host_info() 18.4.23 mysql_get_proto_info() 18.4.24 mysql_get_server_info() 18.4.25 mysql_info() 18.4.26 mysql_init() 18.4.27 mysql_insert_id() 18.4.28 mysql_kill() 18.4.29 mysql_list_dbs() 18.4.30 mysql_list_fields() 18.4.31 mysql_list_processes() 18.4.32 mysql_list_tables() 18.4.33 mysql_num_fields() 18.4.34 mysql_num_rows() 18.4.35 mysql_ping() 18.4.36 mysql_query() 18.4.37 mysql_real_connect() 18.4.38 mysql_real_query() 18.4.39 mysql_reload() 18.4.40 mysql_row_seek() 18.4.41 mysql_row_tell() 18.4.42 mysql_select_db() 18.4.43 mysql_shutdown() 18.4.44 mysql_stat() 18.4.45 mysql_store_result() 18.4.46 mysql_thread_id() 18.4.47 mysql_use_result() 18.4.49 What results can I get from a query? 18.4.50 How can I get the unique ID for the last inserted row? 18.4.51 Problems linking with the C API 18.4.52 How to make a thread-safe client 19. Ÿ DB 19.1 Mysql/mSQL 19.1.1 mSQL Mysql ٲٱ 19.1.2 mSQL Mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ/ 19.1.3 How mSQL 2.0 SQL syntax differs from Mysql 19.2 PostgreSQL Mysql ======================================================================= - - 5. mysql ǥ ȣȯ 5.1 mysql ANSI SQL92 Ȯκ mysql ٸ sql ͺ̽ ã Ȯ κ ִ. ̷ κ ϴ ؾ Ѵ. ֳĸ mysql 尡 ٸ SQL ֱ ̴.  쿡 /*! ... */ ּ MYSQL Ȯ ̿ ð ڵ带 ִ. : SELECT /*! STRAIGHT_JOIN */ col_name from table1,table2 WHERE ... MYSQL Ȯ κ : - ʵŸ MEDIUMINT, SET, ENUM , ׸ ٸ BLOB TEXT Ÿ. - ʵӼ AUTO_INCREMENT, BINARY, UNSIGNED and ZEROFILL. - ڿ 񱳴 ⺻ ҹڸ ڼ(⺻ ISO-8859-1 Latin1) ȴ. ̰ ÷ BINARY Ӽ ؾ ϸ ̷ 쿡 mysql ȣƮ ϴ ASCII ڿ Ѵ. - MYSQL ͺ̽ 丮 ̺ ̸ . ̰ ΰ ϰ ִ: ̸ ҹڸ ϴ (κ н ý. ~) ýۿ MYSQL ͺ ̸ ̺ ̸ ҹڸ Ѵ. ̺ ̸ µ ٸ ҹڷ . ̺ , ̸ٲٱ, ű, , 縦 ǥ ý ִ. ̺ ̸ ٲٷ ϴ ̺ `.ISD', `.ISM' and `.frm' ̸ ٲٸ ȴ. - SQL db_name.tbl_name ̿Ͽ ٸ ͺ̽ ̺ ִ. Ϻ SQL ̰ User space θ. MYSQL TABLESPACES ʴ´ : create table ralph.my_table...IN my_tablespace. - ġ() ÷ LIKE ִ. - SELECT INTO OUTFILE STRAIGHT_JOIN ִ. 7.11 [SELECT] . -EXPLIAN SELECT ̺  Ǿ ش. - Use of index names, indexes on a subpart of a field, and use of INDEX or KEY in a CREATE TABLE statement. 7.6 [CREATE TABLE] . - ALTER TABLE CHANGE col_name, DROP col_name Ǵ DROP INDEX Ѵ. 7.7 [ALTER TABLE] . - ALTER TABLE IGNORE . - ALTER TABLE ADD, ALTER, DROP or CHANGE - IF EXISTS Ű带 ̿ DROP TABLE . - ̺ ̻󿡼 DROP TABLE . - LOAD DATA INFILE . κ Ŭ LOAD DATA INFILE ȣȯȴ. 7.15 [LOAD DATA INFILE] . (** ͸ Ѳ Է INSERT ϴ ӵ . **) - OPTIMIZE TABLE . - ڿ ''' ƴ϶ '"' Ǵ ''' ִ. - escape `\' . - SET OPTION . 7.24 [SET OPTION] . - GROUP BY κп ÷ ʿ䰡 . ̷ ǰ ƴ Ư ǿ Ų. 7.3.12 [GROUP BY Functions] . (** ANSI SQL Թ ̿Ͽ GROUP BY ϰ ϴ ÷ GROUP BY ־ Ѵ. ̷ Ǵ ʿ ִµ MYSQL ̷ . 7.3.12 Ѵ **) - ٸ SQL ȯ ߴ ڸ MYSQL ɿ ˸ ƽ Ѵ. ANSI SQL ODBC Ѵ. - MYSQL C α׷ OR AND ǹϴ || && νѴ. MYSQL || OR ̸ && AND ̴. ̷ ̹ MYSQL string concatenation (ڿ , ?) ANSI SQL ۷ || ʴ . CONCAT() Ѵ. CONCAT() ڰ ־ MYSQL || ۷ ȯϱ . MySQL understands the || and && operators to mean logical OR and AND, as in the C programming language. In MySQL, || and OR are synonyms, as are && and AND. Because of this nice syntax, MySQL doesn't support the ANSI SQL operator || for string concatenation; use CONCAT() instead. Since CONCAT() takes any number of arguments, it's easy to convert use of the || operator to MySQL. - ϵ SQL CODE STRAIGHT_JOIN MYSQL Ű ϱ ̷ Ű带 /* */ ּȿ ִ. '!' Ѵ. ̷ MYSQL ּ ٸ MYSQL ؼ ٸ SQL ̷ Ȯ ʰ dzʶ ִ. : SELECT /*! STRAIGHT_JOIN */ * from table1,table2 WHERE ... - ̳ : CREATE DATABASE or DROP DATABASE. 7.4 [CREATE DATABASE] . MOD() ſ % . % C α׷Ӹ ϸ PostgresSQL ȣȯ Ѵ. ÷ =, <>, <= ,<, >=,>, <<, >>, AND, OR, LIKE . LAST_INSERT_ID(). 18.4.49 [mysql_insert_id()] . REGEXP or NOT REGEXP. ϳ ϳ ̻ ڸ CONCAT() CHAR(). MYSQL ̷ ڸ ִ. BIT_COUNT(), ELT(), FROM_DAYS(), FORMAT(), IF(), PASSWORD(), ENCRYPT(), PERIOD_ADD(), PERIOD_DIFF(), TO_DAYS(), or WEE-DEC-OSF1, KDAY(). 꽺Ʈ ִ TRIM() .(Use of TRIM() to trim substrings) ANSI SQL Ÿ Ѵ. ׷ ǿ STD(), BIT_OR() and BIT_AND() DELET + INSERT REPLACE . 7.14 [REPLACE] . FLUSH flush_option . 5.2 MYSQL ɵ MYSQL ִ. 켱 Ȯ϶ MYSQL TODO . (http://www.mysql.com/Manual_split/manual_Todo.html). ̰ ֽ TODO ̴. η F [TODO] . 5.2.1 Sub-selects Mysql ۵ ʴ´: SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM table2); Mysql INSERT ... SELECT ... and REPLACE ... SELECT ... Ѵ. -select 3.23.0 Ƹ ̴. ״ IN() ִ. 5.2.2 SELECT INTO TABLE Mysql SELECT ... INTO TABLE .... ʴ´. , Mysql SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE ..., ϸ ⺻δ ϴ. 5.2.3 Ʈ(Transactions) Ʈ ʴ´. Mysql atomic(ڼ?) ۷̼ ̸ atomic ۷̼ rollback Ʈǰ . atomic ۷̼ ϸ insert/select/ ׷  嵵 浹 ֵ ش. ƿ Ϲ ѹ(rollback) ʿ. LOCK TABLES UNLOCK TABLES ̿Ͽ ٸ 尡 浹ϴ ִ. 7.23 [Lock Tables] . 5.2.4 ν Ʈ ν ϵǰ ִ SQL Ʈ̴. ̷ Ǹ Ŭ̾Ʈ ü Ǹ ٽ ʿ䰡 ν ִ. ̷ Ǵ ѹ ؼǰ Ŭ̾Ʈ ְ޾ƾ ϴ Ͱ پǷ ȴ. ̺귯 μ 踦 ų ִ. (??? You can also raise the conceptual level by having libraries of functions in the server.) ƮŴ Ư ̺Ʈ ߻ ν̴. Ʈ ̺ ڵ尡 ǰ Ʈ ϴ ̺ ִ ν ġ ִ. δ ν ƮŴ ƴϴ. ƮŴ ʿ 쿡 ־ Ϲ ӵ . ν ϰ Mysql ߰ η F .(The TODO) (** Ʈ ó Ʈ ͺ̽ ӵ ŵϴ. Mysql ̷ ӵ ĥ ִ κ Ͽ ӵ . ̷ κ ڱⰡ ϴ ͺ̽ 󸶳 ߿Ѱ Ǵ ƾ Դϴ. DBMS ȸ ʴ 찡 . ߻ , ȸ Ѵ. ׷Ƿ ڰ ̽ 纻 غϸ, ߻ϸ ۾ ٽ ؾ . ƮŰ ڷ Ἲ ϱ ʿ ̴. **) 5.2.5 ܷŰ(Foreign Keys) SQL ܷŰ ̺ κ Ἲ Ȯ Ѵ. SELECT ̺ ڷḦ ϸ ̺ ؼ ó ִ. SELECT * from table1,table2 where table1.id = table2.id 7.12 [JOIN] . Mysql ܷŰ(FOREIGN KEY) ٸ SQL ǰ CREATE TABLE ȣȯ Ѵ: ܷŰ ƹ͵ ʴ´. ON DELETE ... FOREIGN KEY κ Ѵ. ODBC ø̼ ̰ ڵ WHERE ̴. ׷ ̰ κ ()ϰ Ѿ . ܷŰ δ üũ(constraint check) ̷ üũ Ͱ ̺ Ȯ  ʿϴ. Mysql Ϻ ø̼ǿ ܷŰ ϴ ʿ ϱ ( ϵ ϵ ) ϴ ̴. Mysql ܷŰ ̺ ڵ带 ø̼ǿ DELETE ߰Ͽ ON DELETE ... Ǵ ν ذ ִ. ̷ ϴ ܷŰ ϴ Ͱ ( 쿡 ) ϱⰡ . Ͼȿ 츮 ܷŰ Ȯ ̴. ׷ ּ mysqldump ODBC ǰ ˻ ֵ ̴. 5.2.5.1 ܷŰ ʴ ܷŰ 𿡼 ؾ 𸣴 ִ: - Foreign key Ȳ ſ ϰ . ֳϸ, foreing key ǰ databaseܾ ϰ, foreign key ϴ "ڿ " File (data file ű, ϰ, ϴ ...) Ѵ. (** ش : ̻ѵ ܷŰ Ἲ Ģ ϰ ȴ. ̰ ϰ ִ ϴ. **) - INSERT UPDATE ӵ ģ. ׸ ̷ ùٸ ùٸ ̺ ڵ带 ϱ κ ܷŰ üũ ʿ . - ü ͺ̽ ۿ ϱ ̺ Ʈ ſ ̺ ؾ Ѵ. ڵ带 ϰ Ŀ ٸ ̺ ڵ带 ξ . - Table , (backup̳ ο sourceκ) record ٽ ϴ Table . - Foreign key Ѵٸ, table dump(backup)ϰ ( dump ڷ ) restoreϴ ־ Ϸ ϰ Ѿ Ѵ. - table ǰ ְ ϴ, ( Table ȣ ϰ ȴٸ) ܼ createδ Ұ circular definition(ȯ) ߻Ѵ. (: A Table B ڷḦ ϴ foreign key ְ, B C foreign key, C A foreign key 㵵 table ȴٸ ѹ A,B,C table . A,B,C foreign key ִ ȴ.) ܷŰ . ODBC Ư ٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷  ̺ Ǿ ִ ְ ̾ µ ϸ ø̼ µ ̴. (: foreign key ؼ ſ ̴. , ̰ foreign key Ϻ ϻ̴. ٵ client Table DATA 迡 ؼ Ծ ؼ Ű澲 ʰ ϰ, ׻ ڷ Ἲ(ռ[?]) Ѵٴ ſ ߿ϴ. Ư, Table 1~20 ƴ 100 Ѿٸ, client Ű澲 programingϴ ͵ , debugging 󺸴 . table 踦 ȭѴٸ programmer foreign key ޱ ٴ Table checkؾ Ǵ Եȴ. foreign key ǵǴ ֵ table Data ϴ ʱ ̴. ǹ ߳ û óϴ ־ foreign keyŭ 彺 . ) Mysql ܷŰ Ǹ ֵ ؼ Ŭ̾Ʈ  ؼ ϰ ֵ ̴. '.frm' ̰ ϰ . 5.2.6 Mysql 並 ʴ´. ׷ TODO( ) ִ. MySQL doesn't support views, but this is on the TODO. 5.2.7 `--' ּ Ϻ ٸ SQL ͺ̽ '--' ּ Ѵ. mysql '--' ϴ Mysql '#' ּ Ѵ. ڴ C Ÿ /* this is a comment */ mysql ִ. 7.28 [Comment] . Mysql '--' ̴; '--' ּ · ڵ Ǵ SQL ǿ ߻Ų. . 츮 ڵ payment !payment! Էϵ ϰ ִ : UPDATE tbl_name SET credit=credit-!payment! payment  ̶ ϴ°? 1--1 մ SQḺ '--' ּ ǹϴ ̴. '--' ּ ϴ ؽƮ SQL α׷ ٸ ؾ Ѵ: shell> replace " --" " #" < text-file-with-funny-comments.sql \ | mysql database instead of the normal( ???): shell> mysql database < text-file-with-funny-comments.sql Ϸ '--' ּ '#' ּ ٲ ִ: shell> replace " --" " #" -- text-file-with-funny-comments.sql : shell> replace " #" " --" -- text-file-with-funny-comments.sql (** Ϻ SQL ϴ -- ּ Ƿ MYSQL # ּ Ѵٴ ̴ **) 5.3 Mysql ִ ǥ ΰ? Entry level SQL92. ODBC level 0-2. 5.4 BLOB TEXT Ÿ BLOB TEXT ʵ忡 GROUP BY ORDER BY ϱ ϸ ʵ ü Ѵ. ̷ ϴ ǥ SUBSTRING ϴ ̴. : mysql> select comment from tbl_name order by SUBSTRING(comment,20); ̷ ù ° max_sort_lengths (⺻ =1024) ȴ. BLOB TEXT ⺻ NULL ÷ . BLOB and TEXT cannot have DEFAULT values and will also always be NULL columns. 5.5 COMMIT-ROLLBACK  ġ ? Mysql COMMIT-ROLLBACK ʴ´. COMMIT-ROLLBACK ȿ ٷ ؼ Mysql ϴ Ͱ ٸ ̺ 谡 ʿϴٴ ̴. Mysql ̺ ڵ Ŭ ߰ ũ ִ ʿϴ. ̷ 纸 mysql 2-4 . Mysql κ ٸ SQL ͺ̽ ξ . ( ּ 2-3 ) ̷ Mysql COMMIT-ROLLBACK ̴. а 츮 SQL ۵ ַ ̴. κ COMMIT-ROLLBACK ʿ 幰. ̷ ϴ ִ. Ϲ Ʈ ʿ Ʈ LOCK TABLES ڵ带 © ִ. ڵ带 Ʈ Ŀ ʿ䰡 . 츮 Ʈǰ Ŀ TODO ־ 켱 ƴϴ. ̷ Ѵٸ CREATE TABLE ɼ ̴. ̰ ɼ ̺ ۵ϸ ̺ ̶ ǹѴ. 츮 100% ͺٴ ͺ̽ ʿ . COMMIT-ROLLBACK ϴ ӵ ջ ٸ 츮 װ ̴. а ߿ϰ ؾ ϵ ִ. 츮  Ϳ 켱 ΰ ִ TODO . ܰ ޴ ̰ ٲ 켱 ִ. ROLLBACK ̴. ѹ LOCK TABLES ̿Ͽ COMMIT ִ. ѹ ϱ Mysql Ʈ ڵ带 ϰ ѹ ̳ ư ֵ ٲپ Ѵ. ̷ ʴ.( isamlog ̷ 츦 ִ) ׷ ALTER/DROP/CREATE TABLE ѹ ϴ ô ƴ. ѹ ϱ ִ: 1. ϱ ϴ ̺ . LOCK TABLES ... 2. ׽Ʈ(Test conditions) 3. ȴٸ Ʈ Ѵ. 4. UNLOCK TABLES Ϲ ѹ ̿ Ʈ ϴ ͺٴ ̷ ξ . ׷ ׻ 밡 ƴϴ. ̷ ذ Ȳ Ʈ 带 ̴. ̷ ȴ. ׷ Ʈ δ ̴. ۷̼ǿ ڵ带 Ʈϴ ִ. ũ ϸ ſ ȿ ø̼ ִ: - õǾ ִ ʵ带 - ȭ ʵ带 Ʈ ,  Ʈ ٲ ͸ Ʈ Ѵ. ׸ For example, when we are doing updates on some customer information, we update only the customer data that have changed and test only that none of the changed data, or data that depend on the changed data, have changed compared to the original row. ȭ ׽Ʈ UPDATE WHRE Ͽ ִ. ڵ尡 Ʈ ʾҴٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ ޽ : " ٲ Ϻΰ ٸ ڿ ٲϴ". ׷ 츮 쿡 ڵ ڵ带 Ͽ . ׷ ڴ  ڵ带 ִ. ̷ ϸ "÷ ŷ" ϴ. ׷ δ . ֳ ϸ õǾ ִ ÷ Ʈϱ ̴. Ʈ ̴: UPDATE tablename SET pay_back=pay_back+'relative change'; UPDATE customer SET customer_date='current_date', address='new address', phone='new phone', money_he_owes_us=money_he_owes_us+'new_money' WHERE customer_id=id AND address='old address' AND phone='old phone'; ̷ ϸ ſ ȿ̸ ٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ pay_back ̳ money_he_owes_us ÷ ٲپ ۵Ѵ. κ , ڴ ̺ (identifiers) ϱ ѹ ̺ ϰ ;Ѵ. ̰ AUTO_INCREMENT ÷ SQL LAST_INSERT_ID() , Ǵ mysql_insert_id() C API Ͽ ȿ ִ. 18.4.49 [mysql_insert_id()] . TcX ̷ ذ ֱ low-level ʿ ʴ´.  쿡 ο- ʿϴ. ׷ ̷ ؼҼ̴. ο- ϸ ̺ ÷ ÷ ִ. : UPDATE tbl_name SET row_flag=1 WHERE id=ID; row ߰ߵǰ row_flag row ̹ 1 ƴ϶ row ڷμ 1 ȯѴ. MySQL returns 1 fro the number of affected rows if the row was found and row_flag wasn't already 1 in the original row. 6. Mysql ý mysql ǥ / ý ִ. ̹ 忡 ̰  ۵ϴ ϰ ִ. 6.1 ý̶ ΰ? Mysql ý ֿ ͺ̽ select, insert, update, delete ȣƮ ̸ ̴. ߰ ɿ ͸ ɰ LOAD DATA INFILE ̼ǰ mysql Ư ϴ κ ԵǾ ִ. Mysql ϴ ̸ н ̸ (α ̸)̳ ̸ 谡 ٴ ! . κ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ mysql ̸ н ̸ Ͽ Ϸ ̴. ׷ ̰ Ǹ ؼ̴. Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ -u --user ɼ ٸ ̸ Ѵ. ̰ mysql ̸ йȣ ͺ̽ ȿ ִٴ ǹѴ.  Ͽ Ϸ ϴ ̸ йȣ Ǿ ʴٸ ӿ ̴. н ̸ Ϲ 8ڷ ѵǾ ִ Ͱ ٸ mysql ̸ 16ڱ ִ. mysql йȣ н йȣ ƹ . н ӽſ α ϴ йȣ ͺ̽ ϴ йȣ . mysql н α μ ϴ Ͱ ٸ ˰ йȣ ȣȭѴ. 6.2 mysql ϱ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ Ϲ з(Ű ) ϴ.: ȣƮ, ̸, йȣ. mysql Ŭ Ʈ ִ. ( ڴ [ ] ݴ´) shell>; mysql [-h host_name] [-u user_name] [-pyour_pass] -p ڿ йȣ ̿ ٴ . -h, -u, -p ü ִ δ --host=host_name, --user=user_name and --password=your_pass ִ. mysql Ŀǵ ο Ű ⺻ Ѵ. ⺻ ȣƮ ̸ localhost ̰ ⺻ ̸ н ̸̴.(-p йȣ ʴ´) ׷ н ̸ joe ϴ.: shell> mysql -h localhost -u joe shell> mysql -h localhost shell> mysql -u joe shell> mysql ٸ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ ϰ ۵Ѵ. н ýۿ ִ ⺻ ־ Ŭ Ʈ α׷ ࿡ ɼ ʾƵ ȴ: Ȩ 丮 '.my.cnf' [client] ǿ ִ. Ͽ ̿ : [client] host=host_name user=user_name password=your_pass 4.14.4 [option files] . ȯ Ͽ ִ. ȣƮ MYSQL_HOST ִ. Mysql ̸ USER, LOGNAME, LOGIN ִ. (̷ ̹ н α ̸ Ǿ ̴. ׷Ƿ ٲ ʴ° ) йȣ MYSQL_PWD ִ.(׷ ̰ ʴ; ) Ǿٸ ࿡ ϰ ȯ ͺ 켱 . ȯ 켱 . 6. 2. 1 йȣ ٸ ڰ ߰ ְ йȣ ϴ ʴ . Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ йȣ ϴ Ʒ 赵 Ͽ: ࿡ -pyour_pass Ǵ --password=your_pass ɼ . ̴. йȣ ý Ȳ α׷(ps ) ֱ ٸ ڰ .(mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ Ϲ ʱȭǴ ڸ 0 . ׷ ִ ª ƴ ִ) -p Ǵ --password ɼ (йȣ ). ̷ Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ ͹̳ο йȣ : shell> mysql -u user_name -p Enter password: ******** Ŭ̾Ʈ йȣ ĥ ͹̳ο '*' ڸ ش. ׷ ٸ ڰ йȣ . ٸ ڰ Ƿ ࿡ йȣ Էϴ ξ ϴ. ׷ ȭ ũƮ Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ ϸ ʴ. Ͽ йȣ . Ȩ 丮 '.my.cnf' [client] ǿ йȣ ִ. [client] password=your_pass йȣ '.my.cnf' Ͽ Ѵٸ ׷̳ ٸ б/⸦ ؾ Ѵ. ۹̼ 400 ̳ 600 Ȯ. 4.14.4 [ɼ ] . йȣ MYSQL_PWD ȯ ִ. ׷ ϸ ؼ ȵȴ. Ϻ ps α׷ μ ȯ溯 ִ ɼ ִ; MYSQL_PWD ϸ ٸ йȣ ִ. ̷ ps ý μ ȯ溯 ˻ ִ ٰ ϴ ϴ. ߿ Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ йȣ 䱸ϰ ϰ '.my.cnf' Ͽ йȣ ϴ ̴. 6.3 mysql ϴ Ѱ õ mysql ͺ̽(ͺ̽ ̸ mysql ) user, db, host, table_priv, columns_priv ̺ ȴ. mysql , ׸ ȯ (6.7 [ ] ) ̺ оδ. mysql ϴ ϴ ̸ Ʒ . ÷ ̸ grant tables Ǵ context Ǿ ִ. +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | Privilege () | Column (÷) | Context (ȯ) | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | select | Select_priv | tables | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | insert | Insert_priv | tables | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | update | Update_priv | tables | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | delete | Delete_priv | tables | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | index | Index_priv | tables | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | alter | Alter_priv | tables | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | create | Create_priv | databases, table or indexs | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | drop | Drop_priv | databases or tables | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | grant | Grant_priv | databases or tables | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | reload | Reload_priv | server administration | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | shutdown | Shutdown_priv | server administration | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | process | Process_priv | server administration | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ | file | File_priv | file access on server | +-------------------+----------------+------------------------------+ select, insert, update, delete ͺ̽ ̺ 忡 ۷̼ ֵ Ѵ. SELECT ̺ (ڵ) select ʿϴ. ͺ̽ ϴ Ư SELECT ִ. mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ ִ: mysql> SELECT 1+1; mysql> SELECT PI()*2; index(ε) ε ϰų ִ. alter ALTER TABLE ֵ Ѵ. create drop ο ͺ̽ ̺ ϰų ϴ ͺ̽ ̺ ֵ Ѵ. ڿ mysql ͺ̽ drop ϸ, ڴ mysql ٱ ͺ̽ ִٴ°! . grant ڰ ִ ٸ ڰ ֵ Ѵ. file LOAD DATA INFILE and SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE ̿ ϰ ִ Ѵ. ̷ ڴ mysql а ִ а ִ ȴ. ѵ ۷̼ǿ Ǹ mysqladmin α׷ Ѵ. Ʒ ̺ ѿ ִ mysqladmin ش: +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | Privilege () | Command permitted to privilege holders | | | (ѿ Ǵ ) | +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | reload | reload, refresh, flush-privileges | | | , flush-hosts, flush-logs, flush-tables | +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | shutdown | shutdown | +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+ | process | processlist, kill | +--------------------+----------------------------------------------+ reload grant ̺ ٽ о δ. refresh ̺ α ݴ´. flush-privileges reload ɰ Ǿ̴. ٸ flush-* refresh Ѵ. ׷  쿡 ϴ. α ϸ ݰ ٽ Ѵٸ flush-logs refresh ̴. (** flush ɼδ ȣƮ, α , , ̺, status variables ִ. SQL Ǵ mysqladmin ƿƼ ϸ ȴ. **) shutdown ˴ٿѴ. (** ̰ ¾~~?? **) processlist ǰ ִ 忡 . kill 带 δ. ڽ ų ٸ ڿ ۵ μ ų ִ.  ɽ ؾ Ѵ:y: grant() ڰ ٸ ֵ Ѵ. ٸ Ѱ grant ڴ ִ. file б дµ .... SELECT ̿ ִ ... The file privilege can be abused to read any world-readable file on the server into a database table, the contents of which can then be accessed using SELECT. (** ʾƵ ̿ ִ ʴ° ٴ ̰ **) shutdown ٸ ڿ 񽺸 ϵ ִ. process йȣ ϰ ٲٴ Ǹ ϰ ִ Ǹ µ ִ. mysql ͺ̽ йȣ ٸ ٲٴ ִ. (йȣ ȣȭǾ Ǿٰ ϴ , ִ ڴ ٸ йȣ ٲ ) mysql ý ٷ  ִ: ź ڸ ϰ . ֳϸ ڿ źϴ ϰ ų ̴. ڰ ͺ̽ ̺ ִ ͺ̽ ü . (** ׷ϱ create drop ָ ͺ̽ ü . ׾ ̺ ֵ Ѵٴ **) 6.4 ý ۵ mysql ý ڰ ͸ŭ ֵ . mysql , Ȯ ȣƮ ڰ ̸ ȴ. ý Ȯΰ Ѵ. mysql ڸ Ȯϴµ ȣƮ̸ ̸ Ѵ Ѵ. ֳĸ ͳݿ ̸ ٰ ڶ ̴. whitehouse.gov ϴ bill microsoft.com ϴ bill ʿ . mysql ̸ ִ ȣƮ ̿ ڸ Ѵ : whitehouse.gov ϴ bill Ư ְ microsoft.com ϴ bill ٸ ִ. mysql ΰ ܰ谡 ִ: ܰ 1: ڰ ִ Ǵ ܰ 2 ( ڰ Ǿ ) : ڰ Ϸ ɿ ִ û Ǵ. , ͺ̽ ̺ select rows Ҷ, Ǵ ͺ̽ ̺ ̺ select ִ ̽ ִ Ȯ Ѵ. ܰ迡 mysql ͺ̽ user, db, host ̺ ̿Ѵ.grant ̺ ʵ Ʒ : +----------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | Table name | user | db | host | +----------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | Scope fields | Host | Host | Host | | (ʵ ) +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | User | Db | Db | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Password | User | | +----------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Select_priv | Select_priv | Select_priv | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Insert_priv | Insert_priv | Insert_priv | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Update_priv | Update_priv | Update_priv | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | Privilege | Delete_priv | Delete_priv | Delete_priv | | filelds +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | ( ʵ) | Index_priv | Index_priv | Index_priv | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Alter_priv | Alter_priv | Alter_priv | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Create_priv | Create_priv | Create_priv | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Drop_priv | Drop_priv | Drop_priv | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Grant_priv | Grant_priv | Grant_priv | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Reload_priv | | | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Shutdown_priv | | | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Process_priv | | | | +-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | | File_priv | | | +----------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ ι° ܰ踦 (û ), û ̺ ̶ ߰ tables_priv columns_priv ̺ Ѵ. ̺ ʵ : +-------------------+---------------+----------------+ | Table name | tables_priv | columns_priv | +-------------------+---------------+----------------+ | Scope fields | Host | Host | | +---------------+----------------+ | | Db | Db | | +---------------+----------------+ | | User | User | | +---------------+----------------+ | | Table_name | Table_name | | +---------------+----------------+ | | | Column_name | +-------------------+---------------+----------------+ | Privilege field | Table_priv | Type | | +---------------+----------------+ | | Column_priv | | +-------------------+---------------+----------------+ | Other fields | Timestamp | Timestamp | | +---------------+----------------+ | | Gran | | +-------------------+---------------+----------------+ (grant) ̺ ʵ ʵ Ǿ ִ. ʵ ̺ Ʈ Ѵ. ٽ ϸ Ʈ Ǵ context(ȯ, )̴. , Host User 'thomas.loc.gov' 'bob' user ̺ Ʈ thomas.loc.gov ȣ Ʈ bob Ҷ ϴµ ȴ.ϰ Host, User, db ʵ尪 'thomas.loc.gov', 'bob', 'reports' db ̺ Ʈ thomas.loc.gov ȣƮ bob reports ͺ̽ ȴ. tables_priv columns_priv ̺ ̺̳ Ʈ ִ ̺/÷ Ű ʵ带 ϰ ִ. üũ ϱ , HOst 񱳴 ҹڸ ʴ´. User, Password, Db, Table_name ҹڸ Ѵ. mysql 3.22.12 Column_name ҹڸ ʴ´. (3.22.11 ҹ ) ʵ ̺ Ʈ εǴ Ű ̴ ִ ䷹̴̼. Ϻϰ ϱ (grant) ̺ Ѵ. ⿡ ϴ Ģ 6.6 [Request access] . ʵ ڿ̸ ǵǾ; ⺻ ڿ : +--------------+------------+-------------------------------------+ | Field name | Type | | +--------------+------------| | | Host | CHAR(60) | | +--------------+------------| | | User | CHAR(16) | | +--------------+------------| | | Password | CHAR(16) | | +--------------+------------+-------------------------------------+ | Db | CHAR(64) | (CHAR(60) for the tables_priv and | | | | columns_priv tables) | +--------------+------------+-------------------------------------+ user, db, host ̺ ʵ ENUM('N','Y') ǵǾ ִ. -- 'N' 'Y' ⺻ 'N' ̴. (** ENUM Ÿ ϳ .ʵ Ÿ **) tables_priv columns_priv ̺ ʵ SET ʵ ǵ : (** SET Ÿ ߿ 0̳ 1 ̻ **) +--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+ | Table name | Field name | Possible set elements | +--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+ | tables_priv | Table_priv | 'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', | | | | 'Delete', 'Create', 'Drop', 'Grant', | | | | 'References', 'Index', 'Alter' | +--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+ | tables_priv | Column_priv | 'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', | | | | 'References' | +--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+ | columns_priv | Type | 'Select', 'Insert', 'Update', | | | | 'References' | +--------------+-------------+--------------------------------------+ ϰ ؼ (grant) ̺ Ѵ: user ̺ scope() ʵ ῡ ź Ѵ. ῡ Ͽ, ʵ ü (superuser) Ų. db host ̺ Բ ȴ: - db ̺ ʵ  ȣƮ  ͺ̽  ڰ ִ Ѵ. ʵ  ۷̼ Ǿ Ѵ. - host ̺ db ̺ Ʈ ȣƮ db ̺ Ȯ Ѵ. , ڰ Ʈ ȣƮ ͺ̽ ֵ Ϸ, "db" ̺ Ʈ Host ΰ, "host" ȣƮ Ʈ ȴ.̷ 6,6 [Request access] ڼ ϰ ִ. tables_priv columns_priv ̺ db ̺ ϴ. ׷ ִ: ̺ ͺ̽ ܰ迡 ư ̺ ÷ ܰ迡 ִ. (reload, shutdown,Ÿ..) user ̺ ִٴ ! ֳĸ ۷̼ ü ۷̸̼ Ư ͺ̽ ϴ ƴϴ. ׷Ƿ ̷ ٸ (grant) ̺ ʿ䰡 ., user ̺ ۷̼ ִ ȴ. (file) ѵ user ̺ Ѵ. ƴϴ. ׷ ȣƮ аų ִ ϰ ִ ͺ̽ ̴. mysqld (grant) ̺ ѹ д´. ̺ ϰ ȿ Ϸ 6.7 [Privilege changes] . ̺ ϴ´ Ǿ Ȯ ϴ ̴. α׷ mysqlaccess ũƮ μ Yves CArlier mysql distribution ϰ ִ.  ϰ ִ Ȯϱ mysqlaccess --help ɼ ־ . 6.11 [Access denied] 6.12 [Security] . mysqlaccess user, db, host ̺ Ѵ. ̺̳ ÷ ܰ ѱ ʴ´ٴ . 6.5 , ܰ 1 : Ȯ() mysql Ϸ Ȯΰ йȣ ϰų źѴ. Ȯ ȵǸ źѴ. Ȯ Ǹ ޾Ƶ̰ 2° ܰ  û ٸ. Ȯ ΰ ϰ ִ: ϴ ȣƮ mysql ̸ Ȯ user ̺ ʵ(Host, User, Password) Ͽ ȴ. user ̺ Ʈ ȣƮ̸ , йȣ Ȯ ޾Ƶδ. Ʒ user ̺ ʵ尪 ִ: Host ȣƮ ̸̳ IP Ǵ ȣƮ Ű 'localhost' ̴. Host ʵ忡 '%' '_' ϵī ڸ ִ. '%' Host ȣƮ ̸ Ÿ. ȣƮ '%' . Ư ȣƮ ̷ ִٴ . ϵī ڴ User ʵ忡 ʴ´. ׷ شϴ ִ. Ϸ Ͽ ̸ ִٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̸ ſ ڴ , ̸ ڷμ ֵȴ. Password ʵ ִ.̰ ƹ йȣ ִٴ ǹϴ ƴϸ ڴ йȣ ʰ ؾ Ѵٴ ǹ̴. Ʒ ̺ û ϴ "user" ̺ Host, User  յǴ ִ ̴: +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ȣƮ/ | Ͽ شϴ | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 'thomas.loc.gov'/'fred' | thomas.loc.gov ϴ fred | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 'thomas.loc.gov'/'' | thomas.loc.gov ϴ | | | | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | '%'/'fred' | ȣƮ ϴ fred | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | '%'/'' | ȣƮ ϴ | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | '%.loc.gov'/'fred' | loc.gov ȣƮ | | | ϴ fred | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | 'x.y.%'/'fred' | x.y.net, x.y.com, x.y.edu  | | | ϴ fred (̰ Ƹ | | | ̴) | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | '144.155.166.177'/'fred' | 144.155.166.177 IP ּҿ | | | ϴ fred | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | '144.155.166.%'/'fred' | 144.155.166 Ŭ C | | | ȣƮ ϴ fred | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------+ Host ʵ忡 IP ϵ ī带 ֱ ( '144.155.166.%' ȣƮ ȴ) 144.155.166.somewhere ȣƮ ̸ ̿Ͽ δϰ ̿ ɼ ִ. ̷ mysql ڿ Ʈ(.) ϴ ȣƮ̸ ʴ´. 1.2.foo.com ȣƮ ̷ ȣƮ̸ (grant) ̺ Host ÷ ġ ´. IP ڸ IP ϵ ī ġų ִ. Ѱ ̻ user table ִٸ  user table ұ? ̷ 쿡 user table ذ ϸ , Ҷ ȴ. user table ٰ : +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | Host | User | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | % | root | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | % | jeffrey | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | localhost | root | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | localhost | | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ ̺ , Ưϰ ִ ȣƮ Ѵ. (Host ÷ '%' " ȣƮ" ǹϿ ּѵ ϴ ̴) Ͽ ȣƮ Ưϰ ڰ ִ ͺ Ѵ.( Ǿ ִ User " " ǹϿ ּѵ ϴ ̴.) ̷ ϸ user ̺ : +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | Host | User | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | localhost | root | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | localhost | | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | % | jeffrey | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | % | root | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ Ī ˰ Ǹ ĪǴ . localhost jeffrey ϷҶ, Host ÷ 'localhost' Īȴ. ̸ ϴ ȣƮӰ ̸ Īȴ. ('%'/'jeffrey' Ī ȴ. ׷ ̺ ó ĪǴ ƴϴ.) ٸ ִ. user ̺ ٰ غ: +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | Host | User | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | % | jeffrey | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | thom | as.loc.gov | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ ̺ : +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | Host | User | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | thom as.loc.gov | | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ | % | jeffrey | ... | +---------------------+-------------+-------------+ ù° thomas.loc.gov jeffrey ϴ ĪǸ, whitehouse.gov jeffrey ϴ ι° Ī ȴ. , user ̺ Ͽ  ĪǴ ϸ ȴ. 6.6 , 2ܰ : û Ǿٸ 2ܰ . Ǿ 䱸 ڰ Ϸ Ͽ ڰ ִ Ѵ. ⼭ ̺ ʵ尡 ۵Ѵ. user, db, host, table_priv, columns_priv ̺ Ѵ. GRANT REVOKE ̿Ͽ ̺ ٷ ִ. 7.25 [GRANT] . ( Ҵ ̺ ʵ ϴ ̴; 6.4[Privilege] .) user ̺ ڿ ü ϸ Ͱ  ʹ . , user ̺ ڿ delete ߴٸ ȣƮ  ͺ̽ ڵ ִ! ٸ ؼ user ̺ ̸, ( ͺ̽ )Ը user ̺ ϴ . ٸ ڿԴ user ̺ 'N' ϰ, db host ̺ Ͽ Ư ͺ̽ ѽ ϴ° . db host ̺ Ư ͺ̽ Ѵ. ̺ Host Db ʵ忡 ϵī '%' '_' ̸ ʵ (scope fields) Ѵ. '%' Host " ȣƮ" ǹѴ. db ̺ Host ̸ "host ̺ ڼ ϶" ǹ̴. A '%' or blank Db value in the host table means or "any database." (** or 𸣰ڳ׿. host ̺ Db '%' Ǵ ̸ " ͺ̽" ǹѴٴ **) User ̸ ͸ ڷ ֵȴ. db host ̺ а Ѵ.(ÿ user ̺ д´.) db ̺ Host, Db, User ʵ host ̺ Host, Db ʵ Ѵ. user ̺ Ưϰ Ǿ ִ ǰ ּѵ ߿ ȴ. ĪǴ ã, ߰ Ѵ. tables_priv columns_priv ̺ Ư ̺ ÷ õ Ѵ.db host ̺ Host ʵ ϵī带 Host ʵ忡 ִ. ׷ Db, Table_name, Column_name ʵ忡 ϵī峪 鰪 . Host ̺ ϵī带 tables_priv columns_priv ̺ db ̺ ϰ Ǹ . û Ʒ Ѵ. - ҽ ڵ忡 ģϴٸ, ⼭ ϴ ڵ忡 ˰ ణ ٸٴ ִ.⼭ ڵ尡 ۵ϴ İ ϴ. ϰ ϴµ ̰ ִ ̴. û ؼ(shutdown, reload ) user ̺ üũ Ѵ. ֳĸ user ̺ ϱ . Ͽ û ϸ Ǹ ƴ 쿡 źεȴ. , mysqladmin shutdown ϰ ϴµ user ̺ Ͽ ڿ shutdown , db host ̺ üũ ʴ źεȴ. (̷ ̺ Shutdown_priv ÷ ̷ ʿ䵵 ) ͺ̽ õ û (insert, update ) user ̺ Ͽ ü() Ѵ. Ͽ û ϸ εȴ. user ̺ ü ϸ, db host ̺ Ͽ ͺ̽ õ Ѵ: 1. db ̺ ĪǴ Host, Db, User ʵ带 ã´. ȣƮ ̸ Mysql ̸ Host User Ī . ڰ ϱ ϴ ͺ̽ Db ʵ忡 Īȴ. Host User źεȴ. 2. ĪǴ db ̺ ְ Host ʵ尡 ƴϸ, ͺ̽ Ѵ. 3. ĪǴ db ̺ Host ʵ尡 ̸, host ̺ ȣƮ ͺ̽ ִ ǴѴٴ ǹѴ. ̷ , ڼ host ̺ ĪǴ Host Db ʵ带 ã´. host ̺ ĪǴ źεȴ. ĪǴ ͺ̽ db host ̺ Ͽ intersection Ͽ ȴ. (** insertection ϸ . and **) ٽ , db host ̺ 'Y' Ǿ ȴ.̷ db ̺ Ϲ , ׷ host ̺ host Ͽ ִ.) db host ̺ ̿ ͺ̽ õ , ̷ user ̺ ü ѿ ߰Ѵ. û ϸ ȴ. ٸ , tables_priv columns_priv ̺ ̺ ÷ ϰ ѿ ߰Ѵ. ǰų źεȴ. ü Ʈ ѿ ͺ̽, ̺, ÷ õ ߰ϴ Ȯ ʴ.... ̷ ʱ⿡ û 꿡 Ͽ ϴ... (It may not be apparent why the server adds the database-, table- and column-specific privileges to the global user entry privileges for those cases in which the user privileges are initially found to be insufficient for the requested operation.) û Ѱ ̻ ʿϱ ̴. , INSERT ... SELECT insert select ʿϴ. user ̺ Ѱ ϰ db ̺ Ʈ ٸ ̴. ̷ , ڴ ̷ û ϱ ʿ ִ. ׷ ü ٸ ̺ ؼ ..... (In this case, you have the necessary privileges to perform the request, but the server cannot tell that from either table by itself;) ; Ʈ ε յǾ Ѵ. host ̺ "" ϴµ ִ. TcX , host ̺ Ʈ ý ԵǾ ִ. ⼭ ȴ. ʴ ȣƮ Ű host ̺ ִ. ϴٰ ʴ ġ public.your.domain ý ִٰ غ. ڴ Ʈ ȣƮ , host ̺ Ʈ ý۸ Ѵ : +----------------------+------+-----------------------------------+ | Host | Db | ... | +----------------------+------+-----------------------------------+ | public.your.domain | % | ... (all privileges set to 'N') | +----------------------+------+-----------------------------------+ | %.your.domain | % | ... (all privileges set to 'Y') | +----------------------+------+-----------------------------------+ 翬 ϴ´ Ǿ ִ ̺ ׽ؾ Ѵ. ( mysqlaccess ) 6.7 mysqld , ̺ ޸𸮷 ö󰡰 ̶ ȿϰ ȴ. GRANT, REVOKE, SET PASSWORD ̿ ̺ ϸ ٷ ν Ѵ. ̺ ߴٸ(INSERT, UPDATE Ͽ), ̺ 簡ϵ ϱ FLUSH PRIVIEGES ̳ mysqladmin flush-privileges ؾ Ѵ.׷ ٽ ϱ ʴ´. ̺ Ǿٴ , ̹ ϴ Ŭ̾Ʈ ޴´: 1. ̺ ÷ Ŭ̾Ʈ û ȴ. 2. ͺ̽ USE db_name ɺ ȴ. 3. ü Ѱ йȣ Ŭ̾Ʈ ȴ. 6.8 ʱ mysql Ѽ mysql ġϰ , mysql_install_db ũƮ ؼ ʱ ؾ Ѵ. 4.7.1 [Quick install] . mysql_install_db ũƮ mysqld ϰ, ̺ ȭѴ: - mysql root ڴ ̸ ִ. ȣƮ ִ. : ó root йȣ ִ. ׷ йȣ root ְ ι޴´. - ͸ ڴ 'test' 'test_' ϴ ͺ̽ ι޴´. ڰ ȣƮ ͸ ڷ ֵȴ. - ٸ źεȴ. Ϲ ڴ mysqladmin shutdown ̳ mysqladmin processlist . ġ ʱ а Ǿ ֱ mysql root йȣ ؾ Ѵ. ϸ ȴ. (PASSWORD() Լ ̿ йȣ ؾ Ѵ!): shell> mysql -u root mysql mysql> UPDATE user SET Password=PASSWORD('new_password') WHERE user='root'; mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; or shell> mysqladmin -u root password new_password (** PASSWORD() Լ ʾƵ ǹǷ . SQL grant ̿ **) ù° ϸ user ̺ йȣ ƮѴ. ٽ ̺ е ؾ Ѵ.(FLUSH PRIVILEGES ). ֳϸ ٸ δ ˸ ̴. (** ̺ ٽ ʾƼ ߴ йȣ ȵǴ 찡 Դϴ. ϰ ־ؿ **) root йȣ Ǿ root Ҷ йȣ ؾ Ѵ. ߰ ¾ ϰų ׽Ʈ йȣ ʿ䰡 root йȣ ܵΰ ̴. ׷ ۾ ϱ ݵ йȣ ߴ Ȯؾ Ѵ. ⺻  ϴ mysql_install_db ũƮ 캸. ڿ  ̰ ⺻ ִ. Ͱ ٸ ʱ ϱ ϸ, mysql_install_db ũƮ ϱ ϸ ȴ. ϰ ̺ ٽ mysql ͺ̽ ϴ 丮 '*ISM' '*.ISD' ؾ Ѵ. ( 丮 database 丮 'mysq''̶ ̸ پִ. mysqld --help database 丮 ִ.) ϴ´ mysql_install_db ũƮ . 6.9 mysql ο ߰ϱ ΰ ڸ ߰ ִ : GRANT Ǵ mysql ̺ . GRANT ϴ ȣǴ ̴. Ʒ ο ڸ ϱ  mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ ϴ ش. ߴͰ ⺻ ϴ Ѵ. ̰ ٲٱ mysqld ǰ ִ ýۿ ־ Ѵٴ Ѵ. (**ʱⰪ localhost ϹǷ**) mysql root ڷ ؾ ϰ root ڴ mysql ͺ̽ insert Ѱ reload ־ Ѵ. root йȣ ٲپ, Ʒ mysql ¿ йȣ ؾ Ѵ. GRANT ̿ ο ڸ ߰ ִ: shell> mysql --user=root mysql mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO monty@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'something' WITH GRANT OPTION; mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO monty@"%" IDENTIFIED BY 'something' WITH GRANT OPTION; mysql> GRANT RELOAD,PROCESS ON *.* TO admin@localhost; mysql> GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO dummy@localhost; GRANT ڸ Ѵ: monty : ִ йȣ ؾ Ѵ. 츮 monty@localhost monty@"%" GRANT ؼ ݵ Ǹ ؾ Ѵ. localhost ߰ , mysql_install_db localhost ͸ (?) ȣƮ Ҷ 켱 ´. ֳϸ Host ʵ ̴. (** Ư Host ͺ ϴ . admin : йȣ localhost reload process ι . ̰ ڰ mysqladmin processlist Ӹ ƴ϶ mysqladmin reload, mysqladmin refresh, mysqladmin flush-* ִ.ͺ̽ õ ε ʾҴ. ̰ ߰ GRANT ߿ ִ. dummy : йȣ localhost . (privilege type) USAGE ̱ ü 'N' Ǿ ִ. USAGE ƹ ѵ ʴ´. ߿ ͺ̽ õ ִ. INSERT ߰ ̰쿡 ̺ ٽ е ˷־ Ѵ.(**FLUSH PRIVILEGES **) shell> mysql --user=root mysql mysql> INSERT INTO user VALUES('localhost','monty',PASSWORD('something'), 'Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y') mysql> INSERT INTO user VALUES('%','monty',PASSWORD('something'), 'Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y') mysql> INSERT INTO user SET Host='localhost',User='admin', Reload_priv='Y', Process_priv='Y'; mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password) VALUES('localhost','dummy',"); mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; mysql 'Y' ٸ ִٴ . 3.22.11 Ŀ ִ Ȯ INSERT ⼭ admin ڿ Ǿ. ϱ ʵ带 'Y' user ̺ ϸ ȴٴ . db host ̺ ʿ. (** db host ̺ . db ִ ͺ̽ ϰ ϰ host ̺ db̺ ϰ ϱ ʿ ̴. user ̺ õǾִ **) INSERT (dummy ) user ̺ ÷ Ȯ ʾҴ. ֳĸ ÷ ⺻ 'N' Ǿ ֱ . custom ̶ ڸ ߰Ѵ. custom localhost, server.domain, whitehouse.gov ִ. localhost bankaccount ͺ̽ whitehouse.gov expenses ͺ̽, ȣƮ󿡼 customer ͺ̽ ϱ Ѵ. ȣƮ󿡼 stupid йȣ ϱ Ѵ. GRANT ̿ ̷ ϱ : shell> mysql --user=root mysql mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,CREATE,DROP ON bankaccount.* TO custom@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'stupid'; mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,CREATE,DROP ON expenses.* TO custom@whitehouse.gov IDENTIFIED BY 'stupid'; mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,CREATE,DROP ON customer.* TO custom@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'stupid'; ̺ Ϸ . ( FLUSH PRIVILEGES ؾ Ѵٴ ): shell> mysql --user=root mysql mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password) VALUES('localhost','custom',PASSWORD('stupid')); mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password) VALUES('server.domain','custom',PASSWORD('stupid')); mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password) VALUES('whitehouse.gov','custom',PASSWORD('stupid')); mysql> INSERT INTO db (Host,Db,User,Select_priv,Insert_priv,Update_priv,Delete_priv, Create_priv,Drop_priv) VALUES ('localhost','bankaccount','custom','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y'); mysql> INSERT INTO db (Host,Db,User,Select_priv,Insert_priv,Update_priv,Delete_priv, Create_priv,Drop_priv) VALUES ('whitehouse.gov','expenses','custom','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y'); mysql> INSERT INTO db (Host,Db,User,Select_priv,Insert_priv,Update_priv,Delete_priv, Create_priv,Drop_priv) VALUES('%','customer','custom','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y'); mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; ó INSERT custom ڰ йȣ Ͽ پ ȣƮ ֵ user ̺ ߰Ѵ. ׷  ۹̼ǵ ʴ´. ( ⺻ 'N' ) INSERT ȣƮ , custom bankaccount, expenses, customer ͺ̽ ϴ db ̺ ߰Ѵ. Ϲ ̺ , ϱ ̺ ٽ е ־ Ѵ. Ư ڰ Ư ýۿ ֵ ϰ Ѵٸ, GRANT ִ: mysql> GRANT ... ON *.* TO myusername@"%.mydomainname.com" IDENTIFIED BY 'mypassword'; ̺ Ϸ Ѵ: mysql> INSERT INTO user VALUES ('%.mydomainname.com', 'myusername', PASSWORD('mypassword'),...); mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ̺ ٷ xmysqladmin, mysql_webadmin, xmysql α ִ. http://www.mysql.com/Contrib ̷ ƿ Ƽ ã ִ. 6.10 йȣ ߿ Ģ ش : INSERT UPDATE ƴ йȣ ݵ ȣȭϱ PASSWORD() Լ ؾ Ѵ!! user ̺ йȣ ÷ؽƮ(**Ϲ ؽƮ **) ƴ϶ ȣȭ · ϱ ̴. ̷ ؾ йȣ Ϸ ̴: shell> mysql -u root mysql mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password) VALUES('%','jeffrey','bLa81m0'); mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; ÷ؽƮ 'bLa81m0' user ̺ йȣ .jeffrey ڰ йȣ Ϸ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ йȣ ȣȭؼ . ȣȭ йȣ('bLa81m0' ƴϴ) user ̺ йȣ (÷ؽƮ 'bLa81m0' ̴) Ѵ. 񱳴 ϰ źѴ: shell> mysql -u jeffrey -pbLa81m0 test Access denied йȣ user ̺ Էµ ݵ ȣȭǾ ϱ , INSERT ؾ Ѵ: mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password) VALUES('%','jeffrey',PASSWORD('bLa81m0')); SET PASSWORD PASSWORD() Լ ؾ Ѵ: mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR jeffrey@"%" = PASSWORD('bLa81m0'); : PASSWORD() Լ йȣ ȣȭ Ѵ. ׷ н йȣ ȣȭϴ ٸ. н йȣ mysql йȣ PASSWORD() н йȣ (** /etc/passwd **) ȣȭǾ ٰ ϸ ȴ. GRANT ... IDENTIFIED BY ̳ mysqladmin password ȣ ϸ PASSWORD() Լ ʿ. Ѵ йȣ ȣȭ Ѵ: mysql> GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO jeffrey@"%" IDENTIFIED BY 'bLa81m0'; shell> mysqladmin -u jeffrey password bLa81m0 (** , GRANT ̳ mysqladmin password ϴ° ϰ ? mysql ȣȭ ˰ н ٸ н mysql ڴ ٸٴ ͵ ٽ ѹ ϰ ־ մϴ.**) 6.11 ź mysql Ϸ ź , Ʒ ϴ Ϳ ذ ã ִ: - ʱ ̺ ϱ mysql ġ mysql_install_db ũƮ Ͽ°? ʾҴٸ ũƮ . 6.8 [Default privileges] . ̿ ʱ ִ: shell> mysql -u root test ̴. mysql ͺ̽ 丮 'user.ISD' ִ Ȯغƾ Ѵ. (Ϲ 'mysql ġ 丮/var/mysql/user.IDS' ̴) - ġ ϰ , ϰ ڿ Ѵ: shell> mysql -u root mysql ʱ⿡ mysql root ڸ йȣ . ȹ ֱ , ٸ mysql ڸ ϱ root йȣ ؾ Ѵ. root Ϸϴµ ٰ : Access denied for user: '@unknown' to database mysql ̰ user ̺ User ÷ = root , mysqld Ŭ̾Ʈ ȣƮ̸ ؼ ٴ ǹѴ. ̷ --skip-grant-tables ɼ ̿ ٽ ؾ ϰ '/etc/hosts' ϰų '\windows\hosts' Ͽ ȣƮ ߰ؾ Ѵ. - 3.22.11 3.22.11̳ Ʈߴٸ, mysql_fix_privilege_tables ũƮ ߴ°? ʾҴٸ . mysql 3.22.11 GRANT 鼭 ̺ ٲ. - (INSERT UPDATE ) ̺ ư ȭ ݿ ̸, FLUSH PRIVILEGES ϰų mysqladmin flush-privileges ̺ ٽ е ؾ Ѵٴ .׷ ϱ ȭ ݿ ʴ´. root йȣ ϰ flush ϱ йȣ ʿ䰡 . ֳĸ йȣ ٲپ 𸣱 ̴. - ߰ ̸ ٲپ ̴. ̺ ϴ ο Ŭ̾Ʈ ӿ ġ ̹ ϰ ִ 6.7 [Privileges changes] Ѵ ģ. - ϱ , mysqld --skip-grant-tables ɼ ־ . ׷ mysql ̺ ְ Ȱ ϴ ۵ϴ üũϴ mysqlaccess ũƮ ִ. ϴ´ Ǿ mysqld ο ̺ mysq1admin flush-priveleges Ѵ. : ̺ εϴ --skip-grant-tables ɼ ȿȭ Ѵ. ̸ ٿŰ ٽ ʰ ̺ ִ. - , Python, ODBC α׷ ϴµ ִٸ, mysql -u user_name db_name Ǵ mysql -u user_name -pyour_pass db_name õغ. (-p йȣ̿ ٴ . --password=your_pass ·ε ִ) mysql Ŭ ̾Ʈ Ǹ α׷ ִ ̸ ѿ . - йȣ ۵ , INSERT, UPDATE, SET PASSWORD йȣ ϸ鼭 PASSWORD() Լ ݵ ؾ Ѵٴ . PASSWORD() Լ GRANT ... INDENTIFIED BY ̳ mysqladmin password ߴٸ ʿϴ. 6.10 [Passwords] . - localhost ȣƮ ̸ ̴. ȣƮ ϰ Ŭ̾Ʈ Ϸ ȣƮ ⺻̴. MIT-pthreads ϴ ýۿ localhost ۵ ʴ´. (localhost н . MIT-pthreads н ʴ´.) ̿ ýۿ Ϸ, ȣƮ ̸ Ȯϰ ֱ --host ɼ ؾ Ѵ. ׷ mysqld TCP/IP . ̰, ȣƮ user ̺ Ͽ ȣƮ̸ ־ Ѵ. ( ȣƮ Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ Ѵٰ ϴ ̴.) - mysql -u user_name db_name ͺ̽ Ϸ ź , user ̺ ̴. mysql -u root mysql Ͽ ϰ SQL : mysql> SELECT * FROM user; ⼭ ȣƮ̸ mysql ̸ ´ Host User ԵǾ ־ Ѵ. - Access denied ޽ Ϸ ڿ ȣƮ ̸, ׸ йȣ ߴ θ ̴. Ϲ user ̺ ޽ ȣƮ ̸ ̸ Ȯϰ ´ ־ Ѵ. - ٸ ýۿ mysql ޽ , user ̺ Ϸ ϴ ȣƮ ̸ ٴ Ѵ: Host ... is not allowed to connect to this MySQL server ( ȣƮ!) ƿƼ mysql Ͽ user ̺ ϰ ϴ /ȣƮ ̸ ߰Ͽ ذ ִ. mysql 3.22 ϰ ʰ ϰ ϴ ý IP ڳ ȣƮ ̸ 𸥴ٸ, user ̺ Host ÷ '%' Էϰ ýۿ --log ɼ mysqld . Ŭ̾Ʈ ýۿ õ mysql α׿  ߴ ִ. (׷ '%' α׿ ȣƮ ̸ ٲ۴. ׷ ȿ ִ.) - mysql -u root test ۵ ϴµ mysql -h your_hostname -u root test ٿ , user ̺ Ȯ ȣƮ ̸ ̴. Ϲ user ̺ Host ȣ Ʈ ̸(** ȣƮ ̸ **)  ִµ ý ؼ ƾ FQDN(fully-qualified domain name - ** ̸ ȣƮ ̸ **) óϴ ̴(Ǵ ٷ ؼ). , user ̺ ȣƮ ̸ 'taejun' Ǿ ִµ, DNS mysql ȣƮ ̸ 'taejun.subnet.se' ˷ ̰ ۵ ̴. user ̺ Host ÷ μ شϴ IP ڳ ȣƮ ̸ . (, user ̺ Host ϵī ڸ ִ. , 'taejun.%'. ׷ ȣƮ̸ '%' ϴ ʴ´!) - mysql -u user_name test ۵ϴµ mysql -u user_name other_db_name ۵ ʴ´ٸ db ̺ other_db_name ̴. - ýۿ mysql -u user_name db_name ۵ ϴµ, ٸ Ŭ̾Ʈ ýۿ mysql -u user_name db_name ۵ ʴ ٸ, user ̺̳ db ̺ Ŭ̾Ʈ ý ̴. - Access denied ذ ϸ, user ̺ ϵ ī('%' Ǵ '_') ϰ ִ Host . ſ Ϲ Host='%' ׸ User='some user' Է , ̷ ϸ ýۿ localhost ֵ Ѵٰ ϴ ̴. ̰ ۵ ʴ ⺻ ѿ Host='localhost' User='' ԵǾ ֱ . Host '%' и 'localhost' ֱ , localhost ο Ϻ ȴ. Ȯ ι° ׸ Host='localhost' User='some_user' Էϰų Host='localhost' User='' ϴ ̴. - : Access to database denied db host ̺ ̴. db ̺ Ͽ Host ÷ ִٸ, host ̺ db ̺ Ͽ Ǵ ȣ Ʈ ̸ ִ Ȯؾ Ѵ. (** Ϲ db ̺ host δ , host ̺ ϴ ȣƮ ִ **) - : Access to database denied SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE Ǵ LOAD DATA INFILE SQL ϴ , user ̺ Ͽ file Ǿ ʾ ̴. - ٸ Ͽ , mysqld ɼ . ( , --debug=d,general,query) ׷ ɿ Բ, õϴ ȣƮ ڿ ̴. G.1 [Debugging] . - mysql ̺ ٸ εư ϸƮ ˷߰ڴٰ , mysql ̺ Ͽ ؾ Ѵ. mysqldump mysql ̺ ִ. mysqlbug ƮƮ Ͽ ø. - , mysqld ʰų ߸ ̳ Ʈ Ϸ õϴ : Can't connect to local MySQL server Can't connect to MySQL server on some_hostname mysqld ۵ϴ ps ̿ ȮѴ. ִ Ȯϰ ƾ Ѵ.(Ϲ `/tmp/mysql.sock' ) Ǵ telnet host_name 3306 õغ . ڼ mysqladmin version mysqladmin -h host_name version ִ. ִ mysql Ÿ 丮 α غ. Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ ̳ ȯ з ͸ ִٴ . ࿡ ʾҴµ Ŭ ̾Ʈ ߸ ⺻ з͸ Ǹ, Ȩ 丮 ȯ溯 '.my.cnf' غ. ⼭ зͿʹ 谡 ý mysql ִ. 4.14.4 [Option files] . Ŭ̾Ʈ ƹ ɼǵ ʾҴµ Access denied ޽ , ɼ ߿ йȣ ʾҴ Ȯ . 4.14.4 [Option files] . 6.12 ũĿ Ͽ mysql ϰ ϴ mysql Ϲ йȣ ؾ Ѵ. йȣ ܼ ؽƮ ۵ ʴ´. /Ŭ̾Ʈ ȣȭ ʴ´; ִ ؽƮ ۵ȴ. ư ϱ (mysql 3.22 ̻ ) ִ. Ȯϰ ϱ ssh ġ ִ. (http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh ) ̰ ̿ mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ ̿ ȣȭ TCP/IP ִ. mysql ý ϰ ϰ : - mysql ڰ йȣ .  ڰ йȣ 'mysql - u ̸' ̿ ϰ ڷ α ִٴ . ̰ Ŭ̾Ʈ/ ø̼ Ϲ ۵̴. mysql_install_db ũƮ ϱ ũƮ Ͽ йȣ ٲ ִ. Ǵ mysql root йȣ ٲ ϸ ȴ: shell> mysql -u root mysql mysql> UPDATE user SET Password=PASSWORD('new_password') WHERE user='root'; mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; - mysql н root ڷ . mysqld ٸ ڰ ִ. ϰ ϱ mysql̶ н ڸ ִ. ٸ н ڷ mysqld ϸ user ̺ root ̸ ٲ ʿ䰡 . mysqld ٸ н ڰ ϱ mysql.server ũƮ ϸ ȴ. su Ѵ. ڼ 16.7 [Changing mysql user] . - mysqld ִ ڸ ͺ̽ 丮 б/ ִ Ȯ. - ڿ process . mysqladmin processlist ϸ ϴ ִ. ׷Ƿ ̷ ִ ڴ ٸ UPDATE user SET password=PASSWORD(_'no_secure') Ǹ ִ.mysql process ڸ ߰(extra) Ѵ.׷ mysql root ڴ Ϲ Ǿ αϰ ִ. - ڿ file . ̷ ִ ڴ mysqld ִ ý ִ. ϰ ϱ SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE Ǵ ڰ б⸸ ̹ ϴ  . (** file LOAD DATA INFILE , SELECT .. INTO OUTFILE ̿ ϰ ִ Ѵ. ̷ ڴ mysql а ִ а ִ ȴ. Ϲ ڿ ̷ ʿ . ʿ и ִ . 븻. **) - DNS ŷ Ѵٸ Ը ȣƮ̸ IP . ⺻ mysqld --secure ɼ ȣƮ̸ ϰ .  ϵī ڰ Ե ȣƮ̸ Ҷ ؾ Ѵ. - mysql.server ũƮ н root йȣ ִ´ٸ, ũƮ root ֵ ؾ Ѵ. mysqld ɼ Ȱ õǾ ִ: --secure : gethostbyname() ý ݿ ϵ IP ڰ ȣƮ̸ resolve Ͱ Ѵ. ̰  ȣƮ ̸ ķؼ ϴ ư . ɼ ȣƮ̸ ߰Ѵ. ؼϴµ ð ɷ mysql 3.21 ⺻ Ǿ . mysql 3.22 ȣƮ̸ ijϰ ɼ ⺻ Ǿ ִ. (** Լ gethostbyname() ȣƮ ̸ ڷ ޾ ׿ شϴ IP ּ Ÿ شϴ ü ü ͸ ϴ ԼԴϴ. ؼ ȣƮ ̸ ش IP ּҸ ã .**) --skip-grant-tables : ɼ ϸ ý ʴ´. ׷ ڰ ͺ̽ ! (mysqladmin reload Ͽ ̺ ϵ ִ.) --skip-name-resolve : ȣƮ̸ ؼ ʴ´. ̺ Host ÷ ݵ IP ̰ų ȣƮ̾ Ѵ. --skip-networking : Ʈ TCP/IP . mysqld н . ɼ MIT-pthreads ϴ ýۿ ۵ ʴ´. ֳ MIT-pthreads Ű н ʱ ̴. (** ϴ 鿡Դ ? н ϴϱ. ̿ ϰ postgres 6.3 ĺΰ? ⺻ н ٲ. **) 7. MySQL language reference. 7.1 Literals: how to write strings and numbers 7.1.1 Strings A string is a sequence of characters, surrounded by either single quote (`'') or double quote (`"') characters. Examples: 'a string' "another string" Within a string, certain sequences have special meaning. Each of these sequences begins with a backslash (`\'), known as the escape character. MySQL recognizes the following escape sequences: \0 An ASCII 0 (NUL) character. \n A newline character. \t A tab character. \r A carriage return character. \b A backspace character. \' A single quote (`'') character. \" A double quote (`"') character. \\ A backslash (`\') character. \% A `%' character. This is used to search for literal instances of `%' in contexts where `%' would otherwise be interpreted as a wildcard character. \_ A `_' character. This is used to search for literal instances of `_' in contexts where `_' would otherwise be interpreted as a wildcard character. There are several ways to include quotes within a string: A `'' inside a string quoted with `'' may be written as `'''. A `"' inside a string quoted with `"' may be written as `""'. You can precede the quote character with an escape character (`\'). A `'' inside a string quoted with `"' needs no special treatment and need not be doubled or escaped. In the same way, `"' inside a string quoted with `'' needs no special treatment. The SELECT statements shown below demonstrate how quoting and escaping work: mysq> SELECT 'hello', '"hello"', '""hello""', 'hel''lo', '\'hello'; +-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+ | hello | "hello" | ""hello"" | hel'lo | 'hello | +-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+ mysql> SELECT "hello", "'hello'", "''hello''", "hel""lo", "\"hello"; +-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+ | hello | 'hello' | ''hello'' | hel"lo | "hello | +-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+ mysql> SELECT "This\nIs\nFour\nlines"; +--------------------+ | This Is Four lines | +--------------------+ If you want to insert binary data into a BLOB column, the following characters must be represented by escape sequences: NUL ASCII 0. You should represent this by `\0' (a backslash and an ASCII `0' character). \ ASCII 92, backslash. Represent this by `\\'. ' ASCII 39, single quote. Represent this by `\''. " ASCII 34, double quote. Represent this by `\"'. If you write C code, you can use the C API function mysql_escape_string() to escape characters for the INSERT statement. See section . In Perl, you can use the quote method of the DBI package to convert special characters to the proper escape sequences. See section . You should use an escape function on any string that might contain any of the special characters listed above! 7.1.2 Numbers Integers are represented as a sequence of digits. Floats use `.' as a decimal separator. Either type of number may be preceded by `-' to indicate a negative value. Examples of valid integers: 1221 0 -32 Examples of valid floating-point numbers: 294.42 -32032.6809e+10 148.00 An integer may be used in a floating-point context; it is interpreted as the equivalent floating-point number. 7.1.3 Hexadecimal values MySQL supports hexadecimal values. In number context these acts like an integer (64 bit precision). In string context these acts like a binary string where each pair of hex digits is converted to a character. mysql> SELECT 0xa+0 -> 10 mysql> select 0x5061756c; -> Paul Hexadecimal strings is often used by ODBC to give values for BLOB columns. 7.1.4 NULL values The NULL value means ``no data'' and is different from values such as 0 for numeric types or the empty string for string types. See section 18.15 Problems whit NULL values. NULL may be represented by \N when using the text file import or export formats (LOAD DATA INFILE, SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE). See section 7.15 LOAD DATA INFILE syntax. 7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias names Database, table, index, column and alias names all follow the same rules in MySQL: A name may consist of alphanumeric characters from the current character set and also `_' and `$'. The default character set is ISO-8859-1 Latin1; this may be changed by recompiling MySQL. See section 9.1.1 The charater set used for data and sorting. A database, table, index or column name can be up to 64 characters long. An alias name can be up to 256 characters long. A name may start with any character that is legal in a name. In particular, a name may start with a number (this differs from many other database systems!). However, a name cannot consist{{ }} only{{ }} o f numbers. It is recommended that you do not use names like 1e, because an expression like 1e+1 is ambiguous. It may be interpreted as the expression 1e + 1 or as the number 1e+1. You cannot use the `.' character in names because it is used to extend the format by which you can refer to columns (see immediately below). In MySQL you can refer to a column using any of the following forms: +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Column reference | Meaning | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | col_name | Column col_name from whichever table used | | | in the query contains a column of that name | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | tbl_name.col_name | Column col_name from table tbl_name | | | of the current database | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | db_name.tbl | Column col_name from table tbl_name | | _name.col_name | of the database db_name. This form is | | | available in MySQL 3.22 or later. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ You need not specify a tbl_name or db_name.tbl_name prefix for a column reference in a statement unless the reference would be ambiguous. For example, suppose tables t1 and t2 each contain a column c, and you retrieve c in a SELECT statement that uses both t1 and t2. In this case, c is ambiguous because it is not unique among the tables used in the statement, so you must indicate which table you mean by writing t1.c or t2.c. Similarly, if you are retrieving from a table t in database db1 and from a table t in database db2, you must refer to columns in those tables as db1.t.col_name and db2.t.col_name. The syntax .tbl_name means the table tbl_name in the current database. This syntax is accepted for ODBC compatibility, because some ODBC programs prefix table names with a `.' character. 7.1.5.1 Case sensitivity in names In MySQL, databases and tables correspond to directories and files within those directories. Consequently, the case sensitivity of the underlying operating system determines the case sensitivity of database and table names. This means database and table names are case sensitive in Unix and case insensitive in Win32. Note: Although database and table names are case insensitive for Win32, you should not refer to a given database or table using different cases within the same query. The following query would not work because it refers to a table both as my_table and as MY_TABLE: SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE MY_TABLE.col=1; Column names are case insensitive in all cases. Aliases on tables are case sensitive. The following query would not work because it refers to the alias both as a and as A: mysql> SELECT col_name FROM tbl_name AS a WHERE a.col_name = 1 OR A.col_name = 2; Aliases on columns are case insensitive. 7.2 Column types MySQL supports a number of column types, which may be grouped into three categories: numeric types, date and time types, and string (character) types. This section first gives an overview of the types available and summarizes the storage requirements for each column type, then provides a more detailed description of the properties of the types in each category. The overview is intentionally brief. The more detailed descriptions should be consulted for additional information about particular column types, such as the allowable formats in which you can specify values. The column types supported by MySQL are listed below. The following code letters are used in the descriptions: M Indicates the maximum display size. The maximum legal display size is 255. D Applies to floating-point types and indicates the number of digits following the decimal point. Square brackets (`[' and `]') indicate parts of type specifiers that are optional. Note that if you specify ZEROFILL for a column, MySQL will automatically add the UNSIGNED attribute to the column. TINYINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] A very small integer. The signed range is -128 to 127. The unsigned range is 0 to 255. SMALLINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] A small integer. The signed range is -32768 to 32767. The unsigned range is 0 to 65535. MEDIUMINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] A medium-size integer. The signed range is -8388608 to 8388607. The unsigned range is 0 to 16777215. NT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] A normal-size integer. The signed range is -2147483648 to 2147483647. The unsigned range is 0 to 4294967295. NTEGER[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] This is a synonym for INT. BIGINT[(M)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] A large integer. The signed range is -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. The unsigned range is 0 to 18446744073709551615. Note that all arithmetic is done using signed BIGINT or DOUBLE values, so you shouldn't use unsigned big integers larger than 9223372036854775807 (63 bits) except with bit functions! Note that -, + and * will use BIGINT arithmetic when both arguments are INTEGER values! This means that if you multiply two big integers (or results from functions that return integers) you may get unexpected results if the result is larger than 9223372036854775807. FLOAT(precision) [ZEROFILL] A floating-point number. Cannot be unsigned. precision can be 4 or 8. FLOAT(4) is a single-precision number and FLOAT(8) is a double-precision number. These types are like the FLOAT and DOUBLE types described immediately below. FLOAT(4) and FLOAT(8) have the same ranges as the corresponding FLOAT and DOUBLE types, but their display size and number of decimals is undefined. In MySQL 3.23, this is a true floating point value. In earlier MySQL versions, FLOAT(precision) always has 2 decimals. This syntax is provided for ODBC compatibility. FLOAT[(M,D)] [ZEROFILL] A small (single-precision) floating-point number. Cannot be unsigned. Allowable values are -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38, 0 and 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38. DOUBLE[(M,D)] [ZEROFILL] A normal-size (double-precision) floating-point number. Cannot be unsigned. Allowable values are -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308, 0 and 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308. DOUBLE PRECISION[(M,D)] [ZEROFILL] REAL[(M,D)] [ZEROFILL] These are synonyms for DOUBLE. DECIMAL(M,D) [ZEROFILL] An unpacked floating-point number. Cannot be unsigned. Behaves like a CHAR column: ``unpacked'' means the number is stored as a string, using one character for each digit of the value, the decimal point, and, for negative numbers, the `-' sign. If D is 0, values will have no decimal point or fractional part. The maximum range of DECIMAL values is the same as for DOUBLE, but the actual range for a given DECIMAL column may be constrained by the choice of M and D. In MySQL 3.23 the M argument no longer includes the sign or the decimal point. (This is according to ANSI SQL.) NUMERIC(M,D) [ZEROFILL] This is a synonym for DECIMAL. DATE A date. The supported range is '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'. MySQL displays DATE values in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format, but allows you to assign values to DATE columns using either strings or numbers. DATETIME A date and time combination. The supported range is '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. MySQL displays DATETIME values in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format, but allows you to assign values to DATETIME columns using either strings or numbers. TIMESTAMP[(M)] A timestamp. The range is '1970-01-01 00:00:00' to sometime in the year 2037. MySQL displays TIMESTAMP values in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS, YYMMDDHHMMSS, YYYYMMDD or YYMMDD format, depending on whether M is 14 (or missing), 12, 8 or 6, but allows you to assign values to TIMESTAMP columns using either strings or numbers. A TIMESTAMP column is useful for recording the date and time of an INSERT or UPDATE operation because it is automatically set to the date and time of the most recent operation if you don't give it a value yourself. You can also set it to the current date and time by assigning it a NULL value. See section 7.2.6 Date and time types TIME A time. The range is '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'. MySQL displays TIME values in 'HH:MM:SS' format, but allows you to assign values to TIME columns using either strings or numbers. YEAR A year. The allowable values are 1901 to 2155, and 0000. MySQL displays YEAR values in YYYY format, but allows you to assign values to YEAR columns using either strings or numbers. (The YEAR type is new in MySQL 3.22.) CHAR(M) [BINARY] A fixed-length string that is always right-padded with spaces to the specified length when stored. The range of M is 1 to 255 characters. Trailing spaces are removed when the value is retrieved. CHAR values are sorted and compared in case-insensitive fashion unless the BINARY keyword is given. VARCHAR(M) [BINARY] A variable-length string. Note: Trailing spaces are removed when the value is stored (this differs from the ANSI SQL specification). The range of M is 1 to 255 characters. VARCHAR values are sorted and compared in case-insensitive fashion unless the BINARY keyword is given. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. TINYBLOB TINYTEXT A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 255 (2^8 - 1) characters. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. BLOB TEXT A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 65535 (2^16 - 1) characters. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. MEDIUMBLOB MEDIUMTEXT A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 16777215 (2^24 - 1) characters. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. LONGBLOB LONGTEXT A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 4294967295 (2^32 - 1) characters. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. ENUM('value1','value2',...) An enumeration. A string object that can have only one value, chosen from the list of values 'value1', 'value2', ..., or NULL. An ENUM can have a maximum of 65535 distinct values. SET('value1','value2',...) A set. A string object that can have zero or more values, each of which must be chosen from the list of values 'value1', 'value2', ... A SET can have a maximum of 64 members. 7.2.1 Column type storage requirements The storage requirements for each of the column types supported by MySQL are listed below by category. 7.2.2 Numeric types +--------------------+---------------------------+ | Column type | Storage required | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | TINYINT | 1 byte | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | SMALLINT | 2 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | MEDIUMINT | 3 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | INT | 4 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | INTEGER | 4 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | BIGINT | 8 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | FLOAT(4) | 4 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | FLOAT(8) | 8 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | FLOAT | 4 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | DOUBLE | 8 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | DOUBLE PRECISION | 8 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | REAL | 8 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | DECIMAL(M,D) | M bytes (D+2, if M < D) | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | NUMERIC(M,D) | M bytes (D+2, if M < D) | +--------------------+---------------------------+ 7.2.3 Date and time types +--------------------+---------------------------+ | Column type | Storage required | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | DATETIME | 8 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | DATE | 3 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | TIMESTAMP | 4 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | TIME | 3 bytes | +--------------------+---------------------------+ | YEAR | 1 byte | +--------------------+---------------------------+ +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Column type | Storage required | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | CHAR(M) | M bytes, 1 <= M <= 255 | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | VARCHAR(M) | L+1 bytes, where L <= M and | | | 1 <= M <= 255 | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | TINYBLOB, TINYTEXT | L+1 bytes, where L < 2^8 | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | BLOB, TEXT | L+2 bytes, where L < 2^16 | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | MEDIUMBLOB, MEDIUMTEXT | L+3 bytes, where L < 2^24 | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT | L+4 bytes, where L < 2^32 | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | ENUM('value1', | 1 or 2 bytes, depending | | 'value2',...) | on the number of enumeration values | | | (65535 values maximum) | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | SET('value1', | 1, 2, 3, 4 or 8 bytes, depending | | 'value2',...) | on the number of set members | | | (64 members maximum) | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ VARCHAR and the BLOB and TEXT types are variable-length types, for which the storage requirements depend on the actual length of column values (represented by L in the preceding table), rather than on the type's maximum possible size. For example, a VARCHAR(10) column can hold a string with a maximum length of 10 characters. The actual storage required is the length of the string (L), plus 1 byte to record the length of the string. For the string 'abcd', L is 4 and the storage requirement is 5 bytes. The BLOB and TEXT types require 1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes to record the length of the column value, depending on the maximum possible length of the type. If a table includes any variable-length column types, the record format will also be variable-length. Note that when a table is created, MySQL may under certain conditions change a column from a variable-length type to a fixed-length type, or vice-versa. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. The size of an ENUM object is determined by the number of different enumeration values. 1 byte is used for enumerations with up to 255 possible values. 2 bytes are used for enumerations with up to 65535 values. The size of a SET object is determined by the number of different set members. If the set size is N, the object occupies (N+7)/8 bytes, rounded up to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 8 bytes. A SET can have a maximum of 64 members. 7.2.5 Numeric types All integer types can have an optional attribute UNSIGNED. Unsigned values can be used when you want to allow only positive numbers in a column and you need a little bigger numeric range for the column. All numeric types can have an optional attribute ZEROFILL. Values for ZEROFILL columns are left-padded with zeroes up to the maximum display length when they are displayed. For example, for a column declared as INT(5) ZEROFILL, a value of 4 is retrieved as 00004. When asked to store a value in a numeric column that is outside the column type's allowable range, MySQL clips the value to the appropriate endpoint of the range and stores the resulting value instead. For example, the range of an INT column is -2147483648 to 2147483647. If you try to insert -9999999999 into an INT column, the value is clipped to the lower endpoint of the range, and -2147483648 is stored instead. Similarly, if you try to insert 9999999999, 2147483647 is stored instead. If the INT column is UNSIGNED, the size of the column's range is the same but its endpoints shift up to 0 and 4294967295. If you try to store -9999999999 and 9999999999, the values stored in the column become 0 and 4294967296. Conversions that occur due to clipping are reported as ``warnings'' for ALTER TABLE, LOAD DATA INFILE, UPDATE and multi-row INSERT statements. The maximum display size (M) and number of decimals (D) are used for formatting and calculation of maximum column width. MySQL will store any value that fits a column's storage type even if the value exceeds the display size. For example, an INT(4) column has a display size of 4. Suppose you insert a value which has more than 4 digits into the column, such as 12345. The display size is exceeded, but the allowable range of the INT type is not, so MySQL stores the actual value, 12345. When retrieving the value from the column, MySQL returns the actual value stored in the column. The DECIMAL type is considered a numeric type (as is its synonym, NUMERIC), but such values are stored as strings. One character is used for each digit of the value, the decimal point (if D > 0) and the `-' sign (for negative numbers). If D is 0, DECIMAL and NUMERIC values contain no decimal point or fractional part. The maximum range of DECIMAL values is the same as for DOUBLE, but the actual range for a given DECIMAL column may be constrained by the choice of M and D. For example, a type specification such as DECIMAL(4,2) indicates a maximum length of four characters with two digits after the decimal point. Due to the way the DECIMAL type is stored, this specification results in an allowable range of -.99 to 9.99, much less than the range of a DOUBLE. To avoid some rounding problems, MySQL always rounds everything that it stores in any floating-point column to the number of decimals indicated by the column specification. Suppose you have a column type of FLOAT(8,2). The number of decimals is 2, so a value such as 2.333 is rounded to two decimals and stored as 2.33. 7.2.6 Date and time types The date and time types are DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIME and YEAR. Each of these has a range of legal values, as well as a ``zero'' value that is used when you specify an illegal value. Here are some general considerations to keep in mind when working with date and time types: MySQL retrieves values for a given date or time type in a standard format, but it attempts to interpret a variety of formats for values that you supply (e.g., when you specify a value to be assigned to or compared to a date or time type). Nevertheless, only the formats described in the following sections are supported. It is expected that you will supply legal values, and unpredictable results may occur if you use values in other formats. Although MySQL tries to interpret values in several formats, it always expects the year part of date values to be leftmost. Dates must be given in year-month-day order (e.g., '98-09-04'), rather than in the month-day-year or day-month-year orders commonly used elsewhere (e.g., '09-04-98', '04-09-98'). MySQL automatically converts a date or time type value to a number if the value is used in a numeric context, and vice versa. When MySQL encounters a value for a date or time type that is out of range or otherwise illegal for the type, it converts the value to the ``zero'' value for that type. (The exception is that out-of-range TIME values are clipped to the appropriate endpoint of the TIME range.) The table below shows the format of the ``zero'' value for each type: +---------------+------------------------------------+ | Column type | ``Zero'' value | +---------------+------------------------------------+ | DATETIME | '0000-00-00 00:00:00' | +---------------+------------------------------------+ | DATE | '0000-00-00' | +---------------+------------------------------------+ | TIMESTAMP | 00000000000000 | | | (length depends on display size) | +---------------+------------------------------------+ | TIME | '00:00:00' | +---------------+------------------------------------+ | YEAR | 0000 | +---------------+------------------------------------+ The ``zero'' values are special, but you can store or refer to them explicitly using the values shown in the table. You can also do this using the values '0' or 0, which are easier to write. ``Zero'' date or time values used through MyODBC are converted automatically to NULL in MyODBC 2.50.12 and above, because ODBC can't handle such values. 7.2.6.1 Y2K issues and date types MySQL itself is Y2K-safe (see section 1.6 Year 2000 compliance), but input values presented to MySQL may not be. Any input containing 2-digit year values is ambiguous, since the century is unknown. Such values must be interpreted into 4-digit form since MySQL stores years internally using four digits. For DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP and YEAR types, MySQL interprets dates with ambiguous year values using the following rules: Year values in the range 00-69 are converted to 2000-2069. Year values in the range 70-99 are converted to 1970-1999. Remember that these rules provide only reasonable guesses as to what your data mean. If the heuristics used by MySQL don't produce the correct values, you should provide unambiguous input containing 4-digit year values. 7.2.6.2 The DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP types The DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP types are related. This section describes their characteristics, how they are similar and how they differ. The DATETIME type is used when you need values that contain both date and time information. MySQL retrieves and displays DATETIME values in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format. The supported range is '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. (``Supported'' means that although earlier values might work, there is no guarantee that they will.) The DATE type is used when you need only a date value, without a time part. MySQL retrieves and displays DATE values in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format. The supported range is '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'. The TIMESTAMP column type provides a type that you can use to automatically mark INSERT or UPDATE operations with the current date and time. If you have multiple TIMESTAMP columns, only the first one is updated automatically. Automatic updating of the first TIMESTAMP column occurs under any of the following conditions: The column is not specified explicitly in an INSERT or LOAD DATA INFILE statement. The column is not specified explicitly in an UPDATE statement and some other column changes value. (Note that an UPDATE that sets a column to the value it already has will not cause the TIMESTAMP column to be updated, because if you set a column to its current value, MySQL ignores the update for efficiency.) You explicitly set the TIMESTAMP column to NULL. TIMESTAMP columns other than the first may also be set to the current date and time. Just set the column to NULL, or to NOW(). You can set any TIMESTAMP column to a value different than the current date and time by setting it explicitly to the desired value. This is true even for the first TIMESTAMP column. You can use this property if, for example, you want a TIMESTAMP to be set to the current date and time when you create a row, but not to be changed whenever the row is updated later: Let MySQL set the column when the row is created. This will initialize it to the current date and time. When you perform subsequent updates to other columns in the row, set the TIMESTAMP column explicitly to its current value. On the other hand, you may find it just as easy to use a DATETIME column that you initialize to NOW() when the row is created and leave alone for subsequent updates. TIMESTAMP values may range from the beginning of 1970 to sometime in the year 2037, with a resolution of one second. Values are displayed as numbers. The format in which MySQL retrieves and displays TIMESTAMP values depends on the display size, as illustrated by the table below. The `full' TIMESTAMP format is 14 digits, but TIMESTAMP columns may be created with shorter display sizes: +-----------------+------------------+ | Column type | Display format | +-----------------+------------------+ | TIMESTAMP(14) | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS | +-----------------+------------------+ | TIMESTAMP(12) | YYMMDDHHMMSS | +-----------------+------------------+ | TIMESTAMP(10) | YYMMDDHHMM | +-----------------+------------------+ | TIMESTAMP(8) | YYYYMMDD | +-----------------+------------------+ | TIMESTAMP(6) | YYMMDD | +-----------------+------------------+ | TIMESTAMP(4) | YYMM | +-----------------+------------------+ | TIMESTAMP(2) | YY | +-----------------+------------------+ All TIMESTAMP columns have the same storage size, regardless of display size. The most common display sizes are 6, 8, 12, and 14. You can specify an arbitrary display size at table creation time, but values of 0 or greater than 14 are coerced to 14. Odd-valued sizes in the range from 1 to 13 are coerced to the next higher even number. You can specify DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP values using any of a common set of formats: As a string in either 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' or 'YY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format. A ``relaxed'' syntax is allowed--any non-numeric character may be used as the delimiter between date parts or time parts. For example, '98-12-31 11:30:45', '98.12.31 11+30+45', '98/12/31 11*30*45' and '98@12@31 11^30^45' are equivalent. As a string in either 'YYYY-MM-DD' or 'YY-MM-DD' format. A ``relaxed'' syntax is allowed here, too. For example, '98-12-31', '98.12.31', '98/12/31' and '98@12@31' are equivalent. As a string with no delimiters in either 'YYYYMMDDHHMMSS' or 'YYMMDDHHMMSS' format, provided that the string makes sense as a date. For example, '19970523091528' and '970523091528' are interpreted as '1997-05-23 09:15:28', but '971122459015' is illegal (it has a nonsensical minute part) and becomes '0000-00-00 00:00:00'. As a string with no delimiters in either 'YYYYMMDD' or 'YYMMDD' format, provided that the string makes sense as a date. For example, '19970523' and '970523' are interpreted as '1997-05-23', but '971332' is illegal (it has nonsensical month and day parts) and becomes '0000-00-00'. As a number in either YYYYMMDDHHMMSS or YYMMDDHHMMSS format, provided that the number makes sense as a date. For example, 19830905132800 and 830905132800 are interpreted as '1983-09-05 13:28:00'. As a number in either YYYYMMDD or YYMMDD format, provided that the number makes sense as a date. For example, 19830905 and 830905 are interpreted as '1983-09-05'. As the result of a function that returns a value that is acceptable in a DATETIME, DATE or TIMESTAMP context, such as NOW() or CURRENT_DATE. Illegal DATETIME, DATE or TIMESTAMP values are converted to the ``zero'' value of the appropriate type ('0000-00-00 00:00:00', '0000-00-00' or 00000000000000). For values specified as strings that include date part delimiters, it is not necessary to specify two digits for month or day values that are less than 10. '1979-6-9' is the same as '1979-06-09'. Similarly, for values specified as strings that include time part delimiters, it is not necessary to specify two digits for hour, month or second values that are less than 10. '1979-10-30 1:2:3' is the same as '1979-10-30 01:02:03'. Values specified as numbers should be 6, 8, 12 or 14 digits long. If the number is 8 or 14 digits long, it is assumed to be in YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format and that the year is given by the first 4 digits. If the number is 6 or 12 digits long, it is assumed to be in YYMMDD or YYMMDDHHMMSS format and that the year is given by the first 2 digits. Numbers that are not one of these lengths are interpreted as though padded with leading zeros to the closest length. Values specified as non-delimited strings are interpreted using their length as given. If the string is 8 or 14 characters long, the year is assumed to be given by the first 4 characters. Otherwise the year is assumed to be given by the first 2 characters. The string is interpreted from left to right to find year, month, day, hour, minute and second values, for as many parts as are present in the string. This means you should not use strings that have fewer than 6 characters. For example, if you specify '9903', thinking that will represent March, 1999, you will find that MySQL inserts a ``zero'' date into your table. This is because the year and month values are 99 and 03, but the day part is missing (zero), so the value is not a legal date. TIMESTAMP columns store legal values using the full precision with which the value was specified, regardless of the display size. This has several implications: Always specify year, month, and day, even if your column types are TIMESTAMP(4) or TIMESTAMP(2). Otherwise, the value will not be a legal date and 0 will be stored. If you use ALTER TABLE to widen a narrow TIMESTAMP column, information will be displayed that previously was ``hidden''. Similarly, narrowing a TIMESTAMP column does not cause information to be lost, except in the sense that less information is shown when the values are displayed. Although TIMESTAMP values are stored to full precision, the only function that operates directly on the underlying stored value is UNIX_TIMESTAMP(). Other functions operate on the formatted retrieved value. This means you cannot use functions such as HOUR() or SECOND() unless the relevant part of the TIMESTAMP value is included in the formatted value. For example, the HH part of a TIMESTAMP column is not displayed unless the display size is at least 10, so trying to use HOUR() on shorter TIMESTAMP values produces a meaningless result. You can to some extent assign values of one date type to an object of a different date type. However, there may be some alteration of the value or loss of information: If you assign a DATE value to a DATETIME or TIMESTAMP object, the time part of the resulting value is set to '00:00:00', because the DATE value contains no time information. If you assign a DATETIME or TIMESTAMP value to a DATE object, the time part of the resulting value is deleted, because the DATE type stores no time information. Remember that although DATETIME, DATE and TIMESTAMP values all can be specified using the same set of formats, the types do not all have the same range of values. For example, TIMESTAMP values cannot be earlier than 1970 or later than 2037. This means that a date such as '1968-01-01', while legal as a DATETIME or DATE value, is not a valid TIMESTAMP value and will be converted to 0 if assigned to such an object. Be aware of certain pitfalls when specifying date values: The relaxed format allowed for values specified as strings can be deceiving. For example, a value such as '10:11:12' might look like a time value because of the `:' delimiter, but if used in a date context will be interpreted as the year '2010-11-12'. The value '10:45:15' will be converted to '0000-00-00' because '45' is not a legal month. Year values specified as two digits are ambiguous, since the century is unknown. MySQL interprets 2-digit year values using the following rules: Year values in the range 00-69 are converted to 2000-2069. Year values in the range 70-99 are converted to 1970-1999. 7.2.6.3 The TIME type MySQL retrieves and displays TIME values in 'HH:MM:SS' format (or 'HHH:MM:SS' format for large hours values). TIME values may range from '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'. The reason the hours part may be so large is that the TIME type may be used not only to represent a time of day (which must be less than 24 hours), but also elapsed time or a time interval between two events (which may be much greater than 24 hours, or even negative). You can specify TIME values in a variety of formats: As a string in 'HH:MM:SS' format. A ``relaxed'' syntax is allowed--any non-numeric character may be used as the delimiter between time parts. For example, '10:11:12' and '10.11.12' are equivalent. As a string with no delimiters in 'HHMMSS' format, provided that it makes sense as a time. For example, '101112' is understood as '10:11:12', but '109712' is illegal (it has a nonsensical minute part) and becomes '00:00:00'. As a number in HHMMSS format, provided that it makes sense as a time. For example, 101112 is understood as '10:11:12'. As the result of a function that returns a value that is acceptable in a TIME context, such as CURRENT_TIME. For TIME values specified as strings that include a time part delimiter, it is not necessary to specify two digits for hours, minutes or seconds values that are less than 10. '8:3:2' is the same as '08:03:02'. Be careful about assigning ``short'' TIME values to a TIME column. MySQL interprets values using the assumption that the rightmost digits represent seconds. (MySQL interprets TIME values as elapsed time, rather than as time of day.) For example, you might think of '11:12', '1112' and 1112 as meaning '11:12:00' (12 minutes after 11 o'clock), but MySQL interprets them as '00:11:12' (11 minutes, 12 seconds). Similarly, '12' and 12 are interpreted as '00:00:12'. Values that lie outside the TIME range but are otherwise legal are clipped to the appropriate endpoint of the range. For example, '-850:00:00' and '850:00:00' are converted to '-838:59:59' and '838:59:59'. Illegal TIME values are converted to '00:00:00'. Note that since '00:00:00' is itself a legal TIME value, there is no way to tell, from a value of '00:00:00' stored in a table, whether the original value was specified as '00:00:00' or whether it was illegal. 7.2.6.4 The YEAR type The YEAR type is a 1-byte type used for representing years. MySQL retrieves and displays YEAR values in YYYY format. The range is 1901 to 2155. You can specify YEAR values in a variety of formats: As a four-digit string in the range '1901' to '2155'. As a four-digit number in the range 1901 to 2155. As a two-digit string in the range '00' to '99'. Values in the ranges '00' to '69' and '70' to '99' are converted to YEAR values in the ranges 2000 to 2069 and 1970 to 1999. As a two-digit number in the range 1 to 99. Values in the ranges 1 to 69 and 70 to 99 are converted to YEAR values in the ranges 2001 to 2069 and 1970 to 1999. Note that the range for two-digit numbers is slightly different than the range for two-digit strings, since you cannot specify zero directly as a number and have it be interpreted as 2000. You must specify it as a string '0' or '00' or it will be interpreted as 0000. As the result of a function that returns a value that is acceptable in a YEAR context, such as NOW(). Illegal YEAR values are converted to 0000. 7.2.7 String types The string types are CHAR, VARCHAR, BLOB, TEXT, ENUM and SET. 7.2.7.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR types The CHAR and VARCHAR types are similar, but differ in the way they are stored and retrieved. The length of a CHAR column is fixed to the length that you declare when you create the table. The length can be any value between 1 and 255. When CHAR values are stored, they are right-padded with spaces to the specified length. When CHAR values are retrieved, trailing spaces are removed. Values in VARCHAR columns are variable-length strings. You can declare a VARCHAR column to be any length between 1 and 255, just as for CHAR columns. However, in contrast to CHAR, VARCHAR values are stored using only as many characters as are needed, plus one byte to record the length. Values are not padded; instead, trailing spaces are removed when values are stored. (This space removal differs from the ANSI SQL specification.) If you assign a value to a CHAR or VARCHAR column that exceeds the column's maximum length, the value is truncated to fit. The table below illustrates the differences between the two types of columns by showing the result of storing various string values into CHAR(4) and VARCHAR(4) columns: +------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+ | Value | CHAR(4) | Storage | VARCHAR(4) | Storage require | | | | required | | required | +------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+ | '' | ' ' | 4 bytes | '' | 1 byte | +------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+ | 'ab' | 'ab ' | 4 bytes | 'ab' | 3 bytes | +------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+ | 'abcd' | 'abcd' | 4 bytes | 'abcd' | 5 bytes | +------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+ | 'abcdefgh' | 'abcd' | 4 bytes | 'abcd' | 5 bytes | +------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------------+ The values retrieved from the CHAR(4) and VARCHAR(4) columns will be the same in each case, because trailing spaces are removed from CHAR columns upon retrieval. Values in CHAR and VARCHAR columns are sorted and compared in case-insensitive fashion, unless the BINARY attribute was specified when the table was created. The BINARY attribute means that column values are sorted and compared in case-sensitive fashion according to the ASCII order of the machine where the MySQL server is running. The BINARY attribute is ``sticky''. This means that if a column marked BINARY is used in an expression, the whole expression is compared as a BINARY value. MySQL may silently change the type of a CHAR or VARCHAR column at table creation time. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. 7.2.7.2 The BLOB and TEXT types A BLOB is a binary large object that can hold a variable amount of data. The four BLOB types TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB and LONGBLOB differ only in the maximum length of the values they can hold. See section 7.2.1 Column type storage requirements. The four TEXT types TINYTEXT, TEXT, MEDIUMTEXT and LONGTEXT correspond to the four BLOB types and have the same maximum lengths and storage requirements. The only difference between BLOB and TEXT types is that sorting and comparison is performed in case-sensitive fashion for BLOB values and case-insensitive fashion for TEXT values. In other words, a TEXT is a case-insensitive BLOB. If you assign a value to a BLOB or TEXT column that exceeds the column type's maximum length, the value is truncated to fit. In most respects, you can regard a TEXT column as a VARCHAR column that can be as big as you like. Similarly, you can regard a BLOB column as a VARCHAR BINARY column. The differences are: You can have indexes on BLOB and TEXT columns with MySQL versions 3.23.2 and newer. Older versions of MySQL did not support this. There is no trailing-space removal for BLOB and TEXT columns when values are stored, as there is for VARCHAR columns. BLOB and TEXT columns cannot have DEFAULT values. MyODBC defines BLOB values as LONGVARBINARY and TEXT values as LONGVARCHAR. Because BLOB and TEXT values may be extremely long, you may run up against some constraints when using them: If you want to use GROUP BY or ORDER BY on a BLOB or TEXT column, you must convert the column value into a fixed-length object. The standard way to do this is with the SUBSTRING function. For example: mysql> select comment from tbl_name,substring(comment,20) as substr ORDER BY substr; If you don't do this, only the first max_sort_length bytes of the column are used when sorting. The default value of max_sort_length is 1024; this value can be changed using the -O option when starting the mysqld server. You can group on an expression involving BLOB or TEXT values by specifying the column position or by using an alias: mysql> select id,substring(blob_col,1,100) from tbl_name GROUP BY 2; mysql> select id,substring(blob_col,1,100) as b from tbl_name GROUP BY b; The maximum size of a BLOB or TEXT object is determined by its type, but the largest value you can actually transmit between the client and server is determined by the amount of available memory and the size of the communications buffers. You can change the message buffer size, but you must do so on both the server and client ends. See section 10.1 Tuning server parameters. Note that each BLOB or TEXT value is represented internally by a separately-allocated object. This is in contrast to all other column types, for which storage is allocated once per column when the table is opened. 7.2.7.3 The ENUM type An ENUM is a string object whose value normally is chosen from a list of allowed values that are enumerated explicitly in the column specification at table creation time. The value may also be the empty string ("") or NULL under certain circumstances: If you insert an invalid value into an ENUM (that is, a string not present in the list of allowed values), the empty string is inserted instead as a special error value. If an ENUM is declared NULL, NULL is also a legal value for the column, and the default value is NULL. If an ENUM is declared NOT NULL, the default value is the first element of the list of allowed values. Each enumeration value has an index: Values from the list of allowable elements in the column specification are numbered beginning with 1. The index value of the empty string error value is 0. This means that you can use the following SELECT statement to find rows into which invalid ENUM values were assigned: mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE enum_col=0; The index of the NULL value is NULL. For example, a column specified as ENUM("one", "two", "three") can have any of the values shown below. The index of each value is also shown: +-----------+---------+ | Value | Index | +-----------+---------+ | NULL | NULL | +-----------+---------+ | "" | 0 | +-----------+---------+ | "one" | 1 | +-----------+---------+ | "two" | 2 | +-----------+---------+ | "three" | 3 | +-----------+---------+ An enumeration can have a maximum of 65535 elements. Lettercase is irrelevant when you assign values to an ENUM column. However, values retrieved from the column later have lettercase matching the values that were used to specify the allowable values at table creation time. If you retrieve an ENUM in a numeric context, the column value's index is returned. If you store a number into an ENUM, the number is treated as an index, and the the value stored is the enumeration member with that index. ENUM values are sorted according to the order in which the enumeration members were listed in the column specification. (In other words, ENUM values are sorted according to their index numbers.) For example, "a" sorts before "b" for ENUM("a", "b"), but "b" sorts before "a" for ENUM("b", "a"). The empty string sorts before non-empty strings, and NULL values sort before all other enumeration values. If you want to get all possible values for an ENUM column, you should use: SHOW COLUMNS FROM table_name LIKE enum_column_name and parse the ENUM definition in the second column. 7.2.7.4 The SET type A SET is a string object that can have zero or more values, each of which must be chosen from a list of allowed values specified when the table is created. SET column values that consist of multiple set members are specified with members separated by commas (`,'). A consequence of this is that SET member values cannot themselves contain commas. For example, a column specified as SET("one", "two") NOT NULL can have any of these values: "" "one" "two" "one,two" A SET can have a maximum of 64 different members. MySQL stores SET values numerically, with the low-order bit of the stored value corresponding to the first set member. If you retrieve a SET value in a numeric context, the value retrieved has bits set corresponding to the set members that make up the column value. If a number is stored into a SET column, the bits that are set in the binary representation of the number determine the set members in the column value. Suppose a column is specified as SET("a","b","c","d"). Then the members have the following bit values: +--------------+------------------+----------------+ | SETmember | Decimal value | Binary value | +--------------+------------------+----------------+ | a | 1 | 0001 | +--------------+------------------+----------------+ | b | 2 | 0010 | +--------------+------------------+----------------+ | c | 4 | 0100 | +--------------+------------------+----------------+ | d | 8 | 1000 | +--------------+------------------+----------------+ If you assign a value of 9 to this column, that is 1001 in binary, so the first and fourth SET value members "a" and "d" are selected and the resulting value is "a,d". For a value containing more than one SET element, it does not matter what order the elements are listed in when you insert the value. It also doesn't not matter how many times a given element is listed in the value. When the value is retrieved later, each element in the value will appear once, with elements listed according to the order in which they were specified at table creation time. For example, if a column is specified as SET("a","b","c","d"), then "a,d", "d,a" and "d,a,a,d,d" will all appear as "a,d" when retrieved. SET values are sorted numerically. NULL values sort before non-NULLSET values. Normally, you perform a SELECT on a SET column using the LIKE operator or the FIND_IN_SET() function: mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col LIKE '%value%'; mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE FIND_IN_SET('value',set_col)> But the following will also work: mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col = 'val1,val2'; mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col & 1; The first of these statements looks for an exact match. The second looks for values containing the first set member. If you want to get all possible values for an SET column, you should use: SHOW COLUMNS FROM table_name LIKE set_column_name and parse the SET definition in the second column. 7.2.8 Choosing the right type for a column For the most efficient use of storage, try to use the most precise type in all cases. For example, if an integer column will be used for values in the range between 1 and 99999, MEDIUMINT UNSIGNED is the best type. Accurate representation of monetary values is a common problem. In MySQL, you should use the DECIMAL type. This is stored as a string, so no loss of accuracy should occur. If accuracy is not too important, the DOUBLE type may also be good enough. For high precision, you can always convert to a fixed-point type stored in a BIGINT. This allows you to do all calculations with integers and convert results back to floating-point values only when necessary. See section 10.17 What are the different row formats? Or, when should VARACHAR/. 7.2.9 Column indexes All MySQL column types can be indexed except BLOB and TEXT types. Use of indexes on the relevant columns is the best way to improve the performance of SELECT operations. A table may have up to 16 indexes. The maximum index length is 256 bytes, although this may be changed when compiling MySQL. You cannot index a column that may contain NULL values, so indexed columns must be declared NOT NULL. For CHAR and VARCHAR columns, you can index a prefix of a column. This is much faster and requires less disk space than indexing the whole column. The syntax to use in the CREATE TABLE statement to index a column prefix looks like this: KEY index_name (col_name(length)) The example below creates an index for the first 10 characters of the name column: mysql> CREATE TABLE test ( name CHAR(200) NOT NULL, KEY index_name (name(10))); 7.2.10 Multiple-column indexes MySQL can create indexes on multiple columns. An index may consist of up to 15 columns. (On CHAR and VARCHAR columns you can also use a prefix of the column as a part of an index). A multiple-column index can be considered a sorted array containing values that are created by concatenating the values of the indexed columns. MySQL uses multiple-column indexes in such a way that queries are fast when you specify a known quantity for the first column of the index in a WHERE clause, even if you don't specify values for the other columns. Suppose a table is created using the following specification: mysql> CREATE TABLE test ( id INT NOT NULL, last_name CHAR(30) NOT NULL, first_name CHAR(30) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id), INDEX name (last_name,first_name)); Then the index name is an index over last_name and first_name. The index will be used for queries that specify values in a known range for last_name, or for both last_name and first_name. Therefore, the name index will be used in the following queries: mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius"; mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius" AND first_name="Michael"; mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius" AND (first_name="Michael" OR first_name="Monty"); mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius" AND first_name >="M" AND first_name < "N"; However, the name index will NOT be used in the following queries: mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE first_name="Michael"; mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE last_name="Widenius" OR first_name="Michael"; For more information on the manner in which MySQL uses indexes to improve query performance, see section 10.4 How MySQL uses indexes. 7.2.11 Using column types from other database engines To make it easier to use code written for SQL implementations from other vendors, MySQL maps column types as shown in the table below. These mappings make it easier to move table definitions from other database engines to MySQL: +----------------------+------------------------+ | Other vendor type | MySQL type | +----------------------+------------------------+ | BINARY(NUM) | CHAR(NUM) BINARY | +----------------------+------------------------+ | CHAR VARYING(NUM) | VARCHAR(NUM) | +----------------------+------------------------+ | FLOAT4 | FLOAT | +----------------------+------------------------+ | FLOAT8 | DOUBLE | +----------------------+------------------------+ | INT1 | TINYINT | +----------------------+------------------------+ | INT2 | SMALLINT | +----------------------+------------------------+ | INT3 | MEDIUMINT | +----------------------+------------------------+ | INT4 | INT | +----------------------+------------------------+ | INT8 | BIGINT | +----------------------+------------------------+ | LONG VARBINARY | MEDIUMBLOB | +----------------------+------------------------+ | LONG VARCHAR | MEDIUMTEXT | +----------------------+------------------------+ | MIDDLEINT | MEDIUMINT | +----------------------+------------------------+ | VARBINARY(NUM) | VARCHAR(NUM) BINARY | +----------------------+------------------------+ Column type mapping occurs at table creation time. If you create a table with types used by other vendors and then issue a DESCRIBE tbl_name statement, MySQL reports the table structure using the equivalent MySQL types. 7.3 Functions for use in SELECT and WHERE clauses A select_expression or where_definition in a SQL statement can consist of any expression using the functions described below. An expression that contains NULL always produces a NULL value unless otherwise indicated in the documentation for the operators and functions involved in the expression. Note: There must be no whitespace between a function name and the parenthesis following it. This helps the MySQL parser distinguish between function calls and references to tables or columns that happen to have the same name as a function. Spaces around arguments are permitted, though. For the sake of brevity, examples display the output from the mysql program in abbreviated form. So this: mysql> select MOD(29,9); 1 rows in set (0.00 sec) +-----------+ | mod(29,9) | +-----------+ | 2 | +-----------+ Is displayed like this: mysql> select MOD(29,9); -> 2 7.3.1 Grouping functions ( ... ) Parentheses. Use these to force the order of evaluation in an expression. mysql> select 1+2*3; -> 7 mysql> select (1+2)*3; -> 9 7.3.2 Normal arithmetic operations The usual arithmetic operators are available. Note that in the case of -, + and *, the result is calculated with BIGINT (64-bit) precision if both arguments are integers! + Addition mysql> select 3+5; -> 8 - Subtraction mysql> select 3-5; -> -2 * Multiplication mysql> select 3*5; -> 15 mysql> select 18014398509481984*18014398509481984.0; -> 324518553658426726783156020576256.0 mysql> select 18014398509481984*18014398509481984; -> 0 The result of the last expression is incorrect because the result of the integer multiplication exceeds the 64-bit range of BIGINT calculations. / Division mysql> select 3/5; -> 0.60 Division by zero produces a NULL result: mysql> select 102/(1-1); -> NULL A division will be calculated with BIGINT arithmetic only if performed in a context where its result is converted to an integer! 7.3.3 Bit functions MySQL uses BIGINT (64-bit) arithmetic for bit operations, so these operators have a maximum range of 64 bits. | Bitwise OR mysql> select 29 | 15; -> 31 & Bitwise AND mysql> select 29 & 15; -> 13 << Shifts a longlong (BIGINT) number to the left. mysql> select 1 << 2 -> 4 >> Shifts a longlong (BIGINT) number to the right. mysql> select 4 >> 2 -> 1 BIT_COUNT(N) Returns the number of bits that are set in the argument N. mysql> select BIT_COUNT(29); -> 4 7.3.4 Logical operations All logical functions return 1 (TRUE) or 0 (FALSE). NOT ! Logical NOT. Returns 1 if the argument is 0, otherwise returns 0. Exception: NOT NULL returns NULL. mysql> select NOT 1; -> 0 mysql> select NOT NULL; -> NULL mysql> select ! (1+1); -> 0 mysql> select ! 1+1; -> 1 The last example returns 1 because the expression evaluates the same way as (!1)+1. OR || Logical OR. Returns 1 if either argument is not 0 and not NULL . mysql> select 1 || 0; -> 1 mysql> select 0 || 0; -> 0 mysql> select 1 || NULL; -> 1 AND & Logical AND. Returns 0 if either argument is 0 or NULL, otherwise returns 1. mysql> select 1 && NULL; -> 0 mysql> select 1 && 0; -> 0 7.3.5 Comparison operators Comparison operations result in a value of 1 (TRUE), 0 (FALSE) or NULL. These functions work for both numbers and strings. Strings are automatically converted to numbers and numbers to strings as needed (as in Perl). MySQL performs comparisons using the following rules: If one or both arguments are NULL, the result of the comparison is NULL. If both arguments in a comparison operation are strings, they are compared as strings. If both arguments are integers, they are compared as integers. Hexadecimal values are treated as binary strings if not compared to a number. If one of the arguments is a TIMESTAMP or DATETIME column and the other argument is a constant, the constant is converted to a timestamp before the comparison is performed. This is done to be more ODBC-friendly. In all other cases, the arguments are compared as floating-point (real) numbers. By default, string comparisons are done in case-independent fashion using the current character set (ISO-8859-1 Latin1 by default, which also works excellently for English). The examples below illustrate conversion of strings to numbers for comparison operations: mysql> SELECT 1 > '6x'; -> 0 mysql> SELECT 7 > '6x'; -> 1 mysql> SELECT 0 > 'x6'; -> 0 mysql> SELECT 0 = 'x6'; -> 1 = Equal mysql> select 1 = 0; -> 0 mysql> select '0' = 0; -> 1 mysql> select '0.0' = 0; -> 1 mysql> select '0.01' = 0; -> 0 mysql> select '.01' = 0.01; -> 1 <> != Not equal mysql> select '.01' <> '0.01'; -> 1 mysql> select .01 <> '0.01'; -> 0 mysql> select 'zapp' <> 'zappp'; -> 1 <= Less than or equal mysql> select 0.1 <= 2; -> 1 < Less than mysql> select 2 <= 2; -> 1 >= Greater than or equal mysql> select 2 >= 2; -> 1 > Greater than mysql> select 2 > 2; -> 0 <=> Null safe equal mysql> select 1 <=> 1, NULL <=> NULL, 1 <=> NULL; -> 1 1 0 expr BETWEEN min AND max If expr is greater than or equal to min and expr is less than or equal to max, BETWEEN returns 1, otherwise it returns 0. This is equivalent to the expression (min <= expr AND expr <= max) if all the arguments are of the same type. The first argument (expr) determines how the comparison is performed. If expr is a string expression, a case-insensitive string comparison is done. If expr is a binary string, a case-sensitive string comparison is done. If expr is an integer expression, an integer comparison is done. Otherwise, a floating-point (real) comparison is done. mysql> select 1 BETWEEN 2 AND 3; -> 0 mysql> select 'b' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c'; -> 1 mysql> select 2 BETWEEN 2 AND '3'; -> 1 mysql> select 2 BETWEEN 2 AND 'x-3'; -> 0 expr IN (value,...) Returns 1 if expr is any of the values in the IN list, else returns 0. If all values are constants, then all values are evaluated according to the type of expr and sorted. The search for the item is then done using a binary search. This means IN is very quick if the IN value list consists entirely of constants. If expr is a case-sensitive string expression, the string comparison is performed in case-sensitive fashion. mysql> select 2 IN (0,3,5,'wefwf'); -> 0 mysql> select 'wefwf' IN (0,3,5,'wefwf'); -> 1 expr NOT IN (value,...) Same as NOT (expr IN (value,...)). ISNULL(expr) If expr is NULL, ISNULL() returns 1, otherwise it returns 0. mysql> select ISNULL(1+1); -> 0 mysql> select ISNULL(1/0); -> 1 Note that a comparison of NULL values using = will always be false! COALESCE(list) Returns first non-NULL element in list. mysql> select COALESCE(NULL,1); -> 1 mysql> select COALESCE(NULL,NULL,NULL); -> NULL INTERVAL(N,N1,N2,N3,...) Returns 0 if N < N1, 1 if N < N2 and so on. All arguments are treated as numbers. It is required that N1 < N2 < N3 < ... < Nn for this function to work correctly. This is because a binary search is used (very fast). mysql> select INTERVAL(23, 1, 15, 17, 30, 44, 200); -> 3 mysql> select INTERVAL(10, 1, 10, 100, 1000); -> 2 mysql> select INTERVAL(22, 23, 30, 44, 200); -> 0 7.3.6 String comparison functions Normally, if any expression in a string comparison is case sensitive, the comparison is performed in case-sensitive fashion. expr LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape-char'] Pattern matching using SQL simple regular expression comparison. Returns 1 (TRUE) or 0 (FALSE). With LIKE you can use the following two wildcard characters: +------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | % | Matches any number of characters, even zero characters | +------+----------------------------------------------------------+ | _ | Matches exactly one character | +------+----------------------------------------------------------+ mysql> select 'David!' LIKE 'David_'; -> 1 mysql> select 'David!' LIKE '%D%v%'; -> 1 To test for literal instances of a wildcard character, precede the character with the escape character. If you don't specify the ESCAPE character, `\' is assumed: +------+---------------------------+ | \% | Matches one % character | +------+---------------------------+ | \_ | Matches one _ character | +------+---------------------------+ mysql> select 'David!' LIKE 'David\_'; -> 0 mysql> select 'David_' LIKE 'David\_'; -> 1 To specify a different escape character, use the ESCAPE clause: mysql> select 'David_' LIKE 'David|_' ESCAPE '|'; -> 1 LIKE is allowed on numeric expressions! (This is a MySQL extension to the ANSI SQL LIKE.) mysql> select 10 LIKE '1%'; -> 1 Note: Because MySQL uses the C escape syntax in strings (e.g., `\n'), you must double any `\' that you use in your LIKE strings. For example, to search for `\n', specify it as `\\n'. To search for `\', specify it as `\\\\' (the backslashes are stripped once by the parser, and another time when the pattern match is done, leaving a single backslash to be matched). expr NOT LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape-char'] Same as NOT (expr LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape-char']). expr REGEXP pat expr RLIKE pat Performs a pattern match of a string expression expr against a pattern pat. The pattern can be an extended regular expression. See section H Desciption of MySQL regular expretion syntax. Returns 1 if expr matches pat, otherwise returns 0. RLIKE is a synonym for REGEXP, provided for mSQL compatibility. Note: Because MySQL uses the C escape syntax in strings (e.g., `\n'), you must double any `\' that you use in your REGEXP strings. mysql> select 'Monty!' REGEXP 'm%y%%'; -> 0 mysql> select 'Monty!' REGEXP '.*'; -> 1 mysql> select 'new*\n*line' REGEXP 'new\\*.\\*line'; -> 1 REGEXP and RLIKE use the current character set (ISO-8859-1 Latin1 by default) when deciding the type of a character. expr NOT REGEXP pat expr NOT RLIKE pat Same as NOT (expr REGEXP pat). STRCMP(expr1,expr2) STRCMP() returns 0 if the strings are the same, -1 if the first argument is smaller than the second according to the current sort order, and 1 otherwise. mysql> select STRCMP('text', 'text2'); -> -1 mysql> select STRCMP('text2', 'text'); -> 1 mysql> select STRCMP('text', 'text'); -> 0 7.3.7 Cast operators BINARY The BINARY operator casts the string following it to a binary string. This is an easy way to force a column comparison to be case independent even if the column isn't defined as BINARY or BLOB. mysql> select "a" = "A"; -> 1 mysql> select BINARY "a" = "A"; -> 0 BINARY was introduced in MySQL 3.23.0 7.3.8 Control flow functions IFNULL(expr1,expr2) If expr1 is not NULL, IFNULL() returns expr1, else it returns expr2. IFNULL() returns a numeric or string value, depending on the context in which it is used. mysql> select IFNULL(1,0); -> 1 mysql> select IFNULL(0,10); -> 0 mysql> select IFNULL(1/0,10); -> 10 mysql> select IFNULL(1/0,'yes'); -> 'yes' IF(expr1,expr2,expr3) If expr1 is TRUE (expr1 <> 0 and expr1 <> NULL) then IF() returns expr2, else it returns expr3. IFNULL() returns a numeric or string value, depending on the context in which it is used. mysql> select IF(1>2,2,3); -> 3 mysql> select IF(1<2,'yes','no'); -> 'yes' mysql> select IF(strcmp('test','test1'),'yes','no'); -> 'no' expr1 is evaluated as an integer value, which means that if you are testing floating-point or string values, you should do so using a comparison operation. mysql> select IF(0.1,1,0); -> 0 mysql> select IF(0.1<>0,1,0); -> 1 In the first case above, IF(0.1) returns 0 because 0.1 is converted to an integer value, resulting in a test of IF(0). This may not be what you expect. In the second case, the comparison tests the original floating-point value to see whether it is non-zero. The result of the comparison is used as an integer. CASE value WHEN [compare-value] THEN result [WHEN [compare-value] THEN result ...] [ELSE result] END CASE WHEN [condition] THEN result [WHEN [condition] THEN result ...] [ELSE result] END The first version returns the result where value=compare-value. The second version returns the result for the first condition which is true. If there was no matching result value, then the result after ELSE is returned. If there is no ELSE part then NULL is returned. mysql> SELECT CASE 1 WHEN 1 THEN "one" WHEN 2 THEN "two" ELSE "more" END; -> "one" mysql> SELECT CASE WHEN 1>0 THEN "true" ELSE "false" END; -> "true" mysql> SELECT CASE BINARY "B" when "a" then 1 when "b" then 2 END; -> NULL 7.3.9 Mathematical functions All mathematical functions return NULL in case of an error. - Unary minus. Changes the sign of the argument. mysql> select - 2; -> -2 Note that if this operator is used with a BIGINT, the return value is a BIGINT! This means that you should avoid using - on integers that may have the value of -2^63! ABS(X) Returns the absolute value of X. mysql> select ABS(2); -> 2 mysql> select ABS(-32); -> 32 This function is safe to use with BIGINT values. SIGN(X) Returns the sign of the argument as -1, 0 or 1, depending on whether X is negative, zero, or positive. mysql> select SIGN(-32); -> -1 mysql> select SIGN(0); -> 0 mysql> select SIGN(234); -> 1 MOD(N,M) % Modulo (like the % operator in C). Returns the remainder of N divided by M. mysql> select MOD(234, 10); -> 4 mysql> select 253 % 7; -> 1 mysql> select MOD(29,9); -> 2 This function is safe to use with BIGINT values. FLOOR(X) Returns the largest integer value not greater than X. mysql> select FLOOR(1.23); -> 1 mysql> select FLOOR(-1.23); -> -2 Note that the return value is converted to a BIGINT! CEILING(X) Returns the smallest integer value not less than X. mysql> select CEILING(1.23); -> 2 mysql> select CEILING(-1.23); -> -1 Note that the return value is converted to a BIGINT! ROUND(X) Returns the argument X, rounded to an integer. mysql> select ROUND(-1.23); -> -1 mysql> select ROUND(-1.58); -> -2 mysql> select ROUND(1.58); -> 2 Note that the return value is converted to a BIGINT! ROUND(X,D) Returns the argument X, rounded to a number with D decimals. If D is 0, the result will have no decimal point or fractional part. mysql> select ROUND(1.298, 1); -> 1.3 mysql> select ROUND(1.298, 0); -> 1 Note that the return value is converted to a BIGINT! EXP(X) Returns the value of e (the base of natural logarithms) raised to the power of X. mysql> select EXP(2); -> 7.389056 mysql> select EXP(-2); -> 0.135335 LOG(X) Returns the natural logarithm of X. mysql> select LOG(2); -> 0.693147 mysql> select LOG(-2); -> NULL If you want the log of a number X to some arbitary base B, use the formula LOG(X)/LOG(B). LOG10(X) Returns the base-10 logarithm of X. mysql> select LOG10(2); -> 0.301030 mysql> select LOG10(100); -> 2.000000 mysql> select LOG10(-100); -> NULL POW(X,Y) POWER(X,Y) Returns the value of X raised to the power of Y. mysql> select POW(2,2); -> 4.000000 mysql> select POW(2,-2); -> 0.250000 SQRT(X) Returns the non-negative square root of X. mysql> select SQRT(4); -> 2.000000 mysql> select SQRT(20); -> 4.472136 PI() Returns the value of PI. mysql> select PI(); -> 3.141593 COS(X) Returns the cosine of X, where X is given in radians. mysql> select COS(PI()); -> -1.000000 SIN(X) Returns the sine of X, where X is given in radians. mysql> select SIN(PI()); -> 0.000000 TAN(X) Returns the tangent of X, where X is given in radians. mysql> select TAN(PI()+1); -> 1.557408 ACOS(X) Returns the arc cosine of X, that is, the value whose cosine is X. Returns NULL if X is not in the range -1 to 1. mysql> select ACOS(1); -> 0.000000 mysql> select ACOS(1.0001); -> NULL mysql> select ACOS(0); -> 1.570796 ASIN(X) Returns the arc sine of X, that is, the value whose sine is X. Returns NULL if X is not in the range -1 to 1. mysql> select ASIN(0.2); -> 0.201358 mysql> select ASIN('foo'); -> 0.000000 ATAN(X) Returns the arc tangent of X, that is, the value whose tangent is X. mysql> select ATAN(2); -> 1.107149 mysql> select ATAN(-2); -> -1.107149 ATAN2(X,Y) Returns the arc tangent of the two variables X and Y. It is similar to calculating the arc tangent of Y / X, except that the signs of both arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result. mysql> select ATAN(-2,2); -> -0.785398 mysql> select ATAN(PI(),0); -> 1.570796 COT(X) Returns the cotangent of X. mysql> select COT(12); -> -1.57267341 mysql> select COT(0); -> NULL RAND() RAND(N) Returns a random floating-point value in the range 0 to 1.0. If an integer argument N is specified, it is used as the seed value. mysql> select RAND(); -> 0.5925 mysql> select RAND(20); -> 0.1811 mysql> select RAND(20); -> 0.1811 mysql> select RAND(); -> 0.2079 mysql> select RAND(); -> 0.7888 You can't use a column with RAND() values in an ORDER BY clause, because ORDER BY would evaluate the column multiple times. In MySQL 3.23, you can however do: SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY RAND() This is useful to get a random sample of a set SELECT * FROM table1,table2 WHERE a=b AND c select LEAST(2,0); -> 0 mysql> select LEAST(34.0,3.0,5.0,767.0); -> 3.0 mysql> select LEAST("B","A","C"); -> "A" In MySQL versions prior to 3.22.5, you can use MIN() instead of LEAST. GREATEST(X,Y,...) Returns the largest (maximum-valued) argument. The arguments are compared using the same rules as for LEAST. mysql> select GREATEST(2,0); -> 2 mysql> select GREATEST(34.0,3.0,5.0,767.0); -> 767.0 mysql> select GREATEST("B","A","C"); -> "C" In MySQL versions prior to 3.22.5, you can use MAX() instead of GREATEST. DEGREES(X) Returns the argument X, converted from radians to degrees. mysql> select DEGREES(PI()); -> 180.000000 RADIANS(X) Returns the argument X, converted from degrees to radians. mysql> select RADIANS(90); -> 1.570796 TRUNCATE(X,D) Returns the number X, truncated to D decimals. mysql> select TRUNCATE(1.223,1); -> 1.2 mysql> select TRUNCATE(1.999,1); -> 1.9 mysql> select TRUNCATE(1.999,0); -> 1 7.3.10 String functions String-valued functions return NULL if the length of the result would be greater than the max_allowed_packet server parameter. See section 10,1 Tuning server parame. For functions that operate on string positions, the first position is numbered 1. ASCII(str) Returns the ASCII code value of the leftmost character of the string str. Returns 0 if str is the empty string. Returns NULL if str is NULL. mysql> select ASCII('2'); -> 50 mysql> select ASCII(2); -> 50 mysql> select ASCII('dx'); -> 100 CONV(N,from_base,to_base) Converts numbers between different number bases. Returns a string representation of the number N, converted from base from_base to base to_base. Returns NULL if any argument is NULL. The argument N is interpreted as an integer, but may be specified as an integer or a string. The minimum base is 2 and the maximum base is 36. If to_base is a negative number, N is regarded as a signed number. Otherwise, N is treated as unsigned. CONV works with 64-bit precision. mysql> select CONV("a",16,2); -> '1010' mysql> select CONV("6E",18,8); -> '172' mysql> select CONV(-17,10,-18); -> '-H' mysql> select CONV(10+"10"+'10'+0xa,10,10); -> '40' BIN(N) Returns a string representation of the binary value of N, where N is a longlong (BIGINT) number. This is equivalent to CONV(N,10,2). Returns NULL if N is NULL. mysql> select BIN(12); -> '1100' OCT(N) Returns a string representation of the octal value of N, where N is a longlong number. This is equivalent to CONV(N,10,8). Returns NULL if N is NULL. mysql> select OCT(12); -> '14' HEX(N) Returns a string representation of the hexadecimal value of N, where N is a longlong (BIGINT) number. This is equivalent to CONV(N,10,16). Returns NULL if N is NULL. mysql> select HEX(255); -> 'FF' CHAR(N,...) CHAR() interprets the arguments as integers and returns a string consisting of the characters given by the ASCII code values of those integers. NULL values are skipped. mysql> select CHAR(77,121,83,81,'76'); -> 'MySQL' mysql> select CHAR(77,77.3,'77.3'); -> 'MMM' CONCAT(X,Y,...) Returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. Returns NULL if any argument is NULL. May have more than 2 arguments. mysql> select CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL'); -> 'MySQL' mysql> select CONCAT('My', NULL, 'QL'); -> NULL LENGTH(str) OCTET_LENGTH(str) CHAR_LENGTH(str) CHARACTER_LENGTH(str) Returns the length of the string str. mysql> select LENGTH('text'); -> 4 mysql> select OCTET_LENGTH('text'); -> 4 LOCATE(substr,str) POSITION(substr IN str) Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in string str. Returns 0 if substr is not in str. mysql> select LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar'); -> 4 mysql> select LOCATE('xbar', 'foobar'); -> 0 LOCATE(substr,str,pos) Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in string str, starting at position pos. Returns 0 if substr is not in str. mysql> select LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar',5); -> 7 INSTR(str,substr) Returns the position of the first occurrence of substring substr in string str. This is the same as the two-argument form of LOCATE(), except that the arguments are swapped. mysql> select INSTR('foobarbar', 'bar'); -> 4 mysql> select INSTR('xbar', 'foobar'); -> 0 LPAD(str,len,padstr) Returns the string str, left-padded with the string padstr until str is len characters long. mysql> select LPAD('hi',4,'??'); -> '??hi' RPAD(str,len,padstr) Returns the string str, right-padded with the string padstr until str is len characters long. mysql> select RPAD('hi',5,'?'); -> 'hi???' LEFT(str,len) Returns the leftmost len characters from the string str. mysql> select LEFT('foobarbar', 5); -> 'fooba' RIGHT(str,len) Returns the rightmost len characters from the string str. mysql> select RIGHT('foobarbar', 4); -> 'rbar' mysql> select SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4); -> 'rbar' SUBSTRING(str,pos,len) SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len) MID(str,pos,len) Returns a substring len characters long from string str, starting at position pos. The variant form that uses FROM is ANSI SQL92 syntax. mysql> select SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6); -> 'ratica' SUBSTRING(str,pos) SUBSTRING(str FROM pos) Returns a substring from string str starting at position pos. mysql> select SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5); -> 'ratically' SUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count) Returns the substring from string str after count occurrences of the delimiter delim. If count is positive, everything to the left of the final delimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is negative, everything to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is returned. mysql> select SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', 2); -> 'www.mysql' mysql> select SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', -2); -> 'mysql.com' LTRIM(str) Returns the string str with leading space characters removed. mysql> select LTRIM(' barbar'); -> 'barbar' RTRIM(str) Returns the string str with trailing space characters removed. mysql> select RTRIM('barbar '); -> 'barbar' TRIM([[BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING] [remstr] FROM] str) Returns the string str with all remstr prefixes and/or suffixes removed. If none of the specifiers BOTH, LEADING or TRAILING are given, BOTH is assumed. If remstr is not specified, spaces are removed. mysql> select TRIM(' bar '); -> 'bar' mysql> select TRIM(LEADING 'x' FROM 'xxxbarxxx'); -> 'barxxx' mysql> select TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxbarxxx'); -> 'bar' mysql> select TRIM(TRAILING 'xyz' FROM 'barxxyz'); -> 'barx' SOUNDEX(str) Returns a soundex string from str. Two strings that sound ``about the same'' should have identical soundex strings. A ``standard'' soundex string is 4 characters long, but the SOUNDEX() function returns an arbitrarily long string. You can use SUBSTRING() on the result to get a ``standard'' soundex string. All non-alphanumeric characters are ignored in the given string. All international alpha characters outside the A-Z range are treated as vowels. mysql> select SOUNDEX('Hello'); -> 'H400' mysql> select SOUNDEX('Quadratically'); -> 'Q36324' SPACE(N) Returns a string consisting of N space characters. mysql> select SPACE(6); -> ' ' REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str) Returns the string str with all all occurrences of the string from_str replaced by the string to_str. mysql> select REPLACE('www.mysql.com', 'w', 'Ww'); -> 'WwWwWw.mysql.com' REPEAT(str,count) Returns a string consisting of the string str repeated count times. If count <= 0, returns an empty string. Returns NULL if str or count are NULL. mysql> select REPEAT('MySQL', 3); -> 'MySQLMySQLMySQL' REVERSE(str) Returns the string str with the order of the characters reversed. mysql> select REVERSE('abc'); -> 'cba' INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr) Returns the string str, with the substring beginning at position pos and len characters long replaced by the string newstr. mysql> select INSERT('Quadratic', 3, 4, 'What'); -> 'QuWhattic' ELT(N,str1,str2,str3,...) Returns str1 if N = 1, str2 if N = 2, and so on. Returns NULL if N is less than 1 or greater than the number of arguments. ELT() is the complement of FIELD(). mysql> select ELT(1, 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo'); -> 'ej' mysql> select ELT(4, 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo'); -> 'foo' FIELD(str,str1,str2,str3,...) Returns the index of str in the str1, str2, str3, ... list. Returns 0 if str is not found. FIELD() is the complement of ELT(). mysql> select FIELD('ej', 'Hej', 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo'); -> 2 mysql> select FIELD('fo', 'Hej', 'ej', 'Heja', 'hej', 'foo'); -> 0 FIND_IN_SET(str,strlist) Returns a value 1 to N if the string str is in the list strlist consisting of N substrings. A string list is a string composed of substrings separated by `,' characters. If the first argument is a constant string and the second is a column of type SET, the FIND_IN_SET() function is optimized to use bit arithmetic! Returns 0 if str is not in strlist or if strlist is the empty string. Returns NULL if either argument is NULL. This function will not work properly if the first argument contains a `,'. mysql> SELECT FIND_IN_SET('b','a,b,c,d'); -> 2 MAKE_SET(bits,str1,str2,...) Returns a set (a string containing substrings separated by `,' characters) consisting of the strings that have the corresponding bit in bits set. str1 corresponds to bit 0, str2 to bit 1, etc. NULL strings in str1, str2, ... are not appended to the result. mysql> SELECT MAKE_SET(1,'a','b','c'); -> 'a' mysql> SELECT MAKE_SET(1 | 4,'hello','nice','world'); -> 'hello,world' mysql> SELECT MAKE_SET(0,'a','b','c'); -> '' EXPORT_SET(bits,on,off,[separator,[number_of_bits]]) Returns a string where for every bit set in 'bit', you get a 'on' string and for every reset bit you get an 'off' string. Each string is separated with 'separator' (default ',') and only 'number_of_bits' (default 64) of 'bits' is used. mysql> select EXPORT_SET(5,'Y','N',',',4) -> Y,N,Y,N LCASE(str) LOWER(str) Returns the string str with all characters changed to lowercase according to the current character set mapping (the default is ISO-8859-1 Latin1). mysql> select LCASE('QUADRATICALLY'); -> 'quadratically' UCASE(str) UPPER(str) Returns the string str with all characters changed to uppercase according to the current character set mapping (the default is ISO-8859-1 Latin1). mysql> select UCASE('Hej'); -> 'HEJ' LOAD_FILE(file_name) Reads the file and returns the file contents as a string. The file must be on the server, you must specify the full pathname to the file, and you must have the file privilege. The file must be readable by all and be smaller than max_allowed_packet. If the file doesn't exist or can't be read due to one of the above reasons, the function returns NULL. mysql> UPDATE table_name SET blob_column=LOAD_FILE("/tmp/picture") WHERE id=1; There is no string function to convert a number to a char. There is no need for one, because MySQL automatically converts numbers to strings as necessary, and vice versa: mysql> SELECT 1+"1"; -> 2 mysql> SELECT CONCAT(2,' test'); -> '2 test' If a string function is given a binary string as an argument, the resulting string is also a binary string. A number converted to a string is treated as a binary string. This only affects comparisons. 7.3.11 Date and time functions See section 7.2.6 Date and time types for a description of the range of values each type has, and the valid formats in which date and time values may be specified. Here is an example that uses date functions. The query below selects all records with a date_col value from within the last 30 days: mysql> SELECT something FROM table WHERE TO_DAYS(NOW()) - TO_DAYS(date_col) <= 30; DAYOFWEEK(date) Returns the weekday index for date (1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ... 7 = Saturday). These index values correspond to the ODBC standard. mysql> select DAYOFWEEK('1998-02-03'); -> 3 WEEKDAY(date) Returns the weekday index for date (0 = Monday, 1 = Tuesday, ... 6 = Sunday). mysql> select WEEKDAY('1997-10-04 22:23:00'); -> 5 mysql> select WEEKDAY('1997-11-05'); -> 2 DAYOFMONTH(date) Returns the day of the month for date, in the range 1 to 31. mysql> select DAYOFMONTH('1998-02-03'); -> 3 DAYOFYEAR(date) Returns the day of the year for date, in the range 1 to 366. mysql> select DAYOFYEAR('1998-02-03'); -> 34 MONTH(date) Returns the month for date, in the range 1 to 12. mysql> select MONTH('1998-02-03'); -> 2 DAYNAME(date) Returns the name of the weekday for date. mysql> select DAYNAME("1998-02-05"); -> 'Thursday' MONTHNAME(date) Returns the name of the month for date. mysql> select MONTHNAME("1998-02-05"); -> 'February' QUARTER(date) Returns the quarter of the year for date, in the range 1 to 4. mysql> select QUARTER('98-04-01'); -> 2 WEEK(date) WEEK(date,first) With a single argument, returns the week for date, in the range 0 to 52, for locations where Sunday is the first day of the week. The two-argument form of WEEK() allows you to specify whether the week starts on Sunday or Monday. The week starts on Sunday if the second argument is 0, on Monday if the second argument is 1. mysql> select WEEK('1998-02-20'); -> 7 mysql> select WEEK('1998-02-20',0); -> 7 mysql> select WEEK('1998-02-20',1); -> 8 YEAR(date) Returns the year for date, in the range 1000 to 9999. mysql> select YEAR('98-02-03'); -> 1998 HOUR(time) Returns the hour for time, in the range 0 to 23. mysql> select HOUR('10:05:03'); -> 10 MINUTE(time) Returns the minute for time, in the range 0 to 59. mysql> select MINUTE('98-02-03 10:05:03'); -> 5 SECOND(time) Returns the second for time, in the range 0 to 59. mysql> select SECOND('10:05:03'); -> 3 PERIOD_ADD(P,N) Adds N months to period P (in the format YYMM or YYYYMM). Returns a value in the format YYYYMM. Note that the period argument P is{{ }} not{{ }} a date value. mysql> select PERIOD_ADD(9801,2); -> 199803 PERIOD_DIFF(P1,P2) Returns the number of months between periods P1 and P2. P1 and P2 should be in the format YYMM or YYYYMM. Note that the period arguments P1 and P2 are not date values. mysql> select PERIOD_DIFF(9802,199703); -> 11 DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr type) DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr type) ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr type) SUBDATE(date,INTERVAL expr type) These functions perform date arithmetic. They are new for MySQL 3.22. ADDDATE() and SUBDATE() are synonyms for DATE_ADD() and DATE_SUB(). date is a DATETIME or DATE value specifying the starting date. expr is an expression specifying the interval value to be added or substracted from the starting date. expr is a string; it may start with a `-' for negative intervals. type is a keyword indicating how the expression should be interpreted. The EXTRACT() function returns the corresponding interval from the date. The following table shows how the type and expr arguments are related: +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | typevalue | Meaning | Expectedexprformat | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | SECOND | Seconds | SECONDS | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | MINUTE | Minutes | MINUTES | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | HOUR | Hours | HOURS | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | DAY | Days | DAYS | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | MONTH | Months | MONTHS | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | YEAR | Years | YEARS | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | MINUTE_SECOND | Minutes and seconds | "MINUTES:SECONDS" | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | HOUR_MINUTE | Hours and minutes | "HOURS:MINUTES" | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | DAY_HOUR | Days and hours | "DAYS HOURS" | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | YEAR_MONTH | Years and months | "YEARS-MONTHS" | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | HOUR_SECOND | Hours, minutes, | "HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS" | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | DAY_MINUTE | Days, hours, minutes| "DAYS HOURS:MINUTES" | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | DAY_SECOND | Days, hours, minutes| "DAYS HOURS:MINUTES | | | ,seconds | :SECONDS" | +----------------+----------------------+--------------------------+ MySQL allows any non-numeric delimiter in the expr format. The ones shown in the table are the suggested delimiters. If the date argument is a DATE value and your calculations involve only YEAR, MONTH and DAY parts (that is, no time parts), the result is a DATE value. Otherwise the result is a DATETIME value. mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD("1997-12-31 23:59:59", INTERVAL 1 SECOND); -> 1998-01-01 00:00:00 mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD("1997-12-31 23:59:59", INTERVAL 1 DAY); -> 1998-01-01 23:59:59 mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD("1997-12-31 23:59:59", INTERVAL "1:1" MINUTE_SECOND); -> 1998-01-01 00:01:00 mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB("1998-01-01 00:00:00", INTERVAL "1 1:1:1" DAY_SECOND); -> 1997-12-30 22:58:59 mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD("1998-01-01 00:00:00", INTERVAL "-1 10" DAY_HOUR); -> 1997-12-30 14:00:00 mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB("1998-01-02", INTERVAL 31 DAY); -> 1997-12-02 mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM "1999-07-02"); -> 1999 mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM "1999-07-02 01:02:03"); -> 199907 mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM "1999-07-02 01:02:03"); -> 20102 If you specify an interval value that is too short (does not include all the interval parts that would be expected from the type keyword), MySQL assumes you have left out the leftmost parts of the interval value. For example, if you specify a type of DAY_SECOND, the value of expr is expected to have days, hours, minutes and seconds parts. If you specify a value like "1:10", MySQL assumes that the days and hours parts are missing and the value represents minutes and seconds. In other words, "1:10" DAY_SECOND is interpreted in such a way that it is equivalent to "1:10" MINUTE_SECOND. This is analogous to the way that MySQL interprets TIME values as representing elapsed time rather than as time of day. If you use incorrect dates, the result is NULL. If you add MONTH, YEAR_MONTH or YEAR and the resulting date has a day that is larger than the maximum day for the new month, the day is adjusted to the maximum days in the new month. mysql> select DATE_ADD('1998-01-30', Interval 1 month); -> 1998-02-28 Note from the preceding example that the word INTERVAL and the type keyword are not case sensitive. TO_DAYS(date) Given a date date, returns a daynumber (the number of days since year 0). mysql> select TO_DAYS(950501); -> 728779 mysql> select TO_DAYS('1997-10-07'); -> 729669 TO_DAYS() is not intended for use with values that precede the advent of the Gregorian calendar (1582). FROM_DAYS(N) Given a daynumber N, returns a DATE value. mysql> select FROM_DAYS(729669); -> '1997-10-07' FROM_DAYS() is not intended for use with values that precede the advent of the Gregorian calendar (1582). DATE_FORMAT(date,format) Formats the date value according to the format string. The following specifiers may be used in the format string: +------+------------------------------------------+ | %M | Month name (January..December) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %W | Weekday name (Sunday..Saturday) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %D | Day of the month with english suffix | | | (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %Y | Year, numeric, 4 digits | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %y | Year, numeric, 2 digits | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %a | Abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %d | Day of the month, numeric (00..31) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %e | Day of the month, numeric (0..31) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %m | Month, numeric (01..12) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %c | Month, numeric (1..12) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %b | Abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %j | Day of year (001..366) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %H | Hour (00..23) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %k | Hour (0..23) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %h | Hour (01..12) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %I | Hour (01..12) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %l | Hour (1..12) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %i | Minutes, numeric (00..59) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %r | Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %T | Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %S | Seconds (00..59) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %s | Seconds (00..59) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %p | AM or PM | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %w | Day of the week (0=Sunday..6=Saturday) | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %U | Week (0..52), where Sunday is the | | | first day of the week | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %u | Week (0..52), where Monday is the | | | first day of the week | +------+------------------------------------------+ | %% | A literal `%'. | +------+------------------------------------------+ All other characters are just copied to the result without interpretation. mysql> select DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y'); -> 'Saturday October 1997' mysql> select DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s'); -> '22:23:00' mysql> select DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00', '%D %y %a %d %m %b %j'); -> '4th 97 Sat 04 10 Oct 277' mysql> select DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00', '%H %k %I %r %T %S %w'); -> '22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6' As of MySQL 3.23, the % is required before a format specifier characters. In earlier versions of MySQL, % was optional. TIME_FORMAT(time,format) This is used like the DATE_FORMAT() function above, but the format string may contain only those format specifiers that handle hours, minutes and seconds. Other specifiers produce a NULL value or 0. CURDATE() CURRENT_DATE Returns today's date as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD' or YYYYMMDD format, depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric context. mysql> select CURDATE(); -> '1997-12-15' mysql> select CURDATE() + 0; -> 19971215 CURTIME() CURRENT_TIME Returns the current time as a value in 'HH:MM:SS' or HHMMSS format, depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric context. mysql> select CURTIME(); -> '23:50:26' mysql> select CURTIME() + 0; -> 235026 NOW() SYSDATE() CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format, depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric context. mysql> select NOW(); -> '1997-12-15 23:50:26' mysql> select NOW() + 0; -> 19971215235026 UNIX_TIMESTAMP() UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date) If called with no argument, returns a Unix timestamp (seconds since '1970-01-01 00:00:00' GMT). If UNIX_TIMESTAMP() is called with a date argument, it returns the value of the argument as seconds since '1970-01-01 00:00:00' GMT. date may be a DATE string, a DATETIME string, a TIMESTAMP, or a number in the format YYMMDD or YYYYMMDD in local time. mysql> select UNIX_TIMESTAMP(); -> 882226357 mysql> select UNIX_TIMESTAMP('1997-10-04 22:23:00'); -> 875996580 When UNIX_TIMESTAMP is used on a TIMESTAMP column, the function will receive the value directly, with no implicit ``string-to-unix-timestamp'' conversion. FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp) Returns a representation of the unix_timestamp argument as a value in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format, depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric context. mysql> select FROM_UNIXTIME(875996580); -> '1997-10-04 22:23:00' mysql> select FROM_UNIXTIME(875996580) + 0; -> 19971004222300 FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp,format) Returns a string representation of the Unix timestamp, formatted according to the format string. format may contain the same specifiers as those listed in the entry for the DATE_FORMAT() function. mysql> select FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), '%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x'); -> '1997 23rd December 03:43:30 x' SEC_TO_TIME(seconds) Returns the seconds argument, converted to hours, minutes and seconds, as a value in 'HH:MM:SS' or HHMMSS format, depending on whether the function is used in a string or numeric context. mysql> select SEC_TO_TIME(2378); -> '00:39:38' mysql> select SEC_TO_TIME(2378) + 0; -> 3938 TIME_TO_SEC(time) Returns the time argument, converted to seconds. mysql> select TIME_TO_SEC('22:23:00'); -> 80580 mysql> select TIME_TO_SEC('00:39:38'); -> 2378 7.3.12 Miscellaneous functions DATABASE() Returns the current database name. mysql> select DATABASE(); -> 'test' If there is no current database, DATABASE() returns the empty string. USER() SYSTEM_USER() SESSION_USER() Returns the current MySQL user name. mysql> select USER(); -> 'davida@localhost' In MySQL 3.22.11 or later, this includes the client hostname as well as the username. You can extract just the username part like this (which works whether or not the value includes a hostname part): mysql> select substring_index(USER(),"@",1); -> 'davida' PASSWORD(str) Calculates a password string from the plaintext password str. This is the function that is used for encrypting MySQL passwords for storage in the Password column of the user grant table. mysql> select PASSWORD('badpwd'); -> '7f84554057dd964b' PASSWORD() encryption is non-reversible. PASSWORD() does not perform password encryption in the same way that Unix passwords are encrypted. You should not assume that if your Unix password and your MySQL password are the same, PASSWORD() will result in the same encrypted value as is stored in the Unix password file. See ENCRYPT(). ENCRYPT(str[,salt]) Encrypt str using the Unix crypt() system call. The salt argument should be a string with 2 characters. mysql> select ENCRYPT("hello"); -> 'VxuFAJXVARROc' If crypt() is not available on your system, ENCRYPT() always returns NULL. ENCRYPT() ignores all but the first 8 characters of str, at least on some systems. This will be determined by the behavior of the underlying crypt() system call. ENCODE(str,pass_str) Encrypt str using pass_str as the password. To decrypt the result, use DECODE(). The results is a binary string. If you want to save it in a column, use a BLOB column type. DECODE(crypt_str,pass_str) Descrypts the encrypted string crypt_str using pass_str as the password. crypt_str should be a string returned from ENCODE(). MD5(string) Calculates a MD5 checksum for the string. Value is returned as a 32 long hex number that may, for example, be used as a hash key. mysql> select MD5("testing") -> 'ae2b1fca515949e5d54fb22b8ed95575' This is a "RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm". LAST_INSERT_ID([expr]) Returns the last automatically generated value that was inserted into an AUTO_INCREMENT column. See section 20.4.29 mysql_insert_id(). mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); -> 195 The last ID that was generated is maintained in the server on a per-connection basis. It will not be changed by another client. It will not even be changed if you update another AUTO_INCREMENT column with a non-magic value (that is, a value that is not NULL and not 0). If expr is given as an argument to LAST_INSERT_ID() in an UPDATE clause, then the value of the argument is returned as a LAST_INSERT_ID() value. This can be used to simulate sequences: First create the table: mysql> create table sequence (id int not null); mysql> insert into sequence values (0); Then the table can be used to generate sequence numbers like this: mysql> update sequence set id=LAST_INSERT_ID(id+1); You can generate sequences without calling LAST_INSERT_ID(), but the utility of using the function this way is that the ID value is maintained in the server as the last automatically generated value. You can retrieve the new ID as you would read any normal AUTO_INCREMENT value in MySQL. For example, LAST_INSERT_ID() (without an argument) will return the new ID. The C API function mysql_insert_id() can also be used to get the value. FORMAT(X,D) Formats the number X to a format like '#,###,###.##' with D decimals. If D is 0, the result will have no decimal point or fractional part. mysql> select FORMAT(12332.1234, 2); -> '12,332.12' mysql> select FORMAT(12332.1,4); -> '12,332.1000' mysql> select FORMAT(12332.2,0); -> '12,332' VERSION() Returns a string indicating the MySQL server version. mysql> select VERSION(); -> '3.22.19b-log' GET_LOCK(str,timeout) Tries to obtain a lock with a name given by the string str, with a timeout of timeout seconds. Returns 1 if the lock was obtained successfully, 0 if the attempt timed out, or NULL if an error occurred (such as running out of memory or the thread was killed with mysqladmin kill). A lock is released when you execute RELEASE_LOCK(), execute a new GET_LOCK() or the thread terminates. This function can be used to implement application locks or to simulate record locks. mysql> select GET_LOCK("lock1",10); -> 1 mysql> select GET_LOCK("lock2",10); -> 1 mysql> select RELEASE_LOCK("lock2"); -> 1 mysql> select RELEASE_LOCK("lock1"); -> NULL Note that the second RELEASE_LOCK() call returns NULL because the lock "lock1" was automatically released by the second GET_LOCK() call. RELEASE_LOCK(str) Releases the lock named by the string str that was obtained with GET_LOCK(). Returns 1 if the lock was released, 0 if the lock wasn't locked by this thread (in which case the lock is not released) and NULL if the named lock didn't exist. The lock will not exist if it was never obtained by a call to GET_LOCK() or if it already has been released. BENCHMARK(count,expr) The BENCHMARK() function executes the expression expr repeatedly count times. It may be used to time how fast MySQL processes the expression. The result value is always 0. The intended use is in the mysql client, which reports query execution times. mysql> select BENCHMARK(1000000,encode("hello","goodbye")); +----------------------------------------------+ | BENCHMARK(1000000,encode("hello","goodbye")) | +----------------------------------------------+ | 0 | +----------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (4.74 sec) The time reported is elapsed time on the client end, not CPU time on the server end. It may be advisable to execute BENCHMARK() several times, and interpret the result with regard to how heavily loaded the server machine is. 7.3.13 Functions for use with GROUP BY clauses If you use a group function in a statement containing no GROUP BY clause, it is equivalent to grouping on all rows. COUNT(expr) Returns a count of the number of non-NULL rows retrieved by a SELECT statement. mysql> select student.student_name,COUNT(*) from student,course where student.student_id=course.student_id GROUP BY student_name; COUNT(*) is optimized to return very quickly if the SELECT retrieves from one table, no other columns are retrieved and there is no WHERE clause. For example: mysql> select COUNT(*) from student; COUNT(DISTINCT expr,[expr...]) Returns a count of the number of different values. mysql> select COUNT(DISTINCT results) from student; In MySQL you can get the number of distinct expressions combinations by giving a list of expressions. In ANSI SQL you would have to do a concatenation of all expressions inside CODE(DISTINCT ..). AVG(expr) Returns the average value of expr. mysql> select student_name, AVG(test_score) from student GROUP BY student_name; MIN(expr) MAX(expr) Returns the minimum or maximum value of expr. MIN() and MAX() may take a string argument; in such cases they return the minimum or maximum string value. mysql> select student_name, MIN(test_score), MAX(test_score) from student GROUP BY student_name; SUM(expr) Returns the sum of expr. Note that if the return set has no rows, it returns NULL! STD(expr) STDDEV(expr) Returns the standard deviation of expr. This is an extension to ANSI SQL. The STDDEV() form of this function is provided for Oracle compatability. BIT_OR(expr) Returns the bitwise OR of all bits in expr. The calculation is performed with 64-bit (BIGINT precision. BIT_AND(expr) Returns the bitwise AND of all bits in expr. The calculation is performed with 64-bit (BIGINT precision. MySQL has extended the use of GROUP BY. You can use columns or calculations in the SELECT expressions which don't appear in the GROUP BY part. This stands for any possible value for this group. You can use this to get better performance by avoiding sorting and grouping on unnecessary items. For example, you don't need to group on customer.name in the following query: mysql> select order.custid,customer.name,max(payments) from order,customer where order.custid = customer.custid GROUP BY order.custid; In ANSI SQL, you would have to add customer.name to the GROUP BY clause. In MySQL, the name is redundant. Don't use this feature if the columns you omit from the GROUP BY part aren't unique in the group! In some cases, you can use MIN() and MAX() to obtain a specific column value even if it isn't unique. The following gives the value of column from the row containing the smallest value in the sort column: substr(MIN(concat(sort,space(6-length(sort)),column),7,length(column) )) Note that if you are using MySQL 3.22 (or earlier) or if you are trying to follow ANSI SQL, you can't use expressions in GROUP BY or ORDER BY clauses. You can work around this limitation by using an alias for the expression: mysql> SELECT id,FLOOR(value/100) AS val FROM tbl_name GROUP BY id,val ORDER BY val; In MySQL 3.23 you can do: mysql> SELECT id,FLOOR(value/100) FROM tbl_name ORDER BY RAND(); 7.4 CREATE DATABASE syntax CREATE DATABASE db_name CREATE DATABASE creates a database with the given name. Rules for allowable database names are given in section 7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias. An error occurs if the database already exists. Databases in MySQL are implemented as directories containing files that correspond to tables in the database. Since there are no tables in a database when it is initially created, the CREATE DATABASE statement only creates a directory under the MySQL data directory. You can also create databases with mysqladmin. See section 12.1 Overview of the different MySQL pro. 7.5 DROP DATABASE syntax DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] db_name DROP DATABASE drops all tables in the database and deletes the database. Be VERY careful with this command! DROP DATABASE returns the number of files that were removed from the database directory. Normally, this is three times the number of tables, since each table corresponds to a `.ISD' file, a `.ISM' file and a `.frm' file. In MySQL 3.22 or later, you can use the keywords IF EXISTS to prevent an error from occurring if the database doesn't exist. You can also drop databases with mysqladmin. See section 12.1 Overview of the different MySQL pro. 7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name (create_definition,...) [table_options] [select_statement] create_definition: col_name type [NOT NULL | NULL] [DEFAULT default_value] [AUTO_INCREMENT] [PRIMARY KEY] [reference_definition] or PRIMARY KEY (index_col_name,...) or KEY [index_name] KEY(index_col_name,...) or INDEX [index_name] (index_col_name,...) or UNIQUE [INDEX] [index_name] (index_col_name,...) or [CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY index_name (index_col_name,...) [reference_definition] or CHECK (expr) type: TINYINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or SMALLINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or MEDIUMINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or INT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or INTEGER[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or BIGINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or REAL[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or DOUBLE[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or FLOAT[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or DECIMAL(length,decimals) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or NUMERIC(length,decimals) [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] or CHAR(length) [BINARY] or VARCHAR(length) [BINARY] or DATE or TIME or TIMESTAMP or DATETIME or TINYBLOB or BLOB or MEDIUMBLOB or LONGBLOB or TINYTEXT or TEXT or MEDIUMTEXT or LONGTEXT or ENUM(value1,value2,value3,...) or SET(value1,value2,value3,...) index_col_name: col_name [(length)] reference_definition: REFERENCES tbl_name [(index_col_name,...)] [MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL] [ON DELETE reference_option] [ON UPDATE reference_option] reference_option: RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT table_options: type = [ISAM | MYISAM | HEAP] or AUTO_INCREMENT = # or AVG_ROW_LENGTH = # or CHECKSUM = [0 | 1] or COMMENT = "string" or MAX_ROWS = # or MIN_ROWS = # or PACK_KEYS = [0 | 1] or PASSWORD = "string" or DELAY_KEY_WRITE = [0 | 1] select_statement: [IGNORE | REPLACE] SELECT ... (Some legal select statement) CREATE TABLE creates a table with the given name in the current database. Rules for allowable table names are given in section 7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias. An error occurs if there is no current database or if the table already exists. In MySQL 3.22 or later, the table name can be specified as db_name.tbl_name. This works whether or not there is a current database. In MySQL 3.23, you can use the TEMPORARY keyword when you create a table. A temporary table will automatically be deleted if a connection dies and the name is per connection. This means that two different connections can both use the same temporary table name without conflicting with each other or with an existing table of the same name. (The existing table is hidden until the temporary table is deleted). In MySQL 3.23 or later, you can use the keywords IF NOT EXISTS so that an error does not occur if the table already exists. Note that there is no verification that the table structures are identical. Each table tbl_name is represented by some files in the database directory. In the case of ISAM-type tables you will get: +----------------+--------------------------------+ | File | Purpose | +----------------+--------------------------------+ | tbl_name.frm | Table definition (form) file | +----------------+--------------------------------+ | tbl_name.ISD | Data file | +----------------+--------------------------------+ | tbl_name.ISM | Index file | +----------------+--------------------------------+ For more information on the properties of the various column types, see section 7.2 Column type. If neither NULL nor NOT NULL is specified, the column is treated as though NULL had been specified. An integer column may have the additional attribute AUTO_INCREMENT. When you insert a value of NULL (recommended) or 0 into an AUTO_INCREMENT column, the column is set to value+1, where value is the largest value for the column currently in the table. AUTO_INCREMENT sequences begin with 1. See section 20.4.29 mysql insert id(). If you delete the row containing the maximum value for an AUTO_INCREMENT column, the value will be reused. If you delete all rows in the table, the sequence starts over. Note: There can be only one AUTO_INCREMENT column per table, and it must be indexed. To make MySQL compatible with some ODBC applications, you can find the last inserted row with the following query: SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE auto_col IS NULL NULL values are handled differently for TIMESTAMP columns than for other column types. You cannot store a literal NULL in a TIMESTAMP column; setting the column to NULL sets it to the current date and time. Because TIMESTAMP columns behave this way, the NULL and NOT NULL attributes do not apply in the normal way and are ignored if you specify them. On the other hand, to make it easier for MySQL clients to use TIMESTAMP columns, the server reports that such columns may be assigned NULL values (which is true), even though TIMESTAMP never actually will contain a NULL value. You can see this when you use DESCRIBE tbl_name to get a description of your table. Note that setting a TIMESTAMP column to 0 is not the same as setting it to NULL, because 0 is a valid TIMESTAMP value. If no DEFAULT value is specified for a column, MySQL automatically assigns one. If the column may take NULL as a value, the default value is NULL. If the column is declared as NOT NULL, the default value depends on the column type: For numeric types other than those declared with the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute, the default is 0. For an AUTO_INCREMENT column, the default value is the next value in the sequence. For date and time types other than TIMESTAMP, the default is the appropriate ``zero'' value for the type. For the first TIMESTAMP column in a table, the default value is the current date and time. See section 7.2.6 Date and time types. For string types other than ENUM, the default is the empty string. For ENUM, the default is the first enumeration value. KEY is a synonym for INDEX. In MySQL, a UNIQUE key can have only distinct values. An error occurs if you try to add a new row with a key that matches an existing row. In MySQL a PRIMARY KEY is the same thing as a unique KEY that is named PRIMARY. A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY. If you don't have a PRIMARY KEY and some applications ask for the PRIMARY KEY in your tables, MySQL will return the first UNIQUE key as the PRIMARY KEY. A PRIMARY KEY can be a multiple-column index. However, you cannot create a multiple-column index using the PRIMARY KEY key attibute in a column specification. Doing so will mark only that single column as primary. You must use the PRIMARY KEY(index_col_name, ...) syntax. If you don't assign a name to an index, the index will be assigned the same name as the first index_col_name, with an optional suffix (_2, _3, ...) to make it unique. You can see index names for a table using SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name. See section 7.20 SHOW syntax (Get information about tables, columns,...). Only the MyISAM table type supports indexes on columns that can have NULL values. In other cases you must declare such columns NOT NULL or an error results. With col_name(length) syntax, you can specify an index which uses only a part of a CHAR or VARCHAR column. This can make the index file much smaller. See section 7.2.9 Column indexs. Only the MyISAM table type supports indexing on BLOB and TEXT columns. When putting an index on a BLOB or TEXT column you MUST always specify the length of the index: CREATE TABLE test (blob_col BLOB, index(blob_col(10))); When you use ORDER BY or GROUP BY with a TEXT or BLOB column, only the first max_sort_length bytes are used. See section 7.2.7.2 The BLOB and TEXT types. The FOREIGN KEY, CHECK and REFERENCES clauses don't actually do anything. The syntax for them is provided only for compatibility, to make it easier to port code from other SQL servers and to run applications that create tables with references. See section 5.3 Functionality missing from MySQL. Each NULL column takes one bit extra, rounded up to the nearest byte. The maximum record length in bytes can be calculated as follows: row length = 1 + (sum of column lengths) + (number of NULL columns + 7)/8 + (number of variable-length columns) The table_options and SELECT options is only implemented in MySQL 3.23 and above. The different table types are: +----------+----------------------------------------------------+ | ISAM | The original table handler | +----------+----------------------------------------------------+ | MyISAM | The new binary portable table handler | +----------+----------------------------------------------------+ | HEAP | The data for this table is only stored in memory | +----------+----------------------------------------------------+ See section 10.18 MySQL table type. The other table options are used to optimize the behavior of the table. In most cases, you don't have to specify any of them. The options work for all table types, if not otherwise indicated. +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | AUTO_INCREMENT | The next auto_increment value you want | | | to set for your table (MyISAM) | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | AVG_ROW_LENGTH | An approximation of the average row length for | | | your table | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | CHECKSUM | Set this to 1 if you want MySQL to maintain a | | | checksum for all rows (makes the table a | | | little slower to update but makes it easier | | | to find corrupted tables) (MyISAM) | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | COMMENT | A 60 character comment for your table | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | MAX_ROWS | Max number of rows you plan to store | | | in the table | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | MIN_ROWS | Minimum number of rows you plan to store | | | in the table | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | PACK_KEYS | Set this to 1 if you want to have smaller | | | index. This usually makes updates slower and | | | reads faster (MyISAM, ISAM). | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | PASSWORD | Encrypt the .frm file with a password. This | | | option doesn't do anything in the standard | | | MySQL version. | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ | DELAY_KEY_WRITE | Set this to 1 if want to delay key table | | | updates until the table is closed (MyISAM). | +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+ When you use a MyISAM table, MySQL uses the product of max_rows * avg_row_length to decide how big the resulting table will be. If you don't specify any of the above options, the maximum size for a table will be 4G (or 2G if your operating systems only supports 2G tables). If you specify a SELECT after the CREATE STATEMENT, MySQL will create new fields for all elements in the SELECT. For example: mysql> CREATE TABLE test (a int not null auto_increment, primary key (a), key(b)) TYPE=HEAP SELECT b,c from test2; This will create a HEAP table with 3 columns. Note that the table will automatically be deleted if any errors occur while copying data into the table. 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes In some cases, MySQL silently changes a column specification from that given in a CREATE TABLE statement. (This may also occur with ALTER TABLE.) VARCHAR columns with a length less than four are changed to CHAR. If any column in a table has a variable length, the entire row is variable-length as a result. Therefore, if a table contains any variable-length columns (VARCHAR, TEXT or BLOB), all CHAR columns longer than three characters are changed to VARCHAR columnss. This doesn't affect how you use the columns in any way; in MySQL, VARCHAR is just a different way to store characters. MySQL performs this conversion because it saves space and makes table operations faster. See section 10.17 What are the different row formats? Or, when should VARCHAR/CHAR be used?. TIMESTAMP display sizes must be even and in the range from 2 to 14. If you specify a display size of 0 or greater than 14, the size is coerced to 14. Odd-valued sizes in the range from 1 to 13 are coerced to the next higher even number. You cannot store a literal NULL in a TIMESTAMP column; setting it to NULL sets it to the current date and time. Because TIMESTAMP columns behave this way, the NULL and NOT NULL attributes do not apply in the normal way and are ignored if you specify them. DESCRIBE tbl_name always reports that a TIMESTAMP column may be assigned NULL values. MySQL maps certain column types used by other SQL database vendors to MySQL types. See section 7.2.11 Using column types from other database engines. If you want to see whether or not MySQL used a column type other than the one you specified, issue a DESCRIBE tbl_name statement after creating or altering your table. Certain other column type changes may occur if you compress a table using pack_isam. See section 10.17 What are the different row format? Or, when should VARCHAR/. 7.7 ALTER TABLE syntax ALTER [IGNORE] TABLE tbl_name alter_spec [, alter_spec ...] alter_specification: ADD [COLUMN] create_definition [FIRST | AFTER column_name ] or ADD INDEX [index_name] (index_col_name,...) or ADD PRIMARY KEY (index_col_name,...) or ADD UNIQUE [index_name] (index_col_name,...) or ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT} or CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name create_definition or MODIFY [COLUMN] create_definition or DROP [COLUMN] col_name or DROP PRIMARY KEY or DROP INDEX key_name or RENAME [AS] new_tbl_name or table_option ALTER TABLE allows you to change the structure of an existing table. For example, you can add or delete columns, create or destroy indexes, change the type of existing columns, or rename columns or the table itself. You can also change the comment for the table and type of the table. See section 7.6 CREAT TABLE syntax If you use ALTER TABLE to change a column specification but DESCRIBE tbl_name indicates that your column was not changed, it is possible that MySQL ignored your modification for one of the reasons described in section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. For example, if you try to change a VARCHAR column to CHAR, MySQL will still use VARCHAR if the table contains other variable-length columns. ALTER TABLE works by making a temporary copy of the original table. The alteration is performed on the copy, then the original table is deleted and the new one is renamed. This is done in such a way that all updates are automatically redirected to the new table without any failed updates. While ALTER TABLE is executing, the original table is readable by other clients. Updates and writes to the table are stalled until the new table is ready. To use ALTER TABLE, you need select, insert, delete, update, create and drop privileges on the table. IGNORE is a MySQL extension to ANSI SQL92. It controls how ALTER TABLE works if there are duplicates on unique keys in the new table. If IGNORE isn't specified, the copy is aborted and rolled back. If IGNORE is specified, then for rows with duplicates on a unique key, only the first row is used; the others are deleted. You can issue multiple ADD, ALTER, DROP and CHANGE clauses in a single ALTER TABLE statement. This is a MySQL extension to ANSI SQL92, which allows only one of each clause per ALTER TABLE statement. CHANGE col_name, DROP col_name and DROP INDEX are MySQL extensions to ANSI SQL92. MODIFY is an Oracle extension to ALTER TABLE. The optional word COLUMN is a pure noise word and can be omitted. If you use ALTER TABLE tbl_name RENAME AS new_name without any other options, MySQL simply renames the files that correspond to the table tbl_name. There is no need to create the temporary table. create_definition clauses use the same syntax for ADD and CHANGE as for CREATE TABLE. Note that this syntax includes the column name, not just the column type. See section 7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax. You can rename a column using a CHANGE old_col_name create_definition clause. To do so, specify the old and new column names and the type that the column currently has. For example, to rename an INTEGER column from a to b, you can do this: mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE a b INTEGER; If you want to change a column's type but not the name, CHANGE syntax still requires two column names even if they are the same. For example: mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE b b BIGINT NOT NULL; However, as of MySQL 3.22.16a, you can also use MODIFY to change a column's type without renaming it: mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY b BIGINT NOT NULL; If you use CHANGE or MODIFY to shorten a column for which an index exists on part of the column (for instance, if you have an index on the first 10 characters of a VARCHAR column), you cannot make the column shorter than the number of characters that are indexed. When you change a column type using CHANGE or MODIFY, MySQL tries to convert data to the new type as well as possible. In MySQL 3.22 or later, you can use FIRST or ADD ... AFTER col_name to add a column at a specific position within a table row. The default is to add the column last. ALTER COLUMN specifies a new default value for a column or removes the old default value. If the old default is removed and the column can be NULL, the new default is NULL. If the column cannot be NULL, MySQL assigns a default value. Default value assignment is described in section 7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax. DROP INDEX removes an index. This is a MySQL extension to ANSI SQL92. If columns are dropped from a table, the columns are also removed from any index of which they are a part. If all columns that make up an index are dropped, the index is dropped as well. DROP PRIMARY KEY drops the primary index. If no such index exists, it drops the first UNIQUE index in the table. (MySQL marks the first UNIQUE key as the PRIMARY KEY if no PRIMARY KEY was specified explicitly.) With the C API function mysql_info(), you can find out how many records were copied, and (when IGNORE is used) how many records were deleted due to duplication of unique key values. The FOREIGN KEY, CHECK and REFERENCES clauses don't actually do anything. The syntax for them is provided only for compatibility, to make it easier to port code from other SQL servers and to run applications that create tables with references. See section 5.3 Functionality missing form MySQL Here is an example that shows some of the uses of ALTER TABLE. We begin with a table t1 that is created as shown below: mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (a INTEGER,b CHAR(10)); To rename the table from t1 to t2: mysql> ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME t2; To change column a from INTEGER to TINYINT NOT NULL (leaving the name the same), and to change column b from CHAR(10) to CHAR(20) as well as renaming it from b to c: mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 MODIFY a TINYINT NOT NULL, CHANGE b c CHAR(20); To add a new TIMESTAMP column named d: mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 ADD d TIMESTAMP; To add an index on column d, and make column a the primary key: mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 ADD INDEX (d), ADD PRIMARY KEY (a); To remove column c: mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 DROP COLUMN c; To add a new AUTO_INCREMENT integer column named c: mysql> ALTER TABLE t2 ADD c INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, ADD INDEX (c); Note that we indexed c, because AUTO_INCREMENT columns must be indexed, and also that we declare c as NOT NULL, because indexed columns cannot be NULL. When you add an AUTO_INCREMENT column, column values are filled in with sequence numbers for you automatically. 7.8 OPTIMIZE TABLE syntax OPTIMIZE TABLE tbl_name OPTIMZE TABLE should be used if you have deleted a large part of a table or if you have made many changes to a table with variable-length rows (tables that have VARCHAR, BLOB or TEXT columns). Deleted records are maintained in a linked list and subsequent INSERT operations reuse old record positions. You can use OPTIMIZE TABLE to reclaim the unused space. OPTIMIZE TABLE works by making a temporary copy of the original table. The old table is copied to the new table (without the unused rows), then the original table is deleted and the new one is renamed. This is done in such a way that all updates are automatically redirected to the new table without any failed updates. While OPTIMIZE TABLE is executing, the original table is readable by other clients. Updates and writes to the table are stalled until the new table is ready. 7.9 DROP TABLE syntax DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] tbl_name [, tbl_name,...] DROP TABLE removes one or more tables. All table data and the table definition are removed, so be careful with this command! In MySQL 3.22 or later, you can use the keywords IF EXISTS to prevent an error from occurring for tables that don't exist. 7.10 DELETE syntax DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] FROM tbl_name [WHERE where_definition] [LIMIT rows] DELETE deletes rows from tbl_name that satisfy the condition given by where_definition, and returns the number of records deleted. If you issue a DELETE with no WHERE clause, all rows are deleted. MySQL does this by recreating the table as an empty table, which is much faster than deleting each row. In this case, DELETE returns zero as the number of affected records. (MySQL can't return the number of rows that were actually deleted, since the recreate is done without opening the data files. As long as the table definition file `tbl_name.frm' is valid, the table can be recreated this way, even if the data or index files have become corrupted.). If you really want to know how many records are deleted when you are deleting all rows, and are willing to suffer a speed penalty, you can use a DELETE statement of this form: mysql> DELETE FROM tbl_name WHERE 1>0; Note that this is MUCH slower than DELETE FROM tbl_name with no WHERE clause, because it deletes rows one at a time. If you specify the keyword LOW_PRIORITY, execution of the DELETE is delayed until no other clients are reading from the table. Deleted records are maintained in a linked list and subsequent INSERT operations reuse old record positions. To reclaim unused space and reduce file sizes, use the OPTIMIZE TABLE statement or the isamchk utility to reorganize tables. OPTIMIZE TABLE is easier, but isamchk is faster. See section 7.8 OPIMIZE TABLE syntax, and section 3.4.3 Tableoptimization. The MySQL-specific LIMIT rows option to DELETE tells the server the maximum number of rows to be deleted before control is returned to the client. This can be used to ensure that a specific DELETE command doesn't take too much time. You can simply repeat the DELETE command until the number of affected rows is less than the LIMIT value. 7.11 SELECT syntax SELECT [STRAIGHT_JOIN] [SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [HIGH_PRIORITY] [DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW | ALL] select_expression,... [INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' export_options] [FROM table_references [WHERE where_definition] [GROUP BY col_name,...] [HAVING where_definition] [ORDER BY {unsigned_integer | col_name | formula} [ASC | DESC] ,...] [LIMIT [offset,] rows] [PROCEDURE procedure_name] ] SELECT is used to retrieve rows selected from one or more tables. select_expression indicates the columns you want to retrieve. SELECT may also be used to retrieve rows computed without reference to any table. For example: mysql> SELECT 1 + 1; -> 2 All keywords used must be given in exactly the order shown above. For example, a HAVING clause must come after any GROUP BY clause and before any ORDER BY clause. A SELECT expression may be given an alias using AS. The alias is used as the expression's column name and can be used with ORDER BY or HAVING clauses. For example: mysql> select concat(last_name,', ',first_name) AS full_name from mytable ORDER BY full_name; The FROM table_references clause indicates the tables from which to retrieve rows. If you name more than one table, you are performing a join. For information on join syntax, see section 7.12 JOIN syntax. You can refer to a column as col_name, tbl_name.col_name or db_name.tbl_name.col_name. You need not specify a tbl_name or db_name.tbl_name prefix for a column reference in a SELECT statement unless the reference would be ambiguous. See section 7.1.5 Database, table, index, column and alias names , for examples of ambiguity that require the more explicit column reference forms. A table reference may be aliased using tbl_name [AS] alias_name. mysql> select t1.name, t2.salary from employee AS t1, info AS t2 where t1.name = t2.name; mysql> select t1.name, t2.salary from employee t1, info t2 where t1.name = t2.name; Columns selected for output may be referred to in ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses using column names, column aliases or column positions. Column positions begin with 1. mysql> select college, region, seed from tournament ORDER BY region, seed; mysql> select college, region AS r, seed AS s from tournament ORDER BY r, s; mysql> select college, region, seed from tournament ORDER BY 2, 3; To sort in reverse order, add the DESC (descending) keyword to the name of the column in the ORDER BY clause that you are sorting by. The default is ascending order; this may be specified explicitly using the ASC keyword. The HAVING clause can refer to any column or alias named in the select_expression. It is applied last, just before items are sent to the client, with no optimization. Don't use HAVING for items that should be in the WHERE clause. For example, do not write this: mysql> select col_name from tbl_name HAVING col_name > 0; Write this instead: mysql> select col_name from tbl_name WHERE col_name > 0; In MySQL 3.22.5 or later, you can also write queries like this: mysql> select user,max(salary) from users group by user HAVING max(salary)>10; In older MySQL versions, you can write this instead: mysql> select user,max(salary) AS sum from users group by user HAVING sum>10; STRAIGHT_JOIN forces the optimizer to join the tables in the order in which they are listed in the FROM clause. You can use this to speed up a query if the optimizer joins the tables in non-optimal order. See section 7.21 EXPLAIN syntax (Get information about a SELECT). SQL_SMALL_RESULT can be used with GROUP BY or DISTINCT to tell the optimizer that the result set will be small. In this case, MySQL will use fast temporary tables to store the resulting table instead of using sorting. SQL_SMALL_RESULT is a MySQL extension to ANSI SQL92. The LIMIT clause can be used to constrain the number of rows returned by the SELECT statement. LIMIT takes one or two numeric arguments. If two arguments are given, the first specifies the offset of the first row to return, the second specifies the maximum number of rows to return. The offset of the initial row is 0 (not 1). mysql> select * from table LIMIT 5,10; # Retrieve rows 6-15 If one argument is given, it indicates the maximum number of rows to return. mysql> select * from table LIMIT 5; # Retrieve first 5 rows In other words, LIMIT n is equivalent to LIMIT 0,n. The SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' form of SELECT writes the selected rows to a file. The file is created on the server host, and cannot already exist (among other things, this prevents database tables and files such as `/etc/passwd' from being destroyed). You must have the file privilege on the server host to use this form of SELECT. SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE is the complement of LOAD DATA INFILE; the syntax for the export_options part of the statement consists of the same FIELDS and LINES clauses that are used with the LOAD DATA INFILE statement. See section 7.15 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax. In the resulting text file, only the following characters are escaped by the ESCAPED BY character: The ESCAPED BY character The first character in FIELDS TERMINATED BY The first character in LINES TERMINATED BY Additionally, ASCII 0 is converted to ESCAPED BY followed by 0 (ASCII 48). The reason for the above is that you MUST escape any FIELDS TERMINATED BY, ESCAPED BY or LINES TERMINATED BY characters to reliably be able to read the file back. ASCII 0 is escaped to make it easier to view with some pagers. As the resulting file doesn't have to conform to the SQL syntax, nothing else need be escaped. 7.12 JOIN syntax MySQL supports the following JOIN syntaxes for use in SELECT statements: table_reference, table_reference table_reference [CROSS] JOIN table_reference table_reference INNER JOIN table_reference table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_reference table_reference LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference ON conditional_expr table_reference LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference USING (column_list) table_reference NATURAL LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table_reference { oj table_reference LEFT OUTER JOIN table_reference ON conditional_expr } The last LEFT OUTER JOIN syntax shown above exists only for compatibility with ODBC. A table reference may be aliased using tbl_name AS alias_name or tbl_name alias_name. mysql> select t1.name, t2.salary from employee AS t1, info AS t2 where t1.name = t2.name; INNER JOIN and , (comma) are semantically equivalent. Both do a full join between the tables used. Normally, you specify how the tables should be linked in the WHERE condition. The ON conditional is any conditional of the form that may be used in a WHERE clause. If there is no matching record for the right table in a LEFT JOIN, a row with all columns set to NULL is used for the right table. You can use this fact to find records in a table that have no counterpart in another table: mysql> select table1.* from table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id where table2.id is NULL; This example finds all rows in table1 with an id value that is not present in table2 (i.e., all rows in table1 with no corresponding row in table2). This assumes that table2.id is declared NOT NULL, of course. The USINGcolumn_list clause names a list of columns that must exist in both tables. A USING clause such as: A LEFT JOIN B USING (C1,C2,C3,...) is defined to be semantically identical to an ON expression like this: A.C1=B.C1 AND A.C2=B.C2 AND A.C3=B.C3,... The NATURAL LEFT JOIN of two tables is defined to be semantically equivalent to a LEFT JOIN with a USING clause that names all columns that exist in both tables. STRAIGHT_JOIN is identical to JOIN, except that the left table is always read before the right table. This can be used for those (few) cases where the join optimizer puts the tables in the wrong order. Some examples: mysql> select * from table1,table2 where table1.id=table2.id; mysql> select * from table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id; mysql> select * from table1 LEFT JOIN table2 USING (id); mysql> select * from table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id LEFT JOIN table3 ON table2.id=table3.id; See section 10.6 How MySQL optimize LEFT 7.13 INSERT syntax INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE] [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] VALUES (expression,...),(...),... or INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE] [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] SELECT ... or INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [IGNORE] [INTO] tbl_name SET col_name=expression, col_name=expression, ... INSERT inserts new rows into an existing table. The INSERT ... VALUES form of the statement inserts rows based on explicitly-specified values. The INSERT ... SELECT form inserts rows selected from another table or tables. The INSERT ... VALUES form with multiple value lists is supported in MySQL 3.22.5 or later. The col_name=expression syntax is supported in MySQL 3.22.10 or later. tbl_name is the table into which rows should be inserted. The column name list or the SET clause indicates which columns the statement specifies values for. If you specify no column list for INSERT ... VALUES or INSERT ... SELECT, values for all columns must be provided in the VALUES() list or by the SELECT. If you don't know the order of the columns in the table, use DESCRIBE tbl_name to find out. Any column not explicitly given a value is set to its default value. For example, if you specify a column list that doesn't name all the columns in the table, unnamed columns are set to their default values. Default value assignment is described in section 7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax. An expression may refer to any column that was set earlier in a value list. For example, you can say this: mysql> INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1,col2) VALUES(15,col1*2); But not this: mysql> INSERT INTO tbl_name (col1,col2) VALUES(col2*2,15); If you specify the keyword LOW_PRIORITY, execution of the INSERT is delayed until no other clients are reading from the table. If you specify the keyword IGNORE in an INSERT with many value rows, any rows which duplicate an existing PRIMARY or UNIQUE key in the table are ignored and are not inserted. If you do not specify IGNORE, the insert is aborted if there is any row that duplicates an existing key value. You can check with the mysql_info() how many rows were inserted into the table. If MySQL was configured using the DONT_USE_DEFAULT_FIELDS option, INSERT statements generate an error unless you explicitly specify values for all columns that require a non-NULL value. See section 4.7.3 Typical configure options. The following conditions hold for a INSERT INTO ... SELECT statement: The query cannot contain an ORDER BY clause. The target table of the INSERT statement cannot appear in the FROM clause of the SELECT part of the query, because it's forbidden in ANSI SQL to SELECT from the same table into which you are INSERTing. (The problem is that the SELECT possibly would find records that were inserted earlier during the same run. When using sub-select clauses, the situation could easily be very confusing!) AUTO_INCREMENT columns work as usual. If you use INSERT ... SELECT or a INSERT ... VALUES statement with multiple value lists, you can use the C API function mysql_info() to get information about the query. The format of the information string is shown below: Records: 100 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 Duplicates indicates the number of rows that couldn't be inserted because they would duplicate some existing unique index value. Warnings indicates the number of attempts to insert column values that were problematic in some way. Warnings can occur under any of the following conditions: Inserting NULL into a column that has been declared NOT NULL. The column is set to its default value. Setting a numeric column to a value that lies outside the column's range. The value is clipped to the appropriate endpoint of the range. Setting a numeric column to a value such as '10.34 a'. The trailing garbage is stripped and the remaining numeric part is inserted. If the value doesn't make sense as a number at all, the column is set to 0. Inserting a string into a CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT or BLOB column that exceeds the column's maximum length. The value is truncated to the column's maximum length. Inserting a value into a date or time column that is illegal for the column type. The column is set to the appropriate ``zero'' value for the type. The DELAYED option for the INSERT statement is a MySQL-specific option that is very useful if you have clients that can't wait for the INSERT to complete. This is common when you use MySQL for logging and you also periodically run SELECT statements that take a long time to complete. DELAYED was introduced in MySQL 3.22.15. It is a MySQL extension to ANSI SQL92. Another major benefit of using INSERT DELAYED is that inserts from many clients are bundled together and written in one block. This is much faster than doing many separate inserts. Note that currently the queued rows are only stored in memory until they are inserted into the table. This means that if you kill mysqld the hard way (kill -9) or if mysqld dies unexpectedly, any queued rows that weren't written to disk are lost! The following happens when you use the DELAYED option to INSERT or REPLACE. In this description, the ``thread'' is the thread that received an INSERT DELAYED command and ``handler'' is the thread that handles all INSERT DELAYED statements for a particular table. When a thread executes a DELAYED statement for a table, a handler thread is created to handle all DELAYED statements for the table, if no such handler already exists. The thread checks whether or not the handler has acquired a DELAYED lock already; if not, it tells the handler thread to do so. The DELAYED lock can be obtained even if other threads have a READ or WRITE lock on the table. However, the handler will wait for all ALTER TABLE locks or FLUSH TABLES to ensure that the table structure is up to date. The thread executes the INSERT statement but instead of writing the row to the table it puts a copy of the final row into a queue that is managed by the handler thread. Any syntax errors are noticed by the thread and reported the client program. The client can't report the number of duplicates or the AUTO_INCREMENT value for the resulting row; it can't obtain them from the server, because the INSERT returns before the insert operation has been completed. If you use the C API, the mysql_info() function doesn't return anything meaningful, for the same reason. The update log is updated by the handler thread when the row is inserted into the table. In case of multiple-row inserts, the update log is updated when the first row is inserted. After every delayed_insert_limit rows are written, the handler checks whether or not any SELECT statements are still pending. If so, it allows these to execute before continuing. When the handler has no more rows in its queue, the table is unlocked. If no new INSERT DELAYED commands are received within delayed_insert_timeout seconds, the handler terminates. If more than delayed_queue_size rows are pending already in a specific handler queue, the thread waits until there is room in the queue. This is useful to ensure that the mysqld server doesn't use all memory for the delayed memory queue. The handler thread will show up in the MySQL process list with delayed_insert in the Command column. It will be killed if you execute a FLUSH TABLES command or kill it with KILL thread_id. However, it will first store all queued rows into the table before exiting. During this time it will not accept any new INSERT commands from another thread. If you execute an INSERT DELAYED command after this, a new handler thread will be created. Note that the above means that INSERT DELAYED commands have higher priority than normal INSERT commands if there is an INSERT DELAYED handler already running! Other update commands will have to wait until the INSERT DELAY queue is empty, someone kills the handler thread (with KILL thread_id) or someone executes FLUSH TABLES. The following status variables provide information about INSERT DELAYED commands: +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Delayed_insert_threads | Number of handler threads | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Delayed_writes | Number of rows written with | | | INSERT DELAYED | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Not_flushed_delayed_rows | Number of rows waiting to be written | +--------------------------+--------------------------------------+ You can view these variables by issuing a SHOW STATUS statement or by executing a mysqladmin extended-status command. 7.14 REPLACE syntax REPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] VALUES (expression,...) or REPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] SELECT ... or REPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [INTO] tbl_name SET col_name=expression, col_name=expression,... REPLACE works exactly like INSERT, except that if an old record in the table has the same value as a new record on a unique index, the old record is deleted before the new record is inserted. See section 7.13 INSERT syntax. 7.15 LOAD DATA INFILE syntax LOAD DATA [LOW_PRIORITY] [LOCAL] INFILE 'file_name.txt' [REPLACE | IGNORE] INTO TABLE tbl_name [FIELDS [TERMINATED BY '\t'] [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY ''] [ESCAPED BY '\\' ]] [LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'] [IGNORE number LINES] [(col_name,...)] The LOAD DATA INFILE statement reads rows from a text file into a table at a very high speed. If the LOCAL keyword is specified, the file is read from the client host. If LOCAL is not specified, the file must be located on the server. (LOCAL is available in MySQL 3.22.6 or later.) For security reasons, when reading text files located on the server, the files must either reside in the database directory or be readable by all. Also, to use LOAD DATA INFILE on server files, you must have the file privilege on the server host. See section 6.5 Privileges provided by MySQL. Using LOCAL will be a bit slower than letting the server access the files directly, since the contents of the file must travel from the client host to the server host. On the other hand, you do not need the file privilege to load local files. You can also load data files by using the mysqlimport utility; it operates by sending a LOAD DATA INFILE command to the server. The --local option causes mysqlimport to read data files from the client host. You can specify the --compress option to get better performance over slow networks if the client and server support the compressed protocol. When locating files on the server host, the server uses the following rules: If an absolute pathname is given, the server uses the pathname as is. If a relative pathname with one or more leading components is given, the server searches for the file relative to the server's data directory. If a filename with no leading components is given, the server looks for the file in the database directory of the current database. Note that these rules mean a file given as `./myfile.txt' is read from the server's data directory, whereas a file given as `myfile.txt' is read from the database directory of the current database. Note also that for statements such as those below, the file is read from the database directory for db1, not db2: mysql> USE db1; mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE "./data.txt" INTO TABLE db2.my_table; The REPLACE and IGNORE keywords control handling of input records that duplicate existing records on unique key values. If you specify REPLACE, new rows replace existing rows that have the same unique key value. If you specify IGNORE, input rows that duplicate an existing row on a unique key value are skipped. If you don't specify either option, an error occurs when a duplicate key value is found, and the rest of the text file is ignored. If you load data from a local file using the LOCAL keyword, the server has no way to stop transmission of the file in the middle of the operation, so the default bahavior is the same as if IGNORE is specified. LOAD DATA INFILE is the complement of SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE. See section 7.11 SELECT syntax. To write data from a database to a file, use SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE. To read the file back into the database, use LOAD DATA INFILE. The syntax of the FIELDS and LINES clauses is the same for both commands. Both clauses are optional, but FIELDS must precede LINES if both are specified. If you specify a FIELDS clause, each of its subclauses (TERMINATED BY, [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY and ESCAPED BY) is also optional, except that you must specify at least one of them. If you don't specify a FIELDS clause, the defaults are the same as if you had written this: FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t' ENCLOSED BY '' ESCAPED BY '\\' If you don't specify a LINES clause, the default is the same as if you had written this: LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' In other words, the defaults cause LOAD DATA INFILE to act as follows when reading input: Look for line boundaries at newlines Break lines into fields at tabs Do not expect fields to be enclosed within any quoting characters Interpret occurrences of tab, newline or `\' preceded by `\' as literal characters that are part of field values Conversely, the defaults cause SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE to act follows when writing output: Write tabs between fields Do not enclose fields within any quoting characters Use `\' to escape instances of tab, newline or `\' that occur within field values Write newlines at the ends of lines Note that to write FIELDS ESCAPED BY '\\', you must specify two backslashes for the value to be read as a single backslash. The IGNORE number LINES option can be used to ignore a header of column names at the start of the file: mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE "/tmp/file_name" into table test IGNORE 1 LINES; When you use SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE in tandem with LOAD DATA INFILE to write data from a database into a file and then read the file back into the database later, the field and line handling options for both commands must match. Otherwise, LOAD DATA INFILE will not interpret the contents of the file properly. Suppose you use SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE to write a file with fields delimited by commas: mysql> SELECT * FROM table1 INTO OUTFILE 'data.txt' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' FROM ... To read the comma-delimited file back in, the correct statement would be: mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'data.txt' INTO TABLE table2 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','; If instead you tried to read in the file with the statement shown below, it wouldn't work because it instructs LOAD DATA INFILE to look for tabs between fields: mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'data.txt' INTO TABLE table2 FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t'; The likely result is that each input line would be interpreted as a single field. LOAD DATA INFILE can be used to read files obtained from external sources, too. For example, a file in dBASE format will have fields separated by commas and enclosed in double quotes. If lines in the file are terminated by newlines, the command shown below illustrates the field and line handling options you would use to load the file: mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'data.txt' INTO TABLE tbl_name FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n'; Any of the field or line handling options may specify an empty string (''). If not empty, the FIELDS [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY and FIELDS ESCAPED BY values must be a single character. The FIELDS TERMINATED BY and LINES TERMINATED BY values may be more than one character. For example, to write lines that are terminated by carriage return-linefeed pairs, or to read a file containing such lines, specify a LINES TERMINATED BY '\r\n' clause. FIELDS [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY controls quoting of fields. For output (SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE), if you omit the word OPTIONALLY, all fields are enclosed by the ENCLOSED BY character. An example of such output (using a comma as the field delimiter) is shown below: "1","a string","100.20" "2","a string containing a , comma","102.20" "3","a string containing a \" quote","102.20" "4","a string containing a \", quote and comma","102.20" If you specify OPTIONALLY, the ENCLOSED BY character is used only to enclose CHAR and VARCHAR fields: 1,"a string",100.20 2,"a string containing a , comma",102.20 3,"a string containing a \" quote",102.20 4,"a string containing a \", quote and comma",102.20 Note that occurrences of the ENCLOSED BY character within a field value are escaped by prefixing them with the ESCAPED BY character. Also note that if you specify an empty ESCAPED BY value, it is possible to generate output that cannot be read properly by LOAD DATA INFILE. For example, the output just shown above would appear as shown below if the escape character is empty. Observe that the second field in the fourth line contains a comma following the quote, which (erroneously) appears to terminate the field: 1,"a string",100.20 2,"a string containing a , comma",102.20 3,"a string containing a " quote",102.20 4,"a string containing a ", quote and comma",102.20 For input, the ENCLOSED BY character, if present, is stripped from the ends of field values. (This is true whether or not OPTIONALLY is specified; OPTIONALLY has no effect on input interpretation.) Occurrences of the ENCLOSED BY character preceded by the ESCAPED BY character are interpreted as part of the current field value. In addition, duplicated ENCLOSED BY characters occurring within fields are interpreted as single ENCLOSED BY characters if the field itself starts with that character. For example, if ENCLOSED BY '"' is specified, quotes are handled as shown below: "The ""BIG"" boss" -> The "BIG" boss The "BIG" boss -> The "BIG" boss The ""BIG"" boss -> The ""BIG"" boss FIELDS ESCAPED BY controls how to write or read special characters. If the FIELDS ESCAPED BY character is not empty, it is used to prefix the following characters on output: The FIELDS ESCAPED BY character The FIELDS [OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY character The first character of the FIELDS TERMINATED BY and LINES TERMINATED BY values ASCII 0 (what is actually written following the escape character is ASCII '0', not a zero-valued byte) If the FIELDS ESCAPED BY character is empty, no characters are escaped. It is probably not a good idea to specify an empty escape character, particularly if field values in your data contain any of the characters in the list just given. For input, if the FIELDS ESCAPED BY character is not empty, occurrences of that character are stripped and the following character is taken literally as part of a field value. The exceptions are an escaped `0' or `N' (e.g., \0 or \N if the escape character is `\'). These sequences are interpreted as ASCII 0 (a zero-valued byte) and NULL. See below for the rules on NULL handling. For more information about `\'-escape syntax, see section 7.1 Literals: how to write string and nimbers. In certain cases, field and line handling options interact: If LINES TERMINATED BY is an empty string and FIELDS TERMINATED BY is non-empty, lines are also terminated with FIELDS TERMINATED BY. If the FIELDS TERMINATED BY and FIELDS ENCLOSED BY values are both empty (''), a fixed-row (non-delimited) format is used. With fixed-row format, no delimiters are used between fields. Instead, column values are written and read using the ``display'' widths of the columns. For example, if a column is declared as INT(7), values for the column are written using 7-character fields. On input, values for the column are obtained by reading 7 characters. Fixed-row format also affects handling of NULL values; see below. Handling of NULL values varies, depending on the FIELDS and LINES options you use: For the default FIELDS and LINES values, NULL is written as \N for output and \N is read as NULL for input (assuming the ESCAPED BY character is `\'). If FIELDS ENCLOSED BY is not empty, a field containing the literal word NULL as its value is read as a NULL value (this differs from the word NULL enclosed within FIELDS ENCLOSED BY characters, which is read as the string 'NULL'). If FIELDS ESCAPED BY is empty, NULL is written as the word NULL. With fixed-row format (which happens when FIELDS TERMINATED BY and FIELDS ENCLOSED BY are both empty), NULL is written as an empty string. Note that this causes both NULL values and empty strings in the table to be indistinguishable when written to the file since they are both written as empty strings. If you need to be able to tell the two apart when reading the file back in, you should not use fixed-row format. Some cases are not supported by LOAD DATA INFILE: Fixed-size rows (FIELDS TERMINATED BY and FIELDS ENCLOSED BY both empty) and BLOB or TEXT columns. If you specify one separator that is the same as or a prefix of another, LOAD DATA INFILE won't be able to interpret the input properly. For example, the following FIELDS clause would cause problems: FIELDS TERMINATED BY '"' ENCLOSED BY '"' If FIELDS ESCAPED BY is empty, a field value that contains an occurrence of FIELDS ENCLOSED BY or LINES TERMINATED BY followed by the FIELDS TERMINATED BY value will cause LOAD DATA INFILE to stop reading a field or line too early. This happens because LOAD DATA INFILE cannot properly determine where the field or line value ends. The following example loads all columns of the persondata table: mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'persondata.txt' INTO TABLE persondata; No field list is specified, so LOAD DATA INFILE expects input rows to contain a field for each table column. The default FIELDS and LINES values are used. If you wish to load only some of a table's columns, specify a field list: mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE 'persondata.txt' INTO TABLE persondata (col1,col2,...); You must also specify a field list if the order of the fields in the input file differs from the order of the columns in the table. Otherwise, MySQL cannot tell how to match up input fields with table columns. If a row has too few fields, the columns for which no input field is present are set to default values. Default value assignment is described in section 7.6 CREATE TABLE syntax. An empty field value is interpreted differently than if the field value is missing: For string types, the column is set to the empty string. For numeric types, the column is set to 0. For date and time types, the column is set to the appropriate ``zero'' value for the type. See section 7.2.6 Date and time types. TIMESTAMP columns are only set to the current date and time if there is a NULL value for the column, or (for the first TIMESTAMP column only) if the TIMESTAMP column is left out from the field list when a field list is specified. If an input row has too many fields, the extra fields are ignored and the number of warnings is incremented. LOAD DATA INFILE regards all input as strings, so you can't use numeric values for ENUM or SET columns the way you can with INSERT statements. All ENUM and SET values must be specified as strings! If you are using the C API, you can get information about the query by calling the API function mysql_info() when the LOAD DATA INFILE query finishes. The format of the information string is shown below: Records: 1 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0 Warnings occur under the same circumstances as when values are inserted via the INSERT statement (see section 7.13 INSERT syntax), except that LOAD DATA INFILE also generates warnings when there are too few or too many fields in the input row. The warnings are not stored anywhere; the number of warnings can only be used as an indication if everything went well. If you get warnings and want to know exactly why you got them, one way to do this is to use SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE into another file and compare this to your original input file. For more information about the efficiency of INSERT versus LOAD DATA INFILE and speeding up LOAD DATA INFILE, see section 10.12 How to arrange a table to be as fast/small as possible 7.16 UPDATE syntax UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] tbl_name SET col_name1=expr1,col_name2=expr2,... [WHERE where_definition] [LIMIT #] UPDATE updates columns in existing table rows with new values. The SET clause indicates which columns to modify and the values they should be given. The WHERE clause, if given, specifies which rows should be updated. Otherwise all rows are updated. If you specify the keyword LOW_PRIORITY, execution of the UPDATE is delayed until no other clients are reading from the table. If you access a column from tbl_name in an expression, UPDATE uses the current value of the column. For example, the following statement sets the age column to one more than its current value: mysql> UPDATE persondata SET age=age+1; UPDATE assignments are evaluated from left to right. For example, the following statement doubles the age column, then increments it: mysql> UPDATE persondata SET age=age*2, age=age+1; If you set a column to the value it currently has, MySQL notices this and doesn't update it. UPDATE returns the number of rows that were actually changed. In MySQL 3.22 or later, the C API function mysql_info() returns the number of rows that were matched and updated and the number of warnings that occurred during the UPDATE. In MySQL 3.23 you can use LIMIT # to ensure that only a given number of rows are changed. 7.17 USE syntax USE db_name The USE db_name statement tells MySQL to use the db_name database as the default database for subsequent queries. The database remains current until the end of the session, or until another USE statement is issued: mysql> USE db1; mysql> SELECT count(*) FROM mytable; # selects from db1.mytable mysql> USE db2; mysql> SELECT count(*) FROM mytable; # selects from db2.mytable Making a particular database current by means of the USE statement does not preclude you from accessing tables in other databases. The example below accesses the author table from the db1 database and the editor table from the db2 database: mysql> USE db1; mysql> SELECT author_name,editor_name FROM author,db2.editor WHERE author.editor_id = db2.editor.editor_id; The USE statement is provided for Sybase compatibility. 7.18 FLUSH syntax (clearing caches) FLUSH flush_option [,flush_option] You should use the FLUSH command if you want to clear some of the internal caches MySQL uses. To execute FLUSH, you must have the reload privilege. flush_option can be any of the following: +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | HOSTS | Empties the host cache tables. You should | | | flush the host tables if some of your hosts | | | change IP number or if you get the error | | | message Host ... is blocked. When more than | | | max_connect_errors errors occur in a row for | | | a given host while connection to the MySQL | | | server, MySQL assumes something is wrong and | | | blocks the host from further connection requests. | | | Flushing the host tables allows the host to | | | attempt to connect again. See section | | | 18.2.3 Host '...' is blicked error.) You can start| | | mysqld with -O max_connection_errors=999999999 | | | to avoid this error message. | +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | LOGS | Closes and reopens the standard and update log | | | files. If you have specified the update log file | | | without an extension, the extension number of | | | t he new update log file will be incremented by | | | o ne relative to the previous file. | +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | PRIVILEGES | Reloads the privileges from the grant tables | | | in the mysql database. | +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | TABLES | Closes all open tables. | +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | STATUS | Resets most status variables to zero. | +--------------+----------------------------------------------------+ You can also access each of the commands shown above with the mysqladmin utility, using the flush-hosts, flush-logs, reload or flush-tables commands. 7.19 KILL syntax KILL thread_id Each connection to mysqld runs in a separate thread. You can see which threads are running with the SHOW PROCESSLIST command, and kill a thread with the KILL thread_id command. If you have the process privilege, you can see and kill all threads. Otherwise, you can see and kill only your own threads. You can also use the mysqladmin processlist and mysqladmin kill commands to examine and kill threads. 7.20 SHOW syntax (Get information about tables, columns,...) SHOW DATABASES [LIKE wild] or SHOW TABLES [FROM db_name] [LIKE wild] or SHOW COLUMNS FROM tbl_name [FROM db_name] [LIKE wild] or SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name [FROM db_name] or SHOW STATUS or SHOW VARIABLES [LIKE wild] or SHOW PROCESSLIST or SHOW TABLE STATUS [FROM db_name] [LIKE wild] SHOW provides information about databases, tables, columns or the server. If the LIKE wild part is used, the wild string can be a string that uses the SQL `%' and `_' wildcard characters. You can use db_name.tbl_name as an alternative to the tbl_name FROM db_name syntax. These two statements are equivalent: mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM mytable FROM mydb; mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM mydb.mytable; SHOW DATABASES lists the databases on the MySQL server host. You can also get this list using the mysqlshow command. SHOW TABLES lists the tables in a given database. You can also get this list using the mysqlshow db_name command. Note: If a user doesn't have any privileges for a table, the table will not show up in the output from SHOW TABLES or mysqlshow db_name. SHOW COLUMNS lists the columns in a given table. If the column types are different than you expect them to be based on a CREATE TABLE statement, note that MySQL sometimes changes column types. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. The DESCRIBE statement provides information similar to SHOW COLUMNS. See section 7.22 DESCRIBE syntax (Get information about columns) SHOW TABLE STATUS (new in version 3.23) works likes SHOW STATUS, but provides a lot of information about each table. You can also get this list using the mysqlshow --status db_name command. The following columns are returned: +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Name | Name of the table | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Type | Type of table (NISAM, MyISAM or HEAP) | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Rows | Number of rows | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Avg_row_length | Average row length | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Data_length | Length of the data file | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Max_data_length | Max length of the data file | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Index_length | Length of the index file | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Data_free | Number of allocated but not used bytes | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Auto_increment | Next autoincrement value | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Create_time | When the table was created | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Update_time | When the data file was last updated | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Check_time | When one last run a check on the table | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Create_options | Extra options used with CREATE TABLE | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- | Comment | The comment used when creating the table | | | (or some information why MySQL couldn't | | | access the table information). | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+- SHOW FIELDS is a synonym for SHOW COLUMNS and SHOW KEYS is a synonym for SHOW INDEX. You can also list a table's columns or indexes with mysqlshow db_name tbl_name or mysqlshow -k db_name tbl_name. SHOW INDEX returns the index information in a format that closely resembles the SQLStatistics call in ODBC. The following columns are returned: +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Table | Name of the table | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Non_unique | 0 if the index can't contain duplicates. | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Key_name | Name of the index | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Seq_in_index | Column sequence number in index, starting with 1.| +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Column_name | Column name. | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Collation | How the column is sorted in the index. | | | In MySQL, this can have values A (Ascending) | | | or NULL (Not sorted). | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Cardinality | Number of unique values in the index. | | | This is updated by running isamchk -a. | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Sub_part | Number of indexed characters if the column | | | is only partly indexed. NULL if the entire | | | key is indexed. | +---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ SHOW STATUS provides server status information (like mysqladmin extended-status). The output resembles that shown below, though the format and numbers may differ somewhat: +--------------------------+--------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+--------+ | Aborted_clients | 0 | | Aborted_connects | 0 | | Created_tmp_tables | 0 | | Delayed_insert_threads | 0 | | Delayed_writes | 0 | | Delayed_errors | 0 | | Flush_commands | 2 | | Handler_delete | 2 | | Handler_read_first | 0 | | Handler_read_key | 1 | | Handler_read_next | 0 | | Handler_read_rnd | 35 | | Handler_update | 0 | | Handler_write | 2 | | Key_blocks_used | 0 | | Key_read_requests | 0 | | Key_reads | 0 | | Key_write_requests | 0 | | Key_writes | 0 | | Max_used_connections | 1 | | Not_flushed_key_blocks | 0 | | Not_flushed_delayed_rows | 0 | | Open_tables | 1 | | Open_files | 2 | | Open_streams | 0 | | Opened_tables | 11 | | Questions | 14 | | Running_threads | 1 | | Slow_queries | 0 | | Uptime | 149111 | +--------------------------+--------+ The status variables listed above have the following meaning: +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Aborted_clients | Number of connections that has been | | | aborted because the client has died | | | without closing the connection properly. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Aborted_connects | Number of tries to connect to the MySQL | | | server that has failed. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Created_tmp_tables | Number of implicit temporary tables | | | that has been created while executing | | | statements. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Delayed_insert | Number of delayed insert handler | | _threads | threads in use. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Delayed_writes | Number of rows written with | | | INSERT DELAYED. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Delayed_errors | Number of rows written with INSERT | | | DELAYED for which some error occurred | | | (probably duplicate key). | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Flush_commands | Number of executed FLUSH commands. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Handler_delete | Number of requests to delete a row | | | from a table. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Handler_read_first | Number of request to read first the | | | row in a table. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Handler_read_key | Number of request to read a row based | | | on a key. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Handler_read_next | Number of request to read next row | | | in key order. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Handler_read_rnd | Number of request to read a row based | | | on a fixed position. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Handler_update | Number of requests to update a row | | | in a table. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Handler_write | Number of requests to insert a row | | | in a table. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Key_blocks_used | The number of used blocks in the | | | key cache. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Key_read_requests | The number of request to read a key | | | block from the cache. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Key_reads | The number of physical reads of a key | | | block from disk. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Key_write_requests | The number of request to write a key | | | block to the cache. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Key_writes | The number of physical writes of a key | | | block to disk. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Max_used_connections | The maximum number of connections | | | that has been in use simultaneously. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Not_flushed_key | Keys blocks in the key cache that has | | _blocks | changed but hasn't yet been flushed | | | to disk. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Not_flushed_delayed | Number of rows waiting to be written | | _rows | in INSERT DELAY queues. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Open_tables | Number of tables that are open. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Open_files | Number of files that are open. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Open_strems | Number of streams that are open | | | (used mainly for logging) | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Opened_tables | Number of tables that has been opened. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Questions | Number of questions asked from to the | | | server. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Running_threads | Number of currently open connections. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Slow_queries | Number of queries that has taken more | | | than long_query_time | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Uptime | How many seconds the server has | | | been up. | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ Some comments about the above: If Opened_tables is big, then your table_cache variable is probably too small. If key_reads is big, then your key_cache is probably too small. The cache hit rate can be calculated with key_reads/key_read_requests. If Handler_read_rnd is big, then you have a probably a lot of queries that requires MySQL to scan whole tables or you have joins that doesn't use keys properly. SHOW VARIABLES shows the values of the some of MySQL system variables. You can also get this information using the mysqladmin variables command. If the default values are unsuitable, you can set most of these variables using command-line options when mysqld starts up. The output resembles that shown below, though the format and numbers may differ somewhat: +------------------------+--------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------+--------------------------+ | back_log | 5 | | connect_timeout | 5 | | basedir | /my/monty/ | | datadir | /my/monty/data/ | | delayed_insert_limit | 100 | | delayed_insert_timeout | 300 | | delayed_queue_size | 1000 | | join_buffer_size | 131072 | | flush_time | 0 | | key_buffer_size | 1048540 | | language | /my/monty/share/english/ | | log | OFF | | log_update | OFF | | long_query_time | 10 | | low_priority_updates | OFF | | max_allowed_packet | 1048576 | | max_connections | 100 | | max_connect_errors | 10 | | max_delayed_threads | 20 | | max_heap_table_size | 16777216 | | max_join_size | 4294967295 | | max_sort_length | 1024 | | max_tmp_tables | 32 | | net_buffer_length | 16384 | | port | 3306 | | protocol-version | 10 | | record_buffer | 131072 | | skip_locking | ON | | socket | /tmp/mysql.sock | | sort_buffer | 2097116 | | table_cache | 64 | | thread_stack | 131072 | | tmp_table_size | 1048576 | | tmpdir | /machine/tmp/ | | version | 3.23.0-alpha-debug | | wait_timeout | 28800 | +------------------------+--------------------------+ See section 10.1 Tuning server parame. SHOW PROCESSLIST shows you which threads are running. You can also get this information using the mysqladmin processlist command. If you have the process privilege, you can see all threads. Otherwise, you can see only your own threads. See section 7.19 KILL syntax. 7.21 EXPLAIN syntax (Get information about a SELECT) EXPLAIN SELECT select_options When you precede a SELECT statement with the keyword EXPLAIN, MySQL explains how it would process the SELECT, providing information about how tables are joined and in which order. With the help of EXPLAIN, you can see when you must add indexes to tables to get a faster SELECT that uses indexes to find the records. You can also see if the optimizer joins the tables in an optimal order. To force the optimizer to use a specific join order for a SELECT statement, add a STRAIGHT_JOIN clause. For non-simple joins, EXPLAIN returns a row of information for each table used in the SELECT statement. The tables are listed in the order they would be read. MySQL resolves all joins using a single-sweep multi-join method. This means that MySQL reads a row from the first table, then finds a matching row in the second table, then in the third table and so on. When all tables are processed, it outputs the selected columns and backtracks through the table list until a table is found for which there are more matching rows. The next row is read from this table and the process continues with the next table. Output from EXPLAIN includes the following columns: table The table to which the row of output refers. type The join type. Information about the various types is given below. possible_keys The possible_keys column indicates which indexes MySQL could use to find the rows in the table. If this column is empty, there are no relevant indexes. In this case, you may be able to improve the performance of your query by examining the WHERE clause to see if it refers to some column or columns that would be suitable for indexing. If so, create an appropriate index and check the query with EXPLAIN again. To see what indexes a table has, use SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name. key The key column indicates the key that MySQL actually decided to use. The key is NULL if no index was chosen. key_len The key_len column indicates the length of the key that MySQL decided to use. The length is NULL if the key is NULL. ref The ref column shows which columns or constants are used with the key to select rows from the table. rows The rows column indicates the number of rows MySQL must examine to execute the query. Extra If the Extra column includes the text Only index, this means that information is retrieved from the table using only information in the index tree. Normally, this is much faster than scanning the entire table. If the Extra column includes the text where used, it means that a WHERE clause will be used to restrict which rows will be matched against the next table or sent to the client. The different join types are listed below, ordered from best to worst type: system The table has only one row (= system table). This is a special case of the const join type. const The table has at most one matching row, which will be read at the start of the query. Since there is only one row, values from the column in this row can be regarded as constants by the rest of the optimizer. const tables are very fast as they are read only once! eq_ref One row will be read from this table for each combination of rows from the previous tables. This the best possible join type, other than the const types. It is used when all parts of an index are used by the join and the index is UNIQUE or a PRIMARY KEY. ref All rows with matching index values will be read from this table for each combination of rows from the previous tables. ref is used if the join uses only a leftmost prefix of the key, or if the key is not UNIQUE or a PRIMARY KEY (in other words, if the join cannot select a single row based on the key value). If the key that is used matches only a few rows, this join type is good. range Only rows that are in a given range will be retrieved, using an index to select the rows. The ref column indicates which index is used. index This is the same as ALL, except that only the index tree is scanned. This is usually faster than ALL, as the index file is usually smaller than the data file. ALL A full table scan will be done for each combination of rows from the previous tables. This is normally not good if the table is the first table not marked const, and usually very bad in all other cases. You normally can avoid ALL by adding more indexes, so that the row can be retrieved based on constant values or column values from earlier tables. You can get a good indication of how good a join is by multiplying all values in the rows column of the EXPLAIN output. This should tell you roughly how many rows MySQL must examine to execute the query. This number is also used when you restrict queries with the max_join_size variable. See section 10.1 Tuning server parameters. The following example shows how a JOIN can be optimized progressively using the information provided by EXPLAIN. Suppose you have the SELECT statement shown below, that you examine using EXPLAIN: EXPLAIN SELECT tt.TicketNumber, tt.TimeIn, tt.ProjectReference, tt.EstimatedShipDate, tt.ActualShipDate, tt.ClientID, tt.ServiceCodes, tt.RepetitiveID, tt.CurrentProcess, tt.CurrentDPPerson, tt.RecordVolume, tt.DPPrinted, et.COUNTRY, et_1.COUNTRY, do.CUSTNAME FROM tt, et, et AS et_1, do WHERE tt.SubmitTime IS NULL AND tt.ActualPC = et.EMPLOYID AND tt.AssignedPC = et_1.EMPLOYID AND tt.ClientID = do.CUSTNMBR; For this example, assume that: The columns being compared have been declared as follows: +---------+--------------+---------------+ | Table | Column | Column type | +---------+--------------+---------------+ | tt | ActualPC | CHAR(10) | +---------+--------------+---------------+ | tt | AssignedPC | CHAR(10) | +---------+--------------+---------------+ | tt | ClientID | CHAR(10) | +---------+--------------+---------------+ | et | EMPLOYID | CHAR(15) | +---------+--------------+---------------+ | do | CUSTNMBR | CHAR(15) | +---------+--------------+---------------+ The tables have the indexes shown below: +---------+------------------------------+ | Table | Index | +---------+------------------------------+ | tt | ActualPC | +---------+------------------------------+ | tt | AssignedPC | +---------+------------------------------+ | tt | ClientID | +---------+------------------------------+ | et | EMPLOYID (primary key) | +---------+------------------------------+ | do | CUSTNMBR (primary key) | +---------+------------------------------+ The tt.ActualPC values aren't evenly distributed. Initially, before any optimizations have been performed, the EXPLAIN statement produces the following information: table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra et ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 74 do ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 2135 et_1 ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 74 tt ALL AssignedPC,ClientID,ActualPC NULL NULL NULL 3872 range checked for each record (key map: 35) Since type is ALL for each table, this output indicates that MySQL is doing a full join for all tables! This will take quite a long time, as the product of the number of rows in each table must be examined! For the case at hand, this is 74 * 2135 * 74 * 3872 = 45,268,558,720 rows. If the tables were bigger, you can only imagine how long it would take... One problem here is that MySQL can't (yet) use indexes on columns efficiently if they are declared differently. In this context, VARCHAR and CHAR are the same unless they are declared as different lengths. Since tt.ActualPC is declared as CHAR(10) and et.EMPLOYID is declared as CHAR(15), there is a length mismatch. To fix this disparity between column lengths, use ALTER TABLE to lengthen ActualPC from 10 characters to 15 characters: mysql> ALTER TABLE tt MODIFY ActualPC VARCHAR(15); Now tt.ActualPC and et.EMPLOYID are both VARCHAR(15). Executing the EXPLAIN statement again produces this result: +------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+ | table|type |possible_ | key |key | ref |rows| Extra | | | |keys | |_len| | | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+ | tt | ALL |Assigned PC| NULL |NULL| NULL | 872| where used | | | |,ClientID | | | | | | | | |,ActualPC | | | | | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+ | do | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL |NULL| NULL |2135| range checked | | | | | | | | | for each | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----| record | | et_1 | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL |NULL| NULL | 74 | (key map:1) | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+ | et |eq_ref| PRIMARY |PRIMARY|15 |tt.Act| 1 | | | | | | | | ualPC| | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+------+----+----------------+ This is not perfect, but is much better (the product of the rows values is now less by a factor of 74). This version is executed in a couple of seconds. A second alteration can be made to eliminate the column length mismatches for the tt.AssignedPC = et_1.EMPLOYID and tt.ClientID = do.CUSTNMBR comparisons: mysql> ALTER TABLE tt MODIFY AssignedPC VARCHAR(15), MODIFY ClientID VARCHAR(15); Now EXPLAIN produces the output shown below: +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | table|type |possible_ | key |key | ref |rows | Extra | | | |keys | |_len| | | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | et |ALL |PRIMARY | NULL |NULL| NULL 74 | | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | tt |ref |AssignedPC,|Actual | 15 | et.EMPLOYID | 52 | where | | | |ClientID, |PC | | | | used | | | |ActualPC | | | | | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | et_1 |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.AssignedPC| 1 | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | do |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.ClientID | 1 | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ This is ``almost'' as good as it can get. The remaining problem is that, by default, MySQL assumes that values in the tt.ActualPC column are evenly distributed, and that isn't the case for the tt table. Fortunately, it is easy to tell MySQL about this: shell> isamchk --analyze PATH_TO_MYSQL_DATABASE/tt shell> mysqladmin refresh Now the join is ``perfect'', and EXPLAIN produces this result: +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | table|type |possible_ | key |key | ref |rows | Extra | | | |keys | |_len| | | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | tt |All |AssignedPC,| NULL |NULL| | 3872| where | | | |ClientID, | | | | | used | | | |ActualPC | | | | | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | et |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.ActualPC | 1 | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | et_1 |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.AssignedPC| 1 | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ | do |eq_ref|PRIMARY |PRIMARY| 15 |tt.ClientID | 1 | | +------+------+-----------+-------+----+-------------+-----+-------+ Note that the rows column in the output from EXPLAIN is an ``educated guess'' from the MySQL join optimizer; To optimize a query, you should check if the numbers are even close to the truth. If not, you may get better performance by using STRAIGHT_JOIN in your SELECT statement and trying to list the tables in a different order in the FROM clause. 7.22 DESCRIBE syntax (Get information about columns) {DESCRIBE | DESC} tbl_name {col_name | wild} DESCRIBE provides information about a table's columns. col_name may be a column name or a string containing the SQL `%' and `_' wildcard characters. If the column types are different than you expect them to be based on a CREATE TABLE statement, note that MySQL sometimes changes column types. See section 7.6.1 Silent column specification changes. This statement is provided for Oracle compatibility. The SHOW statement provides similar information. See section 7.20 SHOW syntax (Get information about table, columns,...) 7.23 LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES syntax LOCK TABLES tbl_name [AS alias] {READ | [LOW_PRIORITY] WRITE} [, tbl_name {READ | [LOW_PRIORITY] WRITE} ...] ... UNLOCK TABLES LOCK TABLES locks tables for the current thread. UNLOCK TABLES releases any locks held by the current thread. All tables that are locked by the current thread are automatically unlocked when the thread issues another LOCK TABLES, or when the connection to the server is closed. If a thread obtains a READ lock on a table, that thread (and all other threads) can only read from the table. If a thread obtains a WRITE lock on a table, then only the thread holding the lock can READ from or WRITE to the table. Other threads are blocked. Each thread waits (without timing out) until it obtains all the locks it has requested. WRITE locks normally have higher priority than READ locks, to ensure that updates are processed as soon as possible. This means that if one thread obtains a READ lock and then another thread requests a WRITE lock, subsequent READ lock requests will wait until the WRITE thread has gotten the lock and released it. You can use LOW_PRIORITY WRITE locks to allow other threads to obtain READ locks while the thread is waiting for the WRITE lock. You should only use LOW_PRIORITY WRITE locks if you are sure that there will eventually be a time when no threads will have a READ lock. When you use LOCK TABLES, you must lock all tables that you are going to use! If you are using a table multiple times in a query (with aliases), you must get a lock for each alias! This policy ensures that table locking is deadlock free. Note that you should NOT lock any tables that you are using with INSERT DELAYED. This is because that in this case the INSERT is done by a separate thread. Normally, you don't have to lock tables, as all single UPDATE statements are atomic; no other thread can interfere with any other currently executing SQL statement. There are a few cases when you would like to lock tables anyway: If you are going to run many operations on a bunch of tables, it's much faster to lock the tables you are going to use. The downside is, of course, that no other thread can update a READ-locked table and no other thread can read a WRITE-locked table. MySQL doesn't support a transaction environment, so you must use LOCK TABLES if you want to ensure that no other thread comes between a SELECT and an UPDATE. The example shown below requires LOCK TABLES in order to execute safely: mysql> LOCK TABLES trans READ, customer WRITE; mysql> select sum(value) from trans where customer_id= some_id; mysql> update customer set total_value =sum_from_previous_statement where customer_id=some_id; mysql> UNLOCK TABLES; Without LOCK TABLES, there is a chance that another thread might insert a new row in the trans table between execution of the SELECT and UPDATE statements. By using incremental updates (UPDATE customer SET value=value+new_value) or the LAST_INSERT_ID() function, you can avoid using LOCK TABLES in many cases. You can also solve some cases by using the user-level lock functions GET_LOCK() and RELEASE_LOCK(). These locks are saved in a hash table in the server and implemented with pthread_mutex_lock() and pthread_mutex_unlock() for high speed. See section 7.3.12 Miscellaneous functions. See section 10,11 How MySQL locks table, for more information on locking policy. 7.24 SET OPTION syntax SET [OPTION] SQL_VALUE_OPTION= value, ... SET OPTION sets various options that affect the operation of the server or your client. Any option you set remains in effect until the current session ends, or until you set the option to a different value. CHARACTER SET character_set_name | DEFAULT This maps all strings from and to the client with the given mapping. Currently the only option for character_set_name is cp1251_koi8, but you can easily add new mappings by editing the `sql/convert.cc' file in the MySQL source distribution. The default mapping can be restored by using a character_set_name value of DEFAULT. Note that the syntax for setting the CHARACTER SET option differs from the syntax for setting the other options. PASSWORD = PASSWORD('some password') Set the password for the current user. Any non-anonymous user can change his own password! PASSWORD FOR user = PASSWORD('some password') Set the password for a specific user on the current server host. Only a user with access to the mysql database can do this. The user should be given in user@hostname format, where user and hostname are exactly as they are listed in the User and Host columns of the mysql.user table entry. For example, if you had an entry with User and Host fields of 'bob' and '%.loc.gov', you would write: mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR bob@"%.loc.gov" = PASSWORD("newpass"); SQL_BIG_TABLES = 0 | 1 If set to 1, all temporary tables are stored on disk rather than in memory. This will be a little slower, but you will not get the error The table tbl_name is full for big SELECT operations that require a large temporary table. The default value for a new connection is 0 (i.e., use in-memory temporary tables). SQL_BIG_SELECTS = 0 | 1 If set to 1, MySQL will abort if a SELECT is attempted that probably will take a very long time. This is useful when an inadvisable WHERE statement has been issued. A big query is defined as a SELECT that probably will have to examine more than max_join_size rows. The default value for a new connection is 0 (which will allow all SELECT statements). SQL_LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES = 0 | 1 If set to 1, all INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE statements wait until there is no pending SELECT on the affected table. SQL_SELECT_LIMIT = value | DEFAULT The maximum number of records to return from SELECT statements. If a SELECT has a LIMIT clause, the LIMIT takes precedence over the value of SQL_SELECT_LIMIT. The default value for a new connection is ``unlimited''. If you have changed the limit, the default value can be restored by using a SQL_SELECT_LIMIT value of DEFAULT. SQL_LOG_OFF = 0 | 1 If set to 1, no logging will be done to the standard log for this client, if the client has the process privilege. This does not affect the update log! SQL_LOG_UPDATE = 0 | 1 If set to 0, no logging will be done to the update log for the client, if the client has the process privilege. This does not affect the standard log! TIMESTAMP = timestamp_value | DEFAULT Set the time for this client. This is used to get the original timestamp if you use the update log to restore rows. LAST_INSERT_ID = # Set the value to be returned from LAST_INSERT_ID(). This is stored in the update log when you use LAST_INSERT_ID() in a command that updates a table. INSERT_ID = # Set the value to be used by the following INSERT command when inserting an AUTO_INCREMENT value. This is mainly used with the update log. 7.25 GRANT and REVOKE syntax GRANT priv_type [(column_list)] [, priv_type [(column_list)] ...] ON {tbl_name | * | *.* | db_name.*} TO user_name [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'] [, user_name [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'] ...] [WITH GRANT OPTION] REVOKE priv_type [(column_list)] [, priv_type [(column_list)] ...] ON {tbl_name | * | *.* | db_name.*} FROM user_name [, user_name ...] GRANT is implemented in MySQL 3.22.11 or later. For earlier MySQL versions, the GRANT statement does nothing. The GRANT and REVOKE commands allow system administrators to grant and revoke rights to MySQL users at four privilege levels: Global level Global privileges apply to all databases on a given server. These privileges are stored in the mysql.user table. Database level Database privileges apply to all tables in a given database. These privileges are stored in the mysql.db and mysql.host tables. Table level Table privileges apply to all columns in a given table. These privileges are stored in the mysql.tables_priv table. Column level Column privileges apply to single columns in a given table. These privileges are stored in the mysql.columns_priv table. For examples of how GRANT works, see section 6.11 Adding new user privileges to MySQL. For the GRANT and REVOKE statements, priv_type may be specified as any of the following: ALL PRIVILEGES FILE RELOAD ALTER INDEX SELECT CREATE INSERT SHUTDOWN DELETE PROCESS UPDATE DROP REFERENCES USAGE ALL is a synonym for ALL PRIVILEGES. REFERENCES is not yet implemented. USAGE is currently a synonym for ``no privileges''. It can be used when you want to create a user that has no privileges. To revoke the grant privilege from a user, use a priv_type value of GRANT OPTION: REVOKE GRANT OPTION ON ... FROM ...; The only priv_type values you can specify for a table are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, GRANT, INDEX and ALTER. The only priv_type values you can specify for a column (that is, when you use a column_list clause) are SELECT, INSERT and UPDATE. You can set global privileges by using ON *.* syntax. You can set database privileges by using ON db_name.* syntax. If you specify ON * and you have a current database, you will set the privileges for that database. (Warning: If you specify ON * and you{{ }} don't{{ }} h a v e a current database, you will affect the global privileges!) In order to accommodate granting rights to users from arbitrary hosts, MySQL supports specifying the user_name value in the form user@host. If you want to specify a user string containing special characters (such as `-'), or a host string containing special characters or wildcard characters (such as `%'), you can quote the user or host name (e.g., 'test-user'@'test-hostname'). You can specify wildcards in the hostname. For example, user@"%.loc.gov" applies to user for any host in the loc.gov domain, and user@"144.155.166.%" applies to user for any host in the 144.155.166 class C subnet. The simple form user is a synonym for user@"%". Note: If you allow anonymous users to connect to the MySQL server (which is the default), you should also add all local users as user@localhost because otherwise the anonymous user entry for the local host in the mysql.user table will be used when the user tries to log into the MySQL server from the local machine! Anonymous users are defined by inserting entries with User='' into the mysql.user table. You can verify if this applies to you by executing this query: mysql> SELECT Host,User FROM mysql.user WHERE User=''; For the moment, GRANT only supports host, table, database and column names up to 60 characters long. A user name can be up to 16 characters. The privileges for a table or column are formed from the logical OR of the privileges at each of the four privilege levels. For example, if the mysql.user table specifies that a user has a global select privilege, this can't be denied by an entry at the database, table or column level. The privileges for a column can be calculated as follows: global privileges OR (database privileges AND host privileges) OR table privileges OR column privileges In most cases, you grant rights to a user at only one of the privilege levels, so life isn't normally as complicated as above. :) The details of the privilege-checking procedure are presented in section 6 The MySQL access privilege system. If you grant privileges for a user/hostname combination that does not exist in the mysql.user table, an entry is added and remains there until deleted with a DELETE command. In other words, GRANT may create user table entries, but REVOKE will not remove them; you must do that explicitly using DELETE. In MySQL 3.22.12 or later, if a new user is created or if you have global grant privileges, the user's password will be set to the password specified by the IDENTIFIED BY clause, if one is given. If the user already had a password, it is replaced by the new one. Warning: If you create a new user but do not specify an IDENTIFIED BY clause, the user has no password. This is insecure. Passwords can also be set with the SET PASSWORD command. See section 7.24 SET OPTION syntax. If you grant privileges for a database, an entry in the mysql.db table is created if needed. When all privileges for the database have been removed with REVOKE, this entry is deleted. If a user doesn't have any privileges on a table, the table is not displayed when the user requests a list of tables (e.g., with a SHOW TABLES statement). The WITH GRANT OPTION clause gives the user the ability to give to other users any privileges the user has at the specified privilege level. You should be careful to whom you give the grant privilege, as two users with different privileges may be able to join privileges! You cannot grant another user a privilege you don't have yourself; the grant privilege allows you to give away only those privileges you possess. Be aware that when you grant a user the grant privilege at a particular privilege level, any privileges the user already possesses (or is given in the future!) at that level are also grantable by that user. Suppose you grant a user the insert privilege on a database. If you then grant the select privilege on the database and specify WITH GRANT OPTION, the user can give away not only the select privilege, but also insert. If you then grant the update privilege to the user on the database, the user can give away the insert, select and update. You should not grant alter privileges to a normal user. If you do that, the user can try to subvert the privilege system by renaming tables! Note that if you are using table or column privileges for even one user, the server examines table and column privileges for all users and this will slow down MySQL a bit. When mysqld starts, all privileges are read into memory. Database, table and column privileges take effect at once and user-level privileges take effect the next time the user connects. Modifications to the grant tables that you perform using GRANT or REVOKE are noticed by the server immediately. If you modify the grant tables manually (using INSERT, UPDATE, etc.), you should execute a FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement or run mysqladmin flush-privileges to tell the server to reload the grant tables. See section 6.9 When privilege changes take effect. The biggest differences between the ANSI SQL and MySQL versions of GRANT are: ANSI SQL doesn't have global or database-level privileges and ANSI SQL doesn't support all privilege types that MySQL supports. When you drop a table in ANSI SQL, all privileges for the table are revoked. If you revoke a privilege in ANSI SQL, all privileges that were granted based on this privilege are also revoked. In MySQL, privileges can be dropped only with explicit REVOKE commands or by manipulating the MySQL grant tables. 7.26 CREATE INDEX syntax CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name ON tbl_name (col_name[(length]),... ) The CREATE INDEX statement doesn't do anything in MySQL prior to version 3.22. In 3.22 or later, CREATE INDEX is mapped to an ALTER TABLE statement to create indexes. See section 7.7 ALTER TABLE syntax. Normally, you create all indexes on a table at the time the table itself is created with CREATE TABLE. See section 7.6 CREATE TABLE syn. CREATE INDEX allows you to add indexes to existing tables. A column list of the form (col1,col2,...) creates a multiple-column index. Index values are formed by concatenating the values of the given columns. For CHAR and VARCHAR columns, indexes can be created that use only part of a column, using col_name(length) syntax. (On BLOB and TEXT columns the length is required). The statement shown below creates an index using the first 10 characters of the name column: mysql> CREATE INDEX part_of_name ON customer (name(10)); Since most names usually differ in the first 10 characters, this index should not be much slower than an index created from the entire name column. Also, using partial columns for indexes can make the index file much smaller, which could save a lot of disk space and might also speed up INSERT operations! Note that you can only add a index on a column that can have NULL values or on a BLOB/TEXT column if you are useing MySQL version 3.23.2 or newer and are using the MyISAM table type. For more information about how MySQL uses indexes, see section 10.4 How MySQL uses inde. 7.27 DROP INDEX syntax DROP INDEX index_name DROP INDEX doesn't do anything in MySQL prior to version 3.22. In 3.22 or later, DROP INDEX is mapped to an ALTER TABLE statement to drop the index. See section 7.7 ALTER TABLE syntax. 7.28 Comment syntax The MySQL server supports the # to end of line, -- to end of line and /* in-line or multiple-line */ comment styles: mysql> select 1+1; # This comment continues to the end of line mysql> select 1+1; -- This comment continues to the end of line mysql> select 1 /* this is an in-line comment */ + 1; mysql> select 1+ /* this is a multiple-line comment */ 1; Note that the -- comment style requires you to have at least one space after the --! Although the server understands the comment syntax just described, there are some limitations on the way that the mysql client parses /* ... */ comments: Single-quote and double-quote characters are taken to indicate the beginning of a quoted string, even within a comment. If the quote is not matched by a second quote within the comment, the parser doesn't realize the comment has ended. If you are running mysql interactively, you can tell that it has gotten confused like this because the prompt changes from mysql> to '> or ">. A semicolon is taken to indicate the end of the current SQL statement and anything following it to indicate the beginning of the next statement. These limitations apply both when you run mysql interactively and when you put commands in a file and tell mysql to read its input from that file with mysql < some-file. MySQL doesn't support the `--' ANSI SQL comment style. See section 5.3.7 '--' as the start of a cc.. 7.29 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION syntax CREATE FUNCTION function_name RETURNS {STRING|REAL|INTEGER} SONAME shared_library_name DROP FUNCTION function_name A user-definable function (UDF) is a way to extend MySQL with a new function that works like native (built in) MySQL functions such as ABS() and CONCAT(). CREATE FUNCTION saves the function's name, type and shared library name in the mysql.func system table. You must have the insert and delete privileges for the mysql database to create and drop functions. All active functions are reloaded each time the server starts, unless you start mysqld with the --skip-grant-tables option. In this case, UDF initialization is skipped and UDFs are unavailable. (An active function is one that has been loaded with CREATE FUNCTION and not removed with DROP FUNCTION.) For instructions on writing user-definable functions, see sectio 14 Adding new funtion to My. For the UDF mechanism to work, functions must be written in C or C++ and your operating system must support dynamic loading. 7.30 Is MySQL picky about reserved words? A common problem stems from trying to create a table with column names that use the names of datatypes or functions built into MySQL, such as TIMESTAMP or GROUP. You're allowed to do it (for example, ABS is an allowed column name), but whitespace is not allowed between a function name and the `(' when using functions whose names are also column names. The following words are explicitly reserved in MySQL. Most of them are forbidden by ANSI SQL92 as column and/or table names (for example, group). A few are reserved because MySQL needs them and is (currently) using a yacc parser: +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | action | add | all | alter | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | after | and | as | asc | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | auto_increment | between | bigint | bit | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | binary | blob | bool | both | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | by | cascade | char | character | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | change | check | column | columns | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | constraint | create | cross | current_date | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | current_time | current | data | database | | | _timestamp | | | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | databases | date | datetime | day | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | day_hour | day_minute | day_second | dayofmonth | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | dayofweek | dayofyear | dec | decimal | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | default | delete | desc | describe | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | distinct | distinctrow | double | drop | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | escaped | enclosed | enum | explain | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | exists | fields | first | float | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | float4 | float8 | foreign | from | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | for | full | function | grant | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | group | having | hour | hour_minute | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | hour_second | ignore | in | index | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | infile | insert | int | integer | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | interval | int1 | int2 | int3 | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | int4 | int8 | into | if | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | is | join | key | keys | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | last_insert_id | leading | left | like | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | lines | limit | load | lock | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | long | longblob | longtext | low_priority | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | match | mediumblob | mediumtext | mediumint | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | middleint | minute | minute_second| month | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | monthname | natural | numeric | no | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | not | null | on | option | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | optionally | or | order | outer | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | outfile | partial | password | precision | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | primary | procedure | processlist | privileges | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | quarter | read | real | references | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | rename | regexp | reverse | repeat | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | replace | restrict | returns | rlike | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | second | select | set | show | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | smallint | soname | sql_big_ | sql_big_ | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | | | tables | selects | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | sql_select_ | sql_low_ | sql_log_off | sql_log_ | | limit | priority_ | | update | | | updates | | | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | straight_join | starting | status | string | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | table | tables | terminated | text | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | time | timestamp | tinyblob | tinytext | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | tinyint | trailing | to | use | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | using | unique | unlock | unsigned | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | update | usage | values | varchar | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | variables | varying | varbinary | with | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | write | where | year | year_month | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ | zerofill | | | | +-----------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+ The following symbols (from the table above) are disallowed by ANSI SQL but allowed by MySQL as column/table names. This is because some of these names are very natural names and a lot of people have already used them. ACTION BIT DATE ENUM NO TEXT TIME TIMESTAMP 8 MySQL Tutorial mysql̶ Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ ̿Ͽ MySQL . mysql ͺ̽ ְ ִ α׷ '͹̳ 'Ȥ '' Ѵ. mysql ȭ α׷μ ϰ, ϰ, ȭ鿡 ִ Ѵ. mysql ġ (batch mode) ִ: ̸ Ͽ sql ɹ ־ΰ mysql ϶ ϸ ȴ(ڿ ˾ 'mysql -vvv < batch_test.txt' ϸ ȴ). mysql ɼǵ --help ɼ ٿ ϸ ȴ: shell> mysql --help Ʃ丮󿡼 mysql ġǾ ִ MySQL ִٴ Ѵ. ׷ MySQL ڿ ϶( ڶMySQL ٸ κ 캼 ʿ䰡 ̴). Ʃ丮󿡼 ͺ̽ ϰ ϴ ٷ . ̹ ϴ ͺ̽ ϴ Ϳ ִٸ ̽ ȿ ̺ dzʶ . Ʃ丮 ̶ ڼ ʴ´. ⿡ ޵ ڼ ˰ Ͱŵ MySQL Ŵ ȴ. shell> Ʈ, mysql> MySQL Ʈ Ÿ. 1. ϱ/ Ϸ mysql MySQL ̸ 밳 н带 ־ ̴. α ǻͰ Ϳ ȴٸ ȣƮ ̸ ʿ䰡 ̴(ȣƮ , ̸, н). ˾Ҵٸ ó : shell> mysql -h host -u user -p Enter password: ******** ******* κ н. 'Enter password' Ʈ ̸ н 带 ָ ȴ. ϸ Ұ ޽ 'mysql>' Ʈ ̴. shell> mysql -h host -u user -p Enter password: ******** Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 459 to server version: 3.22.20a-log Type 'help' for help. mysql> 'mysql>' Ʈ ǹϴ ٴ غǾ ɾ Է϶ ̴.  ġϴ MySQL ȣƮ(LOCAL host)  " (anonymous user)" ְ Ѵ. ̷ 쿡 ܼ shell> mysql ó ؼ ִ. Ͽٸ 'mysql>' Ʈ 'QUIT'̶ ļ ִ: mysql> QUIT Bye CtrlŰ D Ű ÿ ִ. ̾ κ ¶ Ѵ. 'mysql>' Ʈ ¶ Ÿ. 2. ϱ(Entering Queries) Ͽ ӵ Ȯ. ̷ Ѵٰ ۾ ͺ̽  ͵ ϴ ƴ ¶ Ѵ. Ȳ ͺ̽ȿ ̺ , ̺ ڷḦ ø, ̺ ڷḦ ͺٴ ϴ ణ ̶ ߿ϴ. ̹ ɾ Է ⺻ Ģ  ˾ .  mysql ϴ ͼ ̴. Ʒ MySQL ¥ ϴ ɾ δ. 'mysql>' Ʈ . ׸ Ű ģ. mysql> SELECT version(), current_date; +-----------+-------------+ | version() | current_date | +-----------+-------------+ | 3.22.20a-log | 1999-03-19 | +-----------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> κ mysql  ͵ ִ: SQL ڿ ݷ(;) ̷ (ݷ ʿ ܰ ֱϴ. QUIT ϳ. ߿ ̰Ϳ ϰڴ). , mysql ǰ ϰ, ְ ٽ Ʈ('mysqld>') . mysql ̺ ( ̷) ش. ù Ѷ ִ. ° ʹ . , ̽ ̺ ̸ . ó ̺ ƴ ǥ(expression) 󺧸 ǥ ȴ. mysql ð(뷫 ) ش. ð Ȯ ƴϴ. ֳϸ ð wall clock time(CPU ð ƴϴ)̶ Ͱ Ʈũ Ͽ ð ޱ ̴( κ Ÿ ʰڴ). Ű('' մϴ. ̸ ̶ ̸Դϴ) 빮ڷ ϴ, ҹڷ ϴ . Ʒ ϴ: mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE; mysql> SELECT version(), current_date; mysql> seLect vErSiOn(), current_DATE; ٸ ϳ . mysql ̴: mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5; +------------------------+ | SIN(PI()/4) | (4+1)*5) | +-------------+----------+ | 0.707107 | 25 | +-------------+----------+ ݱ ɾ ªҰ, ¥. ٿ ִ. ݷ ⸸ ϸ ȴ: mysql> SELECT version(); SELECT now(); +---------------+ | version() | +---------------+ | 3.22.20a -log | +---------------+ +---------------------+ | now() | +---------------------+ | 1999-03-19 00:15:33 | +---------------------+ ɾ ٿ ؾ߸ ϴ ƴϴ. ٿ ı ִ. mysql ݷ аѴ(mysql Է ޾ δ: Է ݷ Ѵ). : mysql> SELECT -> user() -> , -> current_date; +--------------------+--------------+ | user() | current_date | +--------------------+--------------+ | joesmith@localhost | 1999-03-18 | +--------------------+--------------+ Է ù Էϰ Ű Ʈ 'mysql>' '->' ٲ ָ϶. ̰ ϼ ʾ , Է ٸٶ mysql п ˸ ̴. Ʈ ģ ȳڴ. п ˷ ش. Ʈ ˷ ͵ mysql ٸ ִ ׻ .ɾ Է Ϸ \c ָ ȴ: mysql> SELECT -> user() -> \cmysql> Ʈ ȭ . \c ģ 'mysql>' ٲ. ɾ ޾Ƶ غ Ǿٴ ˸ ̴. ǥ ġ Ʈ ǹ̸ ̴. +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ | Ʈ | ǹ | +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ | mysql> | ޾ غ Ǿ. | +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ | -> | ɾ ٿ ٸ | | | ǹ. | +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ | '> | Է Ÿ. ' ϴ ڿ | | | ϴ ̶ Ÿ. (ڿ Է | | | ڿ Է ' ٿ ) | +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ | "> | '> . ̴ ڿ ' ƴ϶ " | | | θٴ ̴. | +------------+------------------------------------------------------+ ݷ ̴ ؾ 쿬 Ȥ Ǽ ٿ ġ Է ִ. mysql Է ٸ : mysql> SELECT user() -> ̷ mysql ݷ ٸ ִ ̴( Էߴٰ mysql ׷ ʴ. ݷ ̴). Ʈ ٲ ġ ä Ѵٸ ð ִ. ݷ ־ ϼϸ ̴: mysql> SELECT user() -> ; +--------------------+ | user() | +--------------------+ | joesmith@localhost | +--------------------+ '> "> ڿ ߿ Ÿ Ʈ̴. MySQL ڵ ' " ѷθ ڿ ȴ( 'hello', "goodbye" ̴). ٿ ڿ Է ִ.'> "> Ʈ Ÿ ̰ ' " ϴ ڿ ϴ ɾ ־ ݴ ' " ʾҴٴ ǹϴ ̴. ٿ ڿ Է . ڿ Էϰ ϴ 찡 󸶳 ɱ? ״ ʴ. κ , '> "> Ʈ ݴ ' " Ծٰ ˷ִ ǹ ̴. : mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE name = "Smith And age < 30; "> SELECT Էϰ Ű ġ ٸص ƹ ̴. " ƹ ϱ?" ̻ϰ "> Ʈ ³ ǹ̸ . ڿ ο ȣ Ծٴ ˸ ִ. ߸ ִ. "Smith " ̴. ,  ؾ ұ? ϴ ̴. ׷ \c ĥ . ֳϸ \c " Էϱ ڿ Ϻη ̱ ̴. "\c Էϸ ȴ: mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE name = "Smith AND age < 30; "> "\cmysql> Ʈ mysql> ǵ . ̰ " ɾ غ " ̴. '> "> ǹϴ ٸ ϴ ߿ϴ. ߸Ͽ ݴ ο ȣ Ծ Էϴ ͵ õǴ ϰ ̱ ̴(⿡QUIT Եȴ). ϱ ݴ ο ȣ Ѵٴ 𸣸 ̰ ſ ȥ ̴. 3. ̽ ϱ ɾ Է ˾ ̽ . ֿϵ Űٰ . ֿϵ ؼ ΰ ϰ ̴. ̽ ȿ ̺  ⿡ ϴ ͸ ־θ ȴ. ׷ ϸ ̺ ڷḦ ͼ ֿϵ ˾ ִ. ̷ ͵ Ͽ ׵ ٷ : ̽ ̺ ̺ ڷ ֱ ̺ ڷ ̺ ϱ ̽ ̸ menagerie(''̶ ̴) . menagerie ̽ ſ ϳ Ȱ ̽ ϴ°찡 ִ. ϴ ̽ ϴ γ ֿϵ ġ ܵξ ϴ ǻ翡 Ǿ ִ. SHOW Ͽ ̽ ִ: mysql> SHOW DATABASES; +----------+ | Database | +----------+ | mysql | | test | | tmp | +----------+ ٸ ִ. mysql, test ͺ̽ ׻ ̴. mysql ͺ̽ ִ ߿ ͺ̴̽. test ״ ϱ ִ ͺ̽. test ͺ̽ ִٸ ó ؼ : mysql> USE test Database changed QUITó USE ݷ ʿ ʴٴ (ݷ . ׳ ϰ ݷ ٰ δ ͵ ). USE ٿ ؾ Ѵٴ ͵ ݵ . test ͺ̽ ̰ . ͺ̽( 쿣 test) ִ ̶  ڷ ٸ ϴ. ̰ ִٴ ̴. ׷ MySQL ڿ и ͺ̽ ޶ ûؾ Ѵ. ⼭ menagerie . ڴ ɹ ʿ䰡 ִ: mysql> GRANT ALL ON menagerie.* TO your_mysql_name; your_mysql_name MySQL ġؾ Ѵ. 3.1 ͺ̽ ϱ ڰ ͺ̽ ־ٸ װ ׳ ϸ ȴ. ׷ ó Ͽ ռ ָ ȴ: mysql> CREATE DATABASE menagerie; н ͺ̽ ̸ ҹڸ Ѵ(SQL Ű ʴ). ͺ̽ ̸ ׻ 'menagerie' ؾ Menagerie, MENAGERIE, meNaGerIE ȵȴ. ̺ ̸ ҹڸ Ѵ. ͺ̽ ٰ ϰڴٰ ˸ ƴϴ. ϰڴٰؾ Ѵ: mysql> USE menagerie Database changed ͺ̽ ѹ use ̿Ͽ ̽ ؾ Ѵ. 翬 ƴұ? ٸ δ mysql ͺ̽ ̸ ־ ȴ: shell> mysql -h host -u user -p menagerie Enter password: ******** ⼭ menagerie н ƴϴ. ȥ . н带 ٷ -p ڿ ٿ ־ Ѵ( Ȼ ٶ ƴϴ. н尡 ڱ״ ȭ鿡 ̱ ̴. ʸӷ ִٸ  ΰ? н尡 ڱ ȭ鿡 ٴ ϴ. ڶ -p ڿ н带 ִ "" ̴. MySQL ڵ ̷ ?). н尡 ƴ϶ ͺ̸̴̽. 3.2 ̺ ͺ̽ . Ŀ ó mysql> SHOW TABLES; Empty set (0.00 sec) ͺ̽ ִ. 翬ϴ. µ ִ . SHOW TABLES; õ ͺ̽ ִ ̺ ̴ ̴. ߿ϰ ư ͺ̽  ΰ̴.  ̺ ʿϰ ȿ ڷ ־ ؾ Ѵ. ⼭ ֿ ڵ带 ξ ̴. pet ̶̺ ̸ . ̺ ֿ ̸, ( ̸ ɰ̴), , ( ) Էϰ ̴. ̴? ̵ ʿ ð ϴ ̹Ƿ ̿ ־ ̴. ؾ Ѵ. ̷ Ȳ ̸ ο ΰ ؾ Ѵٴ ͺ̽ ޴ ƴұ Ѵ. ̴ ð ϹǷ صΰ ¥ ̷κ ϸ ̴. MySQL  ƾ ϹǷ ̰ ƴϴ. ̴ δ ΰ ִ: ٰ ֿ ̸ ˷ִ Ͽ ִ( ̶... , ̰ ٸ ִ. ? ī带 ϴ ʿ䰡 ?). ¥ ٸ ¥ ε ̸ ִ. ֿ ̴. μ ٸ ͵鵵 ְ . ϴ. CREATE TABLE ̺ ڷ ִ: mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (name VARCHAR(20), owner VARCHAR(20), -> species VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(2), birth DATE, death DATE); CREATE TABLE ̺ ̸ ְ ȣ ȿ ̸ ڷ ¦ Ͽ ǥ Ͽ ָ ȴ. name, owner, species, sex,birth ̸̸, VARCHAR(20), CHAR(2), DATE ڷ̴. ڷ̶ ״ ڷ ̴. ڿ ְ, ¥ ְ, ϼ ִ. ǥ ̺ : pet TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 ̸ name owner species sex birth death  ڷḦ ԷϴĿ ٸ "밨" ó ִ. name owner species sex birth death ---------------------------------------------- 밨 ȫ浿 1998-3-4 NULL VARCHAR ̰ ϴ ڿ Ѵ. ̸, , ̰ ڿ ڷ ̴. VARCHAR 鿡 , ̴ ݵ ʿ䵵 20 ʿ䵵 . 1 255 ̸ ִ. ϰ ָ ȴ(߿ ALTER TABLE ִ). ̺ ͺ̽ ̺ Ͽ ߰Ǿ° Ȯ: mysql> SHOW TABLES; +--------------------+ |Tables in menagerie | +--------------------+ | pet | +--------------------+ ̺ Ѵ Ȯϱ ؼ DESCRIBE : mysql> DESCRIBE pet; +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | sex | char(2) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | birth | date | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | death | date | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ Filed κа Type κ ̸ ڷ Ȯ. DESCRIBE ִ. ̺ ̸ ڷ ؾ ϸ ϴ. 3.3 ̺ ڷḦ ־ . ̺ Ŀ ̺ ڷḦ ־ Ѵ. LOAD DATA Ȥ insert ϸ ȴ. ֿ ڷᰡ ٰ (MySQL YYYY-MM-DD ¥ 䱸Ѵ). name owner species sex birth death ----------------------------------------- Fluffy Harold cat f 1993-02-04 Claws Gwen cat m 1994-03-17 Buffy Harold dog f 1989-05-13 Fang Benny dog m 1990-08-27 Bowser Dianne dog m 1998-08-31 1995-07-29 Chirpy Gwen bird f 1998-09-11 Whistler Gwen bird 1997-12-09 Slim Benny snake m 1996-04-29 ̺ ϹǷ ̸ Ͽ ڷḦ ΰ Ͽ о ̺ ä ̴. pet.txt (̸ ƹ̵ ) ٿ ϳ ڵ带 ϸ ȴ. ó: # cat pet.txt Fluffy Harold cat f 1993-02-04 - - Ű ϳ ϸ CREATE TABLE ؾ Ѵ. ص Ǵ ( ¥ ) ؼ NULL ִ. ؽƮ Ͽ NULL Ÿ ؼ \N ̶ ָ ȴ. Whistler ̴. Whistler Gwen bird \N 1997-12-09 \N pet.txt εϱ ؼ ó LOAD DATA Ѵ: mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "pet.txt" INTO TABLE pet; : LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "̸" INTO TABLE ̸̺; ѹ ڵ带 ߰ϰ ̴. CREATE TABLE Ͽ ָ ȴ. ´ ڷ ̴: mysql> insert into pet -> values('Puffball', 'Diane', 'hamster', 'f', '1999-03-30', NULL); ڿ ¥ ǥ ' οϿ. NULL Է ִ(\N̶ ȵȴ). 3.4 ̺κ ˻ . SELECT ϸ ȴ. Ϲ : SELECT <˻> FROM <̺> WHERE <˻> <˻> ˸ ̴. ǥ Ͽ ǹϴ * ִ. WHERE κ ִ. WHERE ˻ ش. ˻ ʴ ˻󿡼 ܵȴ. 3.4.1 ͸ ˻. SELECT · ó ִ: mysql> SELECT * FROM pet; +----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+ | name | owner |species | sex | birth | death | +----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+ | Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL | | Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL | | Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL | | Fang | Benny | dog | m | 1990-08-27 | NULL | | Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1998-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | | Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL | | Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL | | Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL | | Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL | +----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+ ̷ SELECT ϴ ̺ ü ϴ. ʱ ġ ÷ ÷ Ȯ ִ. ׷, ߸ ִ: Bower ڰ ں ʴ. ڿ ¾?! Ȯ birth 1989-08-31 Ǿ ˼ ־ٰ ϸ ̸  ĥ? ΰ ִ: pet.txt Ͽ Ѵ. ̺ pet.txt ٽ о δ: mysql> DELETE FROM pet; mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL infile "pet.txt" into TABLE pet; ̷ ϸ 3.3 insert ̿Ͽ Է Puffballؼ ٽ Էؾ Ѵ. ϰ ٶ ? ߸ Ѵ. UPDATE Ѵ: mysql> UPDATE pet SET birth="1989-08-31" WHERE name="Bowser"; ֵ, ü ̺ . ׷ ̷ ʴ´. ̺ ũⰡ Ŀ  ΰ?  ˻ ΰ? Ư ϴ ڷ鸸 ̾Ƽ ̴. 3.4.2 ־ ǿ ´ Ư ุ ˻ . ̺ Ư 鸸 ̾Ƴ ִ. Bower ٲ Ȯϱ Bower ڵ常 ̾Ƴ : mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = "Bower"; +--------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +--------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------------+ | Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | +--------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------------+ birth 1998⵵ ƴ 1989 ùٸ Ȯ ִ. ڿ 񱳴 ҹڸ ϴ 񱳴. "bowser", "BOWSER" ڿ ǹѴ( "Bowser" ߴ). ؼ ټ ִ. 1998 Ŀ ¾ ˰ ʹٸ birth ˻ϸ ȴ: mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth >= "1998-1-1" +----------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth |death | +----------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------+ | Chirp y | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL | | Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL | +----------+-------+---------+-----+------------+------+ ִ: mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "dog" AND sex = "f"; +----------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +----------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ | Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL | +----------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ ̸鼭 ˻ϴ ̴. AND Ͽ OR ִ: mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = "snake" OR species = "bird"; +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+ | Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL | | Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL | | Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL | +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+ AND OR  ִ. ̷ ׷ ǵ ȣ : mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE (species = "cat" AND sex = "m") -> OR (species = "dog" AND sex = "f"); +-------+--------+--------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | owner |species | sex | birth | death | +-------+--------+--------+-----+------------+-------+ | Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL | | Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL | +-------+--------+--------+-----+------------+-------+ 3.4.3 Ư ϱ ̺ ü ٴ " Ÿ" 鸸 ʹٸ ϴ ̸ ó ϸ ȴ(Ʒ name, birth ̴): mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet; +----------+------------+ | name | birth | +----------+------------+ | Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | | Claws | 1994-03-17 | | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | | Fang | 1990-08-27 | | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | | Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | | Whistler | 1997-12-09 | | Slim | 1996-04-29 | | Puffball | 1999-03-30 | +----------+------------+ ָ : mysql> SELECT owner FROM pet; +--------+ | owner | +--------+ | Harold | | Gwen | | Harold | | Benny | | Diane | | Gwen | | Gwen | | Benny | | Diane | +--------+ ߺ ִ. ߺ : mysql> SELECT distinct owner FROM pet; +--------+ | owner | +--------+ | Benny | | Diane | | Gwen | | Harold | +--------+ distinct Ű带 ϸ ȴ. WHERE ̿Ͽ ð ִ. ̿ ؼ ̸, , ˰ ó SELECT ִ: mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet -> WHERE species = "dog" OR species = "cat"; +--------+---------+------------+ | name | species | birth | +--------+---------+------------+ | Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 | | Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 | | Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 | | Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 | |Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 | +--------+---------+------------+ 3.4.4 ϱ ݱ ĵǾ ʾ ̴. ĵȴٸ ϴ ڷḦ ξ ˾ ִ. ϱ ؼ ORDER BY ϸ ȴ. Ʒ ̴. mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth; +----------+------------+ | name | birth | +----------+------------+ | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | | Fang | 1990-08-27 | | Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | | Claws | 1994-03-17 | | Slim | 1996-04-29 | | Whistler | 1997-12-09 | | Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | | Puffball | 1999-03-30 | +----------+------------+ Ϸ desc Ű带 ̸ ڿ ش: mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth desc; +----------+------------+ | name | birth | +----------+------------+ | Puffball | 1999-03-30 | | Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | | Whistler | 1997-12-09 | | Slim | 1996-04-29 | | Claws | 1994-03-17 | | Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | | Fang | 1990-08-27 | | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | +----------+------------+ ϳ ؼ ƴ϶ ؼ ִ. ̸ ϰ Ϸ ϵ  ( ʰ ¾ ; ) Ϸ ó Ѵ: mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet ORDER BY species, birth DESC; +----------+---------+------------+ | name | species | birth | +----------+---------+------------+ | Chirpy | bird | 1998-09-11 | | Whistler | bird | 1997-12-09 | | Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 | | Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 | | Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 | | Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 | | Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 | | Puffball | hamster | 1999-03-30 | | Slim | snake | 1996-04-29 | +----------+---------+------------+ DESC Ű ٷ տ ̸(birth) ȴٴ . species ĵȴ. 3.4.5 ¥ MySQL ¥ ٷ  Լ ش. ֿ ̰ 󸶳 Ǵ Ϸ ¥ ¥ ϰ, ¥ ϼ ȯ , ϼ 365Ϸ ָ ̴: mysql> SELECT name, (to_days(now())-to_days(birth))/365 FROM pet; +----------+-------------------------------------+ | name | (TO_DAYS(NOW())-TO_DAYS(birth))/365 | +----------+-------------------------------------+ | Fluffy | 6.15 | | Claws | 5.04 | | Buffy | 9.88 | | Fang | 8.59 | | Bowser | 9.58 | | Chirpy | 0.55 | | Whistler | 1.30 | | Slim | 2.92 | | Puffball | 0.00 | +----------+-------------------------------------+ ⼭ ΰ . ̸ Ȥ Ǿ ڰ, ̿ شϴ 󺧸 ǥ ״ ٴ "age" ϴ ̴: mysql> SELECT name, (to_days(now())-to_days(birth))/365 as age -> FROM pet ORDER BY name; ̼ Ϸ ORDER BY name ORDER BY age ָ ȴ. ̵ ˾ ִ: mysql> SELECT name, (to_days(death)-to_days(birth))/365 as age -> FROM pet WHERE death is not null ORDER BY age; now() death ϸ ȴ. ⼭ Ѵٴ ǹϱ death ʵ尡 null ƴ 츦 ־ . death is not nulló ־ Ѵ. death != null ó ־ ȵȴ. null . ߿ ٽ ٷ ̴. ޿ ˷  ؾ ұ? ̷ MySQL ¥ , ϴ Լ Ѵ: year(), month, day().month() ˾ : mysql> SELECT name, birth, month(birth) FROM pet; +----------+------------+--------------+ | name | birth | MONTH(birth) | +----------+------------+--------------+ | Fluffy | 1993-02-04 | 2 | | Claws | 1994-03-17 | 3 | | Buffy | 1989-05-13 | 5 | | Fang | 1990-08-27 | 8 | | Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 8 | | Chirpy | 1998-09-11 | 9 | | Whistler | 1997-12-09 | 12 | | Slim | 1996-04-29 | 4 | | Puffball | 1999-03-30 | 3 | +----------+------------+--------------+ month ޿ شϴ ȯ ָ, 1 12 ̴. ³ ؼ 1 ָ ȴ: mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet WHERE month(birth) = 10; ׷ ִ. 12 13 ־ ϳ? 13̶ . ο ǽ Ѵ. ⿡ ҰѴ: month(date_add(now(), interval 1 month)); now() ¥ ð ȯ ش. ⿡ 1̶ Ⱓ ְ ޷ ٲٸ ذȴ. mod(month(now()), 12) + 1;mod  ٸ ȯϴ Լ̴. ù ° ڸ ι° ڷ ȯ . ⼭ month(now()) 12 Ÿ 1 ش. ̹ 12̶ 12 0̹Ƿ ⿡ 1 1 ³ ִ. SQL : mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet -> WHERE MONTH(birth) = MONTH(DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 MONTH)); mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet -> WHERE MONTH(birth) = MOD(MONTH(NOW()),12) + 1; 3.4.6 null NULL Ư ̴. ͼ ȥ ̴. NULL ǹϴ ٴ " , ", " Ȯ " ǹѴ. ̰ ٸ ٸ ޵ȴ. NULL .  NULL =, <, != ̿Ͽ ϴ ǹ . Ȯ  Ȯ ΰ? : mysql> SELECT 1 = NULL, 1 != NULL, 1 < NULL, 1 > NULL; +----------+-----------+----------+----------+ | 1 = NULL | 1 != NULL | 1 < NULL | 1 > NULL | +----------+-----------+----------+----------+ | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | +----------+-----------+----------+----------+ Ȯ Ȯ 񱳴 Ȯ ȴ. ǹ̰ . ϸ ǹ̰ ִ: mysql> SELECT 1 IS NULL, 1 IS NOT NULL; +-----------+---------------+ | 1 IS NULL | 1 IS NOT NULL | +-----------+---------------+ | 0 | 1 | +-----------+---------------+ MySQL 0 1 Ÿ. 3.4.7 ġ ġ ſ ̴. ϰ ϴ Ͽ ˻ ְ ִ ̱ ̴. MySQL ǥ SQL Ӹƴ϶ н ϴ ǥĿ ϴ ġ ɵ Ѵ. SQL _ ڸ ǹϸ, % (0 ) Ų. SQL ҹڸ ʴ´. LIKE شٴ . Ʒ : b ϴ ̸ ؼ ˻ : mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "b%"; +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-----------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-----------+ | Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL | | Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-----------+ fy ̸ ؼ ˻ : mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%fy"; +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ | Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL | | Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL | +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ w ϴ ̸ ˻ : mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "%w%"; +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+ | Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL | | Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | | Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL | +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+ Ȯϰ 5 ڷ ̷ ̸ ؼ ˻ ? mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "_____"; +-------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +-------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ | Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL | | Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL | +-------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ 5 ش. ǥ ġ ˾ . ǥĿ Ǵ . ϳ * տ 0 ̻ ݺ ^ ڿ ó $ ڿ [,] ȣ ڵ鿡 ġ {,} ݺ Ÿ . n ݺ {n} ´. ⼭ SQL ü ġؾ "ġѴ" ǥ κа ġص "ġѴ" Ѵٴ ؾ Ѵ. , SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "ffy"; SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name LIKE "ffy"; ٸ ´. a b c ϳ Ű ǥ [abc]̴. ־ ǥ ִ. ǥ ҹڸ Ѵ. 빮ڴ ҹ ڴ ĺ ϳ Ű ǥ [a-zA-Z] ؾ . * 0 ̻ ڵ̶ ߴ. x* x, xx, xxx ... ش . [0-9]* 7, 12, 345, 678 ̸ Ÿ. ^abc ó abc ϴ abc$ abc ڿ ǹѴ. ǥ LIKE REGEXP Ѵ. . ̸ ҹ b Ȥ 빮 B ϴ ˻: mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "^[bB]"; +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+------------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+------------+ | Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL | | Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+------------+ ̸ fy ($ Ѵ): mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP "fy$"; +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | owner | species | sex | birth | death | +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ | Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL | | Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL | +--------+--------+---------+-----+------------+-------+ Ȯϰ 5 ڷ ̸ ǥ ġѴ: ^.....$ ̰ ݺ ڸ ̿Ͽ ó ִ. ^.{5}$ 3.4.8  ֿ ̳ ߴ  ˾Ƴ ? ̿ count()Լ ϸ Ǹ ϰ ο ָ ȴ. mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pet; +----------+ | COUNT(*) | +----------+ | 9 | +----------+ ְ ֿϵ ó ϸ Ȯ ִ: mysql> SELECT owner, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY owner; +--------+----------+ | owner | COUNT(*) | +--------+----------+ | Benny | 2 | | Diane | 2 | | Gwen | 3 | | Harold | 2 | +--------+----------+ owner ڵ ѵ GROUP BY ָ϶. ̷ ޽ ̴. mysql> SELECT owner, COUNT(owner) FROM pet; ERROR 1140 at line 1: Mixing of GROUP columns (MIN(),MAX(),COUNT()...) with no GROUP columns is illegal if there is no GROUP BY clause COUNT() GROUP BY Ϳ Ư οϴ ִ. 鵵 : شϴ : mysql> SELECT species, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species; +---------+----------+ | species | COUNT(*) | +---------+----------+ | bird | 2 | | cat | 2 | | dog | 3 | | hamster | 1 | | snake | 1 | +---------+----------+ : mysql> SELECT sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY sex; +------+----------+ | sex | COUNT(*) | +------+----------+ | NULL | 1 | | f | 4 | | m | 4 | +------+----------+ NULL " " ǹ̴. : mysql> SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species, sex; +---------+------+----------+ | species | sex |COUNT(*) | +---------+------+----------+ | bird | NULL | 1 | | bird | f | 1 | | cat | f | 1 | | cat | m | 1 | | dog | f | 1 | | dog | m | 2 | | hamster | f | 1 | | snake | m | 1 | +---------+------+----------+ ٷ ʹ ޸, Ư ؼ . 쿡  : mysql> SELECT species, sex, COUNT(*) FROM pet -> WHERE species = "dog" OR species = "cat" -> GROUP BY species, sex; +---------+------+----------+ | species | sex | COUNT(*) | +---------+------+----------+ | cat | f | 1 | | cat | m | 1 | | dog | f | 1 | | dog | m | 2 | +---------+------+----------+ 3.5 ̺ ϱ pet ̺ ֿϵ ִ. ǻ翡 ġ Ƚ ¥ ǵ鿡 ٸ ϰ ʹٸ ̺ʿ ̴. ̺ 䱸 ̴: ش ̸ ־ Ѵ.  ֿ Ͼ кؾ ϱ ̴. Ͼ ˱ ¥ ʿϴ.  ʿ䰡 ִ. зϷ Ÿ ʵ嵵 ̴. ̿ Ͽ, ó ̺ : mysql> CREATE TABLE event (name VARCHAR(20), date DATE, -> type VARCHAR(15), remark VARCHAR(255)); pet ̺ ó Ϸκ ͸ ̺ ø. event.txt ó ִٰ . Fluffy 1995-05-15 litter 4 kittens, 3 female, 1 male Buffy 1993-06-23 litter 5 puppies, 2 female, 3 male Buffy 1994-06-19 litter 3 puppies, 3 female Chirpy 1999-03-21 vet needed beak straightened Slim 1997-08-03 vet broken rib Bowser 1991-10-12 kennelFang 1991-10-12 kennel Fang 1998-08-28 birthday Gave him a new chew toy Claws 1998-03-17 birthday Gave him a new flea collar Whistler 1998-12-09 birthday First birthday ó ̺ ä: mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE "event.txt" INTO TABLE event; ݱ pet ̺ ٷ鼭 event ̺ Ǹ ̴.  ϴ ? ̸ ˷  ؾ ϴ°? event ̺ Ҵ ̶簡, ֶ簡 ϴ pet ̺ ؼ ˾ Ѵ. SELECT ̺ ʿϴ: mysql> SELECT pet.name, (TO_DAYS(date) - TO_DAYS(birth))/365 AS age, -> remark FROM pet, event -> WHERE pet.name = event.name AND type = "litter"; +--------+------+-----------------------------+ | name | age | remark | +--------+------+-----------------------------+ | Fluffy | 2.27 | 4 kittens, 3 female, 1 male | | Buffy | 4.12 | 5 puppies, 2 female, 3 male | | Buffy | 5.10 | 3 puppies, 3 female | +--------+------+-----------------------------+ κ  ˾ ξ ִ: FROM ̺ ־ Ѵ. ̰͵ ηκ ʿϱ ̴. ̺ ̾ ̺ ڵ尡 ٸ ̺ ڵ  ġϴ ־ Ѵ. ⼭ ̺ name ʵ带 Ƿ ̰ ̿ϸ ȴ. WHERE pet.name = event.name ν ̺ شϴ ڵ忡 ؼ Ǹ ϰ ȴ. ٸٸ ̰ . ̺ name ʵ带 Ƿ ̺ ϴ ϱ ≮̺>.<ʵ̸> ־ . ̺ ̸ʵ ̸ Ͽ ش. ̺ ޶. ̺ ؼ ó ʿ䰡 ִ. ư ¦ ַ ؾ ϴ°? ̺ ؼ ٸ ˻ؾ Ѵ. : mysql> SELECT p1.name, p1.sex, p2.name, p2.sex, p1.species -> FROM pet AS p1, pet AS p2 -> WHERE p1.species = p2.species AND p1.sex = "f" AND p2.sex = "m"; +--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | name | sex | name | sex | species | +--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | Fluffy | f | Claws | m | cat | | Buffy | f | Fang | m | dog | | Buffy | f | Bowser | m | dog | +--------+------+--------+------+---------+ 3.6 ġ (ϰ ó ) ϱ ݱ ȭ Ͽ. Ǹ ְ ۾̾. ۾ θ Ͽ Ѳ ó ִ. ̷ ϴ ۾ ġ ۾̶ Ѵٴ ˾ . Ѵ: shell> mysql < batch-file ۾ ǥ Է ȴ. ȣƮ ,н带 Է ʿ䰡 ߰ ش: shell> mysql -h host -u user -p < batch-file Enter password: ******** ġ 忡 ۼϴ ٷ ũƮ ϴ ̴. ⺻ ȭ ʹ ٸ. SELECT DISTINCT species FROM pet ȭİ ġ 忡 . ٸ.ȭ: +---------+ | species | +---------+ | bird | | cat | | dog | | hamster | | snake | +---------+ ġ :speciesbirdcatdoghamstersnake ġ 忡 ȭ 忡 ϸ mysql -t ɼ ָ ȴ. Ǵ ɾ ¿ ϰ ٸ -vvv ٿ. ׷ٸ ֱ淡 ġ 带 ұ?  ξ. Ǹ Ѵٸ ũƮ δ Ź ٽ ־ִ ش. ̹ ۼ ũƮ Ͽ ְ ο ũƮ ۼ ִ ִ. ٿ ġ ſ Ǹ ġ 尡 ̴. Ǽ ȭ ٽ ־ ־ Ѵ. ġ ϶ ϸ ָ ȴ. MySQL readline ̺귯 (丮 ̺귯) ϹǷ ȭ ٽ ɾ ִ ũ ִ. ٸ ġ Ű ( ټ ִ α׷ Īϴ Ī) ̴. ó: shell> mysqlk < batch-file | less ٸ Ϸ ִ. ߰ ۾ Ȱ ִ. shell> mysql < batch-file > mysql.out ۼ ũƮ ٸ ִ. ٸ ۼ ũƮ ִ.  ۾ ݻ ġ忡 ִ. ð  ۾ cron ̿Ͽ ġ忡 ó ۿ . 9. mysql (functions) 9.1 mysql ϴ mysqld ޽ Ÿ ֽϴ. : Czech, Dutch, English(⺻), Ÿ (** Ÿ Ŵ . ѱ, Ϻ ⼭ ֽϴ. 9.1.1 ϼ. **) mysqld Ư Ϸ --language=lang Ǵ -L lang ɼ ϸ ˴ϴ. > # mysqld--language=swedish Ǵ # mysqld --language=/usr/local/share/swedish ҹڷ ǥմϴ. (⺻) 'mysql_base_dir/share/LANGUAGE/' ֽ . ޽ ƮϷ 'errmsg.txt' ϰ 'errmsg.sys' մϴ. # comp_err errmsg.txt errmsg.sys mysql ο ׷̵ϸ ο 'errmsg.txt' ľ մϴ. 9.1.1 Ϳ ϴ ⺻ mysql ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1) մϴ. ڼ ̱ ϴ Դϴ. ڼ ̸  ڼ ִ ׸ SELECT ORDER BY GROUP BY  ĵǴ մϴ. Ҷ configure --with-charset=charset ɼ Ͽ ٲ ֽϴ. ڼ 4.7.1 ϼ. (** ѱ ϱ ؼ κ ߿մϴ. 츮 Ҷ ڼ sjis ٲپ ָ ˴ϴ. sjis Ϻ 2Ʈ ϴ. ̷ ؾ ǰ ǥ ֽϴ. **) 9.1.2 ο ڼ ߰ ** ** 9.1.3 ƼƮ Ƽ ̽ ڼ _MB ũθ ֽϴ. ** ** 9.2 Ʈ α mysqld --log-update=file_name ɼ ϸ mysqld Ÿ Ʈ sql ϴ α մϴ. data 丮(** mysql ġ 丮 data 丮 **) ϵǸ file_name.# · ˴ϴ. # mysqladmin refresh mysqladmin flush -logs, FLUSH LOGS , Ǵ Ҷ ˴ϴ. --log -l ɼ ϸ ̸ 'hostname.log' Ǹ, restart refreshes ص ο α ʽϴ. mysql.server ũƮ -l ɼ mysql մϴ. production enviroment(?) Ͽ Ҷ ʿϸ mysql.server -l ɼ ֽϴ. Ʈ α״ ̼ Ÿ Ʈ α ϴ. ׷ WHERE UPDATE DELETE شϴ 带 ã ϸ α Ͽ ʽϴ. ̹ ϴ Ҷ Update õ˴ϴ. Ʈ α Ͽ ͺ̽ ƮϷ ϸ ˴ϴ. (α 'file_name.#' ¶ ) # ls -1 -t -r file_name.[0-9]* | xargs cat | mysql ls Ȯ α մϴ. ̰ ͺ̽ ջ Ϸ ϸ, ջ ð ̿ Ͼ Ʈ ٽ Ҷ(redo) ֽϴ. ٸ ȣƮ ̷ ͺ̽ ͺ̽ ȭ Ҷ Ʈ α׸ ֽϴ. 9.3 mysql ̺ ִ ũ mysql ü ̺ ִ ũⰡ 4G̸  ý ũ ֽϴ. 2G Դϴ. ֶ󸮽 2.5.1 4G̸, ֶ󸮽 2.6 1000G Դϴ. ũ 4G̰ų, (MYSQL )  ý Դϴ. 4G ̻ Ȯϱ mysql ٲ Դϴ. η F ϼ. Ŵ ̺ б ϸ ̺ ϳ pack_isam ֽϴ. pack_isam Ϲ ̺ ּ 50% Ͽ ȿ ū ̺ ֽϴ. 12.3 [pack_isam] ϼ. ٸ ַ MERGE ̺귯 ԵǾ identical ̺ ϳ ֽϴ. (⼭ Identical ̺ identical ÷ ٴ ǹմϴ.) MERGE ʱ ̺ (collection) ˻ϴ ֽϴ. ϳ ⿡ ε ߰ ϴ. (** б ̺ mysql ̼ ϰ ֽϴ. б⸸ ϴ б ̺ ϴ. **) 10. mysql ִ 10.1 ũ mysqld ϴ ⺻ ũ ִ. shell> mysqld --help mysqld ɼ ϰ ش. µǴ ⺻ ϰ ϴ. Possible variables for option --set-variable (-O) are: back_log current value: 5 connect_timeout current value: 5 join_buffer current value: 131072 key_buffer current value: 1048540 long_query_time current value: 10 max_allowed_packet current value: 1048576 max_connections current value: 90 max_connect_errors current value: 10 max_join_size current value: 4294967295 max_sort_length current value: 1024 net_buffer_length current value: 16384 record_buffer current value: 131072 sort_buffer current value: 2097116 table_cache current value: 64 tmp_table_size current value: 1048576 thread_stack current value: 131072 wait_timeout current value: 28800 mysqld ̸ ִ. shell> mysqladmin variables ɼ ؿ Ѵ. ũ, , ũ Ʈ̴. 'K'(ųιƮ) 'M'(ްƮ) տ ٿ ִ. 16M 16 ްƮ Ų. ҹڴ ʴ´. 16M 16m . -back_log mysql ִ ִ û . ̰ main mysql 尡 ſ ª ð ſ û Ѵ. ̶ 尡 üũϰ ο 带 ϴµ ణ ð ɸ.(׷ ª ð) back_log mysql ο û ϴ ߱ ª ð 󸶳 û ׾Ƶΰ ִ Ѵ. ſ ª ð ſ ɶ Ѿ Ѵ. ٸ tcp/ip ޴ listen queue ũ̴.  ü ̷ ť ũ⿡ Ѱ谡 ִ. Unix system call listen(2) Ŵ ڼ ִ. back_log Ѱ ü Ȯغ. back_log ִ밪 ȿ . -connect_timeout Bad handshake ϱ Ŷ mysql ٸ .() -join_buffer (ε ʴ ) full-join ϴ ũ. ۴ ̺ ̿ full-join ѹ Ҵ ȴ. ε ߰ ۸ Ű full join ӵ ų ִ. (Ϲ ϴ ε ߰ ϴ ̴) -key_buffer ε ۸ǰ 忡 Ѵ. Ű ۴ ε ϴ ũ̴. ε ̺ delete insert ۾ ϸ Ű ۰ Ű . LOCK TABLES . [Lock Tables] . -max_allowed_packet Ŷ ִ ũ. ޽ ۴ net_buffer_length Ʈ ʱȭ ʿϸ ִ Ŷ Ʈ ų ִ.⺻ ū Ŷ ⿡ ۴. Ŵ BLOB ÷ Ѵٸ Ѿ . ڰ ϴ ִ blobŭ ũ ؾ Ѵ. -max_connections Ŭ̾Ʈ . mysqld ʿϴ (descriptor) ڸŭ ÷ Ѵ. ؿ ũ ѿ . -max_connect_errors ȣƮ ִ ̻ interrupted ȣƮ blockȭȴ. FLUSH HOSTS ȣƮ block ִ. -max_join_size ִ ũ̻ ũ д ϸ . ڰ where ʰ ð ɸ鼭 鸸 带 д Ϸ ϸ Ѵ. -max_sort_length BLOB TEXT Ҷ ϴ Ʈ . ( ù ° max_sort_length Ʈ ȴ. õȴ) -net_buffer_length ǿ ۰ ʱȭǴ ũ. Ϲ ٲ ſ ޸𸮸 Ǵ ǿ ° ִ. ( Ŭ̾Ʈ sql ̴. ǹ ũ⸦ ۴ ڵ max_allowed_packet Ʈ Ѵ) -record_buffer ˻ ϴ 忡 ˻ ̺ Ҵϴ ũ . ˻ ϸ Ѿ Ѵ. -sort_buffer ʿ 忡 Ҵϴ ũ. order by group by ۷̼ Ϸ Ų. 16.4 [ӽ ] . -table_cache 忡 ִ ̺ . mysqld ʿ ϴ ũ ڸŭ Ѷ. mysql ΰ ũͰ ʿϴ. ũ Ѵ. ̺ ij  ۵ϴ 10.6 [̺ ij] . -tmp_table_size ӽ ̺ mysql "The Table tbl_name is full"̶ ޽ . ſ group by Ǹ ϸ Ѿ Ѵ. -thread_stack . creash-me test(** : ͺ̽ ġŷ ϴ ׽ƮԴϴ. ״ ͺ̽ ׿) ޷ִ. ⺻ Ϲ ũ. 11 [ġũ] -wait_timeout Ȱ(activity) ٸ ð(). table_cache max_connections ִ ִ ģ. Ű ýۿ ũ per-process Ѱ ø ִ. (** ... imposed by your operating system on the per-process number of open file descriptors. ̻ϹǷ ) ׷ ýۿ Ѱ踦 ų ִ. ̷ Ϸ ۿ Ѱ踦 ȭŰ ſ پϹǷ ü ؾ Ѵ. table_cache max_connections 谡 ִ. 200 ּ 200 * n ̺ ij Ѵ. ⼭ n ̺ ִ ̴. mysql ſ ˰ ϱ Ϲδ ſ ޸𸮷 ޸𸮰 ȴ. ޸𸮿 ̺ ߰ Ŭ̾Ʈ ִ Ѵٸ Ѵ. shell> safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=16M -O table_cache=128 \ -O sort_buffer=4M -O record_buffer=1M & ޸𸮰 Ѵ. shell> safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=512k -O sort_buffer=100k \ -O record_buffer=100k & Ǵ: shell> safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=512k -O sort_buffer=16k \ -O table_cache=32 -O record_buffer=8k -O net_buffer=1K & ſ mysqld Ḷ ּ ޸𸮸 ϵ ʾҴٸ "swapping problems" ̴. mysqld ɼ ٲپ װ شϴ νϽ ģٴ . ɼ ٲپ ȿ غ. shell> mysqld -O key_buffer=32m --help --help ɼ  . ׷ Ŀǵ ο ɼ ȿ ¿ ݿ ̴. 10.2 ޸ <޸ ȭ> Ʒ ϴ mysqld ޸𸮸 ϴ Ÿ ִ. ޸ õ ̸ ־. - Ű ( key_buffer) 忡 Ѵ. ϴ ٸ ۴ ʿѴ Ҵ ȴ. - 帶 Ư Ѵ. (64k, thread_stack) , ( net_buffer_length), result ( net_buffer_length) . ۿ result ۴ ʿҶ max_allowed_packet ȴ. ǰ ǹ 繮 Ҵ ȴ. (** When a query is running a copy of the current query string is also alloced.) - ⺻ ޸𸮸 Ѵ. - ޸ ȵȴ. ( ̺ ϰ. ׷ ٸ ̴̾߱) ֳϸ 4GB 32Ʈ ޸ κ ̺ ũⰡ ʱ ̴. 츮 64Ʈ ּ ý 츮 ޸ Ϲ ߰ ̴. - ̺ ˻ ϴ û read ۿ Ҵ ȴ. ( record_buffer) - ѹ Ǹ κ ӽ ̺ ʰ ȴ. κ ̺ ޸ (HEAP) ̴̺. Ŵ ڵ带 ų BLOB ÷ ӽ ̺ ũ ȴ. ޸ ̺ tmp_table_size ʰ "The table tbl_name is full"̶ ̴. Ͼȿ ʿҶ ڵ ޸ (HEAP) ̺ ũ (NISAM) ̺ ٲٵ ĥ ̴. ذϱ ؼ mysqld tmp_table_size ɼ Ͽ ӽ ̺ ũ⸦ ̰ų Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ SQL_BIG_TABLES sql ɼ Ͽ . 7.24 SET OPTION . mysql 3.20 ӽ ̺ ִ ũ record_buffer*16̴. 3.20 ϰ ִٸ record_buffer Ѿ Ѵ. mysqld --big-tables ɼ Ͽ ׻ ӽ ̺ ũ ӵ ģ. - ϴ κ û ۿ ϳ ΰ ӽ ҴѴ. 16.4 [ӽ ] Ѵ. - κ ¡(parsing) ޸𸮿 ̷. ۿ ޸ overhead ʿ Ϲ ޸ Ҵ(slow memory allocation) freeing(޸ ) õȴ. ޸𸮴 Ŵ ڿ Ҵ ȴ.( mallloc() free() ) - ε ѹ Ǵ 忡 ѹ . 帶 ̺ , ÷ , 3 * n ũⰡ Ҵȴ. ( n ִ ڵ ̸ BLOB ÷ ش ʴ´) BLOB BLOB ̿ 5 8 Ʈ Ѵ. - BLOB ÷ ̺ ۴ Ŵ BLOB ֵ Ŀ. ̺ ˻ϸ ۴ ִ BLOB ŭ ۰ Ҵ ȴ. - ̺ ̺ ڵ鷯 ij Ǹ FIFO ȴ. Ϲ ij 64 Ʈ ´. ÿ ΰ 忡 ̺ ϸ ij ̺ Ʈ Ѵ. 10.6 [̺ ij] Ѵ. - mysqladmin flush-tables ʴ ̺ ݰ Ǵ 尡 ̺ ݴ´ٰ ǥ . ̰ ȿ ޸𸮸 Ѵ. ps ٸ ý Ȳ α׷ mysqld ޸𸮸 ϰ ٰ ̴. ̰ ٸ ޸ ּ -ö . ֶ󸮽 ps û ʴ ޸𸮸 ϴ ޸𸮷 Ѵ. ̰ swap -s ̿ 밡 üũ Ͽ ȮҼ ִ. 츮 mysqld ޸ α׷ ׽ؼ mysqld ޸ . 10.3 ӵ ġ /ũ <Ͻ ȭϱ> ׽Ʈ κ mysql ġũ Ǿ ٸ  ýۿ Ͻִ ִ. static ũ Ҷ ӵ ִ. ͺ ϱ TCP/IPٴ н ϸ ִ. pgcc -O6 ϸ . 'sql_yacc.cc' ɼ Ϸ gcc/pgcc ޸𸮰 ʿ ϱ 180M ޸𸮰 ʿϴ. mysql Ҷ libstdc++ ̺귯 ʱ CXX=gcc ؾ Ѵ. - pgcc ϰ δ -O6 ɼ ϸ mysqld gcc ͺ 11% . - ũϸ (-static ʰ) 13% . If you connect using TCP/IP rather than Unix sockets, the result is 7.5% slower. - н ϴ ͺ tcp/ip ϴ 7.5% . - On a Sun sparcstation 10, gcc 2.7.3 is 13% faster than Sun Pro C++ 4.2. - On Solaris 2.5.1, MIT-pthreads is 8-12% slower than Solaris native threads. (** . ϱ... **) TcX mysql pgcc ϵǾ ũǾ. 10.4 How MySQL uses indexes prefix- and end-space compressed. See section 7.26 CREATE INDEX syntax (Compatibility function). ε(PRIMARY, UNIQUE and INDEX()) B-trees ȴ. ڵ (?) ȴ. 7.26 [ε ] . ε : - WHERE شϴ ڵ ã - Ҷ ٸ ̺ ڵ - Ư Ű MAX() MIN() ã - ̳ ׷ȭҶ ε Ű ϸ ̺ ϰų ׷ȭ Ѵ. Ű DESC ε д´. -  쿡 Ͽ ʰ ´.  ̺ ϴ ÷ ̰ Ư Ű Ǿ ӵ ε Ʈ ִ. . mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1 AND col2=val2; ÷ ε col1 col2 شϴ ڵ带 ִ. и ÷ ε col1 col2 ȭ  ε ڵ带 Ȯϰ ڵ带 ε ϵ Ѵ. ̺ ÷ ε ٸ ȭⰡ ڵ带 ãµ  εŰ ִ. ÷ ε(col1, col2, col3) ٸ (col1), (col1,col2) (col1,col2,col3) ε ˻ ִ. MySQL can't use a partial index if the columns don't form a leftmost prefix of the index. Suppose you have the SELECT statements shown below: (** ؼ ȵǴµ ø **) mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col1=val1; mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col2=val2; mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE col2=val2 AND col3=val3; If an index exists on (col1,col2,col3), only the first query shown above uses the index. The second and third queries do involve indexed columns, but (col2) and (col2,col3) are not leftmost prefixes of (col1,col2,col3). ε (col1,col2,col3) ִٸ ù° Ǹ Ѵ. ι° ° ε ÷ ԵǾ (col2) (col2,col3) (col1,col2,col3) ε ش ʴ . MySQL also uses indexes for LIKE comparisons if the argument to LIKE is a constant string that doesn't start with a wildcard character. For example, the following SELECT stat ements use indexes: mysql LIKE μ ϵī ڷ ʴ ̶ LIKE 񱳹 ε Ѵ. SELECT ε Ѵ. mysql> select * from tbl_name where key_col LIKE "Patrick%"; mysql> select * from tbl_name where key_col LIKE "Pat%_ck%"; ù° 忡 "Patrick" <= key_col < "Patricl" ڵ常 ȴ. ι° 忡 "Pat" <= key_col < "Pau" ڵ常 ȴ. SELECT ε ʴ´: mysql> select * from tbl_name where key_col LIKE "%Patrick%"; mysql> select * from tbl_name where key_col LIKE other_col; ù° 忡 LIKE ϵī ڷ ϰ ִ. ι° 忡 LIKE ƴϴ. 10.5 WHERE ȭϱ (̹ ϰ ʴ. mysql ȭ ִ.) In general, when you want to make a slow SELECT ... WHERE faster, the first thing to check is whether or not you can add an index. All references between different tables should usually be done with indexes. You can use the EXPLAIN command to determine which indexes are used for a SELECT. See section 7.21 EXPLAIN syntax (Get information about a SELECT). Ϲ SELECT ... WHERE Ϸ Ȯ ε ߰ ̴. ٸ ̺̿ ۷ (references ) Ϲ ε ȴ. SELECT  ε ϴ ϱ EXPLAIN ִ. 7.21 [Explain] . mysql ϴ ȭ . - ʿ Ծ ((a AND b) AND c OR (((a AND b) AND (c AND d)))) -> (a AND b ANDc) OR (a AND b AND c AND d) - (folding) (a b>5 AND b=c AND a=5 - ( ʿ) (B>=5 AND B=5) OR (B=6 AND 5=5) OR (B=7 AND 5=6) -> B=5 OR B=6 - ε Ǵ ǥ ѹ ȴ. (Constant expressions used by indexes are evaluated only once.) - WHERE ̺ COUNT(*) ̺ ´. ̺ NOT NULL ǥ ̿ ȴ. - ȿ ǥ ̸ ŵȴ. mysql Ұϰ ش ڵ尡 SELECT Ѵ. - GROUP BY ׷ (COUNT(), MIN() ...) HAVING WHERE . (** HAVING ε . ׷Ƿ HAVING ʴ° ӵ鿡 **) - ο WHERE ϰ ڵ带 ϵ ϰ WHERE . - mysql Ϲ ּ ڵ带 ã ε Ѵ. =, >, >=, <, <=, BETWEEN ׸ 'something%' ó ϵī ʴ LIKE Ͽ 񱳸 ε Ѵ. (** 10.4 Ͽ like Ҷ ϵī ϴ like ϸ ε ʴ´. ܾθ ϴ ÷ ڷḦ ã ̴. **) - Any index that doesn't span all AND levels in the WHERE clause is not used to optimize the query. WHERE ε Ѵ.: ... WHERE index_part1=1 AND index_part2=2 ... WHERE index=1 OR A=10 AND index=2 /* index = 1 OR index = 2 */ ... WHERE index_part1='hello' AND index_part_3=5 /* optimized like "index_part1='hello'" */ WHERE ε ʴ´.: ... WHERE index_part2=1 AND index_part3=2 /* index_part_1 is not used */ ... WHERE index=1 OR A=10 /* No index */ ... WHERE index_part1=1 OR index_part2=10 /* No index spans all rows */ - ǿ ٸ ̺ ̺ д´. . ̺̳ 1 ڵ常 ִ ̺ WHERE UNIQUE ε PRIMARY KEY ϰ ε ǥε ̺ ̺ ̺ ȴ. mysql> SELECT * FROM t WHERE primary_key=1; mysql> SELECT * FROM t1,t2 WHERE t1.primary_key=1 AND t2.primary_key=t1.id; - ɼ õϿ ̺ ϴµ ã ´. (ORDER BY GROUP BY ÷ ̺ Ҷ ̺ õȴ) - ORDER BY ٸ GROUP BY , Ǵ ORDER BY GROUP BY ť ù° ̺ ƴ ٸ ̺ ÷ ϰ ӻ ̺ . - ̺ ε ã ڵ 30%̸ ϴ (best) ε ȴ. ׷ ε ̺ ˻ ȴ. -  쿡 mysql ȸ ʰ ε ڵ ִ. ε ÷ ڶ Ǹ ó µ ε Ʈ Ѵ. - ڵ尡 µDZ HAVING ʴ ڵ dzʶڴ. ſ ̴: mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tbl_name; mysql> SELECT MIN(key_part1),MAX(key_part1) FROM tbl_name; mysql> SELECT MAX(key_part2) FROM tbl_name WHERE key_part_1=constant; mysql> SELECT ... FROM tbl_name ORDER BY key_part1,key_part2,... LIMIT 10; mysql> SELECT ... FROM tbl_name ORDER BY key_part1 DESC,key_part2 DESC,... LIMIT 10; Ŀ ε Ʈ Ͽ Ѵ.(ε ÷ ڶ ): mysql> SELECT key_part1,key_part2 FROM tbl_name WHERE key_part1=val; mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tbl_name WHERE key_part1=val1 and key_part2=val2; mysql> SELECT key_part2 FROM tbl_name GROUP BY key_part1; Ǵ ʰ ε Ѵ: mysql> SELECT ... FROM tbl_name ORDER BY key_part1,key_part2,... mysql> SELECT ... FROM tbl_name ORDER BY key_part1 DESC,key_part2 DESC,... 10.6 ̺ ݴ open ̺ ij table_cache ִ밪 Ŀ ִ. (⺻ 64 ; mysqld -0 table_cache=# ٲ ִ) ij á, ׸ ٸ 尡 ̺ , Ǵ mysqladmin refresh mysqladmin flush-tables Ҷ ϰ ̺ ʴ´. ̺ ij ij Ʈ ϵ ϱ Ѵ. - ߴ ʴ ̺ ݴ´. - ij á  ̺ ο ̺ Ѵٸ ij ʿ ŭ ӽ Ȯȴ. - ij ӽ Ȯ ̰ ̺ Ȳ ̺ ݰ ij Ѵ. ̺ ú ٶ . ̺ ϴ ΰ 尡 ְų ǿ ̺ ι ϸ(with AS) ̺ ι Ѵٴ ǹ̴. ̺ ù° ΰ ũ͸ . ; ߰ ̺ ϳ ũ͸ ̴. ó 濡 ϴ ߰ ũ ε Ͽ ȴ. ; ũʹ 忡 . 10.6.1 ͺ̽ ̺ 鶧 丮 ִٸ open, close ׸ create ۷̼ ̴. ٸ ̺ SELECT ϸ ̺ ij ణ overhead ̴. ֳĸ ̺ ִٸ ٸ ̺ ϱ ̴. ̺ ij ũ ؼ 带 ִ. 10.7 ̺ mysqladmin status ̴: Uptime: 426 Running threads: 1 Questions: 11082 Reloads: 1 Open tables: 12 6̺ ߴµ ̷ Ȳ ̴. mysql Ƽ带 Ѵ. ׷ ÿ ̺ Ǹ ִ. Ͽ Ͽ ٸ Ȳ ΰ ̱ ̺ ú 帶 ȴ. ̰ Ÿ Ͽ ణ ޸𸮿 ϳ ߰ ũ͸ Ѵ. 忡 ε ȴ. 10.8 ͺ̽ ̺ ɺ ũ ͺ̽ 丮 ̺ ͺ̽ ٸ ġ ű ο ġ ɺ ũ ִ. ̷ ϴ 찡 ִ. ͺ̽ Ͻý ű . mysql ̺ ɺ ũǾٴ ϸ ɺ ũ Ű ̺ ִ. realpath() call ϴ ýۿ ۵Ѵ. (ּ ֶ󸮽 realpath() ) realpath() ʴ ýۿ ÿ ο ɺ ũ ο ϸ ȵȴ. ̷ 쿡 Ʈ Ŀ ̺ ִ. mysql ⺻ ͺ̽ ũ ʴ´. ͺ̽ ɺ ũ ʴ ۵ ̴. mysql 丮 db1 ͺ̽ ְ db1 Ű db2 ɺ ũ ٰ غ: shell> cd /path/to/datadir shell> ln -s db1 db2 db1 tbl_a ̺ ִٸ db2 tbl_a Ÿ ̴. 尡 db1.tbl_a Ʈϰ ٸ 尡 db2.tbl_a Ʈϸ ̴. ʿϸ , `mysys/mf_format.c' ڵ带 ؾ Ѵ.: if (!lstat(to,&stat_buff)) /* Check if it's a symbolic link */ if (S_ISLNK(stat_buff.st_mode) && realpath(to,buff)) ڵ带 Ѵ : if (realpath(to,buff)) 10.9 ̺ Ŵ mysql deadlock-free ̴. Ǹ Ҷ ѹ ʿ ûϰ ̺ ɾ Ѵ. WRITE ϴ : - ̺ ̺ write Ǵ. - ̷ 찡 ƴ϶ write ť ûѴ. READ ϴ : - ̺ write ̺ read Ǵ. - ̷ 찡 ƴ϶ read ť ûѴ. Ǿ write ť 忡 read ť 忡 Ѵ. ̺ Ʈ ϸ SELECT ̻ Ʈ ٸٴ ǹѴ. ̷ ذϱ ̺ INSERT SELECT ۷̼ ϴ 쿡 ϸ ȴ. ӽ ̺ ڵ带 ϰ ѹ ӽ ̺ ̺ ڵ带 ƮѴ. : mysql> LOCK TABLES real_table WRITE, insert_table WRITE; mysql> insert into real_table select * from insert_table; mysql> delete from insert_table; mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;  쿡 SELECT 켱 ְ ʹٸ INSERT ɼǿ LOW_PRIORITY or HIGH_PRIORITY ɼ ִ. 7.13 [Insert] . (** LOW_PRIORITY ϸ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺ INSERT ̷. **) ť ϱ `mysys/thr_lock.c' ŷ ڵ带 ٲ . ̷ write read 켱  ø ̼ǿ ִ. 10.10 ̺ ۰ 迭ϴ <** ̺ ȭ **> ̺ ִǼ ִ ũ̴: - NOT NULL ÷ Ѵ. ӵ ÷ 1 Ʈ ִ. - default ϴ. ԷµǴ ⺻ ٸ Ȯ ϰ Էµȴ. INSERT ù° TIMESTAMP ÷̳ AUTO-INCREAMENT ÷ Է ʿ䰡 . 18.4.49 [mysql_insert_id()] . - ̺ ۰ integer Ÿ . MEDIUMINT INT . - ÷ ٸ(VARCHAR, TEXT or BLOB columns), ڵ ȴ. ӵ (~) Ǵ . 10.14 [Row format] . - mysql Ǹ ȿ ȭϱ ͸ Է isamchk --analyze . ̷ ϸ ڸ Ű ε ƮѴ. ( unique ε ׻ 1̴) - ε ε Ÿ Ϸ isamchk --sort-index --sort-records=1 .(if you want to sort on index 1). ε ĵ ڵ带 б unique ε ٸ ̷ ϴ ӵ ϴ ̴. - INSERT . SELECT ξ . Ÿ ̺ Է LOAD DATA INFILE . INSERT ϴ ͺ 20 . 7.15 [Load] . ε ̺ Ÿ ԷҶ ϸ ӵ ų ִ. 1. mysql̳ Perl CREATE TABLE ̺ . 2. mysqladmin flush-tables . (** ̺ **) 3. isamchk --keys-used=0 /path/to/db/tbl_name . ̺ ε Ѵ. 4. LOAD DATA INFILE ̿ ̺ Ÿ Է. 5. pack_isam ְ ̺ ϱ ϸ pack_isam . 6. isamchk -r -q /path/to/db/tbl_name ̿ ε ٽ . 7. mysqladmin flush-tables . - LODA DATA INFILE INSERT ӵ Ű ۸ Ų. mysqld safe_mysqld -O key_buffer=# ɼ ϸ ȴ. 16M dz ٸ Ǹ ̴. - ٸ α׷ Ͽ Ÿ ؽƮ Ϸ Ҷ SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE . 7.15 [LOAD DATA INFILE] . - ٷ insert update LOCK TABLE Ͽ ɸ ӵ ų ִ. LOAD DATA INFILE ׸ SELECT ...INTO OUTFILE ̱ LOCK TABLE ϸ ȴ. 7.23 [LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES] . ̺ 󸶳 ȭǾ Ϸ '.ISM' Ͽ isamchk -evi Ѵ. 1 3 [Maintenance] . 10.11 INSERT ӵ ġ κ <** insert ȭ **> insert ϴ ð ȴ: Connect: (3) Sending query to server: (2) Parsing query: (2) Inserting record: (1 x size of record) Inserting indexes: (1 x indexes) Close: (1) () ð̴. ̰ ̺ Ҷ ʱ overhead ϰ ʴ. ( ú Ǵ Ǹ ߻) The size of the table slows down the insertion of indexes by N log N (B-trees). ̺ ũ N log N(B-trees) ε Է . (** ̻. ̺ Ŀ ε ٴ ̰ **) ̺ ɰų insert Ͽ Է ӵ ִ. ϸ insert 5 ӵ . mysql> LOCK TABLES a WRITE; mysql> INSERT INTO a VALUES (1,23),(2,34),(4,33); mysql> INSERT INTO a VALUES (8,26),(6,29); mysql> UNLOCK TABLES; ֿ ӵ ̴ INSERT Ϸǰ Ŀ ѹ ε ۰ . ٸ INSERT ε ÷ ̴. Էϸ ʿ. ŷ ׽Ʈ ð ִ. ׷  忡 ð ִ.(ֳĸ ٸ ̴) : thread 1 does 1000 inserts thread 2, 3, and 4 does 1 insert thread 5 does 1000 inserts 2, ,3 4 1 5 ĥ ̴. 2,3,4 Ƹ 1̳ 5 ̴. ׷ ð 40% . INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ۷̼ mysql ſ . ׷ ٿ 5 ̻ insert update ߰ϸ ִ. ٿ ſ ڷḦ ԷѴٸ ٸ 忡 ̺ ϵ ϱ ( 1000ٸ) UNLOCK TABLES ϴ LOCK TABLES ϸ ȴ. ̷ ϸ . (** Է ϰ ߰ Ǯٰ ٽ Ŵ **) LOAD DATA INFILE . 10.12 DELETE ӵ ġ κ <** DELETE ȭ **> ڵ带 ϴ ð Ȯ ε ڿ Ѵ. ڵ带 ε ij ũ⸦ ų ִ. ⺻ ε ij 1M ̴; ϱ Ǿ Ѵ.( ޸𸮸 ִٸ 16M ) 10.13 mysql ִ ӵ ġŷ ! mysql ġũ Ʈ  α׷ ִ. (Ϲ 'sql-bench' 丮 ) ׸ Ը¿ ° . ̷ ϸ ذ ִ ٸ ذå ã ſ ذå ׽Ʈ ִ. - mysqld ɼ . ޸𸮰 ӵ . 10.1 [MySQL parameters] . - SELECT ӵ ϱ ε . 10.4 [MySQL indexes] . - ȿ ÷ Ÿ ȭ. NOT NULL ÷ . 10.10 [Table efficiency] . - --skip-locking ɼSQL û ŷ ش. ӵ Ѵ: isamchk ̺ üũϰų ϱ mysqladmin flush-tables ̺ ÷ؾ Ѵ. (isamchk -d tbl_name ȴ. ֳϸ ̰ ̺ ֱ ̴) ÿ ΰ mysql ̺ ƮϷ Ѵٸ Ͽ ΰ mysql ȵȴ. --skip-locking ɼ MIT-pthreads Ҷ ⺻̴. ֳĸ ÷ MIT-pthreads flock() ϰ ʱ ̴. - Ʈ ִٸ Ʈ ̷ ߿ . Ʈ ϴ ѹ ϳ Ʈϴ ͺ . - FreeBSD ýۿ MIT-pthreads FreeBSD 3.0 Ʈ ϴ° . ̷ ϸ н ϴ ϸ(FreBSD н MIT-pthreads TCP/IP ϴ ͺ ) ׸ Ű (intergrated?)Ǿ Ѵ. - ̺̳ ÷ ܰ踦 üũϴ GRANT ߸. 10.14 ο ˰ ٸ ΰ? VARCHAR/CHAR ؾ ϴ°? mysql SQL VARCHAR Ÿ . ״ mysql ڵ带 ϰ ̰ VARCHAR ķƮϴµ ִ. ̺ VARCHAR, BLOB, TEXT ÷ row size Ѵ. ׿ܿ row size Ѵ. CHAR VARCHAR ÷ ø ϰ ޵ȴ; Ѵ trailing space ÷ ŵȴ. isamchk -d ̿ ̺ ϴ üũ ִ. (-d "̺ " ǹ) mysql ٸ ̺ ִ; , ̳, . ̺ - ⺻ . ̺ VARCHAR, BLOB, TEXT ÷ . - CHAR, NUMERIC, DECIMAL ÷ ÷ ̿ space-padded ̴. (** space-padded ̶ ؾ ָŸȣؼ **) - ſ - ijϱ - ջ . ֳĸ ̿ ڵ尡 ġϱ . - ڵ尡 ų  ýۿ ø ġ ʴ´ٸ (isamchk ̿) ȭ ʿ. - ̳ ̺ ũ ʿ Ѵ. ̳ ̺ - ̺ VARCHAR, BLOB, TEXT ÷ ϰ . - ڿ ÷ ̳ϴ.(4 ̸ ڿ ) - ÷ ڿ ÷ ų ('') ÷ 0(NULL ÷ ƴϴ) Ÿ Ʈ ڵ տ ȴ. ڿ ÷ trailing space zero ̸ ų ÷ zero Ʈ ǥõǰ ũ ʴ´. ڴ ڳ뿡 Ʈŭ ߰Ǿ ȴ. - ̺ ũ . - ̸ Ȯϴ Ʈϸ ȭ ̴. ̷ isamchk -r ؾ Ѵ. (?) isamchk -ei tbl_name . - ջ ƴ. ֳĸ ڵ尡 ȭǰ ũ () ̴. - ̳ ̺ Ǵ : 3 + (number of columns + 7) / 8 + (number of char columns) + packed size of numeric columns + length of strings + (number of NULL columns + 7) / 8 ũ 6 Ʈ ִ. ̳ ڵ Ʈ ڵ尡 þ ũȴ. ο ũ ּ 20Ʈ ̸, ׷ Ȯ Ƹ ũ ̴. װ ƴ϶ ٸ ũ ̴. isamchk -ed 󸶳 ũ ִ üũ ִ. ũ isamchk -r ִ.(** ?? **) There is a penalty of 6 bytes for each link. A dynamic record is linked whenever an update causes an enlargement of the record. Each new link will be at least 20 bytes, so the next enlargement will probably go in the same link. If not, there will be another link. You may check how many links there are with isamchk -ed. All links may be removed with isamchk -r. GC - б ̺ pack_isam ƿƼ ִ. Ȯ mysql 뵵 pack_isam ־. - ڵ mysql ǿ Ƿ pack_isam pack_isam ̺ ִ. (̺ ÷ Ǿ ִ) - ſ ũ 뷮 . - ڵ ȴ.( ſ ׼ overhead) ڵ ̺ ū ڵ忡 (1-3 Ʈ) ȴ. ÷ ٸ ȴ. Ÿ : Ϲ ÷ ٸ Huffman ̴̺. Suffic Prefix 0 ڴ 1Ʈ . integer ÷ ٸ, ÷ ִ Ÿ ȴ. BIGINT ÷ 0 255 TINIINT ÷(1Ʈ) ȴ. ÷  θ Ǿ ִٸ, ÷ Ÿ ENUM ȯȴ. ÷ Ͽ Ѵ. - ̳ ̳ ̺ ٷ ִ. ׷ BLOB TEXT ÷ ٷ . - isamchk ִ. mysql ٸ ε Ÿ Ѵ. ׷ Ϲ Ÿ NISAM . ̰ B-tree ε̸ Ű Ͽ (Ű +4)*0.67 ε ũ⸦ 밭 ִ. (̰ Ű ĵ Էµ ̴) String indexes are space compressed. If the first index part is a string, it will also be prefix compressed. Space compression makes the index file smaller if the string column has a lot of trailing space or is a VARCHAR column that is not always used to the full length. Prefix compression helps if there are many strings with an identical prefix. ڿ ε ȴ. ù° ε κ ڿ̶, prefix ȴ. ڿ ÷ ٷ trailing space ų ̸ ʴ VARCHAR ÷ space ε ۰ . prefix ڿ prefix ϴ. {{ }} 11. mysql ġũ Ʈ ⿡ mysql ġũ Ʈ(׸ crash-me)  Ѵ. ׷ ۼ ʾҴ. μ 'bench' 丮 ڵ 캸ƾ Ѵ.( 캼 ִ. ̰ ڿ ־ SQL Ǵ ƴ ˷ ִ ġũ̴. crash-me Ǹ Ͽ ͺ̽ ϴ ɰ ɷ, ѻ ϴ α׷̴. Ѵ: ϴ ÷ Ÿ ϴ ε ϴ ִ ũ VARCHAR ÷ ִ ũ 12. mysql ƿƼ 12.1 پ mysql α׷ mysql client ̺귯 Ͽ ϴ mysql Ŭ ̾Ʈ ȯ Ѵ: +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | Name | Description | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL_UNIX_PORT | ⺻ . ȣƮ | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL_TCP_PORT | ⺻ TCP/IP port | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL_PWD | ⺻ н | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL_DEBUG | Debug-trace ɼ | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | TMPDIR | ӽ ̺/ Ǵ 丮 | +-------------------+--------------------------------------------+ MYSQL_PWD ϴ ȿ ϴ. 6.2 [Connecting] . 'mysql' Ŭ̾Ʈ 丮 ȯ ϱ MYSQL_HISTFILE ̶ Ѵ. MYSQL α׷ ſ پ ɼ ִ. ׷ MYSQL ׷ --help ɼ Ѵ. --help ɼ ̿ α׷ پ ɼǿ ִ. , mysql --help . Ʒ mysql α׷ ؼ ϰ ִ: isamchk : mysql ̺ , , ȭ, ƿƼ. ֱ 忡 ڼ ϰ ִ. 13 . make_binary_release : ϵ mysql ̳ʸ . ٸ myql Ǹ ftp.tcx.e '/pub/mysql/Incoming' ø . msql2mysql : msql α׷ mysql ȯϴ ũƮ. ٷ ȯҶ ̴. mysql : SQL . (GNU readline ȣȯ) ȣȭ ȭ ִ. ȭ ϴ , ƽŰ- ̺ µȴ. ȭ , µȴ. ( ɼ ̿ ٲ ִ) ũƮ ִ: shell> mysql database < script.sql > output.tab Ŭ̾Ʈ ޸𸮰 ؼ --quick ɼ . ׷ mysql_store_result() mysql_use_result() Ѵ. mysqlaccess : host, user, database ũƮ. mysqladmin : ͺ̽ , ̺ ε, ũ ̺ ÷, α ϴ ڿ ƿƼ. mysqladmin , μ, (status) Ȯ ִ. mysqlbug : mysql Ʈ ũƮ. mysql ׸ ˸ ũƮ. mysqld : SQL . ׻ ǰ ־ Ѵ. mysqldump : mysql ͺ̽ SQL ̳ е ؽ Ϸ ϴ ƿƼ. mysqlimport : LOAD DATA INFILE ؽƮ ڷḦ ̺ Էϴ ƿƼ. 12.2 . mysqlshow : ͺ̽, ̺, ÷ ε mysql_install_db : ⺻ MYSQL ̺ . ó ġ ȴ. replace : msql2mysql Ǵ ƿƼ̴. ׷ پϰ ִ. ̳ ǥ Է ڿ ü ִ. ڿ Īϱ ѵ Ȳ ýۿ (** ??) üϴµ ִ. ɾ Ͽ a b üѴ: shell> replace a b b a -- file1 file2 ... safe_mysqld : mysqld ϴ ũƮ. ϰ α Ͽ ϴ  å . 12. 2 ؽƮ Ͽ Է(?)ϱ mysqlimport ̽ LOAD DATA INFILE sql . κ ɼ LOAD DATA INFILE ϴ. 7.15 [Load] . Ѵ: shell> mysqlimport [options] filename ... ࿡ ؽƮ Ͽ Ͽ, mysqlimport ̸ Ȯ ڸ Ѵ. ׸  ̺ ϴµ Ѵ. vkdlfdlfmadl 'patient.txt', 'patient.text', 'patient' patient ̺ ̸ Էµ ̴. mysqlimport ɼ Ѵ: -C, --compress : , Ŭ̾Ʈ ϸ /Ŭ̾Ʈ ̿ Ѵ -#, --debug[=option_string] : α׷ () -d, --delete : ؽƮ Ͽ Էϱ ̺ --fields-terminated-by=... --fields-enclosed-by=... --fields-optionally-enclosed-by=... --fields-escaped-by=... --fields-terminated-by=... : LODA DATA INFILE ɼǰ ɼ -f, --force : .ؽƮ ̺ , ٸ ִ ó(if a table for a text file doesn't exist, continue processing any remaining files) ɼ , ̺ ´ --help : -h host_name, --host=host_name : ȣƮ mysql Ÿ Է. ⺻ localhost -i, --ignore : --replace ɼ . -l, --lock-tables : ؽƮ Ϸ óϱ ̺ Ǵ. ׷ ̺ ȭ ִ. -L, --local : Ŭ̾Ʈ Է . ⺻, localhost ϸ ؽƮ ִٰ ȴ. -pyour_pass, --password[=your_pass] : ϴ ȣ. '=your_pass' ͹̳ο йȣ  -P port_num, --port=port_num : ȣƮ ϴ TCP/IP . (localhost ƴ ȣƮ . н ϴ ) -r, --replace : --replace --ignore ɼ unique key ڵ尡 ߺǾ 쿡 ȴ. --replcae , unique key ִ ڵ带 üѴ. --ignore , unique key ڵ ȴ. ɼ ʴ´ٸ, ߺǴ Ű ߰ߵǸ ϰ ؽƮ κ ȴ. -s, --silent : ħ . ߻ . -S /path/to/socket, --socket=/path/to/socket : ȣƮ(⺻ ȣƮ ) ϴ . -u user_name, --user=user_name : ϴ mysql ̸. ⺻ н α ̸. -v, --verbose : Verbose . α׷ ࿡ . -V, --version : . 12.3 mysql б ̺ ** κ . ϰ Ұ մϴ ** pack_isam 10 ̼ ̻ ϰų extended support ִ ߰ ƿƼ. ̳ʸθ ϹǷ Ư ÷ . 40%-70% ̴. ޸𸮸 ϹǷ (mmap()) mmap() ۵ . ϰ б ̺ Ǹ BLOB Į Ѵ. ִ mysql б ̺ д ϴ. Ÿ ڼ Ŵ . 13. ̺ ļ isamchk ϱ ͺ̽ ̺ , ̺ , ȭ isamchk ƿƼ ִ.  isamchk ϴ(ɼǿ ), ̺ ȹ  ,  isamchk پ ϱ isamchk ϴ ϰ ִ. 13.1 isamchk ɾ isamchk Ѵ: shell> isamchk [options] tbl_name ɼ isamchk Ѵ. Ʒ Ѵ. (isamchk --help ɼ ִ) ɼ , isamchk ̺ Ѵ. ϰų Ư ۾ ʿϸ Ʒ ϴµ ɼ Ѵ. tbl_name ϱ ϴ ͺ̽ ̴̺. ͺ̽ 丮 ƴ ٸ isamchk ϸ, θ ؾ . ֳϸ isamchk ͺ̽ ġ ؼ ϱ ̴. , isamchk ۾Ϸ ͺ̽ 丮 ƴ Ű ʴ´; ͺ̽ ̺ شϴ ٸ ϰ װ ۾ ִ. Ѵٸ isamchk ࿡ ̺ ִ. ̸ ε ̸('.ISM' ) ̷ '*.ISM' Ͽ 丮 ̺ ִ. ͺ̽ 丮 ִٸ 丮 ̺ ִ: shell> isamchk *.ISM If you are not in the database directory, you can check all the tables there by specifying the path to the directory: ͺ̽ 丮 , 丮 θ Ͽ ̺ ִ. shell> isamchk /path/to/database_dir/*.ISM mysql data 丮 θ ϵ ī带 Ͽ ͺ̽ ̺ ִ: shell> isamchk /path/to/datadir/*/*.ISM isamchk ɼ Ѵ: -a, --analyze Analyze the distribution of keys. This will make some joins in MySQL faster. Ű м. mysql Ư . -#, --debug=debug_options Output debug log. The debug_options string often is 'd:t:o,filename'. α . debug_options ڴ 'd:t:o,filename' ̴. -d, --description ̺ -e, --extend-check ̺ ſ ϰ . Ư 쿡 ʿϴ. Ϲ isamchk ɼ  ã ִ. -f, --force Overwrite old temporary files. If you use -f when checking tables (running isamchk without -r), isamchk will automatically restart with -r on any table for which an error occurs during checking. ӽ . ̺ Ҷ -f ϸ(-r isamchk ) isamchk ϴ ߻ϴ ̺ -r ɼ Ѵ. --help . -i, --information ̺ . -k #, --keys-used=# Used with -r. Tell the NISAM table handler to update only the first # indexes. Higher-numbered indexes are deactivated. This can be used to get faster inserts! Deactivated indexes can be reactivated by using isamchk -r. -r Բ . NISAM ̺ ڵ鷯 ù # ε Ʈ϶ ˷ش. Higher-numberd(?) ε ȴ. ̰ insert Ҷ Ѵ! ε isamchk -r Ͽ Ȱȭ ȴ. -l, --no-symlinks Ҷ ɺ ũ ʴ´. Ϲ isamchk ɺ ũ Ű ̺ Ѵ. -q, --quick ϱ -r Բ . Ϲ Ÿ ǵ帮 ʴ´; ι° -q Ͽ Ÿ ϵ ִ. -r, --recover . ʴ unique Ű ϰ . -o, --safe-recover . ; -r Ͽ ϴ ͺ . ׷ -r ٷ  쿡 ִ. (** -r ٷ 𸣰ڳ׿... **) -O var=option, --set-variable var=option . Ʒ . -s, --silent ħ . ߻ Ѵ. ΰ -s(-ss) ϸ isamchk ſ ϰ ۾ ִ. -S, --sort-index Sort index blocks. This speeds up "read-next" in applications. ε . ø̼ǿ "read-next" ӵ .(??) -R index_num, --sort-records=index_num ε ڵ带 . ۾ ϸ Ÿ ߽ų ְ ε SELECT ORDER BY ۾ ӵ ų ִ. (ó ϴ ð ſ !) ̺ ε ȣ ã SHOW INDEX Ѵ. SHOW INDEX isamchk ϴ Ͱ ̺ ε ش. ε 1 Ͽ ȣ Ű. -u, --unpack Unpack a table that was packed with pack_isam. pack_isam ̺ . -v, --verbose Verbose . . -d -e Բ ִ. -v (-vv, -vvv)Ͽ ڼϰ ִ. -V, --version isamchk . -w, --wait ̺ ɷ ٸ. --set-variable (-O) ɼ : keybuffer default value: 520192 readbuffer default value: 262136 writebuffer default value: 262136 sortbuffer default value: 2097144 sort_key_blocks default value: 16 decode_bits default value: 9 13.2 isamchk ޸ Memory allocation is important when you run isamchk. isamchk uses no more memory than you specify with the -O options. If you are going to use isamchk on very large files, you should first decide how much memory you want it to use. The default is to use only about 3M to fix things. By using larger values, you can get isamchk to operate faster. For example, if you have more than 32M RAM, you could use options such as these (in addition to any other options you might specify): ޸ Ҵ isamchk ߿ϴ.isamchk -O ɼǿ ̻ ޸𸮸 ʴ´. ſ ū Ͽ isamchk Ϸ ϸ, 󸶸 ޸𸮸 ؾ Ѵ. ⺻ ġµ 3M Ѵ. isamchk ִ. 32M ̻ ִٸ ɼ ִ. (ڰ ɼǿ ߰Ͽ): shell> isamchk -O sortbuffer=16M -O keybuffer=16M \ -O readbuffer=1M -O writebuffer=1M ... -O sortbuffer=16M ϸ κ 쿡 ϴ. Be aware that isamchk uses temporary files in TMPDIR. If TMPDIR points to a memory file system, you may easily get out of memory errors. isamchk TMPDIR ӽ Ѵٴ Ϳ . TMPDIR ޸ ý Ųٸ ޸  . 13. 3 ̺ 涧 ٸ ͺ ̺ ϴ . ȹ Ͽ isamchk -s ̺ ִ. -s ɼ ϸ isamchk ħ ۵ ϸ ߻ ޽ Ѵ. Ҷ ̺ ϴ ͵ ̴. Ʈ ߿ ý Ϲ ̺(̰ "expected crashed table"̶ Ѵ) ؾ Ѵ. '.pid' (μ ID) Ŀ ִٸ ֱ 24ð ̺ ϱ safe_mysqld isamchk ϴ ׽Ʈ ߰ؾ Ѵ.('.pid' mysqld Ҷ Ϲ mysqld ɶ ŵȴ. ý Ҷ '.pid' ִٴ mysqld Ǿٴ Ÿ.) ׽Ʈ ֱٿ ð '.pid' Ϻ ֱ ̺ ϴ ̴. Ϲ ý ߿ ̺ ִ. TcX 'crontab' Ͽ Ͽ Ͽ ѹ 츮 ߿ ̺ ϵ cron ۾ : 35 0 * * 0 /path/to/isamchk -s /path/to/datadir/*/*.ISM ̷ ϸ ջ ̺ Ͽ ʿҶ ̺ ϰ ִ. ⵿ 츮 ϰ ̺ ջ(ϵ ƴ ̺) 찡  츮 ϸε ϴ. (̰ ̴) 츮ŭ mysql ŷڸ ֱ 24ð Ʈ ̺ 㸶 isamchk -s õѴ. 13.4 ̺ ̺ 踦 Ʒ . ڿ ڼϰ ̴. isamchk -d tbl_name ̺ "describe() " isamchk . mysql --skip-locking ɼ ϸ, isamchk Ǵ Ʈ ̺ Ѵ. isamchk describe 忡 ̺ ϱ Ÿ . isamchk -d -v tbl_name isamchk ϴ Ϳ ڼ -v ɼ ߰ Ͽ verbose ִ. isamchk -eis tbl_name ̺ ߿ ش. ü ̺ о ϱ ӵ . isamchk -eiv tbl_name -eiv ǰ ִ ش. isamchk -d : ISAM file: company.ISM Data records: 1403698 Deleted blocks: 0 Recordlength: 226 Record format: Fixed length table description: Key Start Len Index Type 1 2 8 unique double 2 15 10 multip. text packed stripped 3 219 8 multip. double 4 63 10 multip. text packed stripped 5 167 2 multip. unsigned short 6 177 4 multip. unsigned long 7 155 4 multip. text 8 138 4 multip. unsigned long 9 177 4 multip. unsigned long 193 1 text isamchk -d -v : ISAM file: company.ISM Isam-version: 2 Creation time: 1996-08-28 11:44:22 Recover time: 1997-01-12 18:35:29 Data records: 1403698 Deleted blocks: 0 Datafile: Parts: 1403698 Deleted data: 0 Datafilepointer (bytes): 3 Keyfile pointer (bytes): 3 Max datafile length: 3791650815 Max keyfile length: 4294967294 Recordlength: 226 Record format: Fixed length table description: Key Start Len Index Type Root Blocksize Rec/key 1 2 8 unique double 15845376 1024 1 2 15 10 multip. text packed stripped 25062400 1024 2 3 219 8 multip. double 40907776 1024 73 4 63 10 multip. text packed stripped 48097280 1024 5 5 167 2 multip. unsigned short 55200768 1024 4840 6 177 4 multip. unsigned long 65145856 1024 1346 7 155 4 multip. text 75090944 1024 4995 8 138 4 multip. unsigned long 85036032 1024 87 9 177 4 multip. unsigned long 96481280 1024 178 193 1 text Example of isamchk -eis : Checking ISAM file: company.ISM Key: 1: Keyblocks used: 97% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4 Key: 2: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 50% Max levels: 4 Key: 3: Keyblocks used: 97% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4 Key: 4: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 60% Max levels: 3 Key: 5: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3 Key: 6: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3 Key: 7: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3 Key: 8: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3 Key: 9: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4 Total: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 17% Records: 1403698 M.recordlength: 226 Packed: 0% Recordspace used: 100% Empty space: 0% Blocks/Record: 1.00 Recordblocks: 1403698 Deleteblocks: 0 Recorddata: 317235748 Deleted data: 0 Lost space: 0 Linkdata: 0 User time 1626.51, System time 232.36 Maximum resident set size 0, Integral resident set size 0 Non physical pagefaults 0, Physical pagefaults 627, Swaps 0 Blocks in 0 out 0, Messages in 0 out 0, Signals 0 Voluntary context switches 639, Involuntary context switches 28966 isamchk -eiv : Checking ISAM file: company.ISM Data records: 1403698 Deleted blocks: 0 - check file-size - check delete-chain index 1: index 2: index 3: index 4: index 5: index 6: index 7: index 8: index 9: No recordlinks - check index reference - check data record references index: 1 Key: 1: Keyblocks used: 97% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4 - check data record references index: 2 Key: 2: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 50% Max levels: 4 - check data record references index: 3 Key: 3: Keyblocks used: 97% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4 - check data record references index: 4 Key: 4: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 60% Max levels: 3 - check data record references index: 5 Key: 5: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3 - check data record references index: 6 Key: 6: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3 - check data record references index: 7 Key: 7: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3 - check data record references index: 8 Key: 8: Keyblocks used: 99% Packed: 0% Max levels: 3 - check data record references index: 9 Key: 9: Keyblocks used: 98% Packed: 0% Max levels: 4 Total: Keyblocks used: 9% Packed: 17% - check records and index references [LOTS OF ROW NUMBERS DELETED] Records: 1403698 M.recordlength: 226 Packed: 0% Recordspace used: 100% Empty space: 0% Blocks/Record: 1.00 Recordblocks: 1403698 Deleteblocks: 0 Recorddata: 317235748 Deleted data: 0 Lost space: 0 Linkdata: 0 User time 1639.63, System time 251.61 Maximum resident set size 0, Integral resident set size 0 Non physical pagefaults 0, Physical pagefaults 10580, Swaps 0 Blocks in 4 out 0, Messages in 0 out 0, Signals 0 Voluntary context switches 10604, Involuntary context switches 122798 ̺ Ÿ ε ũ̴: -rw-rw-r-- 1 monty tcx 317235748 Jan 12 17:30 company.ISD -rw-rw-r-- 1 davida tcx 96482304 Jan 12 18:35 company.ISM isamchk ϴ ŸԿ Ʒ . "keyfile" ε ̴. "Record" "row" ̴. ISAM file ISAM (index) ̸. Isam-version ISAM . ׻ 2. Creation time Ÿ ð. Recover time ε/Ÿ ֱٿ ð. Data records ̺ ִ ڵ . Deleted blocks ϰ ִ . ̷ ̱ ̺ ȭ ִ. 13.5.3 [ȭ] . Datafile: Parts ڵ , 󸶳 Ÿ ִ ˸. ȭ ڵ尡 ȭ ̺ Data records . Deleted data ȸ Ÿ Ʈ . ̷ ֱ ̺ ȭ ִ. 13.5.3 [ȭ] . Datafile pointer Ÿ ũ Ʈ. Ϲ 2,3,4,5 Ʈ̴. κ ̺ 2Ʈ Ѵ. ׷ mysql  . ̺ ̴ ڵ ּ(address)̴. ̺ ̴ Ʈ ּ . Keyfile pointer ε ũ Ʈ. Ϲ 1,2,3 Ʈ . ̺ 2Ʈ Ѵ. ׷ ũ mysql ȴ. ׻ ̴ּ. Max datafile length ̺ (.ISD ) ִ ũ. Ʈ. Max keyfile length ̺ key file(.ISM ) ִ ũ. Ʈ. Recordlength ڵ尡 ϰ ִ . Ʈ. Record format ̺ ڵ带 ϴµ . ̸ ϰ ִ. ٸ Compressed Packed ̴. table description ̺ Ű . Ű ڼ : Key Ű . Start Where in the record this index part starts. ڵ忡 ε ϴ ġ. Len How long this index part is. For packed numbers, this should always be the full length of the column. For strings, it may be shorter than the full length of the indexed column, because you can index a prefix of a string column. ε κ . For packed numbers( ڸ ??? ̻..), ÷ ѱ̰ Ǿ Ѵ. ڿ ε ̺ ۾ƾ Ѵ. ֳϸ ڿ ÷ տ ε.... Index ε ִ Ÿ . Type ε κ Ÿ. packed, stripped, empty ɼ NISAM Ÿ Ÿ̴. Root Ʈ ε ּ. Blocksize ε ũ.⺻ 1024̴. ׷ ִ. Rec/key This is a statistical value used by the optimizer. It tells how many records there are per value for this key. A unique key always has a value of 1. This may be updated after a table is loaded (or greatly changed) with isamchk -a. If this is not updated at all, a default value of 30 is given. ȭ(optimizer) ϴ . It tells how many records there are per value for this key. unique Ű ׻ 1 . isamchk -a ̺ ε Ŀ(Ǵ ſ Ǿ) Ʈȴ. Ʈ ⺻ 30 ־. ù° , 9° Ű κκ Ƽ-Ʈ Ű̴. Keyblocks used What percentage of the keyblocks are used. Since the table used in the examples had just been reorganized with isamchk, the values are very high (very near the theoretical maximum). Ű ϰ ִ .(%) ̺ isamchk ȭ(reorganize)Ǿ ſ .(̷ ִ밪 ) Packed MySQL tries to pack keys with a common suffix. This can only be used for CHAR/VARCHAR/DECIM AL keys. For long strings like names, this can significantly reduce the space used. In the third example above, the 4th key is 10 characters long and a 60% reduction in space is achieved. .... ̸ long ڿ δ. ° 4° Ű 10 long ̰ 60% پ. (** ȵǴµ ̻簰 ٿ ڿ ׷ ̰ **) Max levels How deep the B-tree for this key is. Large tables with long keys get high values. Records ̺ ڵ. M.recordlength ڵ . 渮 ڵ ̺ ̿ . Packed MySQL strips spaces from the end of strings. The Packed value indicates the percentage savings achieved by doing this. mysql ڳ Ѵ.Packed value ̷ ؼ Ѵ. Recordspace used Ÿ ϴ . Empty space Ÿ ʴ . Blocks/Record ڵ .(, ȭ ڵ尡  ũ Ǿ ִ) - ̺ ׻ 1̴. 1 ؾѴ. ʹ Ŀ isamchk ̺ ȭ (reorganize)ؾ Ѵ. 13.5.3 [Optimizaiton] . Recordblocks ϴ (ũ). ˿ ̰ ڵ . Deleteblocks (ũ). Recorddata Ÿ ϴ Ʈ. Deleted data Ͽ ( ʴ) Ʈ. Lost space ڵ尡 ſ ª ̷ ƮǸ ణ Ұ . ̷ bytes հ̴. Linkdata ̺ ,ڵ ͷ ũ .Linkdata ̷ Ϳ ϴ ̴. pack_isam ̺ , isamchk -d ̺ ÷ ߰ Ѵ.̷ ǹϴ ؼ 12.3 [pack_isam] . 13.5 ļ isamchk ϱ. mysql Ÿ ϴµ ϴ ϰ ׽Ʈ Ǿ. ׷ ͺ̽ ̺ ջ ִ ܺ Ȳ ׻ ִ: ߿ mysqld μ ׾. ġ ϰ ǻͰ ˴ٿǾ ( , ǻ ) ϵ ̹ mysql ͺ̽ data ջ üũϰ ̿ ó ϴ ؼ Ѵ. ջ ۾ ͺ̽ ̺ tbl_name ͺ 丮 Ͽ Ѵٴ Ϳ ؼ ϰ ִ ϴ: 뵵 `tbl_name.frm' ̺ () `tbl_name.ISD' Ÿ `tbl_name.ISM' ε Ÿ پ ջ Ѵ. ׷ κ Ÿ ϰ ε Ͽ . isamchk '.ISD' (Ÿ) 纹 ۾ Ѵ. '.ISD' ϰ ο ̸ ٲٸ鼭 ۾ ģ. --quick ɼ ϸ isamchk ӽ '.ISD' ʴ´. '.ISD' Ȯϴٰ Ͽ '.ISD' մ ʰ ο ε ϸ Ѵ. isamchk ڵ 'ISD' ջǾ Ȯϰ ջǾ ۾ Ƿ --quick ɼ ϴ ϴ. ΰ -quick ɼ ִ. ̷ Ư (ߺ Ű ) Ҹ '.ISD' Ͽ ذϷ Ѵ.Ϲ ΰ --quick ɼ ϴ ۾ ϱ ũ 쿡 ϴ. ̷ isamchk ϱ ּ ƾ Ѵ. 13.5.1 ̺ ̺ ϱ Ѵ: : isamchk tbl_name 99.99% ߰ ִ. ߰ ϴ Ÿ ϰ õ ջ̴.(Ϲ ʴ´) ̺ ϰ Ѵٸ Ϲδ ƹ ɼ ʰų -s --silent ɼ ־ isamchk ϴ ̴. isamchk -e tbl_name ɼ ͸ ϰ Ѵ.( -e "extended check" ǹѴ) Ű Ȯ ڵ带 Ű ִ .It does a check-read of every key for each row to verify that they indeed point to the correct row. Ű ū ̺ ð ɸ. isamchk Ϲ ù° ߰ϸ . Ѵٸ, --verbose (-v) ɼ ߰ ִ. ɼ ߰ϸ isamchk ִ 20 Ѵ. Ϲδ isamchk (̺ ̸ ܿ ƹ μ ) ϴ. isamchk -e -i tbl_name ɰ . ׷ -i ɼ ̸ isamchk 踦 Ѵ. 13.5.2 ̺ ջ ̺ ¡Ĵ Ϲ ǰ ڱ ǰ : `tbl_name.frm' is locked against change Can't find file `tbl_name.ISM' (Errcode: ###) Got error ### from table handler (Error 135 is an exception in this case) Unexpected end of file Record file is crashed ̷ , ̺ ľ Ѵ. isamchk Ϲ ߸ ϰ κ ģ. Ʒ ϴ´ 4ܰ谡 ִ.ϱ Ÿ̽ 丮 ̵ϰ(cd ̿) ̺ ۹̼ Ȯؾ Ѵ. mysqld մ н ڰ ִ Ȯؾ Ѵ. ( ۾ Ϸ . ֳϸ Ϸ Ͽ ؾ ϱ ̴) ؾ Ѵٸ Ͽ Ѵ. 1ܰ : ̺ isamchk *.ISM Ǵ ( ð ִٸ isamchk -e *.ISM). ʿ -s (silent) ɼ Ѵ. isamchk ִٰ ˸ ̺ ľ Ѵ. ̷ ̺ 2ܰ Ѿ. ϸ鼭 (out of memory ) Ǵ isamchk ߾ 3ܰ Ѿ. 2ܰ : isamchk -r -r tbl_name õѴ. (-r -q " " ǹ) ̰ Ÿ մ ʰ ε õѴ. Ÿ Ǿ ְ ũ Ÿ ϳ Ȯ ġ Ű ִٸ, Ȱϰ ۵ ϰ ̺ ĥ ̴.(If the data file contains everything that it should and the delete links point at the correct locations within the data file, this should work and the table is fixed.) ̺ ġ. װ ƴ϶ Ѵ: 1. ϱ Ÿ 2. isamchk -r tbl_name .(-r " " ǹ) ׷ Ÿ Ͽ Ȯ ڵ ڵ带 ϰ ε 籸Ѵ. 3. ϸ, isamchk --safe_recover tbl_name . Safe recovery ϸ Ϲ  쿡 ִ.(׷ ) ϸ鼭 (out of memory ) Ǵ isamchk ߾ 3ܰ Ѿ. 3ܰ : ε ù 16k ıǰų Ȯ , Ǵ ε 쿡 ̹ ܰ ´. ̰ ο ε Ѵ. : 1. Ÿ ҷ ̵. 2. ο() Ÿ ε table description : shell> mysql db_name mysql> DELETE FROM tbl_name; mysql> quit 3. Ÿ Ӱ Ϸ . ( Ÿ ο Ϸ ű ; ߸Ǿ 纻 ϱ ̴) 2ܰ . isamchk -r -q ۵ ̴. ( Ǹ ȵȴ. This shouldn't be an endless loop). 4ܰ : ſ description ջ Ծ 쿡 ̹ ܰ ´. description ̺ Ŀ ʱ , ̷ ܼ ȵȴ. 1. description 3ܰ Ѿ. ε ְ 2ܰ Ѿ. isamchk -r ؾ Ѵ. 2. Ȯ  ̺ ˰ ٸ, ͺ̽ ̺ 纻 . ο Ÿ ϰ ٸ ͺ̽ description ε ջ ͺ̽ ű. ̷ ϸ ο description ε Ÿ ϸ ִ. 2ܰ ε 籸Ѵ. 13.5.3 ̺ ȭ ڵ带 ϰų ׷̵ ϸ鼭 ȭ ڵ带 ʿϰ ϱ isamchk : shell> isamchk -r tbl_name SQL OPTIMIZE TABLE ̿Ͽ ̺ ȭ ִ. OPTIMIZE TABLE isamchk . isamchk ̺ ų ִ  ɼ ִ: -S, --sort-index high-low ε Ʈ . ˻ ȭϰ Ű ̺ ˻ Ѵ. -R index_num, --sort-records=index_num ε ڵ带 . Ÿ ȭϰ ε ϴ SELECT ORDER BY ۷̼ ӵ Ų. (ó ϴ ð û !) ̺ ε ȣ ȮϷ SHOW INDEX ϸ Ǹ, SHOW INDEX isamchk ˻ϴ ̺ ε ش. ε 1 ȣ Ű. -a, --analyze ̺ Ű м. ߿ ̺ ڵ带 Ų. 14 Adding new functions to MySQL There are two ways to add new functions to MySQL: You can add the function through the user-definable function (UDF) interface. User-definable functions are added and removed dynamically using the CREATE FUNCTION and DROP FUNCTION statements. See section 7.29 CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION syntax. You can add the function as a native (built in) MySQL function. Native functions are compiled into the mysqld server and become available on a permanent basis. Each method has advantages and disadvantages: If you write a user-definable function, you must install the object file in addition to the server itself. If you compile your function into the server, you don't need to do that. You can add UDFs to a binary MySQL distribution. Native functions require you to modify a source distribution. If you upgrade your MySQL distribution, you can continue to use your previously-installed UDFs. For native functions, you must repeat your modifications each time you upgrade. Whichever method you use to add new functions, they may be used just like native functions such as ABS() or SOUNDEX(). 14.1 Adding a new user-definable function For the UDF mechanism to work, functions must be written in C or C++ and your operating system must support dynamic loading. The MySQL source distribution includes a file `sql/udf_example.cc' that defines 5 new functions. Consult this file to see how UDF calling conventions work. For each function that you want to use in SQL statements, you should define corresponding C (or C++) functions. In the discussion below, the name ``xxx'' is used for an example function name. To distinquish between SQL and C/C++ usage, XXX() (uppercase) indicates a SQL function call, and xxx() (lowercase) indicates a C/C++ function call. The C/C++ functions that you write to implement the inferface for XXX() are: xxx() (required) The main function. This is where the function result is computed. The correspondence between the SQL type and return type of your C/C++ function is shown below: +------------+--------------+ | SQL type | C/C++ type | +------------+--------------+ | STRING | char * | +------------+--------------+ | INTEGER | long long | +------------+--------------+ | REAL | double | +------------+--------------+ xxx_init() (optional) The initialization function for xxx(). It can be used to: Check the number of arguments to XXX() Check that the arguments are of a required type, or, alternatively, tell MySQL to coerce arguments to the types you want when the main function is called Allocate any memory required by the main function Specify the maximum length of the result Specify (for REAL functions) the maximum number of decimals Specify whether or not the result can be NULL xxx_deinit() (optional) The deinitialization function for xxx(). It should deallocate any memory allocated by the initialization function. When a SQL statement invokes XXX(), MySQL calls the initialization function xxx_init() to let it perform any required setup, such as argument checking or memory allocation. If xxx_init() returns an error, the SQL statement is aborted with an error message and the main and deinitialization functions are not called. Otherwise, the main function xxx() is called once for each row. After all rows have been processed, the deinitialization function xxx_deinit() is called so it can perform any required cleanup. All functions must be thread-safe (not just the main function, but the initialization and deinitialization functions as well). This means that you are not allowed to allocate any global or static variables that change! If you need memory, you should allocate it in xxx_init() and free it in xxx_deinit(). 14.1.1 UDF calling sequences The main function should be declared as shown below. Note that the return type and parameters differ, depending on whether you will declare the SQL function XXX() to return STRING, INTEGER or REAL in the CREATE FUNCTION statement: For STRING functions: char *xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args, char *result, unsigned long *length, char *is_null, char *error); For INTEGER functions: long long xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args, char *is_null, char *error); For REAL functions: double xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args, char *is_null, char *error); The initialization and deinitialization functions are declared like this: my_bool xxx_init(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args, char *message); void xxx_deinit(UDF_INIT *initid); The initid parameter is passed to all three functions. It points to a UDF_INIT structure that is used to communicate information between functions. The UDF_INIT structure members are listed below. The initialization function should fill in any members that it wishes to change. (To use the default for a member, leave it unchanged.) my_bool maybe_null xxx_init() should set maybe_null to 1 if xxx() can return NULL. The default value is 1 if any of the arguments are declared maybe_null. unsigned int decimals Number of decimals. The default value is the maximum number of decimals in the arguments passed to the main function. (For example, if the function is passed 1.34, 1.345 and 1.3, the default would be 3, since 1.345 has 3 decimals. unsigned int max_length The maximum length of the string result. The default value differs depending on the result type of the function. For string functions, the default is the length of the longest argument. For integer functions, the default is 21 digits. For real functions, the default is 13 plus the number of decimals indicated by initid->decimals. (For numeric functions, the length includes any sign or decimal point characters.) char *ptr A pointer that the function can use for its own purposes. For example, functions can use initid->ptr to communicate allocated memory between functions. In xxx_init(), allocate the memory and assign it to this pointer: initid->ptr = allocated_memory; In xxx() and xxx_deinit(), refer to initid->ptr to use or deallocate the memory. 14.1.2 Argument processing The args parameter points to a UDF_ARGS structure which has the members listed below: unsigned int arg_count The number of arguments. Check this value in the initialization function if you want your function to be called with a particular number of arguments. For example: if (args->arg_count != 2) { strcpy(message,"XXX() requires two arguments"); return 1; } enum Item_result *arg_type The types for each argument. The possible type values are STRING_RESULT, INT_RESULT and REAL_RESULT. To make sure that arguments are of a given type and return an error if they are not, check the arg_type array in the initialization function. For example: if (args->arg_type[0] != STRING_RESULT && args->arg_type[1] != INT_RESULT) { strcpy(message,"XXX() requires a string and an integer"); return 1; } As an alternative to requiring your function's arguments to be of particular types, you can use the initialization function to set the arg_type elements to the types you want. This causes MySQL to coerce arguments to those types for each call to xxx(). For example, to specify coercion of the first two arguments to string and integer, do this in xxx_init(): args->arg_type[0] = STRING_RESULT; args->arg_type[1] = INT_RESULT; char **args args->args communicates information to the initialization function about the general nature of the arguments your function was called with. For a constant argument i, args->args[i] points to the argument value. (See below for instructions on how to access the value properly.) For a non-constant argument, args->args[i] is 0. A constant argument is an expression that uses only constants, such as 3 or 4*7-2 or SIN(3.14). A non-constant argument is an expression that refers to values that may change from row to row, such as column names or functions that are called with non-constant arguments. For each invocation of the main function, args->args contains the actual arguments that are passed for the row currently being processed. Functions can refer to an argument i as follows: An argument of type STRING_RESULT is given as a string pointer plus a length, to allow handling of binary data or data of arbitrary length. The string contents are available as args->args[i] and the string length is args->lengths[i]. You should not assume that strings are null-terminated. For an argument of type INT_RESULT, you must cast args->args[i] to a long long value: long long int_val; int_val = *((long long*) args->args[i]); For an argument of type REAL_RESULT, you must cast args->args[i] to a double value: double real_val; real_val = *((double*) args->args[i]); unsigned long *lengths For the initialization function, the lengths array indicates the maximum string length for each argument. For each invocation of the main function, lengths contains the actual lengths of any string arguments that are passed for the row currently being processed. For arguments of types INT_RESULT or REAL_RESULT, lengths still contains the maximum length of the argument (as for the initialization function). 14.1.3 Return values and error handling The initialization function should return 0 if no error occurred and 1 otherwise. If an error occurs, xxx_init() should store a null-terminated error message in the message parameter. The message will be returned to the client. The message buffer is MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE characters long, but you should try to keep the message to less than 80 characters so that it fits the width of a standard terminal screen. The return value of the main function xxx() is the function value, for long long and double functions. For string functions, the string is returned in the result and length arguments. result is a buffer at least 255 bytes long. Set these to the contents and length of the return value. For example: memcpy(result, "result string", 13); *length = 13; The string function return value normally also points to the result. To indicate a return value of NULL in the main function, set is_null to 1: *is_null = 1; To indicate an error return in the main function, set the error parameter to 1: *error = 1; If xxx() sets *error to 1 for any row, the function value is NULL for the current row and for any subsequent rows processed by the statement in which XXX() was invoked. (xxx() will not even be called for subsequent rows.) Note: In MySQL versions prior to 3.22.10, you should set both *error and *is_null: *error = 1; *is_null = 1; 14.1.4 Compiling and installing user-definable functions Files implementing UDFs must be compiled and installed on the host where the server runs. This process is described below for the example UDF file `udf_example.cc' that is included in the MySQL source distribution. This file contains the following functions: metaphon() returns a metaphon string of the string argument. This is something like a soundex string, but it's more tuned for English. myfunc_double() returns the sum of the ASCII values of the characters in its arguments, divided by the sum of the length of its arguments. myfunc_int() returns the sum of the length of its arguments. lookup() returns the IP number for a hostname. reverse_lookup() returns the hostname for an IP number. The function may be called with a string "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx" or four numbers. A dynamically-loadable file should be compiled as a sharable object file, using a command something like this: shell> gcc -shared -o udf_example.so myfunc.cc You can easily find out the correct compiler options for your system by running this command in the `sql' directory of your MySQL source tree: shell> make udf_example.o You should run a compile command similar to the one that make displays, except that you should remove the -c option near the end of the line and add -o udf_example.so to the end of the line. (On some systems, you may need to leave the -c on the command.) Once you compile a shared object containing UDFs, you must install it and tell MySQL about it. Compiling a shared object from `udf_example.cc' produces a file named something like `udf_example.so' (the exact name may vary from platform to platform). Copy this file to some directory searched by ld, such as `/usr/lib'. On many systems, you can set the LD_LIBRARY or LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable to point at the directory where you have your UDF function files. The dopen manual page tells you which variable you should use on your system. You should set this in mysql.server or safe_mysqld and restart mysqld. After the library is installed, notify mysqld about the new functions with these commands: mysql> CREATE FUNCTION metaphon RETURNS STRING SONAME "udf_example.so"; mysql> CREATE FUNCTION myfunc_double RETURNS REAL SONAME "udf_example.so"; mysql> CREATE FUNCTION myfunc_int RETURNS INTEGER SONAME "udf_example.so"; mysql> CREATE FUNCTION lookup RETURNS STRING SONAME "udf_example.so"; mysql> CREATE FUNCTION reverse_lookup RETURNS STRING SONAME "udf_example.so"; Functions can be deleted using DROP FUNCTION: mysql> DROP FUNCTION metaphon; mysql> DROP FUNCTION myfunc_double; mysql> DROP FUNCTION myfunc_int; mysql> DROP FUNCTION lookup; mysql> DROP FUNCTION reverse_lookup; The CREATE FUNCTION and DROP FUNCTION statements update the system table func in the mysql database. The function's name, type and shared library name are saved in the table. You must have the insert and delete privileges for the mysql database to create and drop functions. You should not use CREATE FUNCTION to add a function that has already been created. If you need to reinstall a function, you should remove it with DROP FUNCTION and then reinstall it with CREATE FUNCTION. You would need to do this, for example, if you recompile a new version of your function, so that mysqld gets the new version. Otherwise the server will continue to use the old version. Active functions are reloaded each time the server starts, unless you start mysqld with the --skip-grant-tables option. In this case, UDF initialization is skipped and UDFs are unavailable. (An active function is one that has been loaded with CREATE FUNCTION and not removed with DROP FUNCTION.) 14.2 Adding a new native function The procedure for adding a new native function is described below. Note that you cannot add native functions to a binary distribution since the procedure involves modifying MySQL source code. You must compile MySQL yourself from a source distribution. Also note that if you migrate to another version of MySQL (e.g., when a new version is released), you will need to repeat the procedure with the new version. To add a new native MySQL function, follow these steps: Add one line to `lex.h' that defines the function name in the sql_functions[] array. Add two lines to `sql_yacc.yy'. One indicates the preprocessor symbol that yacc should define (this should be added at the beginning of the file). Then define the function parameters and add an ``item'' with these parameters to the simple_expr parsing rule. For an example, check all occurrences of SOUNDEX in `sql_yacc.yy' to see how this is done. In `item_func.h', declare a class inheriting from Item_num_func or Item_str_func, depending on whether your function returns a number or a string. In `item_func.cc', add one of the following declarations, depending on whether you are defining a numeric or string function: double Item_func_newname::val() longlong Item_func_newname::val_int() String *Item_func_newname::Str(String *str) You should probably also define the following function: void Item_func_newname::fix_length_and_dec() This function should at least calculate max_length based on the given arguments. max_length is the maximum number of characters the function may return. This function should also set maybe_null = 0 if the main function can't return a NULL value. The function can check if any of the function arguments can return NULL by checking the arguments maybe_null variable. All functions must be thread-safe. For string functions, there are some additional considerations to be aware of: The String *str argument provides a string buffer that may be used to hold the result. The function should return the string that holds the result. All current string functions try to avoid allocating any memory unless absolutely necessary! 15. mysql ODBC mysql MyODBC α׷ ODBC Ѵ. 15.1 MyODBC ϴ ü MyODBC 95 NT 32Ʈ ODBC(2.50) 0 ̴̹. 3.x α׷ ֱ ٶ. (** , ɷ¾ȵ **) 15.2 MyODBC ִ ODBC ׼, Admndemo.exe, C++-, Centura Team Developer (formerly Gupta SQL/Windows), ݵǻ(ֶ󸮽), ũŻ Ʈ, , , iHTML, FileMaker Pro, , Notes 4.5/4.6, SBSS, perl DBD-ODBC, Ķ󵶽, Ŀ, VC++, ־ ׽ õǾ. MyODBC ۵ϴ ٸ ø̼ myodbc@tcx.se ּ~ (** ־ μ **) εġ, ODBC Ŵ α ϰ MyODBC α׿ ؼ ˰ ʹ. ̷ ̳ ̴µ ̴. MyODBC log MyODBC / ȭ 'Trace MyODBC' ǿ üũ Ѵ. α״ `c:\myodbc.log' ϵ ̴. ɼ ۵Ϸ MYSQL2.DLL ƴ϶ MYSQL.DLL ؾ Ѵٴ ! 15.3 MyODBC ۵ϴ α׷ κ α׷ myodbc ۵Ѵ. ׷ Ʒ Ͽ ִ 츮 ׽Ͽų ٸ ۵Ѵٰ Ȯ ̴:: ׼ ׼ʹ ۵Ѵ: - ̺ ̸Ӹ Ű ؾ Ѵ. - Ʈ DZ ϴ ̺ timestamp . - double float ʵ常 ؾ Ѵ. single floats ϸ Ѵ. - mysql 'Return matching rows' ɼ ʵ忡 üũ . - NT ׼ BLOB ÷ OLE OBJECTS Ѵ. MEMO ÷ ϸ ALTER TABLE ̿ ÷ TEXT ٲ. ۵Ѵ  ִ: dates CONCAT() Լ Ͽ string select . : select CONCAT(rise_time), CONCAT(set_time) from sunrise_sunset; ڿμ 97 time νĵ ̴. CONCAT() ODBC ÷ "string type" ̴ ̴. CONCAT() , ODBC ÷ time Ÿ νϸ ̰ ϴµ Ѵ. ̰ ׶ . ڵ ڿ (string) time ȯѴ. ҽ ؽƮ ̶ ̴. ׷ ҽ ÷ Ȯ Ÿ ϴ ODBC ̶ и  ̴. odbcadmin ODBC ׽Ʈ α׷. DBE 3.2 ؾ Ѵ. mysql 'Don't optimize column width' ɼ ʵ忡 üũ Ѵ. , ⿡ myodbc ODBC ϰ BDE ϱ ڵ尡 ִ. (BDE ִ BDE Alias ͸ ʿ Ѵ) : (Thanks to Bryan Brunton bryan@flesherfab.com for this) fReg:= TRegistry.Create; fReg.OpenKey('\Software\ODBC\ODBC.INI\DocumentsFab', True); fReg.WriteString('Database', 'Documents'); fReg.WriteString('Description', ' '); fReg.WriteString('Driver', 'C:\WINNT\System32\myodbc.dll'); fReg.WriteString('Flag', '1'); fReg.WriteString('Password', "); fReg.WriteString('Port', ' '); fReg.WriteString('Server', 'xmark'); fReg.WriteString('User', 'winuser'); fReg.OpenKey('\Software\ODBC\ODBC.INI\ODBC Data Sources', True); fReg.WriteString('DocumentsFab', 'MySQL'); fReg.CloseKey; fReg.Free; Memo1.Lines.Add('DATABASE NAME='); Memo1.Lines.Add('USER NAME='); Memo1.Lines.Add('ODBC DSN=DocumentsFab'); Memo1.Lines.Add('OPEN MODE=READ/WRITE'); Memo1.Lines.Add('BATCH COUNT=200'); Memo1.Lines.Add('LANGDRIVER='); Memo1.Lines.Add('MAX ROWS=-1'); Memo1.Lines.Add('SCHEMA CACHE DIR='); Memo1.Lines.Add('SCHEMA CACHE SIZE=8'); Memo1.Lines.Add('SCHEMA CACHE TIME=-1'); Memo1.Lines.Add('SQLPASSTHRU MODE=SHARED AUTOCOMMIT'); Memo1.Lines.Add('SQLQRYMODE='); Memo1.Lines.Add('ENABLE SCHEMA CACHE=FALSE'); Memo1.Lines.Add('ENABLE BCD=FALSE'); Memo1.Lines.Add('ROWSET SIZE=20'); Memo1.Lines.Add('BLOBS TO CACHE=64'); Memo1.Lines.Add('BLOB SIZE=32'); AliasEditor.Add('DocumentsFab','MySQL',Memo1.Lines); C++ BDE 3.0 ׽ ߴ. ϰ ˷ ̺ Ű ʵ尡 Ʈ ʴ´. ׷ BDE ƴ index PRIMARY ̸Ӹ Ű ν ϴ δ. Tested with BDE 3.0. The only known problem is that when the table schema changes, query fields are not updated. BDE however does not seem to recognize primary keys, only the index PRIMARY, though this has not been a problem. ־ ̺ Ʈ ϰ Ϸ ̺ ̸Ӹ Ű ؾ Ѵ. (** κ ps Ͽ µ Ʈ ֳ׿... **) 15.4 ODBC α׷ 95 ̸ ϴ Ϳ ִ: - IP ּ . -'lmhosts' Ͽ ߰: ip hostname 194.216.84.21 my - DNS Ͽ PC "ODBC setup" ä : Windows DSN name: taejun Description: This is my love database MySql Database: love Server: 194.216.84.21 User: taejun Password: my_password Port: DSN ̸ ʵ ODBC ¾ ̴. ODBC ¾ ȭ鿡 , , н, ʵ忡 ʿ . ׷ صθ õ ⺻ ȴ. ׶ ٲ ִ. Ʈ ȣ ־ , ⺻ Ʈ(3306) ȴ. 15.5 ODBC AUTO_INCREMENT ÷ Ϲ INSERT  ڵ Ǵ ID ̴ִ. ODBC ִ. (auto AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ ): INSERT INTO foo (auto,text) VALUES(NULL,'text'); SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID(); Ǵ, ٸ ̺ ID ԷѴٸ ִ: INSERT INTO foo (auto,text) VALUES(NULL,'text'); INSERT INTO foo2 (id,text) VALUES(LAST_INSERT_ID(),'text'); ٸ ODBC ø̼(ּ ̿ ׼) ϰ ϱ Ǹ Ӱ Էµ ãµ ִ: SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE auto IS NULL; 17. Ϲ ذ 17. 1. ͺ̽ (?) ͺ̽ ϴ Ϲ Ʈ α׸ ̿ϴ ̴. 9.2 [The update log] . ͷ ۵ϴ ͺ ̽ ϳ(Ͱ ) ̺ ۵ϴ ٸ ϳ ͺ̽ ʿϴ. ̺긦 ƮϷ mysql < update_log ϸ ȴ. ̵ ͺ̽ ´ ȣƮ, , ɼ Ѵ. ׸ Է° ͺ̽ Ʈ α׸ Ѵ. ̺ ٸ, 縦 ( ð ) ̺ Էµǰų ãƳ TIMESTAMP ÷ ְ ̷Ǵ ͺ̽ ڷ 縦 Ѵ. Ʈ α(for deletes) timestamps(on both sides) ΰ Ʈϴ ý ִ. ׷ ̷ ΰ ends(?) Ϳ 浹 ־ Ѵ. Ƹ  ƮǾ ϱ ϰ ̴. It is possible to make a two-way updating system using both the update log (for deletes) and timestamps (on both sides). But in that case you must be able to handle conflicts when the same data have been changed in both ends. You probably want to keep the old version to help with deciding what has been updated. () SQL ̷ , ͺ̽ Ʈϴ 忡 Լ ؼ ȵȴ; ⿡ ͺ̽ ȯ ִ: DATABASE() GET_LOCK() and RELEASE_LOCK() RAND() USER(), SYSTEM_USER() or SESSION_USER() VERSION() timestamp ʿ 쿡 ̷Ǵ time Լ ϰ ִ. LAST_INSERT_ID() ϰ ִ. All time functions are safe to use, as the timestamp is sent to the mirror if needed. LAST_INSERT_ID() is also safe to use. 17.2 ͺ̽ mysql ̺ Ϸ DZ ϱⰡ . ϰ ۾ õ ̺ LOCK TABLES . 7.23 [LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES syntax] . б ʿϴ; ͺ̽ 丮 纻 ȿ ٸ 忡 ̺ Ǹ ִ. SQL ϰ Ѵٸ SELECT INTO OUTFILE ִ. ͺ̽ ϴ ٸ mysqldump α׷ ϴ ̴: ͺ̽ Ǯ : shell> mysqldump --tab=/path/to/some/dir --lock-tables --opt Ʈ ʴ ϰ ̺ (`*.frm', `*.ISD' , `*.ISM' ) ִ. mysqld ǰ ߾ Ѵ. ׷ --log-update ɼ ٽ . ''hostname.n' α ̴. n mysqladmin refresh, mysqladmin flush-logs, the FLUSH LOGS , Ǵ Ҷ ϴ ̴. ̷ α ̿ mysqldump ϰ ͺ̽ ȭ ()ϴµ ʿ ִ. ϰ Ѵٸ, isamchk -r ̺ . 99.9% ȴ. isamchk ϸ : mysqldump Ѵ. Ʈ α׿ Ʈ ٽ ϱ Ѵ: shell> ls -1 -t -r hostname.[0-9]* | xargs cat | mysql ls Ȯ α µ ȴ. SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' FROM tbl_name ̿ ڵ尡 ߺǴ ϱ LOAD DATA INFILE 'file_name' REPLACE ... ̿ ִ. ̰ ̺ PRIMARY Ű UNIQUE Ű ʿϴ. REPLACE Ű ο ڵ忡 unique Ű ڵ尡 ߺǴ ڵ带 ο ڵ üѴ. 17.3 ӽſ mysqld ϱ ӽſ ϱ ִ. , ״ ΰ ο mysql  ׽ϴ 찡 . Ǵ ٸ 鿡 mysql ġ ϱ ϴ ͳ ִ. ϱ ϸ, ٸ TCP/IP Ʈ Ϸ ؼ TCP/IP Ʈ û ʵ ִ. ̹ ϰ ִ ⺻ Ʈ Ϸ Ǿ ִٰ غ. ׷ ο : shell> ./configure --with-tcp-port=port_number \ --with-unix-socket=file_name \ --prefix=/usr/local/mysql-3.22.9 ⼭ port_number file_name ⺻ Ʈ ο ޶ϸ, --prefix ġǾ ִ mysql ٸ ؾ Ѵ. Here port_number and file_name should be different than the default port number and socket file pathname, and the --prefix value should specify an installation directory different than the one under which the existing MySQL installation is located. ǰ ִ mysql ϰ Ȯ ִ: shell>; mysqladmin -h hostname --port port_number variables ϰ ִ Ʈ ǰ ִ mysql ִٸ, ̸ mysql ߿ ִ. mysqld ϰ Ű ý ʱȭ ũƮ(Ϲ ''mysql.server') ؾ Ѵ. ٸ Ʈ ϱ ο mysql ʿ . safe_mysqld ɼ Ʈ ִ: shell>; /path/to/safe_mysqld --socket=file-name --port=file-name ͺ̽ 丮 α׸ ϵ ϸ鼭 ٸ ϰ Ѵٸ, safe_mysqld --log --log-update ̿ α ̸ ־ Ѵ. ׷ α Ͽ Ϸ ̴. : Ϲ ͺ̽ ڷḦ Ʈϴ ΰ ؼ ȵȴ! ü fault-free ý ŷ(locking) ʴ´ٸ, ̴. (** fault-free Ȯ 𸣰ڱ. Ƹ Ŵµ ִٸ ϴ Դϴ. **) ι ٸ ͺ̽ 丮 ϱ ϸ safe_mysqld --datadir=path ɼ ִ. ٸ Ʈ mysql ϱ Ѵٸ ִ: Ŭ̾Ʈ ɼ . --host 'hostname' --port=port-numer or [--host localhost] --socket=file-name. C α׷ mysql Ʈ ڸ . Ŭ̾Ʈ ϱ MYSQL_UNIX_PORT MYSQL_TCP_PORT ȯ . Ϲ Ư ̳ Ʈ ϸ, 'login' Ͽ ȯ . 12.1 [Programs] . Ȩ 丮 '.my.cnf' Ͽ ⺻ ϰ TCP/IP . 4.15.4 [Option files] . 18 MySQL client tools and APIs 18.1 MySQL C API C API ڵ MYSQL Բ Ǹ, ̰ mysqlclient ̺귯 ԵǾ C α׷ Ͽ ͺ̽ ֵ . MySQL ҽ Ŭ̾Ʈ C ڵǾ , C API ϴ ã Ŭ̾Ʈ ڵ ִ. 18.2 C API datatypes +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL | ̽ ϳ ٷ | | | üμ MySQL Լ鿡 | | | ȴ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL_RES | ϴ ǵ(SELECT, SHOW, | | | DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN) ǥϴ | | | üμ  μ ϵǴ | | | (result set)̶ θ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL_ROW | ͸ ǥϴ ̴. | | | ̰ counted byte string | | | 迭 Ǿ ִ. ʵ尪 | | | ͸ ִ 쿡 ο | | | null Ʈ ֱ | | | null-terminated string | | | ٷ . | | | mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣ | | | ν ִ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL_FIELD | ʵ , , ũ ʵ忡 | | | ϴ ü̴. ü | | | Ʒ ȴ. | | | ʵ忡 Ͽ mysql_fetch_field() | | | Լ ȣν ʵ忡 MYSQL_ | | | FIELD ü ִ. ʵ忡 | | | ִ ü | | | ƴϸ, ʹ MYSQL_ROW ü | | |  ȴ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | MYSQL_FIELD_OFFSET | MySQL ʵ Ʈ  | | | (offset) ǥϴ type-safe ̴ | | | (mysql_field_seek() Լ ȴ). | | | Offset ʵ ̸ | | | 0 Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | my_ulonglong | , mysql_affected_rows(), | | | mysql_num_rows(), mysql_insert_id() | | | Լ Ǵ ̴. | | | 0 1.84e19 | | | ִ.  ýۿ | | | my_ulonglong ϴµ | | | ִµ, 쿡 | | | ϱ ؼ ̰ unsigned long | | | ȯ '%lu' Ʈ | | |Ѵ. : | | | | | |printf (Number of rows: %lu\n", | | |(unsigned long) mysql_num_rows(result)); | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ MYSQL_FIELD ü : char * name - ʵ ̸ char * table - ʵ尡 ʵ(calculated field) ƴ , 带 ִ ̺ ̸. ʵ NULL ͸ char * def - ʵ Ʈ (mysql_list_fields() Լ ϴ 쿡 ȴ) enum enum_field_types type - ʵ (type). ʵ ̺ ߿ ϳ . +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | Type value | Type meaning | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_TINY | TYNYINT field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_SHORT | SMALLINT field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_LONG | INTEGER field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_INT24 | MEDIUMINT field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_LONGLONG | BIGINT field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_DECIMAL | DECIMAL or NUMERIC field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_FLOAT | FLOAT field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_DOUBLE | DOUBLE or REAL field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_TIMESTAMP | TIMESTAMP field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_DATE | DATE field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_TIME | TIME field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_DATETIME | DATETIME field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_YEAR | YEAR field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_STRING | String (CHAR or VARCHAR) field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_BLOD | BLOD or TEXT field (use max_length | | | to dete rmine the maximum length) | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_SET | SET field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_ENUM | ENUM field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_NULL | NULL-type field | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | FILE_TYPE_CHAR | Deprecated: use FIELD_TYPE_TINY instead | +-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ IS_NUM() ũ(macro) ̿Ͽ ʵ尡 (numeric type)ΰ ׽Ʈ ִ. IS_NUM() İ(type value) μ Ѱ ʵ尡 ̸ 'TRUE' Ѵ: if (IS_NUM(field->type)) { printf("Field is numeric\n"); } unsigned int length - ʵ (width) unsigned int max_length - ¿ ʵ ִ (maximum width). mysql_list_fields() Լ ϴ ʵ ִ ȴ. unsigned int flags - ʵ忡 Different bit-flags. ÷ 0 Ȥ Ʈ (bit set) ߿ ϳ̴. +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | ÷ | | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | NOT_NULL_FLAG | Field can't be NULL | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | PRI_KEY_FLAG | Field is part of a primary key | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | UNIQUE_KEY_FLAG | Field is part of a unique key | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | MULTIPLE_KEY_FLAG | Field is part of a key | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | UNSIGNED_FLAG | Field has the UNSIGNED attribute | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | ZEROFILL_FLAG | Field has the ZEROFILL attribute | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | BINARY_FLAG | Field has the BINARY attribute | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | AUTO_INCREMENT_FLAG | Field has the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | ENUM_FLAG | Field is an ENUM (deprecated) | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | BLOB_FLAG | Field is a BLOB or TEXT (deprecated) | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ | TIMESTAMP_FLAG | Field is a TIMESTAMP (deprecated) | +-----------------------+------------------------------------------+ BLOB_FLAG, ENUM_FLAG, TIMESTAMP_FLAG ÷׵ ̵ ÷׵ ڽ (type) Ӽ ǥϱ ٴ ʵ ǥϱ ÷׵ ϴ ʴ. 'field->type' FIELD_TYPE_BLOB, FIELD_TYPE_ENUM, Ȥ FIELD_TYPE_TIMESTAMP . Ʒ ÷ Ͽ Ѵ: if (field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) { printf("Field can't be null\n"); } ÷ Ҹ (boolean status) ϴµ ũ (macro) ִ: +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | IS_NOT_NULL(flags) | ʵ尡 'NOT NULL' ǵǾ | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | IS_PRI_KEY(flags) | ʵ尡 primary key 쿡 | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | IS_BLOB(flags) | ʵ尡 BLOB̳ TEXT | +----------------------+--------------------------------------------+ unsigned int decimals - ʵ(numeric field) ڸ(number of decimal) 18.3 C API function overview +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Function | Description | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Mysql_affected | ֱ UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT | | _rows() | ǿ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Mysql_close() | Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Mysql_connect() | ϸ Լ ϱ | | | ٴ mysql_real_connect() Լ | | | ϴ ȴ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Mysql_create | DB Ѵ. Լ ϱ | | _db() | ٴ SQL ɾ CREATE DATABASE | | | ϴ . | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | Mysql_data | ¿ ã´. | | _seek() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_debug() | ־ ڿ DBUG_PUSH Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_drop | DB Ѵ. Լ ϱ | | _db() | ٴ SQL ɾ DROP DATABASE | | | ϴ . | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_dump | Ͽ α׿ | | _debug_info() | ⵵ Ѵ | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_eof() | ° | | | ǥѴ. Լ ϱ⺸ٴ | | | mysql_errno() mysql_error()Լ | | | ȴ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_errno() | ֱٿ MySQL Լ | | | ѹ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_error() | ֱٿ MySQL Լ | | | ޼ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_escape | Escapes special characters in a | | _string() | string for use in a SQL statement. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_fetch | ̺ ʵ (type) | | _field() | Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_fetch | ־ ʵ ȣ ʵ | | _field_direct() | Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_fetch | ʵ 迭 Ѵ. | | _fields() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_fetch | ÷ ̸ Ѵ. | | _lengths() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_fetch | κ ´. | | _row() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_field | ÷Ŀ Ư ÷ ´. | | _seek() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_free | ¿ ޸𸮸 | | _result() | Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_get | Ŭ̾Ʈ Ѵ. | | _client_info() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_get | ῡ | | _host_info() | ڿ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_get | ῡ | | _proto_info() | Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_get | ѹ Ѵ. | | _server_info() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_info() | ֱٿ ǿ | | | Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_init() | MYSQL ü ϰų | | | ʱȭѴ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_insert | AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ忡 Ͽ | | _id() | ֱٿ ID . | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_list | ԽĿ ĪǴ | | _dbs() | DB ̸ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_list | ԽĿ ĪǴ | | _fields() | ʵ ̸ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_list | Ʈ | | _processes() | Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_list | ԽĿ ĪǴ | | _tables() | ̺ ̸ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_num | ÷ Ѵ. | | _fields() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_num | Ѵ | | _rows() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_ping() | ǰ | | | ֳ üũϸ, ʿϸ | | | 翬Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_query() | Null terminated ڿ ־ | | | SQL Ǹ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_real | MySQL Ѵ. | | _connect() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_real | Counted ڿ ־ SQL Ǹ | | _query() | Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_reload() | Ͽ grant ̺ ٽ | | | εϰ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_row_seek() | mysql_row_tell() Լ | | | ã´. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_row_tell() | Row cursor ġ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_select | Ư DB Ѵ. | | _db() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_shutdown() | DB ˴ٿŲ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_stat() | ¸ ǥϴ ڿ Ѵ. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_store | ü Ŭ̾Ʈ ´. | | _result() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_thread | ID Ѵ. | | _id() | | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ | mysql_use | Initiates a row-by-row result set | | _result() | retrieval. | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ mysql_init() Լ ȣν connection handler ʱȭ , handler hostname, user name, password ٸ mysql_real_connect() Լ ȣѴ. ۾ mysql_close() Լ ȣν Ѵ. ̷ ִ Ŭ̾Ʈ mysql_query() mysql_real_query() Լ ̿Ͽ SQL Ǹ ִ. mysql_query() ǰ null-terminated string̾ ϸ, mysql_real_query() counted string̾ Ѵ. string ̳ (߰ NULL Ʈ ִ) 쿡 ݵ mysql_real_query() Ͽ Ѵ. SELECT ǰ ƴ (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) ؼ mysql_affected_row() Լ ȣν 󸶳 affectǾ ִ. SELECT , selectǾ (result set) ȴ(SHOW, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN ϴ Ϳ ־ SELECT ϸ, ̵ SELECT ϰ óǾ Ѵ) Ŭ̾Ʈ óϴ ΰ ִ. ϳ mysql_store_result() Լ ȣν ü ѹ ν, Լ ǿ ϵ κ Ŭ̾Ʈ Ѵ. ι° mysql_use_result() Լ ȣ ν Ŭ̾Ʈ ະ ̴. Լ ۾ ʱȭϱ⸸ ϸ κ ʴ´. ΰ , mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣν 鿡 ϰ ȴ. mysql_store_result() mysql_fetch_row() κ ̹ fetch 鿡 ϸ, mysql_use_result() , mysql_fetch_row() κ ´. ũ⿡ mysql_fetch_lengths() Լ ȣν ִ. ̿ ۾ mysql_free_result() ȣν ޸𸮸 Ѵ. ΰ retrieval ü ȣ ̴. Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ 䱸 Ͽ Ѵ. δ mysql_store_result() ַ ȴ. mysql_store_result() Ŭ̾Ʈ fetch Ŀ Ŭ ̾Ʈ 鿡 Ӹ ƴ϶ mysql_data_seek() mysql_row_seek() ̿Ͽ ȿ ġ(current row position) ν յڷ ִٴ ̴. mysql_num_rows() ȣν 󸶳 ֳ ִ. ٸ , mysql_store_result() 䱸Ǵ ޸𸮰 out-of-memory ¸ ɼ . mysql_use_result() ѹ ϳ ุ ϱ ޸𸮰 ʿϴٴ ̸ ޸ Ҵ Ϸ Ͽ ӵ ִ. tying upϴ ϱ Ͽ ó־ ϸ 鿡 θ ִ. ޱ 󸶳 ֳ . ߰ ã ϴ ãҴ ־ Ѵ. API ̿ν ǰ SELECTΰ ƴѰ ¿ Ŭ Ʈ ǿ ְ ִµ, ̴ mysql_query() (Ȥ mysql_real_query()) ȣ Ŀ mysql_store_result() ȣ ν ϴ. (succeed)̸ ǰ SELECT̸ ִ. ̸ mysql_num_fields() ȣϿ result Ǿ° , mysql_num_fields() 0 ϸ Ǵ ƹ ͵ ʴ´(̰ ǰ INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ǹѴ). mysql_num_fields() 0 ƴϸ Ǵ ݵ Ͽ ϴµ ʾ ǹ ϸ, ̴ ǰ SELECT ࿡ Ͽ ˷ش. mysql_store_result() mysql_use_result() ϴ ʵ (ʵ , ̸, ) ְ ش. mysql_fetch_field() ȣϿ ʵ ϰų, mysql_fetch_field_direct() ȣν ʵ ȣ Ͽ ִ. ʵ Ŀ ġ(current field cursor position) mysql_field_seek() Լ ȣν ִ. Setting the field cursor affects subsequent calls to mysql_fetch_field(). mysql_fetch_fields() ȣν Ѳ ʵ ִ. ã ϱ ؼ MySQL mysql_errno() mysql_error() Լ Ͽ ְ ش. Լ ٿ invoke ϰų ִ Լ ڵ Ȥ ޽ ϸ, ̸ Ͽ ߻ϰ װ ִ. 18.4 C API function descriptions Ʒ Լ ־ NULL ǥ μ ϰ C α׷  NULL ǹ̸, MySQL NULL ǹϴ ƴ .  ϴ Լ ͳ Ѵ. ǥð ٸ ͸ ϴ Լ Ͽ NULL ƴ , ǥϱ ؼ NULL Ѵ. ϴ 쿡 Ͽ 0, 쿡 0 ƴ Ѵ. Լ 쿡 mysql_errno(), mysql_error() Լ Ͽ üũ ִ. 18.4.1 mysql_affected_rows() my_ulonglong mysql_affected_rows(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.1.1 Description UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT ǿ , ַ UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT mysql_query() Լ ȣ ȣȴ. SELECT mysql_affected_rows() Լ mysql_num_row() Լó Ѵ. mysql_affected_rows() Լ ũ(macro) Ǿ ִ. 18.4.1.2 Return values 0 ū affectedǰų retrieved ǹѴ. 0 WHERE ǿ մϴ ڵ尡 ų ƹ ǵ ʾ ǹѴ. -1 ǰ Ͽų Ȥ SELECT mysql_affected_rows() Լ mysql_store_result() Լ ȣ ȣǾ ǹѴ. 18.4.1.3 Errors . 18.4.1.4 Example mysql_query(&mysql,"UPDATE products SET cost=cost*1.25 WHERE group=10"); printf("%d products updated",mysql_affected_rows(&mysql)); 18.4.2 mysql_close() void mysql_close(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.2.1 Description ִ ´. ڵ(connection handle) mysql_init()̳ mysql_real_connect() ؼ ڵ Ǿٸ mysql_close() mysql ڵ deallocationѴ. 18.4.2.2 Return values . 18.4.2.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.3 mysql_connect() MYSQL *mysql_connect(MYSQL *mysql, const char *host, const char *user, const char *passwd) 18.4.3.1 Description Լ ϴ , mysql_real_connect() ַ ȴ. mysql_connect() Լ ȣƮ ư ִ MySQL DB õѴ. Mysql_connect() mysql_get_client_info() Լ ٸ API Լ ϱ ݵ Ǿ Ѵ. Լ μ ǹ̴ mysql_real_connect() Լ ϴ. 18.4.3.2 Return values mysql_real_connect() Լ . 18.4.3.3 Errors mysql_real_connect() Լ . 18.4.4 mysql_create_db() int mysql_create_db(MYSQL *mysql, const char *db) 18.4.4.1 Description 'db' μ ־ ̸ ͺ̽ Ѵ. Լ ϴ , 'CREATE DATABASE' SQL mysql_query() Լ ̿Ͽ ϴ . 18.4.4.2 Return values ͺ̽ 0, ߻ 0 ƴ Ѵ. 18.4.4.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.4.4 Example if(mysql_create_db(&mysql, "my_database")) { fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create new database. Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql)); } 18.4.5 mysql_data_seek() void mysql_data_seek(MYSQL_RES *result, unsigned int offset) 18.4.5.1 Description ã´. ̸ ؼ ü ǿ ü ϰ ־ ϸ, mysql_data_seek() Լ mysql_use_result() Լʹ mysql_store_result() Լ Ѵ. Offset μ 0 mysql_num_rows(result)-1 Ѵ. 18.4.5.2 Return values None. 18.4.5.3 Errors None. 18.4.6 mysql_debug() void mysql_debug(char *debug) 18.4.6.1 Description debug μ ־ ڿ DBUG_PUSH Ѵ. mysql_debug() Լ Fred Fish debug ̺귯 Ѵ. Լ ϱ ؼ ݵ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 ϵ Ͽ Ѵ. 19.10 MySQL 뿡 Ͽ , 19.11 MySQL Ŭ̾Ʈ 뿡 Ͽ Ѵ. 18.4.6.2 Return values None. 18.4.6.3 Errors None. 18.4.6.4 Example Ʒ ȣ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 Ͽ Ŭ̾Ʈǿ '/tmp/client.trace' Ͽ trace file ϰ ش: mysql_debug("d:t:O,/tmp/client.trace"); 18.4.7 mysql_drop_db() int mysql_drop_db(MYSQL *mysql, const char *db) 18.4.7.1 Description db μ ־ ̸ ͺ̽ ӽŲ. Լ ϴ , 'DROP DATABASE' SQL mysql_query() Լ ̿Ͽ ϴ . 18.4.7.2 Return values ͺ̽ ӵ 0, ߻ 0 Ѵ. 18.4.7.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.7.4 Example if(mysql_drop_db(&mysql, "my_database")) fprintf(stderr, "Failed to drop the database: Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql)); 18.4.8 mysql_dump_debug_info() int mysql_dump_debug_info(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.8.1 Description Ͽ α׿ ϰ Ѵ. Ǿ ִ (connected user) ۾ ־ Ѵ. 18.4.8.2 Return values ϸ 0, ߻ϸ 0 ƴ Ѵ. 18.4.8.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.9 mysql_eof() my_bool mysql_eof(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.9.1 Description Լ ϴ , mysql_errno() Լ mysql_error() Լ Ѵ. mysql_eof() Լ ǴѴ. mysql_store_result() Լκ ٸ Ŭ Ʈ ѹ ۾ ü Եȴ. mysql_fetch_row() Լκ ϵǴ NULL ׻ Ͽ ǹ ϰ Ǹ mysql_eof() Լ ȣ ʿ䰡 . mysql_use_result() Լ Ͽ ٸ mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣ κ ϳ . ߿ ߻ ֱ myql_fetch_row() Լ ϴ NULL ݵ Ͽ ǹѴٰ . mysql_eof() Լ Ͽ Ͼ ִ. ̶ mysql_eof() Լ 0 ƴ ϸ, 쿡 0 ϰ ȴ. ǥ mySQL Լ mysql_errno() mysql_error() Լ ϱ ̵ ϴ ١ 18.4.9.2 Return values ̸ 0, Ͽ 0 ƴ Ѵ. 18.4.9.3 Errors None. 18.4.9.4 Example mysql_eof() 뿹 ش: mysql_query(&mysql,"SELECT * FROM some_table"); result = mysql_use_result(&mysql); while((row = mysql_fetch_row(result))) { // do something with data } if(!mysql_eof(result)) // mysql_fetch_row() failed due to an error { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql)); } However, you can achieve the same effect with the standard MySQL error functions: mysql_query(&mysql,"SELECT * FROM some_table"); result = mysql_use_result(&mysql); while((row = mysql_fetch_row(result))) { // do something with data } if(mysql_errno(&mysql)) // mysql_fetch_row() failed due to an error { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql)); } 18.4.10 mysql_errno() unsigned int mysql_errno(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.10.1 Description mysql μ ῡ Ͽ mysql_errno() ֱٿ API Լ ڵ带 Ѵ. 0 ϸ ƹ ߻ ǹѴ. Ŭ̾Ʈ ޽ ѹ MYSQL 'errmsg.h' Ͽ Ǿ , ޽ ѹ 'mysqld_error.h' Ͽ ִ. 18.4.10.2 Return values: ڵ . ƹ 0 Ѵ. 18.4.10.3 Errors None. 18.4.11 mysql_error() char *mysql_error(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.11.1 Description mysql μ ῡ Ͽ mysql_error() ֱٿ API Լ ޽ Ѵ. ִ ڿ("") ϸ ƹ ߻ ǹѴ. ̰ ΰ ׽Ʈ ǹѴ: if(mysql_errno(&mysql)) { // an error occurred } if(mysql_error(&mysql)[0] != '\0') { // an error occurred } Ŭ̾Ʈ ޽ MySQL Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 ν ִ.  ٸ ޽ , 9.1 MySQL Ǵ ٷ. 18.4.11.2 Return values ϴ ڿ. 쿡 ִ ڿ . 18.4.11.3 Errors None. 18.4.12 mysql_escape_string() unsigned int mysql_escape_string(char *to, const char *from, unsigned int length) 18.4.12.1 Description from μ ִ ڿ Ѱ escaped SQL ڵϿ to μ ִ´. ڵǾ ڵ NUL(ASCII 0), `\n', `\r', `\', `'' ̴(7.1 ڿ ڵ ϴ Ͽ ٷ). from μ ڿ length μ ־ Ʈ ŭ (terminating NULL ) Ѵ. to μ ݵ  length μ ־ 2迡 1 ŭ Ʈ ҴǾ Ѵ. mysql_escape_string() Լ to μ null-terminated ڿ ȴ. ϰ ڵǾ ڿ , ̰ terminating null ڰ Ե ̴. to μ  ڿ null-terminated ڿ ڿ strlen() Լ strcpy() Լ Ͽ ȵȴ. from μ ־ ڿ null ϰ ִٸ mysql_escape_string() Լ ڸ '\' տ ٿ to μ ְ Ǹ, ̰ Լ terminating null νϰ ȴ. ̷ null Ʈ mysql_query() ؼ terminating null Ǹ ϰ ȴ. mysql_escape_query() Լ ̿Ͽ Ǹ mysql_query() Լ ϱ ٴ mysql_real_query() Լ ϴ . 18.4.12.2 Example char query[1000],*end; end = strmov(query, "INSERT INTO test_table values("); *end++ = '\"; end += mysql_escape_string(query,"What's this",11); *end++ = '\"; *end++ = ','; *end++ = '\"; end += mysql_escape_string(query,"binary data: \0\r\n",16); *end++ = '\"; *end++ = ')'; if (mysql_real_query(&mysql,query,(int) (end - query))) { fprintf(stderr, "Failed to insert row, Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql)); } strmov() Լ mysqlclient ̺귯 ԵǾ , strcpy() Լ ϰ ù° μ terminating null ͸ ϴ ٸ. 18.4.12.3 Return values terminating null ڸ to μ  18.4.12.4 Errors None. 18.4.13 mysql_fetch_field() MYSQL_FIELD *mysql_fetch_field(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.13.1 Description ÷ (definition) MYSQL_FIELD ü Ƽ Ѵ. ÷鿡 ϴ 쿡 Լ ݺϿ ȣѴ. ̻ ʵ尡 mysql_fetch_field() Լ NULL Ѵ. ο SELECT ǰ mysql_fetch_field() ο ù ° ʵ忡 ϱ ʱȭȴ. mysql_fetch_field() Լ ϵǴ ʵ mysql_field_seek() Լ ȣ⿡ ޴´. SELECT ϱ msyql_query() ȣϿ mysql_store_result() ȣ , mysql_fetch_field() ȣ Ͽ BLOB ʵ ̸ ûϰ Ǹ MySQL Ʈ blob 8K Ʈ Ѵ. ϴ ѹ Ǹ field->max_length ־ ǿ ִ ÷ ū ̸ ȴ. 18.4.13.2 Return values ÷ MYSQL_FIELD ü ϸ, ̻ ʵ尡 NULL Ѵ. 18.4.13.3 Errors None. 18.4.13.4 Example MYSQL_FIELD *field; while((field = mysql_fetch_field(result))) { printf("field name %s\n", field->name); } 18.4.14 mysql_fetch_fields() MYSQL_FIELD *mysql_fetch_fields(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.14.1 Description ¿ MYSQL_FIELD ü 迭 Ѵ. ü ÷鿡 ʵ ǿ . 18.4.14.2 Return values ÷鿡 MYSQL_FIELD ü 迭 18.4.14.3 Errors None. 18.4.14.4 Example unsigned int num_fields; unsigned int i; MYSQL_FIELD *fields; num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result); fields = mysql_fetch_fields(result); for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) { printf("Field %u is %s\n", i, fields[i].name); } 18.4.15 mysql_fetch_field_direct() MYSQL_FIELD *mysql_fetch_field_direct(MYSQL_RES *result, unsigned int fieldnr) 18.4.15.1 Description fieldnr μ ־ ʵ ȣ ʵ忡 ʵ Ǹ MYSQL_FIELD ü Ѵ. Լ ̿Ͽ ÷ Ǹ ִ. fieldnr 0 mysql_num_fields(result)-1 Ѵ. 18.4.15.2 Return values ʵ忡 MYSQL_FIELD ü 18.4.15.3 Errors None. 18.4.15.4 Example unsigned int num_fields; unsigned int i; MYSQL_FIELD *field; num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result); for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) { field = mysql_fetch_field_direct(result, i); printf("Field %u is %s\n", i, field->name); } 18.4.16 mysql_fetch_lengths() unsigned long *mysql_fetch_lengths(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.16.1 Description ÷ ̸ Ѵ. ʵ ϰ ϴ ȭ(optimization) ִ. strlen() Լ ȣ ʿ䰡 ̴. Ư ͸ ϰ ִ 쿡 strlen() Լ NULL ڸ ϰ ִ ʵ忡 Ͽ ߸ ֱ ũ⸦ ϴµ Լ Ͽ Ѵ. ÷̳ NULL ÷ ̴ 0 ȴ. ΰ 츦 ϴ mysql_fetch_row() Լ Ѵ. 18.4.16.2 Return values ÷(null termination character ) ũ⸦ ִ unsigned long 迭. ߻ 쿡 NULL Ѵ. 18.4.16.3 Errors mysql_fetch_lengths() ࿡ ؼ ȿϴ. mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣϱ Լ ȣϰų Ŀ ȣϴ 쿡 NULL Ѵ. 18.4.16.4 Example MYSQL_ROW row; unsigned long *lengths; unsigned int num_fields; unsigned int i; row = mysql_fetch_row(result); if (row) { num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result); lengths = mysql_fetch_lengths(result); for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) { printf("Column %u is %lu bytes in length.\n", i, lengths[i]); } } 18.4.17 mysql_fetch_row() MYSQL_ROW mysql_fetch_row(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.17.1 Description ´. mysql_store_result() Լ ȣ Ŀ , ̻ mysql_fetch_row() NULL Ѵ. mysql_use_result() Լ ȣ Ŀ , ̻ ų ߻Ͽ NULL Ѵ. mysql_num_fields(result) ־. mysql_fetch_row() ȣ⿡ Ͽ row[0] row[mysql_num_fields(result)-1] . ο NULL ִ 쿡 NULL ͷ ǥõȴ. ʵ ̵ mysql_fetch_lengths() Լ ȣ ν մ. ִ ʵ峪 NULL ϴ ʵ 0 ̸ , ʵ ͸ üũν ΰ 츦 ִ. Ͱ NULL̸ ش ʵ尡 NULL ̸, ƴϸ ִ ʵ ǹѴ. 18.4.17.2 Return values ࿡ MYSQL_ROW ü. ̻ ų NULL Ѵ. 18.4.17.3 Errors CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.17.4 Example MYSQL_ROW row; unsigned int num_fields; unsigned int i; num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result); while ((row = mysql_fetch_row(result))) { unsigned long *lengths; lengths = mysql_fetch_lengths(result); for(i = 0; i < num_fields; i++) { printf("[%.*s] ", (int) lengths[i], row[i] ? row[i] : "NULL"); } printf("\n"); } 18.4.18 mysql_field_seek() MYSQL_FIELD_OFFSET mysql_field_seek(MYSQL_RES *result, MYSQL_FIELD_OFFSET offset) 18.4.18.1 Description ʵ Ŀ offset μ ־ ġ Ѵ. mysql_fetch_field() Լ ȣ ش offset ̵ ŭ ش ÷ ʵ ȴ. ùκ ؼ offset 0 ְ Լ ȣϸ ȴ. 18.4.18.2 Return values ʵ Ŀ (previous value) 18.4.18.3 Errors None. 18.4.19 mysql_field_tell() MYSQL_FIELD_OFFSET mysql_field_tell(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.19.1 Description mysql_fetch_field() Լ ʵ Ŀ ġ ˷ ش. ϰ mysql_field_seek() Լ offset μ ִ. 18.4.19.2 Return values ʵ Ŀ (current offset) 18.4.19.3 Errors None. 18.4.20 mysql_free_result() void mysql_free_result(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.20.1 Description mysql_store_result(), mysql_use_result(), mysql_list_dbs()  ҴǾ ޸𸮸 Ѵ. ۾ ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ȣϿ ޸𸮸 ־ Ѵ. 18.4.20.2 Return values None. 18.4.20.3 Errors None. 18.4.21 mysql_get_client_info() char *mysql_get_client_info(void) 18.4.21.1 Description Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 (client library version) ǥ ϴ ڿ Ѵ. 18.4.21.2 Return values MySQL client library version ǥϴ ڿ 18.4.21.3 Errors None. 18.4.22 mysql_get_host_info() char *mysql_get_host_info(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.22.1 Description ȣƮ ϴ ǰ ִ (connection) (type) ϴ ڿ Ѵ. 18.4.22.2 Return values ȣƮ (server host name) (connection type) Ÿ ڿ 18.4.22.3 Errors None. 18.4.23 mysql_get_proto_info() unsigned int mysql_get_proto_info(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.23.1 Description ῡ ǰ ִ Ѵ. 18.4.23.2 Return values ῡ ǰ ִ Ÿ unsigned integer 18.4.23.3 Errors None. 18.4.24 mysql_get_server_info() char *mysql_get_server_info(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.24.1 Description ѹ(server version number) ǥϴ ڿ Ѵ. 18.4.24.2 Return values ѹ ǥϴ ڿ 18.4.24.3 Errors None. 18.4.25 mysql_info() char *mysql_info(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.25.1 Description ֱٿ peogks ϴ ڿ Ѵ. ڿ (format) ŸԿ ޶, Ʒ . ǿ ϰ ȴ. INSERT INTO ... SELECT ... String format: Records: 100 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 INSERT INTO ... VALUES (...),(...),(...)... String format: Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 LOAD DATA INFILE ... String format: Records: 1 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0 ALTER TABLE String format: Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 18.4.25.2 Return values ֱٿ ǿ ΰ ǥϴ 忭. ش ǿ Ͽ ƹ NULL Ѵ. 18.4.25.3 Errors None. 18.4.26 mysql_init() MYSQL *mysql_init(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.26.1 Description mysql_real_connect() Լ MYSQL ü Ҵ(allocate)ϰų ȭ(initialize)Ѵ. mysql μ NULL ̸ mysql_init() Լ ο ü Ҵ, ʱȭϿ ü Ѵ. NULL Ͱ ƴϸ ü ʱ ȭ ü ּҰ ϵȴ. mysql_init() Լ ο ü Ҵϰ Ǹ ü ݱ mysql_close() Լ ȣ ǰ ȴ. 18.4.26.2 Return values ʱȭ MYSQL * handle. ο ü Ҵϱ ޸𸮰 NULL Ѵ. 18.4.26.3 Errors ޸𸮰 NULL ϵȴ. 18.4.27 mysql_insert_id() my_ulonglong mysql_insert_id(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.27.1 Description AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ忡 Ͽ ֱٿ ID Ѵ. AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ带 ϴ ̺ INSERT Ǹ Ŀ ȴ. 18.4.27.2 Return values ֱٿ ŵ AUTO_INCREMENT ʵ 18.4.27.3 Errors None. 18.4.28 mysql_kill() int mysql_kill(MYSQL *mysql, unsigned long pid) 18.4.28.1 Description Ͽ pid μ ־ (thread) ̵(kill) û Ѵ. 18.4.28.2 Return values 0, ߻ 0 ƴ Ѵ. 18.4.28.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.29 mysql_list_dbs() MYSQL_RES *mysql_list_dbs(MYSQL *mysql, const char *wild) 18.4.29.1 Description wild μ Խ(simple regular expression) ġ ͺ̽ ̸ ϰ ִ Ѵ. wild μ '%', '_' ϵī ڸ ͺ̽ ̸ ϴ NULL ִ. mysql_list_dbs() Լ ȣϴ 'SHOW databases [LIKE wild]' Ǹ ϴ Ͱ ϴ. ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ̿Ͽ ־ Ѵ. 18.4.29.2 Return values MYSQL_RES ϸ, NULL . 18.4.29.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_OUT_OF_MEMORY Out of memory. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.30 mysql_list_fields() MYSQL_RES *mysql_list_fields(MYSQL *mysql, const char *table, const char *wild) 18.4.30.1 Description wild μ Խ(simple regular expression) ġ ̺ ʵ ϰ ִ Ѵ. wild μ '%', '_' ϵī ڸ ʵ ϴ NULL ִ. mysql_list_fields() Լ ȣ ϴ 'SHOW fields FROM table [LIKE wild]' Ǹ Ͱ ϴ. ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ̿Ͽ ־ Ѵ. 18.4.30.2 Return values MYSQL_RES ϸ, NULL . 18.4.30.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.31 mysql_list_processes() MYSQL_RES *mysql_list_processes(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.31.1 Description ϴ Ѵ. ̰ 'mysqladmin processlist' ش. ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ̿Ͽ ־ Ѵ. 18.4.31.2 Return values MYSQL_RES ϸ, NULL . 18.4.31.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.32 mysql_list_tables() MYSQL_RES *mysql_list_tables(MYSQL *mysql, const char *wild) 18.4.32.1 Description wild μ Խ(simple regular expression) ġ ͺ̽ ̺ ϰ ִ . wild μ '%', '_' ϵī ڸ ̺ ϴ NULL ִ. mysql_list_tables() Լ ȣϴ 'SHOW tables [LIKE wild]' Ǹ ϴ Ͱ ϴ. ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ̿Ͽ ־ Ѵ. 18.4.32.2 Return values MYSQL_RES ϸ, NULL . 18.4.32.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.33 mysql_num_fields() unsigned int mysql_num_fields(MYSQL_RES *result) Ȥ, unsigned int mysql_num_fields(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.33.1 Description ÷ Ѵ. mysql_num_fields() ȣ ¿ Ȥ ڵ ȣ ִ. mysql_store_result() Լ NULL ( ͸ ) ڵ ϰ , mysql_num_fields() Լ ȣν mysql_store_result() Լ (non-empty result) Ͽ θ ִ. ̰ Ŭ̾Ʈ α׷ Ͽ ǰ SELECT (Ȥ SELECT-like) ΰ ƴѰ ϴ ൿ ֵ ش. Ʒ ִ. 18.4.33.2 Return values ʵ ǥϴ unsigned integer. 18.4.33.3 Errors None. 18.4.33.4 Example MYSQL_RES *result; unsigned int num_fields; unsigned int num_rows; if (mysql_query(&mysql,query_string)) { // error } else { // query succeeded, process any data returned by it result = mysql_store_result(&mysql); if (result) { // there are rows num_fields = mysql_num_fields(result); // retrieve rows, then call mysql_free_result(result) } else { // mysql_store_result() returned nothing; should it have? if(mysql_num_fields(&mysql) == 0) { // query does not return data // (it was not a SELECT) num_rows = mysql_affected_rows(&mysql); } else { // mysql_store_result() should have returned data fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql)); } } } ٸ mysql_num_fields(&mysql) ſ mysql_errno(&mysql) ȣϴ ̴. , ǰ SELECT ΰ msyql_num_fields() ϰ ϱ⺸ٴ mysql_store_result()κ üũϰ ȴ. 18.4.34 mysql_num_rows() my_ulonglong mysql_num_rows(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.34.1 Description Ѵ. mysql_num_rows() Լ δ ؼ mysql_store_result() Լ ϴ° mysql_use_result() Լ ϴ° ޷ִ. mysql_store_result() Լ Ѵٸ mysql_num_rows() Լ ȣ ִ. mysql_use_result() Լ Ѵٸ mysql_num_rows() Լ retrieveDZ ù Ѵ. 18.4.34.2 Return values 18.4.34.3 Errors None. 18.4.35 mysql_ping() int mysql_ping(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.35.1 Description ϰ ֳ Ȯϸ, 쿡 ڵ 翬 õѴ. Լ Ŭ̾Ʈ ʹ üũϰ ʿϴٸ ٽ ϱ ִ. 18.4.35.2 Return values 0, 0 ƴ Ѵ. 18.4.35.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.36 mysql_query() int mysql_query(MYSQL *mysql, const char *query) 18.4.36.1 Description null-terminated ڿ query μ SQL Ǹ Ѵ. Ǵ ݵ ϳ SQL ̷ ϸ, ǹ ݷ(;) '\g' ٿ ȵȴ. mysql_query() ͸ ϴ ǿ . ʹ ߰ NULL ڸ ̰ mysql_query() ű⼭ ڿ νϱ ̰쿡 mysql_real_query() Լ Ͽ Ѵ. 18.4.36.2 Return values ̸ 0, ̸ 0 ƴ . 18.4.36.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.37 mysql_real_connect() MYSQL *mysql_real_connect(MYSQL *mysql, const char *host, const char *user, const char *passwd, const char *db, uint port, const char *unix_socket, uint client_flag) 18.4.37.1 Description mysql_real_connect() Լ ȣƮ ư ִ MySQL ͺ õѴ. mysql_real_connect() mysql_get_client_info() Լ ٸ API Լ ϱ ݵ Ǿ Ѵ. ϴ μ : mysql μ MYSQL connection ṵ̈ų NULL ִ. mysql μ NULL̸ C API ڵ ü ޸𸮸 ϰ mysql_close() ȣ ̸ Ѵ. ̰ ޽ ٴ ̴(mysql_errno() mysql_error() Լκ ޽ ؼ ȿ MYSQL ͸ Ͽ Ѵ). mysql μ NULL ƴϸ ̹ ϴ MYSQL ü ּҰ Ǿ Ѵ. , mysql_real_connect() Լ ȣϱ ݵ mysql_init() Լ ȣϿ MYSQL ü ʱȭ ־ Ѵ. . host μ ȣƮ ǰų IP 巹 ִ. host NULL̰ų "localhost" ȣƮ ֵȴ. OS (socket-Unix)̳ (pipe-Win32) Ѵٸ Ͽ TCP/IP ̵ ִ. user μ MySQL α ̵ ־ش. User μ NULL̸ ڷ ֵȴ. Unix ȯ濡 ý αθ Ǹ, Windows ODBC ڸ Ȯ Ǿ . 15.4 ODBC α׷ ʵ  ä Ͽ Ѵ. passwd μ ڿ н带 ־ش. passwd NULL ̸ user ̺ н ʵ尡 ִ ڵ鸸 ġ üũǾ. ̰ ͺ̽ ڷ Ͽ ͺ̽ ڰ ڽ н带 Ͽ ٸ MySQL ý ֵ ش. mysql_real_connect() Լ ȣϱ н带 ȣȭϷ ƾ Ѵٴ ̸, н ȣȭ Ŭ̾Ʈ API Ͽ ڵ ȴ. db μ ͺ̽ ̸ ־ش. db μ NULL ̸ Ʈ ͺ̽ õϰ ȴ. port μ 0 ƴ port μ õ Ʈ ȣ TCP/IP Ʈ ȣ ϰ ȴ. host μ Ѵٴ Ϳ Ѵ. unix_socket μ NULL ƴϸ μ ڿ socket̳ named pipe ȴ. client_flag 0 ſ Ư 쿡 ÷׵ ִ. +---------------------+----------------------------------------+ | Flag name | Flag meaning | +---------------------+----------------------------------------+ | CLIENT_FOUND_ROWS | Return the number of found rows, | | | not the number of affected rows. | +---------------------+----------------------------------------+ | CLIENT_NO_SCHEMA | Don't allow the db_name.tbl_name. | | | col_name syntax. This is for ODBC; | | | it causes the parser to generate | | | an error if you use that syntax, | | | which is is useful for trapping bugs | | | in some ODBC programs. | +---------------------+----------------------------------------+ | CLIENT_COMPRESS | Use compression protocol | +---------------------+----------------------------------------+ | CLIENT_ODBC | The client is an ODBC client. | | | This changes mysqld to be more | | | ODBC-friendly. | +---------------------+----------------------------------------+ 18.4.37.2 Return values ϸ MYSQL * ڵ(connection handle) ϸ, ϸ NULL Ѵ. ù° μ NULL ʾҴٸ μ ϴ. 18.4.37.3 Errors CR_CONN_HOST_ERROR MySQL ῡ CR_CONNECTION_ERROR MySQL ῡ CR_IPSOCK_ERROR IP CR_OUT_OF_MEMORY ޸𸮰 (Out of memory). CR_SOCKET_CREATE_ERROR Unix CR_UNKNOWN_HOST ش ȣƮ IP ּҸ ã . CR_VERSION_ERROR ġ ʴ ϴ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 Ϸ õ Ͽ ġ ߻ . ̰ ſ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 Ͽ ο ϰ ϴ 쿡 ߻Ѵ. ̷ 쿡 '--old-protocol' ɼ ־ õϸ ذ . CR_NAMEDPIPEOPEN_ERROR; Win32 ȯ濡 named pipe ϴµ . CR_NAMEDPIPEWAIT_ERROR; Win32 ȯ濡 named pipe ٸµ . CR_NAMEDPIPESETSTATE_ERROR; Win32 ȯ濡 pipe ڵ鷯 µ . 18.4.37.4 Example MYSQL mysql; mysql_init(&mysql); if (!mysql_real_connect(&mysql,"host","user","passwd","database",0,NULL, 0)) { fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to database: Error: %s\n", mysql_error(&mysql)); } 18.4.38 mysql_real_query() int mysql_real_query(MYSQL *mysql, const char *query, unsigned int length) 18.4.38.1 Description query μ SQL Ǹ ϸ, query μ length μ ̸ Ѵ. Ǵ ϳ SQL ̷ ϸ, ݷ̳ '\g' SQL ٿ ȵȴ. ͸ ϴ mysql_query() Լ ƴ mysql_real_query() Լ Ͽ Ѵ. mysql_real_query() ǹ ̸ strlen() Լ ʱ mysql_query() Լ Ͽ ӵ . 18.4.38.2 Return values ǿ ϸ 0, ߻ϸ 0 ƴ Ѵ. 18.4.38.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.39 mysql_reload() int mysql_reload(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.39.1 Description MySQL Ͽ grant ̺ ٽ е ûѴ. ִ ڴ ݵ ٽ о Ѵ. Լ ϴ , 'FLUSH PRIVILEGES' SQL mysql_query() Լ ̿Ͽ ϴ . 18.4.39.2 Return values ϸ 0, 0 ƴ Ѵ. 18.4.39.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.40 mysql_row_seek() MYSQL_ROW_OFFSET mysql_row_seek(MYSQL_RES *result, MYSQL_ROW_OFFSET offset) 18.4.40.1 Description Ŀ(row cursor) ġ Ѵ. ̸ ü ü ־ ϸ, mysql_row_seek() Լ mysql_use_result() Լʹ mysql_store_result() Լ ִ. offset μ mysql_row_tell() Լ mysql_row_seek() Լ ȣ ϰ Ǿ ϸ, ܼ ȣ ǹϴ ƴϴ. ȣ ̿Ͽ ã ϴ 쿡 mysql_data_seek() Լ Ͽ Ѵ. 18.4.40.2 Return values Ŀ(row cursor) (previous value). mysql_row_seek() Լ μ Ѱ. 18.4.40.3 Errors None. 18.4.41 mysql_row_tell() MYSQL_ROW_OFFSET mysql_row_tell(MYSQL_RES *result) 18.4.41.1 Description mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣ⿡ Ŀ ġ Ѵ. ̰ mysql_row_seek() Լ μ Ѱ. mysql_row_tell() Լ ݵ mysql_store_result() Լ ڿ ϸ, mysql_use_result() Լ ڿ . 18.4.41.2 Return values Ŀ (The current offset of the row cursor). 18.4.41.3 Errors None. 18.4.42 mysql_select_db() int mysql_select_db(MYSQL *mysql, const char *db) 18.4.42.1 Description db μ ͺ̽ mysql μ ῡ ͺ̽ ǵ Ѵ. ǿ ؼ ⼭ ͺ̽ ͺ̽ ̺ Ʈ ͺ̽ ȴ. Ǿ ִ ڰ db μ ͺ̽ ִٴ mysql_select_db() Լ Ѵ. 18.4.42.2 Return values ̸ 0, ̸ 0 ƴ 18.4.42.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.43 mysql_shutdown() int mysql_shutdown(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.43.1 Description ͺ̽ Ͽ ˴ٿǵ ûϸ, ˴ٿ ־ Ѵ. 18.4.43.2 Return values ̸ 0, ̸ 0 ƴ Ѵ. 18.4.43.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.44 mysql_stat() char *mysql_stat(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.44.1 Description 'mysqladmin status' ɾ Ǵ ϰ ִ ڿ Ѵ. ڿ ð(uptime), ǰ ִ , (question), õ(reload), ִ ̺  ԵǾ ִ. 18.4.44.2 Return values ¸ ϴ ڿ. ̸ NULL Ѵ. 18.4.44.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.45 mysql_store_result() MYSQL_RES *mysql_store_result(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.45.1 Description ͸ (SELECT, SHOW, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN) ࿡ mysql_store_result() Ȥ mysql_use_result() Լ ȣѴ. mysql_store_result() Լ ü Ŭ̾Ʈ о, MYSQL_RES ü Ҵϰ ü ־ش. ƹ ൵ ϵ (empty result set) ϵȴ( NULL ٸ). mysql_store_result() Լ ȣϸ mysql_num_rows() Լ ȣϿ 󸶳 ִ° ˾ ִ. mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣϿ κ , Ȥ mysql_row_seek() mysql_row_tell() Լ Ͽ ġ ų ġ ִ. ۾ ݵ mysql_free_result() Լ ȣ ش. 18.4.45.2 Return values MYSQL_RES ü(result structure). ̸ NULL . 18.4.45.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_OUT_OF_MEMORY Out of memory. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.46 mysql_thread_id() unsigned long mysql_thread_id(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.46.1 Description ῡ ID Ѵ. mysql_kill() Լ Ǿ 带 kill ϴµ ִ. 18.4.46.2 Return values ῡ ID. 18.4.46.3 Errors None. 18.4.47 mysql_use_result() MYSQL_RES *mysql_use_result(MYSQL *mysql) 18.4.47.1 Description ͸ (SELECT, SHOW, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN) ࿡ mysql_store_result() Ȥ mysql_use_result() Լ ȣѴ. mysql_use_result() Լ ۾ ʱȭ mysql_store_result() Լó о Ŭ̾Ʈ Ѱ ʴ´. mysql_fetch_row() Լ ȣν ϳ . ̰ ӽ ̺̳ ʰ κ о Ǹ, ̴ mysql_store_result() Լ Ͽ ξ ޸ Ѵ. Ŭ̾Ʈ ࿡ ޸𸮿 max_allowed_packet Ʈ ִ (communication buffer) Ҵ ȴ. Ŭ̾Ʈ ະ ۾ ϰ ְų ^S(stop scroll) Է ִ ũ mysql_use_result() Լ ؼ ȵȴ. ̰ ϰ ٸ Ͽ Ͱ ִ ̺ ȴ. mysql_use_result() Լ NULL ϵ mysql_fetch_row() Լ ؾ Ѵ. ׷ ǿ Ѿ ϵǰ ȴ. C API 'Commands out of sync' ְ ȴ. mysql_use_result() Լκ ϵǴ ؼ mysql_data_seek(), mysql_row_seek(), mysql_row_tell(), mysql_num_rows(), mysql_affected_ rows() Լ , Ȥ mysql_use_result() Լ ٸ Ǹ (׷ fetch Ŀ mysql_num_rows() Լ fetchǾ Ѵ). ¿ ۾ ݵ mysql_free_result() ȣϿ Ѵ. 18.4.47.2 Return values MYSQL_RES ü(result structure). ̸ NULL Ѵ. 18.4.47.3 Errors CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNC Commands were executed in an improper order. CR_OUT_OF_MEMORY Out of memory. CR_SERVER_GONE_ERROR The MySQL server has gone away. CR_SERVER_LOST The connection to the server was lost during the query. CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR An unknown error occurred. 18.4.48 mysql_query() Լ Ͽµ mysql_store_result() Լ NULL ϴ ΰ? ̷ 찡 ̰ ϳ Ȳ ߻Ͽ ǹѴ: malloc() ( ʹ ū ). ͸ (ῡ ). ǰ ƹ ͵ ʴ (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ). ǹ (non-empty) Ͽ mysql_num_fields() Լ ȣν üũغ ִ. mysql_num_fields() Լ 0 ϸ ̰ ǰ INSERT, DELETE ʴ ǹ ǹѴ. mysql_num_fields() Լ 0 ƴ ϴ ǹ ʴ ؾ߸ ǹѴ. ڼ mysql_num_fields() Լ Ѵ. mysql_errno() Լ mysql_error() Լ ȣν ׽Ʈ غ ִ. 18.4.49 What results can I get from a query? ϵǴ ¿ ٿ ִ: - mysql_affected_rows() INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ֱٿ ǿ affected Ѵ. ܴ DELETE WHERE Ǿ ̺ truncateǴ ̴. mysql_affected_rows() Լ affected ڵ ڷμ 0 Ѵ. - mysql_num_rows() Ѵ. mysql_store_result() Լ Բ Ǵ 쿡 mysql_store_result() ϵڸ ִ mysql_num_rows() ȣ Ǿ. mysql_use_result() Բ Ǵ 쿡 mysql_fetch_row() ࿡ ؼ Ŀ mysql_num_rows() ȣ ִ. - mysql_insert_id() AUTO_INCREMENT ε ̺ ߰ ֱٿ ID Ѵ. - ǵ(LOAD DATA INFILE ..., INSERT INTO ... SELECT ..., UPDATE) ΰ Ѵ. mysql_info() Ͽ ϵȴ. mysql_info() ΰ NULL Ѵ. 18.4.50 How can I get the unique ID for the last inserted row? AUTO_INCREMENT Ӽ ÷ ϰ ִ ̺ ο ڵ带 ϴ , mysql_insert_id() Լ ȣν ֱ ID ִ. ڵ带 ν AUTO_INCREMENT ε Ǿ üũ ִ. ǰ AUTO_INCREMENT ε INSERT ΰ üũ ִ: if (mysql_error(&mysql)[0] == 0 && mysql_num_fields(result) == 0 && mysql_insert_id(&mysql) != 0) { used_id = mysql_insert_id(&mysql); } ϳ ̺ ID ٸ ̺ ϴµ ϰ SQL Ѵ: INSERT INTO foo (auto, text) VALUES(NULL, 'text'); # generate ID by inserting NULL INSERT INTO foo2 (id, text) VALUES(LAST_INSERT_ID(), 'text'); # use ID in second table 18.4.51 Problems linking with the C API  ýۿ C API linkingϿ ߻ ִ: gcc -g -o client test.o -L/usr/local/lib/mysql -lmysqlclient -lsocket -lnsl Undefined first referenced symbol in file floor /usr/local/lib/mysql/libmysqlclient.a(password.o) ld: fatal: Symbol referencing errors. No output written to client ߻ϴ 쿡 ÿ -lm ߰ν math ̺귯 Բ ش. 18.4.52 How to make a thread-safe client Ŭ̾Ʈ thread-safeϴ. ū 'net.c' д ƾ interrupt-safe ϴٴ ̴. ̰ κ д ۾ ɸ Ŭ̾Ʈ ۾ ߴ ִ ̶ ׷ ۼǾ. ǥ Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 ɼǾ ϵǾ. Thread-safe Ŭ̾Ʈ ؼ -lmysys, -lstring, -ldbug ̺귯 ϴ net_serv.o Բ Ѵ. Threaded client ϸ 'thr_alarm.c' Ͽ ִ ƾ Ȱ ִ. mysys ̺귯 ƾ ؾ Ѱ my_init() Լ ȣؾ Ѵٴ ̴! mysql_real_connect() Լ thread-safeϴ. 뿡 thread-safe Ŭ̾Ʈ ̺귯 ϴ װ thread-safe ϴ Ͽ Ѵ(⼭ mysql_real_connect() Լ ϸ, mysql_connect() 쿡 ϴ). mysql_real_connect() Լ thread-safeϰ ؼ Ŭ̾Ʈ Ͽ Ѵ: shell> CPPFLAGS=-DTHREAD_SAFE_CLIENT ./configure ... pthread ̺귯 Ʈ ԵǾ ʱ ǥ Ŭ̾ Ʈ(standard client) ŷ ǵ ɺ(undefined symbols) ߻ ִ. 'libmysqld.a' ̺귯 thread-safeϴ. ̰ ΰ thread mysql_real_connect() ϵ ڵ (connection handle) ÿ ʴ Ŭ̾Ʈ ڵ尡 thread-safeϴٴ ǹѴ; Ŭ̾Ʈ/ ־ ῡ Ͽ ÿ ϳ û Ѵ. ῡ Ͽ thread ϱ ϴ 쿡 mysql_query() mysql_store_result() ȣ (call combination) Ͽ mutex lock ؾ Ѵ. ϴ mysql_store_result() غǸ lock ٸ thread ῡ Ͽ query ִ(ٽ ؼ, ٸ thread locking ϴ mysql_store_result() Բ ٸ MYSQL_RES ͵ ִ). POSIX thread α׷Ѵٸ mutex lock ϰ ϴµ pthread_mutex_lock() pthread_mutex_ unlock() Լ ִ. mysql_store_result() ƴ mysql_use_result() ϴ 쿡 lock mysql_use_result() mysql_fetch_row() ȣ surround ʿ䰡 ִ. ׷ threaded client mysql_use_result() ʴ . 19. Ÿ DB 19.1 Mysql/mSQL ̹ Mysql ڰ ̹Ƿ ο ΰ ƾ Ѵ. ׷ ڵ ˰ ִ´ ϰ ۼǾ. Ǵ Լ, Ÿ, ѻ׵ crash-me ϸ ȴ. <> ӵ 񱳿 ؼ Mysql ġũ Ѵ. (11) mSQL ߻ϴ ϰ , (parser) , ϴ. ׷ 쿡 mSQL ӵ . - / ݺϸ鼭 ᶧ Ǹ ϴ ׽Ʈ - ÷ Ű ִ ̺ ڷ Է(INSER)ϴ - CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE - ε SELECT ϴ (̺ ˻ ſ ) ̷ ۾ ſ ؼ, ۽ ϰ ɸ 쿡 . ǰ Mysql ش. ܿ 鿡 Mysql mSQL( ٸ SQL α׷) . - SELECT - 뷮 ڷḦ ˻ (Mysql پ Ѵ) - ڿ ̺. Mysql ȿ Ǿ VARCHA R ÷ ε ִ. - ÷ ̺ ٷ - ڵ ̰ ū ̺ ٷ - ǥ(expression) SELECT ϴ - Ŵ ̺ SELECT ϴ - ÿ óؾ . Mysql Ƽ带 Ѵ. ڽ 带 ̴ 忡 ٸ 带 ٸ ʿ䰡 ٴ ǹѴ. ( 尡 ٸ ϱ ϴ ̺ ϰ ִ ) mSQL ϳ Ǹ ῡ Ǹ ϵ ʵ ù ° ٸ ͵ ٷѴ. ù ° Ǹ ǰ ٸ ͵ ٽ ٷѴ. - . mSQL SELECT ̺ ϸ û . ġŷ α׷ Ͽ , ð Mysql 15000 ȴ. mSQL ̺ ϱ ȭⰡ ̴. ׷, ̺ mSQL2 Ȯϰ ̺ ϰ WHERE ϰ ε ϸ . 11 Mysql ġŷ . - ORDER BY and GROUP BY. - DISTINCT - TEXT BLOB ÷ - GROUP BY, HAVING. mSQL GROUP BY ʴ´. Mysql ϰ GROUP BY HAVING ϸ Լ Ѵ. COUNT(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), SUM() and STD(). COUNT(*) ϳ ̺ SELECT ϰ, ÷ ˻ WHERE ſ ȭǾִ. MIN() MAX() ڿ ڸ . - INSERT UPDATE 갡. )Mysql> UPDATE SET x=x*10+y WHERE x<20; - ˸ƽ. Mysql ÷ ˸ƽ ִ. - ÷ ̸ . Mysql ø ̸ ǿ ̺ ϴٸ, ڸ ʿ䰡 . (** table_name.column_name ̷ ʾƵ ȴٴ Դϴ**) - SELECT پ Լ . 7.3 Լ . <ũ ȿ> ̺ 󸶳 ۰ ִ° Ѵ. Mysql ſ Ÿ Ƿ ſ ϵ ̺ ִ. Ÿ ϳ MEDIUMINT 3 Ʈ long̴. 1 ڵ尡 ִ , ڵ 1 Ʈ ϴ ſ ߿ϴ. mSQL2 ϴ Ÿ ѵǾ־ ̺ ۰ Ⱑ ƴ. <> Ǵϴ ƴϴ. Mysql 1.5 . 츮(Mysql ) mSQL Ƿ ̿ ؼ . <> ֿ ϳ ̴̼. Mysql mSQL ̼ å ݵ ϴ.  ǰ ϵ ּ ̼ ̸ ؾѴ. ( Ǹϴ ǰ Mysql ԵǾ ̼ ݵ ʿϴ) < ̽> Mysql  ߰ ɰ Բ mSQL ̽ ִ. Mysql 4 JDBC ̹ ִ. - The gwe driver: A Java interface by GWE technologies (not supported anymore). - The jms driver: An improved gwe driver by Xiaokun Kelvin ZHU - The twz driver: A type 4 JDBC driver by Terrence W. Zellers and educational use. - The mm driver: A type 4 JDBC driver by Mark Matthews{{}} õϴ ̹ twz mm ̴̹. Ѵ Ǹϰ ۵ϴ Ǿ. mSQL JDBC ̹ ִ ˰ ׿ . <߼ӵ> Mysql ſ Ը , C C++ ڵ ſ ϴµ ͼִ. , Լ, GROUP BY mSQL ͵ Ƽ ־. mSQL ֱ 'HISTORY' ϰ Mysql ۷ Ŵ غ.  ߵǰ ִ Ȯ ̴. <ƿƼ α׷> mSQL Mysql ſ پ -Ƽ ִ. mSQL Mysql ϴ ſ , mSQL 밡 κ ø ̼ Mysql ִ. Mysql mSQL2Mysql α׷ ִµ mSQL Mysql κ C-API Լ 縵 ٲ ִ. mSQL Mysql Ŭ Ʈ α׷ ϴ Ϲ ״ ð ɸ ʴ´. 19.1.1 mSQL Mysql ٲٱ , mSQL C-API ϴ mSQL-tcl mSQLjava Mysql C-API ۵ ֵ ȯϴ ð̸ ϴ. ȯ : 1. ҽ mSQL2Mysql ũƮ Ѵ. ⿡ replace α׷ ʿѵ, Mysql Բ ȴ. 2. 3. mSQL C API Mysql C API . - Mysql uses a Mysql structure as a connection type (mSQL uses an int). - Mysql_connect() takes a pointer to a Mysql structure as a parameter. It is easy to define one globally or to use malloc() to get one. Mysql_connect() also takes 2 parameters for specifying the user and password. You may set these to NULL, NULL for default use. - Mysql_error() takes the Mysql structure as a parameter. Just add the parameter to your old mSQL_error() code if you are porting old code. - Mysql returns an error number and a text error message for all errors. mSQL returns only a text error message. - Some incompatibilities exist as a result of Mysql supporting multiple connections to the server from the same process.{{}} ( Mysql μ ϹǷ ȣȯ ʴ κ Ѵ.) 19.1.2 mSQL Mysql Ŭ̾Ʈ/ mSQL Mysql Ѵ ϰų  ִ. Mysql mSQL ݰ ٸ  ֿ . - ޽ ۿ ˻ ִ. - ޽ ۴ dz ۺ ũ, Ŭ̾Ʈ Ѽ Ȯ ִ. - ߺǰų нǵ Ŷ Ŷ ڸ ִ. - ÷ ƽŰ ۵ȴ. ÷ ̴ ̳ʸ ڵ (1, 2, 3 Ʈ) ٷ ۵ȴ. - Mysql can read in the result unbuffered (without having to store the full set in the client). - /б 30̻ ɸ, Ѵ. - 8ð ̻ , Ѵ. 19.1.3 How mSQL 2.0 SQL syntax differs from Mysql (** ʽϴ. ɽϸ ѹ о. mSQL ẻ Ǿ ״ **) Column types Mysql Has the following additional types (among others; see see section 7.6) ENUM type for one of a set of strings. SET type for many of a set of strings. BIGINT type for 64-bit integers.{{ }} Mysql also supports the following additional type attributes: UNSIGNED option for integer columns. ZEROFILL option for integer columns. AUTO_INCREMENT option for integer columns that are a PRIMARY KEY. DEFAULT value for all columns.{{ }} mSQL2 mSQL column types correspond to the Mysql types shown below:{{ }} mSQLtype Corresponding Mysql type CHAR(len) CHAR(len) TEXT(len) TEXT(len). len is the maximal length. And LIKE works. INT INT. With many more options! REAL REAL. Or FLOAT. Both 4- and 8-byte versions are avail able. UINT INT UNSIGNED DATE DATE. Uses ANSI SQL format rather than mSQL's own. TIME TIME MONEY DECIMAL(12,2). A fixed-point value with two decimals. {{ }} {{ }}Index creation Mysql Indexes may be specified at table creation time with the CREATE TABLE statement. mSQL Indexes must be created after the table has been created, with separate CREATE INDEX statements.{{ }} To insert a unique identifier into a table Mysql Use AUTO_INCREMENT as a column type specifier. mSQL Create a SEQUENCE on a table and select the _seq column.{{ }} To obtain a unique identifier for a row Mysql Add a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE key to the table. mSQL Use the _rowid column. Observe that _rowid may change over time depen ding on many factors.{{ }} To get the time a column was last modified Mysql Add a TIMESTAMP column to the table. This column is automatically set to the current date and time for INSERT or UPDATE statements if you don't give the column a value or if you give it a NULL value. mSQL Use the _timestamp column.{{ }} NULL value comparisons Mysql Mysql follows ANSI SQL and a comparison with NULL is always NULL. mSQL In mSQL, NULL = NULL is TRUE. You must change =NULL to IS NULL and <> NULL to IS NOT NULL when porting old code from mSQL to Mysql.{{ }} String comparisons Mysql Normally, string comparisons are performed in case-independent fashion with the sort order determined by the current character set (ISO-8859-1 Latin1 by default). If you don't like this, declare your columns with the BINARY attribute, which causes comparisons to be done according to the ASCII order used on the Mysql server host. mSQL All string comparisons are performed in case-sensitive fashion with sorting in ASCII order.{{ }} Case-insensitive searching Mysql LIKE is a case-insensitive or case-sensitive operator, depending on the columns involved. If possible, Mysql uses indexes if the LIKE argument doesn't start with a wildcard character. mSQL Use CLIKE.{{ }} Handling of trailing spaces Mysql Strips all spaces at the end of CHAR and VARCHAR columns. Use a TEXT column if this behavior is not desired. mSQL Retains trailing space.{{ }} WHERE clauses Mysql Mysql correctly prioritizes everything (AND is evaluated before OR). To get mSQL behavior in Mysql, use parentheses (as shown below).mSQL Evaluates everything from left to right. This means that some logical calculations with more than three arguments cannot be expressed in any way. It also means you must change some queries when you upgrade to Mysql. You do this easily by adding parentheses. Suppose you have the following mSQL query: Mysql> SELECT * FROM table WHERE a=1 AND b=2 OR a=3 AND b=4; To make Mysql evaluate this the way that mSQL would, you must add parentheses: Mysql> SELECT * FROM table WHERE (a=1 AND (b=2 OR (a=3 AND (b=4) ))); {{ }}Access control Mysql Has tables to store grant (permission) options per user, host and database. mSQL Has a file `mSQL.acl' in which you can grant read/write privileges for users. 19.2 PostgreSQL Mysql PostgreSQL - Ÿ, Ʈ, , Ʈ  ִ. ׷ ANSI SQL ODBC ǥ Ÿ̳ Լ ̾ϴ. ǰų ʴ , Ÿ, Լ crash-me . (http://www.Mysql.com/crash-me-choose.htmy) Ϲ PostgreSQL Mysql . 11 [ġũ] . ̰ κ Ʈ ý ̴. Ʈ ʿϰ ӵ ִٸ PostgreSQL غ ִ. ======================================================================= - - ## : mysql 3.21 Reference Manual PostScript Ŵ ( ֽ Ŵ 3.22 ۷ Ŵ̸ 3.22.14b-gammaԴϴ.) 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17 : (taejun@hitel.net) 18 C-API κ : ǿ (golmong@cre.co.kr) ġ õ κ kldp.org database ׸񿡼 õ Ƿ Ͻø ˴ϴ. << MySQL Reference Manual >> version : MySQL 3.21 K.N.U.T Software Engineering 9801260 1999. 9. 29