{{ <> }}{{{{ õ¸®¾È ¸®´ª½º µ¿È£È¸ °ø°³°­Á ÀÚ·áÁý 1998³â 8¿ù }} }} ¡ß µé¾î°¡¸ç ¿ì¸®´Â Áö±Ý Á¤º¸ È«¼öÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ì¸é¼­ Á¤º¸ÀÇ È«¼ö ¼Ó¿¡ ºüÁ®¼­ Á¤ÀÛ ÇÊ ¿äÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ãÁö ¸øÇÏ¿© ¹æȲÇÏ´Â °æÇèÀ» ¾ÈÇØ º» »ç¶÷Àº µå¹° °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¸®´ª ½º¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ °Íµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÔ¿¡¼­ "¸®´ª½º"¶ó´Â ¸»À» µèÁö¸¸ Á¤ ÀÛ ¸®´ª½º¸¦ Á¢ÇßÀ» ¶§¿¡ ´À³¢´Â ¸·¸·ÇÔÀ̶õ ´Ù¸¥ ¿©Å¸ÀÇ ¾î·Á¿ò°ú ºñ±³°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê ´Â´Ù. õ¸®¾È ¸®´ª½º µ¿È£È¸´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °æÇèÇÏ´ø À̵éÀÌ ¸ð¿© ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ¸Å °³·Î ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¸ðÀÓÀ» ¸¸µéÀÚ´Â ÃëÁö ÇÏ¿¡ µ¿È£È¸ °³¼³À» ÁغñÇÏ¿´°í, Áö³­ ÇØ 12¿ù õ¸®¾È ¸®´ª½º µ¿È£È¸°¡ °³¼³µÇ¾î ¸®´ª½º¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ ³ª´­ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀåÀ» ¿­°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. °³¼³ ÀÌ·¡·Î ÇöÀç 4õ 4¹é ¿©¸í¿¡ ´ÞÇϴ ȸ¿øµéÀÌ ¸ð¿© ¸®´ª½º ¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ Á¤º¸¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±â¼úÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸ÀÇ ±³·ùº¸´Ù´Â ȸ¿øµé°£ÀÇ Ä£¸ñÀ» ¿ì¼±À¸·Î ÇÏ¿©¿Ô´ø ÀÌÀ¯·Î »ó´çÈ÷ Àü¹®¼ºÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ´Ù·ë¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ÃʵîÇлýºÎÅÍ ÇöÁ÷ ½Ç¹«ÀÚ±îÁö ¸¹Àº ȸ¿øµéÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÌ ¿Â¶óÀÎ/¿ÀÇÁ¶óÀο¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦°¡ Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î °ü½É°ú Á¶¸íÀ» ¹Þ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀÌ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº ³íÀÇ°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â Çö½ÇÀ» °¨¾ÈÇÒ ¶§, ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ´ë ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½Ã°¢¿¡¼­ÀÇ °íÂûÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÒ °úÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇöÀç ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀº ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã°¢°ú ÁÖÀå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦´ë·Î ÀνĵÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Â °Í ¿ª½Ã ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ õ¸®¾È ¸®´ª½º µ¿È£ ȸ´Â ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Àνİú ´õºÒ¾î, õ¸®¾È ¸®´ª½º µ¿È£È¸°¡ Çѱ¹ ³»¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸í½Ç»óºÎÇÑ ¸®´ª½º »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ¸·Î ¹ßµ¸¿òÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Àü±â¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇÏ°íÀÚ "½£À» º¼ ÁÙ ¾Æ´Â ¸®´ª¼­"¶ó´Â ÁÖÁ¦·Î °ø°³°­Á¸¦ °³ÃÖÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÃʱÞÀÚµéÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â "À§ÇÑ ¸®´ª½º °³³ä Àâ±â ¹× ¸®´ª½º ±âº»±¸Á¶"µîÀ» ÁØ ºñÇßÀ¸¸ç, Áß¡¤°í±Þ ½Ç¹«ÀÚµéÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â "¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ÇнÀ¡¤Áö½ÄÀÇ °¡ÀÌµå ¶óÀÎ ¹× Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ ÀÌ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹æÇâ"À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í "Çö½Ç ÀÌ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ°èÁ¡°ú ´ë¾È"µîÀ» Á¦ ½ÃÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¸ç ¿©Å¸ÀÇ OS¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¸®´ª½º°¡ °¡Áø Àå´ÜÁ¡À» Áý¾îº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ó À½ ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â Çà»ç¶ó ºÎÁ·ÇÑ Á¡µµ ¸¹Áö¸¸ À̹ø °ø°³ °­Á Çà»ç¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ Àü ¹ÝÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇØ¿Í È帧À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ±æ ¹Ù¶ó¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ ÀηÂÀÌ ´Ã¾î³ª±æ ±â´ëÇÑ ´Ù. °­Á¸¦ ÁغñÇÏ¸ç ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³°ýÀûÀÎ ÀÚ·áµé°ú °­ÀÇ·ÏÀ» ¸ð¾Æ º»¼­¸¦ ¹ß°£ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. º»¼­ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº µ¿È£È¸ °Ô½ÃÆÇ°ú FAQ, ±×¸®°í KLDP¸¦ Âü°íÇßÀ¸ ¸ç, µ¿È£È¸¿øµéÀÌ ³ª´©¾î ÁýÇÊÀ» Çß´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ °¢ ´Ü¿øÀÇ ¹®Ã¼³ª ±ÛÀÇ ¾ç½ÄÀÌ Á¶±Ý ¾¿ ´Ù¸£±âµµ ÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸ ³Ê±×·¯ÀÌ ÀÌÇظ¦ ÁÖ±æ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ³¡À¸·Î, Çà»ç¸¦ À§ÇØ ÁÁÀº Àå¼Ò¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ <µ¥ÀÌÄÞ(õ¸®¾È)>, "Informix-SE for Linux"¸¦ Á¦°øÇØ ÁØ <Çѱ¹ ÀÎÆ÷¹Í½º>, °­ÀǸ¦ À§ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Áö¿øÇØÁØ <¿¡ÀÌ ½Ã½º Á¤º¸Åë½Å>, Á¤Ç° ¸®´ª½º CD¸¦ Á¦°øÇØ ÁØ <Áö±×Àç±× ¼ÒÇÁÆ®>, ¸®´ª½º¿ë "Éø±Û /X R4"¸¦ Á¦°øÇØÁØ <¹ÌÁö¸®¼­Ä¡>, º» ±³À縦 ¹ß°£ ÇØÁØ <(ÁÖ) ¿¹Áö°¢>, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Çà»ç¸¦ ±âȹÇÏ°í ÃÑ ÁøÇàÀ» ¸Ã¾ÆÁØ ÀÇ [°¡¿ì½º] ±è¹Î¼ö´Ô²² °¨»ç¿Í Âù»ç¸¦ ¶ç¿î´Ù. 1998³â 8¿ù 29ÀÏ È£³ªºñ ¾È±æ¼º µå¸² ¸¸µçÀ̵é(õ¸®¾È ID: À̸§ ÀüÀÚ¿ìÆí ÁÖ¼Ò) °¡¿ì½º : ±è¹Î¼ö gauss@smartmate.com °¡À»Çâ±â : Ȳ»óÁø hackers@smartmate.com ³«¿± : ¹Ú»ó¿Ï webadmin@webadmin.net µÕµÕÀÌ : ¹Ú°æÀÎ kyungins@chollian.net ¹«¸ªµµ¿ø : ±è¿ÏÈñ hwinnt@chollian.net ¹Ùº¸¹Ì¿ª : ÃÖ¹ÎÇõ magic23@chollian.net »ç¹Ù¼¼°è : ¹ÚÇý¿¬ ¼±ÀÌ : Á¤¼±ÀÌ jung0911@chollian.net ¿ä¼Á : Á¤ÀçÇü jjh7100@chollian.net Àººû¿¬¾î : Àå´öÈñ sauro@chollian.net À̽ : À̽ lvl@chollian.net ³ª¸¶½ºÄ« : 亴ö dataeng@chollian.net ij¼öÆÛ : ÀÓÅë±Ô casper@smartmate.com ÆĶûÀÌ : Àü¼®º´ zsdeer@chollian.net Ǫ¸¥´Þ : ¹Ú½ÂÈÆ hdb14@chollian.net È£ÁØ : ÀÌÈ£ÁØ nel78@chollian.net < ÙÍ ó­ > ¥°. ¸®´ª½º¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? 1. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ Åº»ý¹è°æ 2. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ º¯Ãµ»ç 3. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ÇöÀç¿Í ¹Ì·¡ ¥±. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ±¸Á¶ 1. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ±âº»±¸Á¶ 2. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ Kernel¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© 3. X-Window System¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¥². ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ È°¿ë 1. ¸®´ª½º & Networking 2. ¸®´ª½º & Internet Service 3. ¸®´ª½º & Database 4. ¸®´ª½º & Security <ºÎ·Ï> ¡Ü ¸®´ª½º(RedHat 5.1) ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ±â ¡Ü ¸®´ª½º »ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ Çѱ۱¸Çö ¡Ü X-Window ¼³Á¤ÇÏ±â ¡Ü ¸®´ª½º »ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÅë½Å°ú ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »ç¿ëÇÏ±â ¡Ü ¸®´ª½º °ü·Ã Internet Site ¸ðÀ½ I. ¸®´ª½º¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? 1. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ Åº»ý ¹è°æ [¿Ö ¸®´ª½ºÀΰ¡?]{{) kldp.linux-kr.org Âü°í }} ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶² ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Ù º¸¸é °¡²û ÀÌ·± ¸Þ½ÃÁö¿Í ¸¸³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù. " ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ÀúÀ۱ǹý¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ º¸È£¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ½ÂÀιÞÁö ¾ÊÀº º¹»ç, ¹èÆ÷, ¼öÁ¤ Àº ÀúÀ۱ǹý¿¡ ÀǰŠó¹úµË´Ï´Ù.", "ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ½¦¾î¿þ¾îÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »ç¿ë Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â µî·ÏÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. »ç¿ë±â°£ÀÌ Áö³ª¸é ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸ ·Î µ¿ÀÛÀÌ Á¤ÁöµË´Ï´Ù."..... ÀÌ·± ¸»µéÀÌ ½ÈÀº »ç¶÷Àº ¸®´ª½º¸¦ »ç¿ëÇ϶ó. ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ³ª Á¤º¸ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀº ±× ´©±¸µµ µ¶Á¡ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀÇ ÀúÀÛ±ÇÀº ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹èÆ÷¿Í »ç¿ë¿¡´Â Á¦ÇÑÀÌ À־´Â ¾ÈµÇ°í, ¼Ò½º¿Í ÇÔ²² °ø°³µÇ¾î ´©±¸³ª ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» °³Á¶(ÇØÅ·)ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¸®´ª½º¸¦ »ç¿ëÇ϶ó. ¸®´ª½º´Â M$ Windows¿¡ °¤Çô ÀÖ´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ PC¸¦ Çعæ½ÃÄÑ ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç ½ÅÀÇ PC¸¦ ¿öÅ©½ºÅ×À̼ÇÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°í ½ÍÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡? ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ À¯´Ð ½º(UNIX)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡? ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¼±ÅÃÀº ´Ü ÇÑ°¡Áö. ¸®´ª½ºÀÌ´Ù. °ø°³ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À̶ó°í´Â µµÀúÈ÷ ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ ¼º´É°ú ¾ÈÁ¤¼º, ¼öµµ ¾øÀÌ ½ñ¾ÆÁ® ³ª¿À°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» º¸¸é ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´ç½ÅÀº ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ´Ê°Ô ¾Ë°Ô µÈ °ÍÀ» ÈÄȸÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì ¸®´ª½º´Â Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ¿­Ç³À» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀÖÀ¸ ¸ç »ç¿ëÀÚ¼öµµ ±Þ°ÝÈ÷ ´Ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. [¸®´ª½ºÀÇ Åº»ý]{{) 10ºÐ °¡À̵å '¸®´ª½º' Âü°í }} Linus Benedict Torvalds¶ó´Â Çɶõµå »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¿ø·¡ Çï½ÌÅ°¿¡¼­ Àü»êÇÐÀ» Àü°øÇÏ´ø »ç¶÷À̾ú´Âµ¥ 88³â¿¡ 386º¸È£¸ðµå¿¡¼­ A¶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥°ú B¶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ºÀ§ÄªÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷ Àüȯ±â¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î º¸°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ Àç¹Ì°¡ ºÙÀÚ ¹° °í ´Ã¾îÁö´Â ÇØÄ¿ ±âÁúÀÌ ¹ßÈֵǾî paging, timer interruptµîÀ» µÎ´Þ¸¸¿¡ ¸¸µé°Ô µÇ ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ °è±â°¡ µÇ¾î ±× ¿Ü ¿©·¯°¡Áö µð¹ÙÀ̽º µå¶óÀ̹ö¿Í ±âÃÊÀûÀÎ ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ µîÀ» °¡Áø ¸®´ª½º ¹öÀü 0.01À» 91³â 8¿ù¿¡ ³»³õ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅ縸 (Richard M. Stallman) À̶ó´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸¸µç FSF¶ó´Â ´ÜüÀÇ GNUÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®°¡ ÇÕ¼¼Çϸ鼭 ÀÌ ´Üü¿Í ¶æÀ» °°ÀÌÇÏ´Â Àü¼¼°èÀÇ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸Ó µéÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶óÀ̳ʽº´Â Ä¿³Î¸¸À» ´ã´çÇÏ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀº À̵鿡 ÀÇÇØ °³¹ßµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ Àá½Ã GNUÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Á»´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¾Ë¾Æº¸ÀÚ. GNU´Â "Gnu is Not Unix"¶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº À¯´Ð½º¿Í ºñ½ÁÇϸ鼭µµ ´õ °­·ÂÇÑ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¸¦ ¸¸µé°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÄÄÇ»ÆÃÀ» ²Þ²Ù´Â ±×µé´Ù¿î »ý°¢À¸·Î, ´©±¸ÀÇ Áö¹èµµ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â »õ·Î¿î ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¸¦ °³¹ß ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌ °ÍÀ» À§Çؼ­ GCC¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â C/C++ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯¿Í °­·ÂÇÑ ¿¡µðÅÍÀÎ Emacs¸¦ ¸¸µé°í ¿©·¯ °¡Áö À¯´Ð½º À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼µéÀÇ GNU¹öÀüÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± °ÍµéÀÌ Linux ¿¡¼­ ½ÃµµµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Linus¿¡ ÀÇÇØ 80386¿ë Ä¿³ÎÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ°í µÚÀ̾î GCC°¡ ÀÌ Ä¿ ³Î¿¡ Æ÷ÆõǾú´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì ¸¸µé¾îÁ® ÀÖ´ø ¸¹Àº GNUÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀº GCC·Î ÄÄÆÄÀϵǾúÀ¸ ¸ç, GNUÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ¿Ü¿¡µµ ¼Ò½º°¡ °ø°³µÇ¾î ÀÖ´ø ¸¹Àº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀÌ GCC·Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ Linux´Â ¼¼»ó¿¡ ±× ¸ð½ÀÀ» µå·¯³»°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸®´ª½º´Â GNUÁ¤½Å¿¡ µû¶ó ¿ÏÀü °ø°³·Î ¹èÆ÷µÇ¸ç ¸ðµç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¼Ò½º ¶Ç ÇÑ °ø°³µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ´©±¸³ª ±× ¼Ò½º¸¦ °³Á¶ÇÏ¿© ¼º´ÉÀ» Çâ»ó½Ã ų ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¹°·Ð GNUÁ¤½Å¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ °³Á¶ÇÑ ³»¿ëµµ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô °ø°³ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î Çؼ­ ¸®´ª½º´Â Àü¼¼°èÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Å×½ºÆ®µÇ°í °³¼±, °³¹ßµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ¾î´À »ó¿ë À¯´Ð½º¿Íµµ °ßÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸·°­ÇÑ ¼º´É°ú ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» °¡Áö °Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. [¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ÀåÁ¡] ¡¤¿Ïº®ÇÑ ¸ÖƼ À¯Àú, ¸ÖƼ ŽºÅ· ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¡¤¶Ù¾î³­ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º ¡¤¿ÏÀü °ø°³ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¡¤°­·ÂÇÑ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© Áö¿ø (TCP/IP, SLIP/PPP, IPX, AppleTalk, ISDN, Ethernet, FDDI µî) ¡¤ºü¸¥ ¾÷±×·¹ÀÌµå ¡¤Ç³ºÎÇÑ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ¡¤³×Æ®¿÷ ±â¹ÝÀÇ X-WindowÁ¦°ø ¡¤»ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö °ø°³ ¹®¼­µé (LDP, FAQ, HOWTO µîµî) ¡¤±×¸®°í ÀÚÀ¯ [FSF(Free Software Foundation)¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?]{{) "¸®´ª½º·Î °¡´Â Çè³­ÇÑ ±æ" Âü°í }} FSF¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ´Üü´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹»ç, ¹èÆ÷, ÀÌÇØ, ¼öÁ¤¿¡ ´ë ÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¦ÇÑÀ» öÆóÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ È¥½ÅÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ´ÙÇÏ´Â ´ÜüÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿µ¿ª¿¡ À־ ÀÚÀ¯(free) ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ°í »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ·¯ ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ±×µéÀº GNU(GNU's Not Unix)¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î À¯ ´Ð½º¸¦ ȣȯÇÏ¸ç ´õ¿í ´õ ¶Ù¾î³­ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÅëÇÕ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¸¦ °³¹ß Áß¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. FSF´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÇ Áß¿ä ±¸¼ººÎºÐµéÀ» Àü¼¼°è¿¡ °ø°³Çسõ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áß¿¡ À¯¸íÇÑ °Í µéÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ C ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯ÀÎ gcc (ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÀϺΠÀïÀïÇÑ ¼ÒÇÁÆ® ¿þ¾î ȸ»çµéÀÌ ±â±Ý±îÁö ¸¶·ÃÇؼ­ ÈÄ¿øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù ), À̸ƽº(Emacs)¿Í °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯(free)¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¹Ù´Â µ· ¹®Á¦¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â ÀÚÀ¯(freedom)¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. GNU ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î´Â µ·À» ÁÖ°í »çµµ µÇ°í °øÂ¥·Î ±¸Çصµ µÈ´Ù. ¾î¶»°Ô µç ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ GNU ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é ¾ó¸¶µçÁö ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ °íÃļ­ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, ¿©·¯ºÐ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ Çâ»ó µÈ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡ ȯ¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ´Üü¿¡¼­µµ ÀÚÀ¯ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¹èÆ÷ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸ FSF´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸ðµç »ó¿ë ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦µé À» ´ëüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿Ïº®ÇÑ GNU ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÁýÁßÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. FSF ȸ ÀåÀº À̸ƽº ¿¡µðÅÍÀÇ °³¹ßÀÚÀÎ ¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅç¸Ç¾¾ÀÌ´Ù. [Áß¿äÇÑ Àι° ¼Ò°³] ¡¤ ¸®´©½º Å丣¹ßÁî(Linus Benedict Torvalds) ¸®´ª½º ¿î¿µÃ¼°èÀÇ Ä¿³ÎÀ» ¸¸µç ¸®´©½º´Â ÇöÀç Çɶõµå Çï½ÌÅ° ´ëÇп¡¼­ ´ë ÇпøÀ» ´Ù´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̹ø¿¡ ÇÐÀ§¸¦ µû¸é Çб³¿¡ ³²À» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ÁöÄ¥ ÁÙ ¸ð¸£ ´Â Á¤¿­À» °¡Áö°í Ä¿³Î °³¹ßÀ» ½¬Áö ¾Ê°í Çس»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ÅÀÏ Àü¼¼°è·ÎºÎÅÍ ³¯¾Æ¿À ´Â ¸ÞÀÏ¿¡ ÆĹ¯Çô »ê´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â ¸®´©½º. ¸®´©½º ¶ÇÇÑ ¹ã¿¡ Ä¿³Î °³¹ßÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ÇÏ´ÂÁö ³·¿¡´Â Ç×»ó ºÎÁ·ÇÑ ÀáÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â °Í °°´Ù. ¡¤ ¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅç¸Ç(Richard M. Stallman) ¸®´ª¼­µéÀÌ Á¸°æÇØ ¸¶Áö¾Ê´Â FSF ȸÀå ¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅç¸Ç¾¾ÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼»ó ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿¡µðÅÍÀÎ À̸ƽº¸¦ ¸¸µç »ç¶÷µµ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶ ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é ¸®´ª ½º¿Í °°Àº °ø°³ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è´Â ź»ýÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â °Í ÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¸®´©½ºÀÇ Ä¿³Î°ú ¸ðµç GNU ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îµé, MIT X À©µµ, BSDÀÇ ³×Æ®¿öÅ· ÄÚµå·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø °Å´ëÇÑ ÀηùÀÇ ÁöÀû Àç»ê ÁýÇÕü¶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¾Ë ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ½ºÅç¸Ç¾¾´Â ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀÇ »ç¿ë°ú ¹èÆ÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¦ÇÑÀ» ¾ø¾Ö°í ÇÊ¿ä ÇÑ °ÍÀº ÇÔ²² ÇؾßÇѴٴ öÇÐÀ» °¡Áö°í GNU ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀÎ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ GNU ¼±¾ð¹®(Manifesto)À» ÀÐ°í ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ¸Å·áµÈ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹¾Ò ´ø°¡? ¿©·¯ºÐµéµµ ²À ÇÑ ¹ø Àо±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. Á¤È®È÷ ¸»Çؼ­ ¸®´ª½º´Â GNU ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. GNU ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ÇöÀç Hurd¶ó´Â Ä¿³ÎÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â 'GNU ¿î¿µÃ¼°è'·Î ÀÌ¹Ì ³ª¿Í¼­ °³¹ß Áß¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅç¸ÇÀÇ ²ÞÀÌ ½ÇÇö µÇ°¡´Â °úÁ¤À̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â ´ç¿¬ È÷ ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ÁÁ¾ÆÇϸç À½¾Ç°ú ƯÈ÷ ³ªºñ¸¦ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º »ç¿ëÀÚ¶ó¸é ¸® Â÷µå ½ºÅç¸Ç¾¾¿Í GNU ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Ç×»ó °¨»çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 2. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ º¯Ãµ»ç [Á¼Àº Àǹ̿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸®´ª½º : ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÇ ÇٽɺΠĿ³Î]{{) "ÇÔ²²ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ±Û ¸®´ª½º ¾ËÂ¥ ½½·¢¿þ¾î 3.1" Âü°í }} »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¸®´ª½ºµµ ¾ö¹ÐÈ÷ ¸»Çϸé 2°¡Áö·Î ³ª´©¾î ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¼ Àº Àǹ̿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸®´ª½º¿Í ³ÐÀº Àǹ̿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸®´ª½ºÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¼± Á¼Àº Àǹ̿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸®´ª ½º¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾ê±âÇغ¸µµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú´Ù. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ °£´ÜÇÑ ¿ª»ç±âÇàÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ¹®¼­ ÇÁ ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿Í À¯Àú °¡ÀÌµå ³»¿ëÀ» ¾à°£ ÀοëÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º(Linux)´Â Çɶõµå Çï½ÌÅ° ´ëÇп¡¼­ Àü»êÇаú¸¦ ´Ù´Ï´Â ¸®´©½º Åä¹ßÁî (Linus Torvalds)¶õ Çлý¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¾²¿©Á³À¸¸ç, ¼¼°è °¢±¹ÀÇ ¼¿ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷ µé¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ °³¼±µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ¸®´ª½º´Â ¸ðµÎ ¼Õ¼ö ¾º¿©Áø ÄÚµå·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø À¯´Ð½º ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÇ È£È¯ ½Ã½ºÅÛ(clone)ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, À¯´Ð½º·Î À¯¸íÇÑ USL(Unix System Laboratories)À̳ª ¹öŬ¸®, Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ´ëÇÐÀÌ ¸®´ª½º¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ ÀûÀº ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù. ¸® ´ª½º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÇÑ °¡Áö Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â »ç½Ç·Î´Â ¼¼°è °¢±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¿½Ã¿¡ °³¹ßÀÌ ÀÌ·ç ¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ·ÎºÎÅÍ Çɶõµå¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö »ç ¶÷µéÀº ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ °³¹ß¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾ÕÀ¸·Îµµ °è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Âü¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸í ÇÏ´Ù. »ç½ÇÀº ¸®´ª½º´Â ¸®´©½ºÀÇ Ãë¹Ì ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¾Øµð Ÿ³Ù¹Ù¿ò(Andy Tanenbaum)¾¾°¡ ¸¸µç ¼Ò±Ô¸ð À¯´Ð½º ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÎ ¹Ì´Ï½º(Minix)¿¡ ¼­ ¿µ°¨À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º°¡ Ãʱ⿡´Â 386 º¸È£¸ðµå¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸ÖƼ ½ºÀ§Äª ±â ´ÉÀ» ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¼Àºí¸®·Î ÀÛ¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. 1991³â 10¿ù 5ÀÏ, ¸®´©½º´Â ù¹ø° °ø½Ä ¹öÀüÀÎ 0.0.2¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù.(¹öÀü 0.0.1Àº ¹ßÇ¥µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù) ±×¶§´Â GNUÀÇ È® ÀåµÈ ½©ÀÎ bash¿Í C ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯ÀÎ gcc°¡ ±× À§¿¡¼­ ÀÛµ¿µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¹öÀü 0.03¿¡ ¼­ ¸®´©½º´Â ¹öÀüÀ» 0.10À¸·Î Á¡ÇÁÇØ ¹ö·È´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àç¹Ì¸¦ µé¿©¼­ Âü ¿©Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹öÀüÀº 0.95±îÁö ¿Ã¶ó°¬´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Á¶±Ý¸¸ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Çü ÅÂÀÇ °ø½Ä ¹öÀü ¹ßÇ¥°¡ ÀÓ¹ÚÇÔÀ» ¾Ë¸®´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. 1³â ¹ÝÀ̶ó´Â ¼¼¿ùÀÌ Áö³ª°í 1993³â 12¿ù¸»¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ 1.0¿¡ °¡±î¿î 0.99pl14 ¹öÀüÀ» ³Â´Ù.(pl14´Â ¹öÀü 0.99¿¡ ÆÐÄ¡°¡ ¸î ¹ø °¡ÇØÁ³´ÂÁö¸¦ ¸»ÇØÁØ´Ù. Patch Level ÀÇ ¾àÀÚÀÌ´Ù) ¸®´ª½º°¡ °¡½ÃÈ­ µÇÀÚ ¼¼°è °÷°÷ÀÇ À¯´Ð½ºÀÇ ÃµÀçµé(Guru)°ú ÇØÄ¿µé ÀÌ ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ´Þ·Áµé±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̶§ºÎÅÍ ¸®´©½ºÀÇ ÀλýÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Þ¶óÁö°Ô µÇ ¾úÀ½Àº ¹°·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÈÁ¤ Ä¿³Î ¹öÀü 1.2.13±îÁö ÁøÇàÀ» ÇÏ¿´°í, 2.0.0¿¡ À̸£±â À§ÇÑ °³ ¹ß ¹öÀü 1.3.X´Â ¹«·Á 1.3.100±îÁö À̸£·¶À¸¸ç, 1996³â 6¿ù 9ÀÏ ¿ÀÀü 10½Ã 18ºÐ(Çɶõ µå ½Ã°£) linux-2.0.tar.gz À̶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¿Ã·Á³õÀ½À¸·Î½á ¸®´ª¼­µéÀÇ ´ëÃàÁ¦¸¦ ¸Â¾Ò ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̱ÛÀ» ¾²°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ø°£¿¡´Â ÀÌ¹Ì 2.0.21 ±îÁö ³ª¿ÍÀÖ´Ù.(1998³â 8¿ù 19ÀÏ ÇöÀç¿¡´Â Ä¿³Î ¹öÀü 2.1.115±îÁö ³ª¿ÍÀÖ´Ù) ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ½¬Áöµµ ¾Ê°í ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °³¹ß ¹öÀüÀÎ 2.1 ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ Âø¼öÇÒ »ý°¢À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ftp»çÀÌÆ®ÀÎ ftp.cs.helsinki.fi ¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì v2.1 µð·ºÅ͸®¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î µÎ¾ú´Ù.(¾ÕÀ¸·Î Á¶±Ý ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¾ÈÁ¤ ¹öÀüÀÎ 2.2 °¡ ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù) [³ÐÀº ÀǹÌÀÇ ¸®´ª½º : ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ]{{) "ÇÔ²²ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ±Û ¸®´ª½º ¾ËÂ¥ ½½·¢¿þ¾î 3.1" Âü°í }} ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î¸¸ °¡Áö°í´Â ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦·Î¼­ÀÇ Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¸¶Ä¡ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ PC¿¡´Ù ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀº Çϳªµµ ¾øÀÌ µµ½º¸¸ ¼³Ä¡ÇØ ³õÀº °Í°ú °°Àº °á°úÀÌ´Ù.(»ç½Ç ¸¶ÀÌ Å©·Î¼ÒÇÁÆ® µµ½º 6.* ¹öÀü¿¡¼­´Â ÇÊ¿ä ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ ³Ö¾î¼­ ±× ÀÚü·Îµµ ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô(?) PC¸¦ °¡µ¿½Ãų Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù) ¸®´ª½º ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ´õ¿í ½É°¢Çѵ¥, ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î ±× ÀÚü¸¸À¸·Î´Â ÆÄÀÏ Çϳª Á¦´ë·Î º¹»ç ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ½©À̶ó°í ¸í·É¾î Çؼ®±â(µµ½ºÀÇ command.com¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù)°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇÏ°í ÆÄÀÏ º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÏ·Á¸é cp¶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ µû·Î ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇϸç, ÆÄ ÀÏÀ» Áö¿ì±â À§Çؼ­´Â rmÀ̶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. '¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?'¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯Àº ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. º¸ÅëÀº Ä¿³Î ±× ÀÚü¿Í ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿î¿µ¿¡ ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÑ À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼µé(ÆÄÀÏ Ã³¸®, ½Ã½ºÅÛ Ã¼Å©, °£´ÜÇÑ Åؽº Æ® ÆíÁý±â)À» Æ÷ÇÔÇϸç, À¯´Ð½º °è¿­ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â C ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯µµ Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» Â÷Áö ÇÑ´Ù. ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­´Â ¸¹ÀÌ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ¼Ò±Ô¸ðÀÇ Åë½Å ÇÁ·Î±×·¥, µ¥ÀÌÅÍ Ã³¸® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé µµ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ °³³ä ¾È¿¡ µé¾î¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ¿öµå ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­±îÁö ³ÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â µ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¶ó´Â °³³äÀÌ ¿­¸° °³³ä(Opne Concept)À̱⿡ ½É°¢ÇÏ°Ô ÇÑÁ¤ ÁöÀ» ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù°í º»´Ù. ´ÜÁö, ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿î¿µ¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á» ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ±âÁØ¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇÏ¸é µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î ¿©·¯ºÐÀ̳ª ÇÊÀÚ°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î Á¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³ÎÀÎ ¾à 12¸Þ°¡Â¥¸® ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, CD-ROMÀ̳ª ftp »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ (Distribution)À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹ÀÌ µé¾îº¸¾ÒÀ» Áö´Â ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸ ½½·¢¿þ¾î, ·¹µåÇÞ, µ¥ ºñ¾È µîÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °ÍµéÀº ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³ÎÀ» ±âÃÊ ·ÎÇÏ¿© ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï À§¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» Æí¸®ÇÏ°Ô ¸ð¾Æ ³õÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÌ»óÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼­¼­ ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿î¿µ¿¡ ÇÊ ¿äÇÑ ÃÖ´ëÇÑÀÇ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ À¯±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ð¾Æ ³õÀº °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé ¾î, MITÀÇ X À©µµ¿ì ¾øÀ̵µ ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿î¿µÀº °¡´ÉÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¶Ä¡ XÀ©µµ¿ìµµ ¸® ´ª½ºÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀÎ °Í ¸¶³É ¸ðµÎµé ¸®´ª½º¿¡ X À©µµ¿ì¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¿© ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ±âº»Àû ÀÎ ¸ÖƼŽºÅ·°ú ³×Æ®¿öÅ·ÀÇ ÈûÀ» ¸¸³£ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æ X À©µµ¿ìµµ »©³õÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÇ ÀϺζó°í ¸»ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °Í °°´Ù. ¸®´ª½º´Â Á¤ÇØÁø ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ¹èÆ÷ Çü½ÄÀÌ ¹Ì¸® Á¤ÇØÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Àç¹Ì Àִ Ư¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´©½º¾¾ Á¶Â÷µµ, ±×¸®°í ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ¸®´ª½º°¡ ÇÑ ´Üü³ª Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ¸¸ ¹èÆ÷µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¾ð±Þ ÇÑ ¸¶µð ¾ø´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, Á¤¸»·Î ¸¹Àº ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀÌ ³ª¿Í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯À̱⠶§ ¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Çѱ¹¿¡¼­´Â °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ½½·¢¿þ¾î¿Í ·¹µåÇÞ, ÃÖ±Ù µé¾î µ¥ºñ¾È µîÀÇ »õ·Î¿î À̸§µéÀ» µéÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÇØ¿Ü¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ µéÀÇ À̸§À» ¿¹ ·Î µé¸é CraftWorks, Yggdrasil, S.u.S.E, Linux-FT, WGS Linux Pro, Linux Universe, LinuxWare, ±×¸®°í ·¹µåÇÞ¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í º»°Ý »ó¾÷¿ë ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀ» °³½ÃÇÑ Ä®µ¥¶ó(Cadera) µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀº °íÀ¯ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í, ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿î¿µ¿¡ À־ ¾à°£¾¿ÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, °°Àº ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ¾´´Ù ÇÒ Áö¶ó µµ ÇÑ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀ» ¾²´Ù°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀ¸·Î ¿Å±â´Â °ÍÀº ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀûÀÀ °úÁ¤À» °ÅÃÄ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸¸Å­ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¸¹´Ù´Â ¸»µµ µÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ¹Ì ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀº ³íÀÇ °¡ µÇ¾î ¿Ô°í, ¸î °¡Áö ¼­·Î °£ÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ Àå´ÜÁ¡À» »©°í´Â µð·ºÅ͸® ¿î¿µ µî¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÁØÀ» ÁöÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù. [¸®´ª½ºÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¹ßÀÚÃë]{{) "½½·¢¿þ¾î 3.3À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Áö»ó ÃÖ°­ÀÇ ¸®´ª½º ¼­¹ö ¸¸µé±â" Âü°í }} FSF(Free Software Foundation) Àç´ÜÀ» ¼³¸³ÇÑ ¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅ縸ÀÌ °ú°Å MIT °ø´ë¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇÒ ´ç½Ã¿¡¸¸ ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ µ¿·áµéÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¹«·á·Î º¹»çÇØ ÁÖ´Â Çù·Â Á¤½ÅÀÌ ÆعèÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸ÓµéÀº ¼­·ÎÀÇ ¿ìÁ¤À» Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¿¹·Î ¼Ò½º¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇØ¿Ô¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1980³â´ë µé¾î¿Í¼­ MicroSoft¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ¿µ¸® ¸ñ ÀûÀ» °¡Áø ȸ»çµéÀº ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ »ó¿ëÈ­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÁÖ·ÂÇß´Ù. ¿äÁò À¢¸¸Å­ ¾µ¸¸ÇÑ ÇÁ ·Î±×·¥À» »ì·Á¸é ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ¸î½Ê ¸¸¿øÀº ³Ñ´Â´Ù. ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¸¶ À½´ë·Î ¾µ ¼öµµ ¾ø°í, ±×·¸°Ô ¿ì¼öÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¿ï¸ç °ÜÀÚ ¸Ô´Â ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â Çö½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼»óÀÌ ÀÌ·¸´Ùº¸´Ï ÀϺΠÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸Óµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀÇ LockÀ» ±úºÎ¼ö´Â »ç¶÷ÀÎ Å©·¡Ä¿(Cracker)°¡ »ý°Ü³ª±â¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. °á±¹ ¼Ò¼ö ÀÚ±â öÇÐÀ» °¡Áø ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸Ó¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸ÓµéÀÌ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀÇ °¡Ä¡ âÁ¶¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶°í, ´ëÇü ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ȸ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Èí¼ö ³»Áö, µ¿È­µÇ¾î º­·È´Ù. ±× ÀÌÈÄ ½ºÅ縸Àº 1983³â GNU ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸¦ °èȹ Çϱ⿡ À̸£·¯ Áö±Ý±îÁö ±»°ÇÈ÷ º¯ÀýÇØ ¹ö¸° »ó¿ëÈ­ ȸ»ç¿Í ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸Ó¿¡°Ô µµÀüÀå À» ´øÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ÅëÇÑ °ø°³ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦ÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀº 1990³â´ë¿¡ ¿Í¼­ °ø°³¿ë ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø GNU ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ Linux¿Í ÇÕÃÄÁüÀ¸·Î¼­ ¸·°­ÇÑ 32ºñÆ® ¿î¿µ üÁ¦°¡ ź»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áö±ÝÀº ½½·¢¿þ¾î, ·¹µåÇÞ, µ¥ºñ¾È µîÀÇ ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ±âº»À¸·Î ÇÑ GNU ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ±â¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ¸®´ª½º´Â Intel(80386)¿¡¼­ µ¹¾Æ°¡´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ 32ºñÆ® Unix ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦·Î ±× ¾È Á¤¼ºÀº ¿¬±¸¼Ò¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡¼­ ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡¼­´Â ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö ÀÌ ·¸´Ù ÇÒ È°¼ºÈ­µÈ Á¶Á÷ÀÌ °á¼ºµÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ±¹³» Åë½Å¸ÁÀ» ÅëÇÑ È°µ¿ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °É·Î ¾È´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, ¹Ù´Ù °Ç³Ê ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â Infoworld¶ó´Â Àü¼¼°è¸ÁÀ» °¡Áø PC ¸Å°ÅÁø ȸ»ç°¡ ·¹µåÇÞÀ» 1997³â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦·Î »Ì¾Ò°í, ¿µÈ­ ŸÀÌŸ´ÐÀº 30 ´ëÀÇ ¾ËÆÄ ¸®´ª½º·Î ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, µ¥ºñ¾ÈÀº ¿ìÁÖ¼±¿¡ žÀçµÇ¾î ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ ¿ì ÁÖ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ¿Å±â±â¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅ縸ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÌ ºûÀ» ¹ßÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ¸ðµç ÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ¼Ò½º°¡ °ø°³µÇ¾î Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î °è¼Ó ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î º¯ÇØ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦·Î º¯È­¸¦ ²Þ²Ù°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 3. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ÇöÀç¿Í ¹Ì·¡ [ÇØÄ¿ÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è]{{) "¸®´ª½º·Î °¡´Â Çè³­ÇÑ ±æ" Âü°í }} ¸¹Àº Ãʺ¸ ¸®´ª¼­µé¿¡°Ô °ÌºÎÅÍ ÁÖ·Á´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸®´ª½º°¡ µµ´ë ü ¾î¶² ¿î¿µÃ¼°èÀÎÁö ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¾Ë°í ¿ÀÇØÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾øµµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. º¸Åë ´ÙÀ½ °ú °°Àº Áú¹®À» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é µµ´ëü ¹¹¶ó°í ´äÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Áö ¸ð¸£°Ú´Ù. "¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ À©µµ95º¸´Ù ¹öÃß¾îÆÄÀÌÅÍ°¡ Àߵdzª¿ä?" "¸®´ª½º ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ ¶Ù¾î³ª´Ù¸é¼­¿ä? ±×·³ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ÀͽºÇ÷η¯µµ Àß µ¹¾Æ°¡¿ä?" °¢ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾²ÀÓ»õ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ÅÃÇÑ ÀÌ»ó ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì »ç¿ëÇØ¿Ô´ø ´Ù¸¥ ¿î¿µÃ¼°èµé°ú °°±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀº Á» ¿ì½º¿î ÀÏ ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò±î? ¸®´ª½º´Â Áö±Ý±îÁö ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ±¸°æÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ »õ·Î¿î µðÀÚÀÎÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÁֱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. À§¿Í °°Àº ¿ÀÇØ°¡ »ý±æ ¶§ ¸®´ª½º´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾ø¾îÁø´Ù. º¸Åë ÇØÄ¿µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ »ç´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. - ¹ã³·ÀÌ ¹Ù²î¾î¼­ »ýÈ°ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¿Ã»©¹ÌµéÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó³ª ¿Ü±¹À̳ª ¾îµð¸¦ ¸··ÐÇÏ°í Ãë¹ÌµéÀº ¸ðµÎ Night HackingÀÌ´Ù. - »ó´çÈ÷ ¾î·Á¿ö º¸ÀÌ´Â ÈñÇÑÇÑ ¸í·É¾îµéÀ» ±¸»çÇÏ¸ç ±×°ÍÀ» Áñ±ä´Ù. - ±¸¼ÓÀ» ½È¾îÇϸç Á¤ºÎÀÇ Åë½Å, ÀÎÅͳ×Æ® ÅëÁ¦ °°Àº °ÍÀº ±Øµµ·Î Çø¿ÀÇÑ´Ù. - Çϵå¿þ¾îµç ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îµç ¿ÏÁ¦Ç°À» ½È¾îÇÑ´Ù. ÀڱⰡ ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇؼ­ ¸¸µéÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¸¶À½¿¡ Â÷Áú ¾Ê´Â´Ù. - ÇÏ·ç Á¾ÀÏ Áý¿¡ È¥ÀÚ À־ ¸®´ª½º¸¸ °®´ÙÁÖ¸é ½É½ÉÇØÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. - Ç×»ó ¹è¿ì·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. - ³ë·ÂÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷Àº µµ¿ÍÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. - ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸®´ª¼­ÀÓÀ» ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸¶À½ »ÑµíÇØ ÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º°¡ »ó¾÷Àû ¼º°øÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î ³ª°¡°í ÀÖ°í °è¼Ó Áö±Ýó·³ ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù°í ÇÒ Áö¶óµµ ¸®´ª½º º»¿¬ÀÇ¡®ÇØÄ¿ÀÇ Ãµ±¹¡¯À̶ó´Â Ãø¸éÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ Ãø¸éÀ¸·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. [ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸Ó¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è] ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ÀÀ¿ë ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÀûÀº °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ÀÀ¿ë ÇÁ·Î±× ·¥µéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¸ðµÎ ³ª¿Í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®°í Áö±Ý ÇöÀç¿¡µµ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ½ñ¾ÆÁ® ³ª¿À°í ÀÖ´Â ÁßÀÌ´Ù. ¼±¶æ Ãʺ¸ÀÚµéÀÌ ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ³ª¼­ È°¿ëÇϱ⠾î·Á¿öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº À©µµ 95¿Í °°Àº ¿î¿µÃ¼°è¿ëÀ¸·Î ½ñ¾ÆÁ® ³ª¿À´Â Àå³­°¨ °°Àº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀÌ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ¾î´À ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ°í Àִ°¡?¶ó´Â Áú¹®¿¡ ¶È¶ÈÈ÷ ÀÌ·¸´Ù¶ó°í ´äº¯Çϱâ Èûµç °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ Ȩ PC¶ó´Â °³³äÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ÄÄ Ç»Å͸¦ Àü¹® ±â°è°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿À¶ô ±â°è Á¤µµ·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ°Ô²û ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç »ç½Ç À¯ÈñÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ÀÌÁ¦´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò·Î ÀÚ¸®Àâ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ºÎºÐ µéÀÌ ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ Ãë¾àÇÑ Á¡À̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ°ÍÀº °¡Á¤ ÀÚü°¡ Ʋ·È±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ´äº¯µµ Ãʺ¸ÀÚµéÀ» ¸¸Á· ½ÃÄÑÁÖÁö´Â ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º´Â ¾î¶² ȸ»ç³ª ´Üü¿¡¼­ ¸¸µé¾î¼­ ÆǸÅÇÏ°í ¶óÀ̼±½º¸¦ °É¾î³õÀº ¿î¿µÃ¼°è°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. »ç½Ç ¸®´ª½º·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿©·¯ºÐÀº »ó¾÷ÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØÀÇ ¼­ºñ½º ¸¦ ±â´ëÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² ¿î¿µÃ¼°è ȸ»ç¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² ¹ö±×°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±×¸®°í ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¼ÕÇظ¦ º¸¾Ò´Ù¸é ±× ȸ»ç¿¡°Ô ¼ÕÇعè»óÀ» û±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³» µ·ÁÖ°í ±¸ÀÔÇÑ °ÍÀ̹ǷΠÃæºÐÇÑ ±â¼úÀû Áö¿ø°ú ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¼öÁØ Çâ»óÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °³¹ßÀÚ, ÇÁ·Î±× ·¡¸ÓÀÎ ¿î¿µÃ¼°èÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÀÎÅͳ×Æ® Á¢¼ÓÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ´º½º±×·ì¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ¾ó¸¶µç Áö ±×µé°ú ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀÎ Åä·ÐÀ» ¹úÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ÇÏÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é ¾ó ¸¶µçÁö °íÃļ­ (ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ç¿¬È÷ °³¹ß ÁßÀÎ ÀúÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¿¬¶ôÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±âº» ÀýÂ÷ÀÌ´Ù) ´Ù½Ã °øµ¿Ã¼·Î ȯ¿øÇ϶ó. ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ç¿ëÀÚ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °³¹ßÀÚÀ̸ç ÁÖÀÎÀÎ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è°¡ ¸® ´ª½ºÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸®´ª½º´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸ÓµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ È¯°æÀ» ¸¸µé¾îÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷Àº °³¹ßÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù°í º»´Ù. ½Ç»ýÈ°¿¡ È°¿ëÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ´Ù °®Ãß¾î³õ°í ÀÖ´Ù. minicomÀ̳ª ¼¼¿¬À» ÅëÇؼ­ Åë½ÅÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¾ó¸¶µçÁö ÀڷḦ ÁÖ°í¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±âº» ±×¸² ±×¸®±â ±â´ÉÀº xpaint³ª gimp°°Àº °ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é µÇ°í Ã¥À» ¸¸µé°í ½ÍÀ» ¶§´Â ¶Ç´Â ³²µé°ú´Â ºñ±³°¡ ¾ÈµÇ°Ô ÈǸ¢ÇÑ º¸°í¼­¸¦ ¸¸µé°í ½ÍÀ» ¶§´Â TeXÀ» »ç¿ë ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ±âº» ÆíÁý±â·Î´Â vi , À̸ƽº µîÀ» ²ÅÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±×·¡ÇÈ È¯°æÀ» ¿øÇÑ´Ù ¸é X À©µµ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ½¬¿î Á¡À̶ó¸é ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÇÑ±Û ¿öµåÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÏ ³ª ÁöÀûÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Çѱ۰ú ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ »ç¿¡¼­ HWP/X ¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î À¯ ´Ð½º/¸®´ª½º¿ëÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì 10¿©¸¸¿ø ¼±¿¡¼­ ÆǸŰ¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ µµ½º³ª À©µµ95¿¡ ¼­ ±¸ÀÔÇÏµí ±¸ÀÔÇؼ­ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÒ °ÍÀº ¸®´ª½º ÀÚü´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¹èÆ÷ °¡´ÉÇÏÁö¸¸ HWP/X ´Â ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢ÇÒ Áö ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸ ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ µ¹¾Æ°£´Ù°í Çؼ­ ¸ðµÎ ¹«·á¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¶Ç×Àº ¾ø´Ù. ÀÎÅͳ×Æ® ±â´ÉÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé À» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀ¸·Î¼­ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Áö¿øµÇ´Â ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î´Â ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ ³×½º ÄÉÀÌÇÁ»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ÇöÀç 3.0±îÁö ¸®´ª½º¿ë ¸ðÁú¶ó°¡ ³ª¿ÍÀÖ°í Á÷Á¢ ³×½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ»ç ftp »çÀÌÆ®¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇÏ¸é ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Ç÷¯±×ÀÎ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀÌ ÅξøÀÌ ºÎÁ·Çϱâ Çصµ ¸®¾ó¿Àµð¿À»çÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÇöÀç 2.0±îÁö ¸®´ª½º¿ëÀ» ¸¸µé¾î¼­ ¹«·á·Î ¹èÆ÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í XING »ç¿¡ °¡º¸¸é StreamWork ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸®´ª½º¿ëÀ¸·Î ¶ÇÇÑ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â °ÅÀÇ ´Ù ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ¿¡ ³»ÀåµÇ¾î À־ ºÒÆíÇÔÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ½¬¿î °ÍÀÌ Çϳª ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÎÅͳ×Æ® Æù°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ±î? ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¿î¿µÇÏ·Á´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô À־ ¸®´ª½º´Â °¡³­ÇÑ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¼­ ¹ö ¿î¿µÀÚ¿¡°Ô Èñ¼Ò½ÄÀÌ´Ù. »ó¿ë¼­¹ö¿Í ¼º´É Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø´Â, ¾Æ´Ï ´õ¿í ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼­¹öµé ÀÌ ¸®´ª½º ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ȯ°æ¿¡¼­ ¿î¿µµÇ¸ç µµ½º³ª À©µµ95ÀÇ Å¬¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼­¹ö ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ Çس»±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¸é¿¡¼­ À־´Â Á¤¸» °­ÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ¸®´ª½º ¶Ç´Â À¯´Ð½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº» Áö½Ä¸¸ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é ·¹µåÇÞÀ̳ª Ä®µ¥ ¶ó¿Í °°Àº »ó¿ë ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀ» ±¸ÀÔÇؼ­ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¸î °¡Áö ¼¼Æø¸À¸·Î ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ÅõÀ﵃ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¿Ïº®ÇÑ DB ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é Æ÷½ºÆ®±×·¡½º95¿Í °°ÀÌ °³³ä ÁÁ°í ÃæºÐÇÑ ¼º´ÉÀ» °¡Áø µ¥ÀÌÅÍ º£À̽º ¼­¹ö¿Í ÇÔ²² À¥À» ±¸ÃàÇÏ¸é µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¸®´ª½º·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀÌ ¸¹°ÚÁö¸¸ ¸®´ª½º´Â Ç×»ó ¿©·¯ºÐ ¿¡°Ô ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸Ó°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ¼ºÀÇ ÀÖ´Â ¹ö±× ¸®Æ÷Æ®¶óµµ ÇØÁÖ´Â °Í À» ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸Ó¶ó¸é µ¿ÂüÇØÁÖ±æ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖ´Ù. [°³¹ß ÅøÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÏ´Ù?] ¸¸¾à ºñÁÖ¾ó ÅøÀ» ã´Â´Ù¸é ±×·¸´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ÜÁö ºñÁÖ¾ó ÅøÀº ÇöÀç ¿Ü±¹¿¡ ÁÖ¹® ½ÅûÀ» Çؾ߸¸ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöÀç ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡¼± ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÎ »óÈ£ º¹»ç·Î ¿©·¯ ºñÁÖ¾ó ÅøµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °Í ¾Æ´Ñ°¡? ÇÏÁö¸¸ ºñÁÖ¾ó ÅøÀÌ ¾ø¾î ¼­ Á¦´ë·Î ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹ÖÀ» ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¼²ºÎ¸¥ ÃßÃøÀº ±Ý¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é Ç×ÀÇÇÏ´Â ¸®´ª¼­µéÀÌ ¾ó¸¶µçÁö ÀÖ´Ù. µµ½º³ª À©µµ95¿¡¼­´Â ¾µµ¥¾øÀÌ Àڱ⠽º½º·Î ±¸ÇöÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¸¹Áö¸¸ ¸®´ª½º¿¡´Â GNU ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îµé°ú ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¶óÀ̺귯¸®µéÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ¹æ´ëÇÏ°í ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ Ã£±â¸¸ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ÀÚÁú ±¸·¹ÇÑ ¾Æ´Ï ¾î¶»°Ô º¸¸é ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ¾÷¹«¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â´ÉµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÇÔ¼öµé À» ½±°Ô ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º¸Åë ¼± »çÀÌÆ®(sunsite.unc.edu)¿Í °°Àº °÷¿¡ °¡¼­ /pub/gnu µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ °¡º¸¸é ¾ÆÁÖ ´Ù¾çÇÑ GNU ¶óÀ̺귯¸®µéÀ» ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °¢ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®¼­µéÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿µ¹®À̱ä ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÅؽºÆ®, ÇÏÀÌÆÛ Åؽº Æ®, Æ÷½ºÆ®½ºÅ©¸³Æ® ¹®¼­ µîÀ¸·Î ½±°Ô ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´ëºÎºÐ 200Àå ³»Áö 300ÀåÀÌ ³Ñ¾î°¡´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ µé¾îÀÖ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ À̸ƽº¿Í °°Àº ¿¡µðÅ͸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ ´Ù¸é ¾ó¸¶µçÁö °ü·Ã Á¤º¸¸¦ ±× Áï½Ã »ìÆ캼 ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô C ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¿Í °° Àº °ÍÀº Å͹̳ο¡¼­ man ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÅäŸÀÔ°ú ¼³¸íÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. [POSIX ±Ô°ÝÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼°è] ¸®´ª½º´Â ±× ¾î´À ´©±¸º¸´Ùµµ ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯´Ð½ºµé »çÀÌÀÇ ¾à¼ÓÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ ´Â POSIX ±Ô°ÝÀ» Á¦ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú ½Çõ¿¡ ¿Å±â°í ÀÖ´Â À庻ÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¸¸µé¸é Ȥ½Ã³ª ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡¼­ ¾È µ¹¾Æ°¡Áö ¾ÊÀ»±î ÇÏ°í °í¹ÎÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ POSIX ±Ô°Ý¸¸ µû¶óÁÖ¸é ¾ó¸¶µçÁö ´Ù¸¥ À¯´Ð½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¼öÁ¤ ¾øÀÌ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ µÇ¾î µ¹¾Æ°£´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ X À©µµ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº Ç¥ÁØÀûÀ̹ǷΠÁý¿¡ ¼­µµ ¾ó¸¶µçÁö ¿öÅ©½ºÅ×À̼ǿëÀ» °³¹ßÇϱâ ÆíÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±ò²ûÇϸ鼭 °³¹ß±â°£ÀÌ Àû°Ô °É¸®´Â ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¸¹Àº À§Á¬¼¼Æ®µéÀÌ ³ª¿Í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ±¸ Çغ¸¸é µÈ´Ù. ¹ÝÀº »ó¿ëÀ̸鼭µµ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¿Í ¸Å´º¾óÀÌ 500 ÆäÀÌÁö·Î ¿Ïº®È÷ Á¦°ø µÇ´Â xforms ¶óÀ̺귯¸®, ÃÖ±Ù ±Þ¼Óµµ·Î ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â Qt À§Á¬¼¼Æ®, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ½¬¿î ´ë ·Î ¸ðƼÇÁ(Motif)¿Í °°Àº ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Xaw3d, ±×¸®°í ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ Áý¿¡¼­ ¸ðƼÇÁ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹ÖÀ» ¿øÇÒ ¶§´Â ¸ðƼÇÁ 2.0Àº ¾ÈµÇ´õ¶óµµ ¸ðƼÇÁ 1.2 ȣȯÀÇ °ø°³ ¶óÀ̺귯¸® lesstif¸¦ ±¸Çؼ­ ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇØ ³õÀ¸¸é ºñ½Ñ ¸ðƼÇÁ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ ´çÀå ¿¡ ±¸ÀÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ ÃæºÐÈ÷ È¥ÀÚ¼­ Áý¿¡ ÀÖ´Â PC·Î °øºÎ¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. [°á·Ð : ±¸Ç϶ó! ¾òÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾øÀ¸¸é ¸¸µé¾îº¸ÀÚ.] ¡¤´º½º±×·ì ¾Ö¿ëÇϱ⠸®´ª¼­µéÀº °ð ³×ƼÁðµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÎÅͳ×Æ®·Î ¿Â ¼¼»óÀ» ÈÖÁ£°í µ¹¾Æ´Ù´ÏÁö ¾Ê ´Â´Ù¸é ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸®´ª¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ±î? ±×¸®°í ¿©·¯ºÐ È¥ÀÚ ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏÁö ¸»°í Åë½Å µ¿È£È¸ °°Àº °÷¿¡¼­ È°µ¿À» ÇÏ¸é ´õ¿í µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¸ð¸£ ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» °íÂü ¸®´ª¼­µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¹è¿ï ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ¶Ç´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¸®´ª¼­µé¿¡°Ô µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸®´ª¼­µéÀ̶õ ¸®´ª½º ÀÚüÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¼­·Î °ø µ¿Ã¼¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ Çس»´Â ¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ µµ¿òÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °÷Àº ÀÏ´Ü Åë½Å µ¿È£È¸·Î¼­ ³ª¿ì´©¸®¿Í ÇÏÀÌÅÚ¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¸®´ª ½º µ¿È£È¸°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ´º½º±×·ìÀ» ²À ÀÚÁÖ »ìÆ캸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. han.sys.linux comp.os.linux.* ¿ì¼± ÀüÀÚ´Â ¿ì¸®³ª¶óÀÇ ¸®´ª½º ´º½º±×·ìÀ¸·Î¼­ ¸¹Àº ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ½Ç·ÂÀÚ ºÐµé ÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¸»¸¸ ÀßÇÏ¸é ±×µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ÁÁÀº Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÑ°·Î ¿µ¾î·Î µÈ ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î¼­ comp.os.linux·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ±× ·ìÀº ¾ÆÁÖ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. tin°ú °°Àº ´º½º Àбâ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é °Ë»ö ¸í·ÉÅ°ÀÎ ½½·¡½Ã ¹®ÀÚ(/)¸¦ Ä£ ´ÙÀ½ linux¶ó°í ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ °Ë»öÀº ½½·¡½Ã ¹®ÀÚ¸¸À» ÃÄÁÖ¸é ±×¸¸ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â vi ¿¡µðÅÍ¿Í °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ »õ·Î¿î Á¤º¸ÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥´Â announce¶ó´Â ¹®ÀÚ¿­ÀÌ µé¾îÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ¾Æ¹« °÷¿¡³ª Áú¹®À» ¿Ã¸®¸é ¿åÀ» ¸ÔÀ» Å×´Ï ²À °¢ ±×·ìÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª FAQ³ª HOWTO ¹®¼­¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÐÁö ¾Ê°í Áú¹®À» ÇÏ¸é ¸î¸î ¿Ü±¹ ¸®´ª¼­µéÀº ´çÀå¿¡ ¿©·¯ºÐ ¿¡°Ô ´äº¯ ±â»ç¸¦ ¿Ã¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³»¿ëÀº... RTFM! ¶æÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ Read The Fucking Mannual¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϰųª Read The Fine MannalÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â Àб⸸ ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¸®´ª½º °í¼öµéÀÇ ¾ê±â¸¦ °æû ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ½ÇÀüÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀÌ µÇ¹Ç·Î ¿©·¯ºÐ¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÍÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ßÇ¥°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â °÷ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î comp.os.linux.announce¿Í °°Àº ´º½º±×·ìÀÌ¹Ç ·Î ÀÚÁÖ µé·¯¼­ ÃֽŠÁ¤º¸¸¦ ÀÔ¼öÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ÁÁ´Ù. X À©µµ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­¶ó¸é ÇÑÅÒ¿¡¼­ ÅؽºÆ® ºê¶ó¿ìÀúÀÎ Lynx³ª ¸ðÁú¶ó °°Àº °ÍÀ» ¶ç¿ö ³õ°í ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ¸é ¿ÞÂÊ ¸¶¿ì½º ¹öÆ°À¸·Î ´©¸¥ ä ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ ±Ü¾î´Ù °¡¿îµ¥ ¹öÆ°À¸·Î ¸ð Áú¶óÀÇ Openâ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ´Â °÷¿¡´Ù°¡ »Ñ¸®°í °ð¹Ù·Î ¿©ÇàÀ» ¶°³ªº¸ÀÚ. »ó´çÈ÷ Àç¹ÌÀÖ ´Â °æÇèÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡¤¸®´ª½º FTP »çÀÌÆ® ¾Ö¿ëÇϱ⠸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷¿¡ À־ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â 3 ´ë Áß¿ä ftp »çÀÌÆ®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux ftp://tsx-11.mit.eud/pub/linux ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/OS/Linux ±× »çÀÌÆ®µéÀº Ä¿³ÎÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸®´ª½º¿ë ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶À½ÀÌ ±ÞÇÏ´Ù¸é Incoming µð·ºÅ丮µéÀ» »ìÆ캸¶ó. º¸Åë ¼³¸íÀº .lsmÀÌ ¶ó´Â ÅؽºÆ® ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ µé¾îÀÖÀ¸´Ï ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼³¸íÀ» Àо°í ÀڷḦ ¹Þµµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ±×·¡ µµ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â ÀÚ·á°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ´äÀº Çϳª¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±â´Ù¸®´ø°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¿©·¯ºÐ ÀÌ ³ª¼­¼­ ¸¸µé´ø°¡ ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ¸®´ª¼­µéÀÌ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ °³¹ß¿¡ µ¿ÂüÇØÁÖ±æ ±â´Ù ¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀ¸·Îµµ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾ø´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¸¸µé¾î¼­ ¼±»çÀÌÆ®¿¡ µî·Ï ½ÃÅ°°í LSM(Linux Software Map) ¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Á¤¸»·Î ¸ÚÁø °æÇèÀ̶ó°í ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ À̸§°ú ¸í¿¹¸¦ À§Çؼ­µµ ÇÑ ¹ø µµÀüÇغ¸Áö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? ¥±. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ±¸Á¶ 1. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ±âº»±¸Á¶ [µð·ºÅ丮 ±¸Á¶] /bin : Linux¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ±âº» ¸í·É¾îµéÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. /boot : Linux boot¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ booting Áö¿ø ÆÄÀϵéÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. /dev : Linux¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °¢ ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ DeviceµéÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. ¿ë·®À» Â÷ÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °¡»óÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮. /etc : Linux¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ¹× Linux ȯ°æ ¼³Á¤¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϵéÀÇ ÃÑ ÁýÇÕü. /home : Linux user µéÀÇ ±âº» µð·ºÅ丮À̸ç, web server ¹× ftp server, Samba server ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮°¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. /lib : Linux¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ±âº» ¶óÀ̺귯¸®°¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. /mnt : cd-rom ¹× floppy ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ mount pointer°¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. /proc : °¡»óÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮·Î Linux kernel¼³Á¤¿¡¼­ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ µð¹ÙÀ̽ºµéÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. /root : system userÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮. /sbin : Linux kernel¿¡¼­ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ module¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. /tmp : °¢ ÀåÄ¡¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ socket ¹× log ÆÄÀϵéÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. /usr : Linux¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ¹× ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀϵéÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮·Î½á, LibraryÈ­ÀÏ, ½ÇÇàÆÄÀϵéÀÌ µé¾îÀÖ´Ù. [shellÀÇ ±¸Á¶] ¡Ú ½©(shell)À̶õ? »ç¿ëÀÚ¿Í ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÅëĪÇÑ´Ù. Áï, »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÇÁ·ÒÇÁÆ®¿¡¼­ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î¿¡ Àü´ÞÀÌ µÇ°í ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³ÎÀº ÀÔ·ÂµÈ ¸í·É¾îµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °á°úÄ¡¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÀ» ÇØÁÖ°Ô µÇ´Â ÇüŸ¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. shellÀº ¸í·É¾î º¯È¯±âÀ̸ç ÀڽŠ°íÀ¯ÀÇ ³»ºÎÀûÀÎ shell ¸í·É¾îÀÇ ÁýÇÕÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÄÉ ÇØÁÖ´Â shell¿¡´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇüÅ°¡ Àִµ¥, bash, csh, tcsh, ksh, pdksh, zsh µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ shellÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. {{ }}{{ }} ¸®´ª½º {{ }}{{ }} ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î »ç¿ëÀÚ ½© 2. ¸®´ª½º Kernel¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© [Ä¿³Î ¼Ò½º µð·ºÅ͸® Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î] ¢Ñ Documentations : Linux kernel¿¡¼­ Áö¿øÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç Çϵå¿þ¾î ¼³Á¤ ¹× Á¤º¸ µî kernelÀ» ¼³Á¤Çϴµ¥ À־ ¸ðµç Á¤º¸¸¦ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Â subdirectory ÀÌ´Ù. ¢Ñ arch Additional platform support ¡æ Linux kernel runs on the following platforms. O alpha O i386 O mips O ppc O sparc O M68K(Amiga) ¢Ñ Include ¡æ Include ¼­ºêµð·ºÅ丮´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Ä¿³Î ÄÚµåÀÇ Çì´õ ÆÄÀϵéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌ´Ù. ¡æ Include/ ¹ØÀÇ Linux system¿¡¼­ Áö¿øÇÏ´Â OS(operating system) header file µéÀ» /usr/includeÀ¸·Î soft Link ÁÖ´Â ±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¢Ñ init (system startup and Initialization) ¡æ Intel±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸Á¶¿¡¼­, loadlin.exe & LILOÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î½á system boot ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ arch/i386/kernel/head.SÆÄÀÏÀÌ Ä¿³Î ³»ºÎÀÇ ¸Þ¸ð¸® ¹× ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÄÁÆ®·ÑÀ» ÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀϵéÀÇ ÁýÇÕü. ¡æ Head.S¶õ.? init/main.cÄÚµåÀÇ main()ÇÔ¼öÀÇ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¸í·É±ºÀ» ÅëÁ¦ ¹× Á¦¾î¸¦ Çϴ Ư¼öÇÑ ±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡Á³´Ù. ¢Ñ mm (Memory Management) ¡æ À߸øµÈ ¿¬»êÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â Äڵ带 Á¦¾îÇÏ´Â memory.c code ¹× ¸Þ¸ð¸® ¸ÅÇÎ ¹× ij½¬¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â filemap.c code, ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ ¹öÆÛ Äڵ带 Á¦¾îÇÏ´Â buffer.c code, swap¸¦ Á¦¾îÇÏ´Â "swap_state.c, swapfile.c" code·Î ±¸ºÐµÈ´Ù. ¢Ñ Kernel ¡æ The Scheduler is in kernel/sched.c and the fork code is in kernel/fork.c. ¡æ The bottom half handling code is in include/linux/interrupt.h. ¡æ The task_struct data structure can be found in include/linux/sched.h. ¢Ñ IPC (Interprocess Communication) ¡æ ipc_perm µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ±¸Á¶ ¹× include/linux/ipc.h Çì´õ ÆÄÀϵéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç System V IPC ¿ÀºêÁ§Æ®¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Çì´õ ¹× ¼Ò½º Äڵ带 Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ¢Ñ fs (File Systems) ¡æ Linux¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ext2ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¸ðµç Çì´õÆÄÀÏ ¹× ¼Ò½ºÄڵ带 ³»Æ÷ ÇÏ°í, include/linux/ext2_fs.h, ext2_fs_i.h, ext2_fs_sb.hÇì´õÆÄÀÏÀ» ³»Æ÷Çϸç ext2ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ±¸Á¶¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌ´Ù. ¢Ñ net (Network) ¡æ Linux networking¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ include/netÇì´õ ÆÄÀÏ ¹× ¼Ò½º Äڵ带 Æ÷ÇÔÇϸç, BSD ¼ÒÄÏÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â net/socket.c, IPV4 ¼ÒÄÏ Äڵ带 Áö¿øÇÏ´Â net/ipv4/af_inet.c ¹× ³×Æ®¿÷ µð¹ÙÀ̽º µå¶óÀ̺긦 Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡æ The network devices drivers are in drivers/net. ¢Ñ modules ¡æ Linux kernel¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¸ðµâ ±â´ÉÀ» ±¸ÇöÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. ¡æ Linux kernel¿¡¼­ ¸ðµâ ±â´ÉÀ» ÄÄÆÄÀÏ Çϸé Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸µÅ©¸¦ ½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. ¢Ñ lib (kernel Library) ¡æ Ä¿³Î ¼³Á¤¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¶óÀ̺귯¸® Äڵ带 ³»Æ÷ÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. ¢Ñ Scripts ¡æ Ä¿³ÎÀ» ¼³Á¤Çϴµ¥ À־, make xconfig ¹× make menuconfig¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ awk ¹× tk½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. ¢Ñ Drivers ¡æ Linux System's ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ µð¹ÙÀ̽º µå¶óÀ̹ö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮. 3. X-Window System¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©{{) http://kldp.linux-kr.org/ Âü°í }} [¿ª»ç] À¯´Ð½º¿ë GUI interface¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â X-windows´Â MIT¿Í DEC»ç¿¡ ÀÇ ÇÑ Athena ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ã³À½À¸·Î °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. X-windows¶ó´Â À̸§Àº ½ºÅÄÆ÷ µå ´ëÇп¡¼­ °³¹ßÇÑ W À©µµ¿ì ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» µû¶ó ±× ´ÙÀ½ ¾ËÆĺªÀÎ X¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. X-windows´Â 1985³â MITÀÇ ¶óÀ̼¾½º Æ÷±â ÀÌÈÄ ¸¹ÀÌ º¸±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù. Çö Àç´Â À¯´Ð½º µîÀÇ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿¡ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î µµÀԵǾîÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ MITÀÇ XFree86 ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ÀÏ¹Ý °³ÀÎ¿ë ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿¡¼­µµ µ¹¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. X-windowsÀÇ X11 Revision 6´Â 1994³â 4¿ù¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú°í, Áö±ÝÀº À¯´Ð½º °è¿¡¼­´Â °ÅÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¸®Àâ¾Ò´Ù. ÇöÀç´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ È¸»çµé·Î °á¼ºµÈ XÄÁ¼Ò½Ã¾ö¿¡ ¼­ °³¹ßÀ» ¸Ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. X-windows´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¹èÆ÷µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¶óÀ̼¾½º¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ X-windowsµµ ±× Áß¿¡ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ À̸§Àº XFree86ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº MITÀÇ X386¼­¹ö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ßÀüÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. [±¸Á¶] X-windows°¡ À¯´Ð½º¿ë GUIÀ̹ǷΠ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¾Ë¸Â°Ô µÇ¾îÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÇϳªÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹­¾î °ü¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÒ ÇÊ ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¼­¹ö¿Í Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® °³³äÀ» µµÀÔÇß°í, ÀÌ¿¡µû¶ó ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ °³¹ß ÀÚ´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃĸ¦ ½Å°æ¾²Áö ¾Ê°íµµ °³¹ßÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¢°¢ÀÇ ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃÄ¿¡ ¸Âµµ·Ï ¿î¿ëµÇ¹Ç·Î ±× ½Ã½ºÅÛ ³ª¸§ÀÇ ÀåÁ¡À» È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÇÁ·Î±× ·¥¿¡ ³ôÀº À̽ļºÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÈ´Ù. X-windows ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â °ÍÀ» ´ÙÀ½ 4°¡Áö·Î ³ª´­ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. >> X ¼­¹ö >> X Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® >> X ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ >> X ¶óÀ̺귯¸® Server-Client : ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î, Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®´Â ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. X À©µµ ¿ì Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®´Â Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÀÚ¿Í Åë½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®´Â ¼­¹ö·ÎºÎÅÍ Å°º¸µå ´©¸§À̳ª ¸¶¿ì½º ¹öÆ°ÀÇ ´©¸§°°Àº »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ÀÔ·ÂÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀ̾ð Æ®´Â ¼­¹ö°¡ ±×¸²À» ±×¸®µµ·Ï ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â X À©µµ¿ì ¸í·ÉÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù. X ¼­¹ö¶õ ¾ÖÇà ¸®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡¼­ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ¸ç ±×·¡ÇÈ µð½ºÇ÷¹ÀÌ Çϵå¿þ¾î¸¦ Á¦¾îÇÏ°í ÀÔÃâ·ÂÀ» ´ã´çÇÑ´Ù. X ¼­¹ö´Â X Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ¾ÖÇø®ÄÉÀ̼ÇÀÌ ½ºÅ©¸°¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ ±×¸®°Å³ª Å°º¸µå¿Í ¸¶¿ì½º·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÔ·ÂÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¶ó´Â ¿äûÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ó¸®ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶¿ì½º À̵¿°ú ¹öÆ° ´­¸² °°Àº ÀÔ·Â ½ÅÈ£¸¦ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ Àü´Þµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ º¹ ÀâÇÑ µ¥ÀÌŸ ±¸Á¶Ã¼µéÀ» °ü¸®ÇÑ´Ù. ¼­¹öÀÇ ÀÌµé ±¸Á¶Ã¼ °ü¸®´Â Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ÀúÀå ÀåÄ¡¿Í ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ÌÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃŲ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³×Æ®¿÷À» ÅëÇÑ µ¥ÀÌŸÀÇ Àü¼Û·®À» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. Çϵå¿þ¾î¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ X ¼­¹ö´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ Çϵå¿þ¾î¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸¥ ¼­¹ö°¡ Á¸ ÀçÇÑ´Ù. X protocol : X Window¿¡¼­ °¢Á¾ 󸮴 Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¿Í ¼­¹ö¶ó´Â µÎ°¡Áö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ³ª´©¾î¼­ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®´Â IPC¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼­¹öÀÇ ÀåÄ¡ ÀÔ Ãâ·ÂÀ» Á¦¾îÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ X ¼­¹ö¿Í X Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÀº ¸Þ¼¼Áö ±³È¯À» Åë ÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Âµ¥, ¸Þ¼¼Áö ÇüÅÂ¿Í »ç¿ë¹ýÀ» X ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù. X-windowsÀÇ Áß ¿äÇÑ Æ¯Â¡ Áß Çϳª°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸Þ¼¼Áö ±³È¯ÀÌ °°Àº ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ »ÓÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ Åë Çؼ­µµ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸±â¿¡, ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ç¾çÀÌ ³·Àº ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ »ç¿ëÀÚµµ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â X Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È­¸é¿¡ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ¿© ½Ç Çà½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. X protocolÀº ¼­¹ö¿Í Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Åë½ÅµÇ´Â Request, Reply, Event, Error ÀÇ ±âº» ¸Þ½ÃÁöÀÌ´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®°¡ À©µµ¿ì¸¦ »ý¼ºÇØ ´Þ¶ó°Å³ª µµÇüÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇØ´Þ¶ó´Â ¿ä±¸¸¦ request queue¿¡ ³Ö¾î ¼­¹ö¿¡°Ô º¸³»¸é, ¼­ ¹ö´Â Çϵå¿þ¾î¸¦ Á¦¾î, È­¸é¿¡ µð½ºÇ÷¹ÀÌÇÑ ÈÄ ´ä½ÅÀ» º¸³½´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¼­¹ö´Â Çϵå¿þ ¾î·ÎºÎÅÍ µé¾î¿À´Â ÀÔ·Â(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¸¶¿ì½º³ª Å°º¸µåÀÇ ÀÔ·Â)À» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© event queue¿¡ ³Ö¾î Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¿¡ º¸³»¸é Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®°¡ ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ 󸮸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º IPC(Inter-process communication)Àº ¿©·¯ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·Î ¼¼½º¿Í Åë½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º C ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸ÓµéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â IPC ¹æ¹ý¿¡´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ¸î°¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÝÀÌÁß À¯´Ð½º ÆÄÀÌÇÁ (Half-duplex UNIX pipes) FIFOs (named pipes) SysV ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ ¸Þ¼¼Áö Å¥ (SysV style message queues) SysV ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ ¼¼¸¶ÆÛ ÁýÇÕ (SysV style semaphore sets) SysV ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ °øÀ¯¸Þ¸ð¸® ¼¼±×¸àÆ® (SysV style shared memory segments) ³×Æ®¿öÅ· ¼ÒÄÏ (¹öŬ¸® ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ) (Networking sockets (Berkeley style)) ÀüÀÌÁß ÆÄÀÌÇÁ (Full-duplex pipes (STREAMS pipes) ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¶§, ¸®´ª½º¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸ðµç À¯´Ð½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ÀÇ Å¬¶óÀ̾ðÆ®/¼­¹ö °³¹ßÀ» À§ÇÑ °ß°íÇÑ ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿÷Å©(framework)¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. Xlib, X toolkit : X¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ °³¹ßÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ OS³ª Çϵå¿þ¾î¿¡ ÀÇ Á¸ÀûÀÎ Á¶ÀÛÀ» ó¸®ÇØÁÖ´Â ¼­¹ö¿Í ´ëÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï X protocolÀ» ÀÌÇØÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ X protocolÀº Xlib¶ó´Â ¶óÀ̺귯¸® ·çƾÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª XlibÀÇ ±â´ÉÀº ±×´ÙÁö ¸¹Áö ¾Ê´Ù. È­¸é¿¡ ±×¸²À» ±×¸®°í ¸¶¿ì½º¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ ±â ´É¸¸À» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, Àú¼öÁØ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽ºÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ À̰ͺ¸´Ù »óÀ§ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®ÀÎ X toolkitÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. Xt Intrinsics, Xaw, XView, Motif, Qt, GTK µîÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. [X ½ÇÇà¼ø¼­] ¿ì¸®´Â X-windows¸¦ ±¸µ¿Çϱâ À§ÇØ startx¶ó´Â ¸í·É¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·± µ¥, ÀÌ startx ¸í·ÉÀº ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ®·Î µÈ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ºÅ©¸³Æ® ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. Áï ÆíÁý±â·Î ºÒ·¯¼­ ÆíÁýÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀº xinitÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é xinitÇÁ·Î¼¼½º´Â xinitrcÀÇ ¼³Á¤À» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿© X ¼­¹ö¸¦ ±¸µ¿½ÃŲ´Ù. [È°¿ë] µð·ºÅ丮 ±¸Á¶¿Í ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ ¨ç µð·ºÅ丮 [½ÇÇà ÆÄÀÏ µð·ºÅ丮 : /usr/X11R6/bin] : ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î X À©µµ¿ì ¼­¹ö¿Í ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ® ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀúÀåµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. [Çì´õ ÆÄÀÏ°ú ¶óÀ̺귯¸® : /usr/X11R6/include, /usr/X11R6/lib] : X À©µµ¿ì ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹ÖÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âº» ¶óÀ̺귯¸® XLIB, X11, Xt intrinsics,Xaw(3d) °¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Motif±îÁö ¼³Ä¡Çß´Ù¸é Xm Çì´õ ÆÄÀÏ ¹× ¶óÀ̺귯¸® ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. [¸®¼Ò½º¿Í ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏ : /usr/X11R6/lib/X11, /var/X11R6/lib] : µÎ °³ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮´Â ¸µÅ©·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¾È¿¡´Â ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮°¡ Àִµ¥, ±×Áß app-defaults¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮°¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¸®¼Ò½º ÆÄÀÏÀÌ µé¾îÀÖ´Â µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌ´Ù. xinitµð·ºÅ丮¿¡´Â X À©µµ¿ì¸¦ ±¸µ¿ÇÒ ¶§ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±âº» ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϵéÀÌ ÀúÀåµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÁ® ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏ, Áö¿ªÈ­¿Í ±¹Á¦È­¸¦ À§ÇÑ locale µ¥ÀÌÅ͵µ ÀúÀåµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. [±Û²Ã µð·ºÅ丮 : /usr/X11R6/lib/fonts] : X À©µµ¿ì¿Í ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±Û²ÃµéÀÌ ÀúÀåµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. [¸Þ´º¾ó ÆäÀÌÁö: /usr/X11R6/man] : X À©µµ¿ì¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ man ÆäÀÌÁö(µµ¿ò¸»)°¡ ÀúÀåµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ¨è ÆÄÀϵéÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ XF86Config (/etc/X11/XF86Config, /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config) : X¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í xf86config¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¸é »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ÆÄÀÏ·Î XFree86ÀÇ ¼³Á¤ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ÆùÆ®ÀÇ °æ·Î, ¸¶¿ì½º, ºñµð¿ÀÄ«µå, ¸ð´ÏÅÍ Å¬·°, ÇØ»óµµ °°Àº °ÍÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. xinitrc (/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc, $HOME/.xinitrc) : X ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¶ç¿ï ¶§ ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ´Â ¼³Á¤ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. Ȩµð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ .xinitrcÆÄÀÏÀ» ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëÇÏ°í, ±× ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrcÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤ÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀÎ Xresources ÆÄÀÏ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í »ç¿ëÇÒ À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀú, ÀÀ¿ë ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» Àû¾îµÐ´Ù. Xdefaults ($HOME/.Xdefaults) : Xdefaults ÆÄÀÏÀº Ȩ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇϸç, ƯÁ¤ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ¿ä±¸Çϴ ȯ°æ º¯¼ö¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. Xmodemap ($HOME/.Xmodmap) : Å°º¸µå¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏ·Î Å° Äڵ带 Ascii ÄÚµå·Î ¹Ù²Û´Ù. ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡µµ °¢°¢ÀÇ Å¬¶óÀ̾ðÆ®´Â /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ °¢°¢ÀÇ ¸®¼Ò½º ÆÄÀÏÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. [À©µµ¿ì ¸Þ´ÏÀú¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©] À©µµ¿ì ¸Þ´ÏÁ®´Â X À©µµ¿ì ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿ÜÇüÀ» °áÁ¤Áþ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. À©µµ¿ì ¸Þ´ºÀÇ ±¸¼º, ¸¶¿ì½º ¹öÆ°ÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ, ½ºÅ©·Ñ¹Ù, ¾ÆÀÌÄÜ µîÀ» ÀÌ À©µµ¿ì ¸Þ´ÏÁ®°¡ °áÁ¤ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ShellÀÇ Á¾·ù°¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ°í, MS-Windows¿¡¼­µµ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ¸Å´Ï Àú ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» shell·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ XFree86¿¡¼­µµ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â À©µµ ¿ì ¸Þ´ÏÀú°¡ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î twm, fvwm(°¡Àå ³Î¸® »ç¿ë µÊ), olvwm(Xview[TM] package·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¿ë), mwm(Motif[TM]ÀÇ ºÎºÐ), WindowMaker, AfterStep, NeXTSTEP µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. À©µµ¿ì ¸Þ´ÏÀú¸¶´Ù ¸ð¾ç°ú ±â´É ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ°í, ¸¶¿ì½º ¹öÆ°À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Íµµ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. XFree86ÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ¸é À§ÀÇ À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀú Áß Çϳª·Î, ȤÀº 2°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¸Å´ÏÀú·Î ½ÇÇàµÈ´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ ¸Å´ÏÀú º°·Î ¾à°£ÀÇ ±¸¼º°ú ¸¶¿ì½º Å°, ¸Þ´º µî¿¡ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸¾à, ÀÌ ¸Å´ÏÀú Áß ¾Æ¹«°Í µµ ½ÇÇàÀÌ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù¸é À©µµ¿ì °°Àº °ÍÀÌ ¶ßÁö¸¸ ÇÑ ÂÊ ±¸¼®¿¡ single tasking ¸ðµâÀÇ È­¸é Çϳª°¡ ³ª¿Ã »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ »óÅ¿¡¼­´Â ´ÜÁö ÇϳªÀÇ ÄÜ¼Ö »óÅÂ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ »óȲÀÎ µ¥, ¿©±â¿¡¼­ 'fvwm&'À̶ó°í Ä¡¸é ¸Å´ÏÀú°¡ ½ÇÇàµÈ´Ù. ¨ç fvwm °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀú·Î 'startx'·Î XÀ©µµ¿ì¸¦ ±¸µ¿ÇÏ¸é ³ªÅ¸ ³ª´Â À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀúÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶¿ì½º ¹öÆ° 3°³¸¦ ¸ðµÎ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. # ¿ÞÂÊ ¹öÆ° : À©µµ¿ìÀÇ ¹é±×¶ó¿îµå¿¡¼­ X¿ë ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ¸Þ´º¸¦ ºÎ¸¥´Ù. # °¡¿îµ¥ ¹öÆ° : À©µµ¿ì ¸Þ´º¸¦ È£ÃâÇÑ´Ù. ¹é±×¶ó¿îµå¿¡¼­ ºÎ¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, À©µµ¿ìÀÇ Å¸ÀÌƲ ¹Ù¿¡¼­ À©µµ¿ì ¸Þ´º¸¦ È£ÃâÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹é±×¶ó¿îµå¿¡¼­ À©µµ¿ì ¸Þ´º¸¦ È£ÃâÇÏ¸é ¼±ÅÃµÈ °ÍÀº ¾î´À À©µµ¿ì¿¡ ÁöÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ŸÀÌƲ ¹Ù¿¡¼­´Â ±× À©µµ¿ì¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ´Ù. °¡¿îµ¥ ¹öÆ°ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¸¶¿ì½º´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ ¹öÆ°À» µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´©¸£¸é µÈ´Ù. # ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ¹öÆ° : ÇöÀç ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â À©µµ¿ìÀÇ ¸®½ºÆ®¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. MS-WindowsÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷°ü¸®ÀÚ¿Í °°Àº ¿ªÇÒÀÌ´Ù. ¨è olvwm, olwm olvwmÀº openwinÀ¸·Î À©µµ¿ì¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇßÀ» ¶§ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀúÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ½ã ½ºÆŽºÅ×À̼ÇÀÇ OpenWindow¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽ºÀÌ´Ù. È­¸éÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇÏ °í È­·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¸¶¿ì½º ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ¹öÆ°À¸·Î ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» È£ÃâÇÑ´Ù. olvwmÀº olwm¿¡ °¡»ó È­¸éÀ» »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ±â´ÉÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶¿ì½ºÀÇ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ¹öÆ°À¸·Î ÇÁ·Î±× ·¥À» È£ÃâÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ µî·ÏµÈ ¸Þ´º·Î °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼ÇÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¨é mwm mwmÀº MotifÀÇ À©µµ¿ì¸Å´ÏÀú·Î ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î µé¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï ´Ù. Motif´Â »ó¿ëÀ̸ç XÀ©µµ¿ìÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀÌ´Ù. Moif¿ëÀ¸·Î °³¹ßµÈ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ±âÁ¾¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ¼Ò½º¸¦ °¡Á®¿Í ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸À¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±âÁ¾ÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¿¡ À̽ÄÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. mwmÀº fvwm°ú ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ¸¶¿ì½º ¹öÆ°À¸·Î ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ¸Å´ÏÀú¸¦ ´ë½Å ÇÏ Áö¸¸ fvwm¿¡ ºñÇØ ±â´ÉÀÌ ÇöÀúÈ÷ Àû´Ù. ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇàÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â xtermÀ» ÇÏ ³ª ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÇÁ·ÒÇÁÆ® »óÅ¿¡¼­ ÀÔ·ÂÇϰųª ÆÄÀÏ ¸Å´ÏÀú¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¨ê WindowMaker WindowMaker´Â ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ³ª¿Â À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀúÀÌ´Ù. NeXTSTEPÀÇ ¸ð½À°ú ºñ ½ÁÇÑ À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀúÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ¼³Ä¡¿Í ¼³Á¤ÀÌ °£´ÜÇÏ°í ¸Þ´ºÆíÁýÀ̳ª ¿©·¯°¡Áö ¸é¿¡¼­ °£´ÜÇÏ°í ½¬¿ì¸ç ¶Ç ¸ÚÁø È­¸éÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼³Á¤ÆÄÀÏÀº ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ³­ ÈÄ È¨µð·ºÅ丮¿¡¼­ wmaker.inst¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ¸é »ý±â´Â GNUstep µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ¸ð¿©ÀÖ´Ù. $HOME/GNUstep/Defaults/ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³× °³ÀÇ ÆÄÀÏ(WMRootMenu,WMState, WMWindowAttributes,WindowMaker)°ú $HOME/GNUstep/Library/WindowMaker ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â menuÆÄÀÏÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. [XDM(X Display Manager)] LoginÇÏ°í ³ª¼­ ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î X¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°·Á¸é »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ½©¿¡ µû¶ó, .profile À̳ª .login°°Àº ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ startx ¸í·É¾î¸¦ Àû¾îµÎ¸é µÇÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¿¹ óÀ½ºÎÅÍ X Å͹̳Πó·³, ºÎÆÃÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ X·Î ·Î±×ÀÎÇÏ·Á¸é xdmÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. /etc/inittab ÆÄÀÏ¿¡¼­ # Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are: # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # 1 - Single user mode # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) # 3 - Full multiuser mode # 4 - unused # 5 - X11 # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) id:3:initdefault: ¶ó´Â ÁÙÀÌ Àִµ¥, º¸½Ã´Ù½ÃÇÇ 5¹ø ·¹º§ÀÌ X Àü¿ë¸ðµåÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» id:5:initdefault:·Î ¹Ù²ãÁÖ°í ¸®ºÎÆýÃÅ°¸é, X°¡ ½ÇÇàµÇ¸é¼­ ·Î±×ÀÎ È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. xdmÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ¶§¿¡´Â »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀú µîÀÇ ¼³Á¤À» /usr/lib/X11/xdm µð ·ºÅ丮ÀÇ Xsession ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª Ȩµð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ .Xsession ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀûÀ¸¸é µÈ´Ù. ´Ü, Ȩµð ·ºÅ丮ÀÇ .XsessionÆÄÀÏÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ¶§¿¡´Â ½ÇÇàÆ۹̼ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ®ÀÖ´ÂÁö º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ½ÇÇàÆ۹̼ÇÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é µ¿ÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. [°³¹ß ȯ°æ(GUI library)] ¿¹Àü¿¡´Â GUIȯ°æÀÌ Áß¿ä½ÃµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ª¸é¼­ À©µµ¿ì°¡ »ý±â °í, ´õ¿í ÆíÇÑ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¿ä±¸°¡ ´Ã¾î³²¿¡ µû¶ó GUI¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¶óÀÌ ºê·¯¸®°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇØÁ³´Ù. ¸ðƼÇÁ°¡ ³ª¿À¸é¼­ À¯´Ð½º°è¿¡¼­´Â ¸ðƼÇÁ¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´ °í, ±×·¯ÇÑ Ãß¼¼´Â ÇöÀç±îÁö À̾îÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­´Â ¸ðƼÇÁ°¡ »ó¿ëÀ̾ ³Î¸® ¾²ÀÌÁö ¸øÇÏ°í Xlib, Xt, Xaw, XViewµîÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰųª ¸ðƼÇÁ Ŭ·ÐÀÎ lesstif¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ðƼÇÁ ½ºÅ¸Àϵµ ¼¼·ÃµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º·Î »õ·Î¿î ¶óÀ̺귯 ¸® °³¹ßÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇ¸ç ÀÌ¹Ì È°¹ßÈ÷ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¿Í À©µµ¿ì ¸Å´ÏÀú, À̸¦ µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ´Â ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ÁýÇÕÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ µ¥½ºÅ©Å¾ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ °³¹ßÀÌ È°¹ß ÇÏ´Ù. Qt-KDE, GTK-GNOME µîÀÌ ±× ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ¥². ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ È°¿ë 1. ¸®´ª½º & Networking ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¼³Á¤Àº Äֻܼ󿡼­ °¡´ÉÇÏÁö¸¸ ·¹µåÇÞÀÇ netcfgÅø(XÀ© µµ¿ì ȯ°æ)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¼³Á¤Çϱ⠽±´Ù. À̸¦ ¾Ë¾Æº¸ÀÚ. ¼³¸í¿¡ ¾Õ¼­ Ä¿³Î³»¿¡¼­ ³× Æ®¿öÅ©Ä«µå(ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇÏ´Â ·£Ä«µå)¼³Á¤Àº µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °É·Î ÇÑ´Ù. {{ }} ¿ì¼± À§ÀÇ ±×¸²À» Âü°í·Î ¼³¸íÀ» Çغ¸ÀÚ ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ Hostname, Domain°ú Search domain name ±×¸®°í Áß¿äÇÑ Nameserver ¼³Á¤ºÎºÐÀÌ ´Ù. Hostname ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿¡ ¹°¸° ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ³×ÀÓ¼³Á¤ ÅÇÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È£½ºÆ® ³×ÀÓÀ» ½áÁÖÀÚ. ¿¹) host.yourname.com Domain µµ¸ÞÀÎ ³×ÀÓ ¼³Á¤ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ÇÒ´çµÈ µµ¸ÞÀκκÐÀÇ µµ¸ÞÀθ¸ ÀûÀ¸¸é µÈ´Ù. À§ ¿¡ È£½ºÆ® ³×ÀÓÀÇ µÞºÎºÐÀ» Àû¾îÁÖ¸é µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹) yourname.com Search for hostnames in additional domains ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿¡ ¹°¸° ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â °¢ÀÚ µµ¸ÞÀÎ ³×ÀÓÀ» ¹ÞÀ»¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ·² ¶§ È£½ºÆ®³×ÀÓ¸¸À» ÃÄÁֱ⸸ Çصµ ±× ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¾ï¼¼½º ÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀÌ ¼³Á¤ºÎºÐ¿¡ µµ¸ÞÀÎ ³×ÀÓ µÞºÎºÐ¿¡ ºÙÀ» µµ¸ÞÀÎÀ» Àû¾îÁÜÀ¸·Î½á °¡´ÉÇÏ ´Ù. ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î °Ë»öÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹) clug.net domain.net À̶ó°í ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ È£½ºÆ®³×ÀÓÀ» hostnameÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¶§, # telnet hostname À̶ó°í Ä£´Ù¸é ¿ì¼± clug.netÀ» ºÙ¿©¼­ °Ë»öÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. hostname.clug.netÀÌ ¾×¼¼½ºÇÏ °íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â µµ¸ÞÀÎ ³×ÀÓÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ hostname.clug.netÀÌ °Ë»ö´ë»ó¿¡ ¾ø´Ù ¸é hostname.domain.netÀ» ã°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·±½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¸é »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ µµ¸ÞÀÎ ¼­ºê¿¡ ¹° ¸° »óÅ¿¡¼­ ÀÏÀÏÀÌ µµ¸ÞÀÎÀ» ´Ù Ä¥ ÇÊ¿ä¾øÀÌ È£½ºÆ®³×ÀÓ¸¸À» ÃÄÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ¾×¼¼½º °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¼³Á¤À» ¾ÈÇÏ¿©µµ »ó°üÀº ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Nameservers À̺κÐÀº À§ÀÇ µµ¸ÞÀγ×ÀÓÀ» °Ë»öÇÏ´Â ³×ÀÓ¼­¹ö¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °£´ÜÇÏ °Ô µµ¸ÞÀÎ ³×ÀÓÀÌ µî·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¼­¹ö¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ¿©µµ ÁÁ°í Á»´õ ºü¸¥ µµ¸ÞÀÎ ¼­¹ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿©µµ ¹«¹æÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ°÷¿¡´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ ip¸¦ Àû¾îÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº ·ÎÄà ÄÄÇ»Åͳ»¿¡ ip¿Í ´Ð³×ÀÓÀ» Àû¾îÁÙ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. aliasÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿©µµ ¹«¹æÇÏ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ip:200.200.200.200 Name:moon Nicknames: dall À̾úÀ» °æ¿ì ipºÎºÐÀ» ³×ÀÓ ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ ã±âÀü¿¡ ¿ì¼± ÀÌ ¼³Á¤ ºÎºÐÀ» ¸ÕÀú °Ë»öÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î¼­ # telnet moon À̶ó°í ¸í·ÉÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ» °æ¿ì ip¸¦ ¹Ù·Î ã°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÏ¸é ·ÎÄà ³×ÀÓ ¼­¹öÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̺κÐÀº /etc/hostsÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù. {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ ³ª°¡´Â interface¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Áï ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ²ÅÈù Ä« µå¸¦ ¾×¼¼½º ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ·£Ä«µå°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é loºÎºÐ(localhost)ºÎºÐ¸¸ÀÌ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ·ÎÄóݸ¸À» Á¢¼ÓÇÏ·Á¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ½áµµ ¹«¹æÇÏ´Ù. °¡»ó ·£Ä«µåÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ·£Ä«µå°¡ Ä¿³Î³»¿¡ ÀâÇôÀÖ´Ù¸é À̸¦ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º ¼³Á¤À¸·Î ¾ï¼¼½ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯±â À§Çؼ­ Ãß°¡¸¦ ÇÏ·Á¸é addÅÇÀ» ´©¸£°í ethernetºÎºÐ ÅÇÀ» ¼±ÅÃ(ppp¿Í ±âŸ ŸÀÔÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐ)Çϸé eth*À̸§À¸·Î ³ª¿À°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ù ¹ø ° Ä«µå¶ó¸é eth0°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÎ ¹ø° Ä«µå¶ó¸é eth1 ÀÌ·±½ÄÀ¸·Î À̸§ÀÌ »ý¼ºµÈ ´Ù. ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ¼³Á¤ÇÒ °ÍÀ» Á¤¸®Çغ¸¸é ip: ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ÇÒ´çµÈ ip¸¦ Àû´Â´Ù. netmask: ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¾ï¼¼½º ´ë¿ªÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î 255.255.255.0À¸·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¸é µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÎÆÃÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù ÀÌ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î È°¼ºÈ­½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÏ¿© Activate ¸¦ üũÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀϹݻç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ (ºñ)È°¼ºÈ­ ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿É¼ÇÀ» ¼³Á¤ (¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ»µí)ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. protocol: configurationÇÏ´Â protocolÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÅëÀº noneÀ¸·Î ÇÏÁö¸¸ dhcp³ªbootp¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. {{ }} ¾Æ·¡È­¸éÀº gateway µð¹ÙÀ̽º¿Í ip¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Network Packet Forwarding(IPv4): Packet ForwardingÀÇ À¯¹«¸¦ üũ, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î No Default Gateway: ½ÇÁ¦ °ÔÀÌÆ®¿þÀÌ ip¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î AAA.BBB.CCC.1 Default Gateway Device: °ÔÀÌÆ®¿þÀÌ·Î ³ª°¡´Â µð¹ÙÀ̽º ¼³Á¤ eth*½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¸é µÈ ´Ù. Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ·Á¸é Add¹öÆ°À» ´©¸£°í Ãß°¡ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. Save·Î ÀúÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ netcfg¸¦ ¾²Áö ¾Ê°í ¼³Á¤À» ÇÏ·Á¸é(¼öÁ¤À» °¡Çϱâ À§Çؼ­) ´ÙÀ½ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ ¶ó. /etc/hosts, /etc/sysconfig/network, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth* 2. ¸®´ª½º & Internet Service o apache ¼³Á¤Çϱâ. --> httpd.conf ¼³Á¤. ¼­¹ö À¯Çü(ServerType)Àº inetd ¶Ç´Â standalone µÑ ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯ °¡ ¾ø´Â ÇÑ standalone Áï µ¶¸³ÇüÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ServerType standalone ¸¸¾à ¼öÆÛ ¼­¹öÀÎ inetd ·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¸é "ServerAdmin" À» Âü°íÇÑ´Ù. Port: standalone ¸ðµåÀÎ °æ¿ì °æûÇÏ´Â Æ÷Æ®¸¦ °¡¸®Åµ´Ï´Ù. 1023 ÀÌÇÏÀÇ Æ÷Æ®¸¦ »ç ¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é Ãʱ⿡ httpd ¸¦ ·çÆ®·Î ½ÇÇàÇؾ߸¸ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Port 80 È£½ºÆ® À̸§ Á¶È¸(HostnameLookups): Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ À̸§ ¶Ç´Â IP ÁÖ¼Ò Áß ¾î¶² °Í À» ±â·ÏÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ °áÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿¹) www.apache.org (on) ¶Ç´Â 204.62.129.132 (off) ±â·Ï ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ ½ÇÁ¦·Î »ç¿ëÇϰųª CGI ¿ëµµ·Î »ç¿ëÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â off·Î ÇصΠ¾î¾ß ÁÁ½À´Ï´Ù. on À̶ó°í ÇØµÎ¸é ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ »çÀÌÆ®·Î Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â ¼Óµµ¸¦ ´À¸®°Ô ¸¸ µå´Â ´ÜÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. HostnameLookups off httpd °¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¿ëÀÚ, ´Ù¸¥ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ±æ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÏ´Ü httpd¸¦ ·çÆ® ±ÇÇÑÀ¸ ·Î ½ÇÇàÇÑ ÈÄ ÁÖ¾îÁø »ç¿ëÀÚ, ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ÀüȯÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ/±×·ì(User/Group): httpd °¡ ½ÇÇàµÉ ¶§ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ ±ÇÇÑÀ» °®´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ /±×·ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̸§À» Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. HostnameLookups off httpd °¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¿ëÀÚ, ´Ù¸¥ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ±æ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÏ´Ü httpd¸¦ ·çÆ® ±ÇÇÑÀ¸ ·Î ½ÇÇàÇÑ ÈÄ ÁÖ¾îÁø »ç¿ëÀÚ, ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ÀüȯÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ/±×·ì(User/Group): httpd °¡ ½ÇÇàµÉ ¶§ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ ±ÇÇÑÀ» °®´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ /±×·ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̸§À» Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. User nobody Group nobody ´ÙÀ½ Áö½ÃÀÚ(directive)µéÀº ½ºÇªÇÎÀ» ÇÏ´Â ³×½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ 2.x ¿Í ±âŸ ºê¶ó¿ìÁ®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© keepalive¿Í Çì´õ Ç÷¯½¬¸¦ ²ôµµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. BrowserMatch Mozilla/2 nokeepalive BrowserMatch Java1.0 force-response-1.0 BrowserMatch JDK/1.0 force-response-1.0 ¼­¹ö°ü¸®ÀÚ(ServerAdmin): ¼­¹ö¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ» ¶§ ¿¬¶ôÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¸ÞÀÏ ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ Á¤ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ServerAdmin root@localhost ¼­¹ö·çÆ®(ServerRoot): ¼­¹öÀÇ ¼³Á¤, ¿¡·¯, ·Î±× ÆÄÀÏ µîÀÌ ³õÀÏ ±âº» »óÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮 ÀÌ´Ù. ServerRoot /etc/httpd °áÇÕÁÖ¼Ò(BindAddress): ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í °¡»ó È£½ºÆ®¸¦ Áö¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀº ¼­¹ö°¡ ¾î´À IP ÁÖ¼Ò¿¡ ±Í±â¿ïÀÏ °ÍÀÎÁö Å뺸ÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "*" À̰ųª ¶Ç´Â IP ÁÖ¼Ò ±×¸®°í ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Çü½ÄÀÇ µµ¸ÞÀÎ À̸§À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. VirtualHost Áö½ÃÀÚµµ ÇÔ²² Âü°íÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù. #BindAddress * ¿¡·¯±â·Ï(ErrorLog): ¿¡·¯ ±â·Ï ÆÄÀÏÀÇ À§Ä¡. / ·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ServerRoot °¡ °æ·Î¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ºÙ½À´Ï´Ù. ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/error_log Àü¼Û±â·Ï(TransferLog): Àü¼Û ±â·Ï ÆÄÀÏÀÇ À§Ä¡. / ·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ServerRoot °¡ °æ·Î¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ºÙ½À´Ï´Ù. TransferLog /var/log/httpd/access_log PID ÆÄÀÏ(PidFile): ¼­¹ö°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ PID¸¦ ±â·ÏÇØ µÑ ÆÄÀÏ PidFile /var/run/httpd.pid ScoreBoardFile: ¼­¹öÀÇ ³»ºÎ ó¸® Á¤º¸¸¦ ±â·ÏÇØ µÑ ÆÄÀÏ. ¸ðµç ¾ÆÅ°ÅØÃÄ¿¡¼­ À̸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¸¾à ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é (ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡°¡ ½ÇÇàµÇ¸é »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °Ì´Ï´Ù.) ÀÌ Á¡Àº Àß ¾Ë¾ÆµÎ¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡¸¦ ¿©·¯ °³ ½ÇÇà ½ÃÅ°´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Áߺ¹ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï À¯ÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ScoreBoardFile /var/run/apache_status ¼­¹öÀ̸§(ServerName)Àº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ¹Þ°Ô µÇ´Â È£½ºÆ® À̸§°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¼­¹ö À̸§À» Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¿¡°Ô º¸³»·Á ÇÒ ¶§ ¼³Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â À̸§Àº ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ È£½º Æ®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Á¤È®È÷ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â DNS À̸§À̾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. #ServerName new.host.name CacheNegotiatedDocs: ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© Çù»óÇÑ ¹®¼­¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â Pragma: no-cache ¸¦ °¢ ¹®¼­¸¶´Ù º¸³À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¸Þ½ÃÁö´Â ÇÁ·Ï½Ã ¼­¹ö·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¹®¼­¸¦ ij½¬ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¿äûÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ÇàÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» Ç®¸é ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇØ Á¦ÇÏ°í ÇÁ·Ï½Ã ¼­¹ö°¡ ¹®¼­¸¦ ij½¬ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. #CacheNegotiatedDocs Timeout: ¹Þ°í º¸³»´Âµ¥ ŸÀÓ ¾Æ¿ôÀÌ °É¸®µµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ½Ã°£ (ÃÊ) Timeout 300 KeepAlive: Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ Á¢¼ÓÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ¸» °ÍÀΰ¡ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. "Off"·Î Çϸé ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀ» Á¤Áö½Ãŵ´Ï´Ù. KeepAlive On MaxKeepAliveRequests: Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ Á¢¼Ó µ¿¾È Çã¿ëÇÒ ÃÖ´ë ¿äû ¼ö ÀÌ °ªÀ» 0 À¸·Î Çϸé Á¦ÇÑÀ» µÎÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ÃÖ´ë È¿À²À» À§Çؼ­´Â ÀÌ °ªÀ» °¡´ÉÇÑ ³ô°Ô µÎ±æ ±Ç ÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù. MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 # KeepAliveTimeout: ´ÙÀ½ ¹ø ¿äûÀ» ±â´Ù¸®´Ù ŸÀÓ ¾Æ¿ôÀÌ °É¸®°Ô ÇÏ´Â ½Ã°£(ÃÊ) KeepAliveTimeout 15 ¼­¹ö-Ç® Å©±â Á¶Á¤. ¸î °³ÀÇ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÁö °è»êÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä¾øÀÌ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡´Â ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ºÎÇÏ·®¿¡ µû¶ó ÀûÀÀÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÇöÀçÀÇ ºÎÇÏ »óŸ¦ ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµÀÇ ÃæºÐÇÑ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϸç ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î Ä¡¼Ú´Â ºÎÇϸ¦ ¿¹»óÇÏ¿© ¿©ºÐÀÇ ÇÁ·Î ¼¼½º¸¦ ¸¸µé¾îµÓ´Ï´Ù. ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡´Â Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº ¼­¹ö°¡ ¿äûÀ» ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö Á¡°ËÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¸¸ ¾à MinSpareServers º¸´Ù ÀÛÀ¸¸é ¿©ºÐÀÇ ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î µÓ´Ï´Ù. MaxSpareServers º¸´Ù ¸¹À¸¸é ³ª¸ÓÁö ¼­¹ö¸¦ Á¾·á½Ãŵ´Ï´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½ °ªÀ̸é ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù°í º¾´Ï´Ù. MinSpareServers 8 MaxSpareServers 20 # ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ÀÇ ¼­¹ö °¹¼ö - ÀûÀýÇÑ °ªÀ¸·Î ¾î¸²Àâ¾Æ °è»êÇÕ´Ï´Ù. StartServers 10 ¼­¹ö ½ÇÇà ÃÑ °¹¼ö¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Áï Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®µéÀÌ µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ °ª¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®µéÀº ¹«ÀÛÁ¤ ±â´Ù¸®´Â »óÅ·ΠºüÁö ¹Ç·Î ³Ê¹« ³·°Ô Ã¥Á¤Çؼ­´Â ¾ÈµË´Ï´Ù. ±Þ°ÝÇÏ°Ô ºÎÇÏ°¡ ¸¹¾ÆÁüÀ¸·Î½á À¥ ¼­¹ö°¡ À¯ ´Ð½º¿Í ÇÔ²² ³ª¶ô¿¡ ºüÁöÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ºê·¹ÀÌÅ©¸¦ °É¾îµÎ±â À§ÇÑ ¿ëµµ·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. MaxClients 150 ÀڽĴç ÃÖ´ë ¿äû¼ö(MaxRequestsPerChild): ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ Á×±â Àü¿¡ ó¸®ÇÒ ÃÖ ´ë ¿äûÀÇ °³¼ö ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡(¶Ç´Â ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¶óÀ̺귯¸®)¸¦ Àå½Ã°£ »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î ½á »ý±â´Â ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ¸·±â À§ÇØ ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ Á¾·áÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÄ¡ ¾ÊÁö¸¸ ¸î¸î(¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Solaris) ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÀÇ °æ¿ì ¶óÀ̺귯¸®·ÎºÎ ÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¸Þ¸ð¸® À¯ÃâÀÌ ³ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. MaxRequestsPerChild 100 ÇÁ·Ï½Ã ¼­¹ö Áö½ÃÀÚ. ÇÁ·Ï½Ã ¼­¹ö ±â´ÉÀ» ÀÛµ¿½ÃÅ°½Ã·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½ ÇàÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» Ç®¾î ÁֽʽÿÀ. #ProxyRequests On ij½¬ ±â´ÉÀ» ÀÛµ¿½ÃÅ°·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½ ÇàµéÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» Ç®°í ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô ÆíÁýÇϽʽÿÀ. #CacheRoot /var/httpd/proxy #CacheSize 5 #CacheGcInterval 4 #CacheMaxExpire 24 #CacheLastModifiedFactor 0.1 #CacheDefaultExpire 1 #NoCache a_domain.com another_domain.edu joes.garage_sale.com Listen: ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡¸¦ ±âº»°ª¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿© ƯÁ¤ IP ÁÖ¼Òµé ¶Ç´Â Æ÷Æ®¿Í °áÇÕ(bind) ½ÃÅ° ·Á ÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. VirtualHost ¸í·É ¶ÇÇÑ Âü°íÇϽʽÿÀ. #Listen 3000 #Listen 12.34.56.78:80 °¡»óÈ£½ºÆ®(VirtualHost): ¼­¹ö ¸Ó½ÅÀÌ ¿©·¯ ÁÖ¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© IP ÆÐŶÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖµµ ·Ï ¼³Á¤ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ µ¥¸óÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¼­¹ö ÁÖ¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿äûÀ» ó¸® ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ifconfig alias Ç÷¡±× ¶Ç´Â VIF ¿Í °°Àº Ä¿³Î ÆÐÄ¡¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¸ðµç httpd.conf, srm.conf Áö½ÃÀÚ¸¦ VirtualHost ¸í·É ¾È¿¡ ÀûÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. BindAddress Ç׸ñ ¶ÇÇÑ Âü°íÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù. # #ServerAdmin webmaster@host.some_domain.com #DocumentRoot /www/docs/host.some_domain.com #ServerName host.some_domain.com #ErrorLog logs/host.some_domain.com-error_log #TransferLog logs/host.some_domain.com-access_log # --> srm.conf ¼³Á¤. DocumentRoot: ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ¹®¼­¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ µð·ºÅ丮 ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ¿äûÀº ÀÌ µð·º Å丮·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦°øµË´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½Éº¼¸¯ ¸µÅ©³ª alias¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ À§Ä¡¸¦ °¡¸® ų ¼ö ½À´Ï´Ù. DocumentRoot /home/httpd/html »ç¿ëÀÚ µð·ºÅ丮(UserDir): ~user ¿äûÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ´ë »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ È¨ µð·ºÅ丮 µÚ¿¡ ºÙ ÀÏ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ À̸§ UserDir public_html µð·ºÅ丮 À妽º(DirectoryIndex): ¾à¼ÓµÈ HTML µð·ºÅ丮 À妽º·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ À̸§ÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ °³¸¦ ÀûÀ» ¶§´Â ½ºÆäÀ̽º·Î ±¸ºÐÇÕ´Ï´Ù. DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm index.shtml index.cgi FancyIndexing Ç׸ñÀº µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¿¹»Ú°Ô À妽ºÇؼ­ º¸¿© ÁÙ °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±âº» ÀûÀÎ Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î¸¸ º¸¿© ÁÙ °ÍÀÎÁö °áÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. FancyIndexing on AddIcon Áö½ÃÀÚ´Â ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ÆÄÀÏ, ÆÄÀÏ È®ÀåÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ¾ÆÀÌÄÜÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °Í ÀÎÁö °áÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. AddIconByEncoding (CMP,/icons/compressed.gif) x-compress x-gzip AddIconByType (TXT,/icons/text.gif) text/* AddIconByType (IMG,/icons/image2.gif) image/* AddIconByType (SND,/icons/sound2.gif) audio/* AddIconByType (VID,/icons/movie.gif) video/* AddIcon /icons/binary.gif .bin .exe AddIcon /icons/binhex.gif .hqx AddIcon /icons/tar.gif .tar AddIcon /icons/world2.gif .wrl .wrl.gz .vrml .vrm .iv AddIcon /icons/compressed.gif .Z .z .tgz .gz .zip AddIcon /icons/a.gif .ps .ai .eps AddIcon /icons/layout.gif .html .shtml .htm .pdf AddIcon /icons/text.gif .txt AddIcon /icons/c.gif .c AddIcon /icons/p.gif .pl .py AddIcon /icons/f.gif .for AddIcon /icons/dvi.gif .dvi AddIcon /icons/uuencoded.gif .uu AddIcon /icons/script.gif .conf .sh .shar .csh .ksh .tcl AddIcon /icons/tex.gif .tex AddIcon /icons/bomb.gif core AddIcon /icons/back.gif .. AddIcon /icons/hand.right.gif README AddIcon /icons/folder.gif ^^DIRECTORY^^ AddIcon /icons/blank.gif ^^BLANKICON^^ DefaultIconÀº À§¿¡¼­ ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¾Æ ÀÌÄÜÀÔ´Ï´Ù. DefaultIcon /icons/unknown.gif AddDescription Àº ¼­¹ö°¡ »ý¼ºÇÑ À妽º ÆÄÀÏ µÚ¿¡ °£´ÜÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ReadmeName Àº ¼­¹ö°¡ ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ã´Â README ÆÄÀÏÀÇ À̸§À» ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù. HeaderName Àº µð·ºÅ丮 À妽º ¾Õ¿¡ ºÙ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÇ À̸§À» ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù. ReadmeName README HeaderName HEADER IndexIgnore ´Â µð·ºÅ丮 À妽º¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜµÉ ÆÄÀÏ À̸§À» Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Çü½Ä: IndexIgnore name1 name2... IndexIgnore */.??* *~ *# */HEADER* */README* */RCS AccessFileName: Á¢±Ù Á¦¾î Á¤º¸¸¦ °ü¸®Çϱâ À§ÇØ °¢ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡¼­ ã¾Æ º¼ ÆÄÀÏ À̸§À» Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. AccessFileName .htaccess DefaultType Àº ¼­¹ö°¡ ÆÄÀϸí È®ÀåÀڷκÎÅÍ ÆÄÀÏ À¯ÇüÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» ¶§ ¹®¼­ ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °¡Á¤ÇÒ ±âº» MIME À¯ÇüÀÔ´Ï´Ù. DefaultType text/plain AddEncoding Àº ¸î¸î ºê¶ó¿ìÀú(Mosaic/X 2.1+)°¡ Àü¼Û¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼­ ³»¿ëÀÇ ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç® ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÒ ¶§ ¾¹´Ï´Ù. AddEncoding x-compress Z AddEncoding x-gzip gz AddLanguage ´Â ¹®¼­ÀÇ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¸í½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ºê ¶ó¿ìÁ®°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾ð¾î·Î µÈ ÆÄÀÏ ³»¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çù»óÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÆÄ ÀÏÁ¢¹Ì»ç°¡ ¾ð¾î Å°¿öµå¿Í ¶È°°À» ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. AddLanguage ko .ko AddLanguage en .en AddLanguage fr .fr AddLanguage de .de AddLanguage da .da AddLanguage el .el AddLanguage it .it ¾ð¾î¿ì¼±±Ç(LanguagePriority)Àº ³»¿ë Çù»ó Áß µ¿·üÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì ¾ð¾îÀÇ ¿ì¼±±Ç À» Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¼±±ÇÀÌ ¸ÕÀúÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¸ÕÀú Àû½À´Ï´Ù. LanguagePriority ko en fr de Redirect ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¿¡°Ô ¿¹Àü¿¡´Â ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¹®¼­°¡ Áö±ÝÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê ´Â´Ù°í Å뺸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ´Ù¸¥ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ ¹®¼­¸¦ ãµµ·Ï ¸»ÇØÁÙ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Çü½Ä: Redirect fakename url Aliases: ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸¸Å­ º°¸íÀ» ¸¸µé¾î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.(Á¦ÇÑ ¾øÀ½) ±âº» Çü½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù. Alias fakename realname ¸¸¾à fakename ´ÙÀ½¿¡ / ÀÌ ºÙ¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é ¼­¹ö´Â ±× fakename ÀÌ URL ¾È¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇØ ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í °£ÁÖÇÕ´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ´ÙÀ½ ¿¹¿¡¼­ "/icons"´Â º°¸íÈ­µÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. Alias /icons/ /home/httpd/icons/ ScriptAlias: ¼­¹ö ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Á¦¾îÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Çü½Ä: ScriptAlias fakename realname ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /home/httpd/cgi-bin/ AddTypeÀº mime.types ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°íµµ ¿øÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÝ´Ï ´Ù. ¶Ç´Â ¾î¶² ƯÁ¤ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ƯÁ¤ À¯ÇüÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Çü½Ä: AddType type/subtype ext1 AddHandler´Â ƯÁ¤ ÆÄÀÏ È®ÀåÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© È­ÀÏ À¯Çü°ú´Â ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº ó¸® °¡ ÀÌ·ïÁöµµ·Ï "󸮱â(handler)"¸¦ °áÇÕ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ¼­¹ö ¾È¿¡ ³»Àå Çϰųª ¶Ç´Â Action ¸í·ÉÀ» ÅëÇØ Ãß°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Çü½Ä: AddHandler action-name ext1 ´ÙÀ½À» Ç®¾îÁÖ¸é /cgi-bin/ ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¸ðµç µð·ºÅ丮¿¡¼­µµ .cgi ·Î ³¡³ª±â¸¸ Çϸé CGI ·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ¿© ½ÇÇà°¡´ÉÄÉ ÇϹǷΠº¸¾È »ó ÁÁÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. #AddHandler cgi-script .cgi ¼­¹ö ó¸® HTML ÆÄÀÏÀ» »ç¿ëÇϱâ À§Çؼ­. #AddType text/html .shtml #AddHandler server-parsed .shtml ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ÀÇ send-asis HTTP ÆÄÀÏ ±â´ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½ ÇàÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» DZ´Ï´Ù. #AddHandler send-as-is asis ¼­¹ö Çؼ® À̹ÌÁö¸Ê ÆÄÀÏÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é. AddHandler imap-file map À¯Çü Áöµµ(type maps)À» »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é. #AddHandler type-map var ÆÞ ¸ðµâÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½ ¼½¼ÇÀÇ #¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÕ´Ï´Ù. #Alias /perl/ /home/httpsd/perl/ # #SetHandler perl-script #PerlHandler Apache::Registry #Options +ExecCGI # php ¸ðµâÀ» ÀÛµ¿½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­ AddType application/x-httpd-php .phtml Action Àº ¸ÅÄ¡µÇ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÐÇôÁú ¶§¸¶´Ù ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ MIME ŸÀÔÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ƯÁ¤ MIME ŸÀÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿äûÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§¸¶´Ù CGI ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ ½ÇÇà½Ã Å°µµ·Ï Àüó¸® ¿ëµµ·Î ¸Å¹ø ¶È°°Àº URL Àº ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ´ú¾îÁÝ´Ï´Ù. Çü½Ä: Action media/type /cgi-script/location Çü½Ä: Action handler-name /cgi-script/location MetaDir: ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡°¡ ¸ÞŸ Á¤º¸ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ãÀ» µð·ºÅ丮 À̸§À» Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¹®¼­¸¦ º¸³¾ ¶§ HTTP Çì´õ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔÇÒ Ãß°¡ Á¤º¸¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. #MetaDir .web ¸ÞŸÁ¢¹Ì»ç(MetaSuffix): ¸ÞŸ Á¤º¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢¹Ì»ç¸¦ ¸í½ÃÇÕ ´Ï´Ù. #MetaSuffix .meta o. Æò¹üÇÑ ÅؽºÆ® ÆÄÀÏ #ErrorDocument 500 "The server made a boo boo. ÁÖÀÇ(n.b.) (") Ç¥½Ã´Â ÅؽºÆ®ÀÓÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇϸç Ãâ·ÂµÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. o. Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ ¹æÇâÀüȯ #ErrorDocument 404 /missing.html Áö¿ª URL /missing.html ·Î Àüȯ #ErrorDocument 404 /cgi-bin/missing_handler.pl ÁÖÀÇ: ½ºÅ©¸³Æ® ¶Ç´Â ¼­¹ö Ãø Æ÷ÇÔÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ ¹®¼­·Î ÀüȯÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. o. ¿ÜºÎ ¹æÇâÀüȯ #ErrorDocument 402 http://some.other_server.com/subscription_info.html --> access.conf ¼³Á¤. Options Indexes IncludesNOEXEC AllowOverride None ´ÙÀ½ ¼³Á¤Àº ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ DocumentRoot ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮·Î Á¶Á¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "None", "All", ¶Ç´Â "Indexes", "Includes", "FollowSymLinks", "ExecCGI", "MultiViews"ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Á¶ÇÕÀÌ °¡´É ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "MultiViews"´Â ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¾î¾ß¸¸ ÀÛµ¿ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "Options All"À̶ó ÇÒ Áö¶óµµ "MultiViews"´Â ÇöÀç·Î¼­´Â ÀÚµ¿ ¼³Á¤µÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï µÇ ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Options Indexes Includes ExecCGI FollowSymLinks ´ÙÀ½Àº °¢ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â .htaccess ÆÄÀÏ¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² ¿É¼Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àç¼³Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö Çã°¡ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù. "All", ¶Ç´Â "Options", "FileInfo", "AuthConfig", "Limit" ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Á¶ÇÕÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÕ ´Ï´Ù. AllowOverride None ¼­¹ö·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¤º¸¸¦ ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À§Ä¡¸¦ Á¦¾îÇÕ´Ï´Ù. order allow,deny allow from all ¿©±â¼­ /home/httpd/cgi-bin Àº ScriptAlias ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÑ CGI µð·ºÅ丮°¡ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì ¾Ë¸Â°Ô ¼³Á¤Çϱ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù. /cgi-bin/ ÀÇ ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®°¡ Á¦´ë·Î ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ·Á¸é ExecCGI ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. AllowOverride None Options ExecCGI http://servername/server-status À» ¿­¸é ¼­¹öÀÇ »óŸ¦ º¸¿©ÁÖµµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. .your_domain.com À» ½ÇÁ¦ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¼ÓÇÑ µµ¸ÞÀÎÀ¸·Î º¯°æÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù. # #SetHandler server-status #order deny,allow #deny from all #allow from .your_domain.com # 1.1 ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¹öÀü¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ¹ö±×¸¦ ¾Ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¹ö±×´Â ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡¿Í ÇÔ²² ¹èÆ÷µÇ¾ú´ø CGI ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ¹ö±×ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ÇàµéÀÇ ÁÖ¼® 󸮸¦ Ç® ¾îÁÖ¸é ÀÌ ¹ö±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ý ¹æÇâÀ» phf.apache.org ÀÇ ±â·Ï ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®·Î ¹æÇâÀüȯ ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¶Ç´Â support/phf_abuse_log.cgi ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ºÐ ½º½º·Î ±â·Ï ÇØ µÑ ¼öµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. deny from all ErrorDocument 403 http://phf.apache.org/phf_abuse_log.cgi O. ftp ¼³Á¤Çϱâ. Linux»ó¿¡¼­ ftp ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÇÏ·Á¸é, wu-ftp ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¼³Ä¡Çϰųª ¾Æ´Ï¸é, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÇÒ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú, /home ¹Ø¿¡ ftp ¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù. # mkdir /home/ftp ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ftp ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. # mkdir /home/ftp/bin # mkdir /home/ftp/lib # mkdir /home/ftp/etc # mkdir /home/ftp/pub ´Ù ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸é ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Linux ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â /bin µð·ºÅ丮ÇÏÀÇ compress, cpio, gzip, ls, sh, tar ¸¦ /home/ftp/bin À¸·Î Ä«ÇǸ¦ ÇÑ´Ù. # cd /bin # cp compress cpio gzip ls sh tar /home/ftp/bin ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î /etc/ µð·ºÅ丮ÇÏÀÇ group, ld.so.cache, passwd ÆÄÀÏÀ» /home/ftp/etc·Î º¹ »ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. # cd /etc # cp group ld.so.cache passwd /home/ftp/etc/ library ÆÄÀϵ鵵 º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. # cd /lib ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ld ¶óÀ̺귯¸® ¹× libc, libnsl, libnss ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ ¸ðµÎ º¹»çÇÑ ´Ù. ³ª¸ÓÁö ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº ftp »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. # adduser ftp Æнº¿öµå´Â * ·Î ÄÚ¸àÆ®ÇÑ´Ù. # chown -R root.ftp /home/ftp ÇÏ¿© ftp »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¿¢¼¼½º ±ÇÇÑÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. --> ftp »ç¿ëÀÚ ¿¢¼¼½º Á¦ÇÑ. class anony real.anonymous * (ÃÖ´ë Á¢¼÷ÀÚ¼ö) limit anony 1 Any /etc/msgs/msg.toomany (Ŭ·¡½º¸í) (¾ðÁ¦³ª Çã¿ë) (Á¢¼Ó Çã¿ëÀÚ¼ö°¡ ³Ñ¾úÀ»°æ¿ì º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ¸Þ¼¼Áö) email hackers@smartmate.com --> ftp admin À̸ÞÀÏ ÁÖ¼Ò loginfails 1 readme README* login readme README* cwd=* message /welcome.msg login (·Î±äÀ» ÇÏ¿´À»°æ¿ì º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ¸Þ¼¼Áö) message .message cwd=* compress yes all tar yes all chmod no guest,anonymous delete no guest,anonymous overwrite no guest,anonymous rename no guest,anonymous log transfers anonymous,real inbound,outbound shutdown /etc/msg/shutmsg passwd-check rfc822 enforce (enforce´Â Á¤È®ÇÑ À̸ÞÀÏÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ ÀûÁö ¾ÊÀ» °æ¿ì Á¢¼ÓÀ» Çã°¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¸í·É¾î) O. sendmail ¼³Á¤Çϱâ. * sendmail.cf # Copyright (c) 1998 Sendmail, Inc. All rights reserved. # Copyright (c) 1983, 1995 Eric P. Allman. All rights reserved. # Copyright (c) 1988, 1993 # The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. # # By using this file, you agree to the terms and conditions set # forth in the LICENSE file which can be found at the top level of # the sendmail distribution. # # ###################################################################### ###################################################################### ##### ##### SENDMAIL CONFIGURATION FILE ##### ##### built by root@linux.sarang.net on Sun Aug 16 03:26:55 KST 1998 ##### in /pkg/BUILD/sendmail-8.9.0/cf/cf ##### using ../ as configuration include directory ##### ###################################################################### ###################################################################### ##### @(#)cfhead.m4 8.22 (Berkeley) 5/19/98 ##### ##### @(#)cf.m4 8.29 (Berkeley) 5/19/98 ##### ##### @(#)redirect.m4 8.10 (Berkeley) 5/19/98 ##### ##### @(#)always_add_domain.m4 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/19/98 ##### ##### @(#)use_cw_file.m4 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/19/98 ##### ##### @(#)local_procmail.m4 8.11 (Berkeley) 5/19/98 ##### ##### @(#)mailertable.m4 8.9 (Berkeley) 5/19/98 ##### ##### @(#)access_db.m4 8.8 (Berkeley) 5/19/98 ##### ##### @(#)proto.m4 8.223 (Berkeley) 6/30/98 ##### # level 8 config file format V8/Berkeley # override file safeties - setting this option compromises system security # need to set this now for the sake of class files #O DontBlameSendmail=safe ################## # local info # ################## --> sendmail ¼³Á¤¿¡ À־ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â Cw, Fw, Dj ¼³Á¤¸¸ ºÁÁÖ¸é ¸ÞÀÏ ¼³Á¤Àº µÈ´Ù. Cwlocalhost : C ´Â Ŭ·¡½º Á¤ÀÇ ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù. Cw ´Â w¶ó´Â Ŭ·¡½º¿¡ °ªÀ» ´ëÀÔÇÏ´Â Çü½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Çü½Ä¿¡ °ªÀ» Áֱ⺸´Ù´Â sendmail.cw ¿¡ Àû¾îÁÖ´Â ÆíÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. sendmail.cw ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¹Ø¿¡ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. # file containing names of hosts for which we receive email Fw/etc/sendmail.cw --> w Ŭ·¡½º¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ È£½ºÆ®·Î ¸ÞÀÏÀÌ ³¯¶ó¿À¸é ¸ÞÀϼ­¹ö´Â ¼ö½ÅÀ» ÇϰԵȴÙ. # my official domain name # ... define this only if sendmail cannot automatically determine your domain #Dj$w.Foo.COM --> »÷µå¸ÞÀÏÀÌ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ È£½ºÆ®¸¦ Á¦´ë·Î ÀνÄÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ # ÁÖ¼®À» ¾ø¾ÖÁÖ°í ³ª¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È£½ºÆ®¸¦ Àû¾îÁØ´Ù ¿¹) Dj$hackers.smartmate.com CP. # "Smart" relay host (may be null) DS # operators that cannot be in local usernames (i.e., network indicators) CO @ % ! # a class with just dot (for identifying canonical names) C.. # a class with just a left bracket (for identifying domain literals) C[[ # Mailer table (overriding domains) Kmailertable hash -o /etc/mailertable # Access list database (for spam stomping) Kaccess hash -o /etc/mail/access --> sendmail-8.9.1 ºÎÅÍ´Â relay Çã¿ë ¹× ½ºÆÔ¸ÞÀÏ Â÷´Ü±â´ÉÀÌ relay_domians ¿¡¼­ access ·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù. # Resolve map (to check if a host exists in check_mail) Kresolve host -a -T # Hosts that will permit relaying ($=R) FR-o /etc/mail/relay-domains # who I send unqualified names to (null means deliver locally) DR # who gets all local email traffic ($R has precedence for unqualified names) DH # dequoting map Kdequote dequote # class E: names that should be exposed as from this host, even if we masquerade # class L: names that should be delivered locally, even if we have a relay # class M: domains that should be converted to $M #CL root CE root # who I masquerade as (null for no masquerading) (see also $=M) DM # my name for error messages DnMAILER-DAEMON CPREDIRECT O MaxMimeHeaderLength=256/128 # Configuration version number DZ8.9.1a ############### # Options # ############### # strip message body to 7 bits on input? O SevenBitInput=False # 8-bit data handling O EightBitMode=pass8 # wait for alias file rebuild (default units: minutes) O AliasWait=10 # location of alias file O AliasFile=/etc/aliases # minimum number of free blocks on filesystem O MinFreeBlocks=100 # maximum message size #O MaxMessageSize=1000000 # substitution for space (blank) characters O BlankSub=. # avoid connecting to "expensive" mailers on initial submission? O HoldExpensive=False # checkpoint queue runs after every N successful deliveries #O CheckpointInterval=10 # default delivery mode O DeliveryMode=background # automatically rebuild the alias database? O AutoRebuildAliases # error message header/file #O ErrorHeader=/etc/sendmail.oE # error mode #O ErrorMode=print # save Unix-style "From_" lines at top of header? #O SaveFromLine # temporary file mode O TempFileMode=0600 # match recipients against GECOS field? #O MatchGECOS # maximum hop count #O MaxHopCount=17 # location of help file O HelpFile=/usr/lib/sendmail.hf # ignore dots as terminators in incoming messages? #O IgnoreDots # name resolver options #O ResolverOptions=+AAONLY # deliver MIME-encapsulated error messages? O SendMimeErrors=True # Forward file search path O ForwardPath=$z/.forward.$w:$z/.forward # open connection cache size O ConnectionCacheSize=2 # open connection cache timeout O ConnectionCacheTimeout=5m # persistent host status directory #O HostStatusDirectory=.hoststat # single thread deliveries (requires HostStatusDirectory)? #O SingleThreadDelivery # use Errors-To: header? O UseErrorsTo=False # log level O LogLevel=9 # send to me too, even in an alias expansion? #O MeToo # verify RHS in newaliases? O CheckAliases=False # default messages to old style headers if no special punctuation? O OldStyleHeaders=True # SMTP daemon options #O DaemonPortOptions=Port=esmtp # privacy flags O PrivacyOptions=authwarnings # who (if anyone) should get extra copies of error messages #O PostMasterCopy=Postmaster # slope of queue-only function #O QueueFactor=600000 # queue directory O QueueDirectory=/var/spool/mqueue # timeouts (many of these) #O Timeout.initial=5m #O Timeout.connect=5m #O Timeout.iconnect=5m #O Timeout.helo=5m #O Timeout.mail=10m #O Timeout.rcpt=1h #O Timeout.datainit=5m #O Timeout.datablock=1h #O Timeout.datafinal=1h #O Timeout.rset=5m #O Timeout.quit=2m #O Timeout.misc=2m #O Timeout.command=1h #O Timeout.ident=30s #O Timeout.fileopen=60s O Timeout.queuereturn=5d #O Timeout.queuereturn.normal=5d #O Timeout.queuereturn.urgent=2d #O Timeout.queuereturn.non-urgent=7d O Timeout.queuewarn=4h #O Timeout.queuewarn.normal=4h #O Timeout.queuereturn.urgent=2d #O Timeout.queuereturn.non-urgent=7d O Timeout.queuewarn=4h #O Timeout.queuewarn.normal=4h #O Timeout.queuewarn.urgent=1h #O Timeout.queuewarn.non-urgent=12h #O Timeout.hoststatus=30m # should we not prune routes in route-addr syntax addresses? #O DontPruneRoutes # queue up everything before forking? O SuperSafe=True # status file O StatusFile=/var/log/sendmail.st # time zone handling: # if undefined, use system default # if defined but null, use TZ envariable passed in # if defined and non-null, use that info #O TimeZoneSpec= # default UID (can be username or userid:groupid) O DefaultUser=8:12 # list of locations of user database file (null means no lookup) #O UserDatabaseSpec=/etc/userdb # fallback MX host #O FallbackMXhost=fall.back.host.net # if we are the best MX host for a site, try it directly instead of config err #O TryNullMXList # load average at which we just queue messages #O QueueLA=8 # load average at which we refuse connections #O RefuseLA=12 # maximum number of children we allow at one time #O MaxDaemonChildren=12 # maximum number of new connections per second #O ConnectionRateThrottle=3 # work recipient factor #O RecipientFactor=30000 # deliver each queued job in a separate process? #O ForkEachJob # work class factor #O ClassFactor=1800 # work time factor #O RetryFactor=90000 # shall we sort the queue by hostname first? #O QueueSortOrder=priority # minimum time in queue before retry #O MinQueueAge=30m # default character set #O DefaultCharSet=iso-8859-1 # service switch file (ignored on Solaris, Ultrix, OSF/1, others) #O ServiceSwitchFile=/etc/service.switch # hosts file (normally /etc/hosts) #O HostsFile=/etc/hosts # dialup line delay on connection failure #O DialDelay=10s # action to take if there are no recipients in the message #O NoRecipientAction=add-to-undisclosed # chrooted environment for writing to files #O SafeFileEnvironment=/arch # are colons OK in addresses? #O ColonOkInAddr # how many jobs can you process in the queue? #O MaxQueueRunSize=10000 # shall I avoid expanding CNAMEs (violates protocols)? #O DontExpandCnames # SMTP initial login message (old $e macro) O SmtpGreetingMessage=$j Sendmail $v/$Z; $b # UNIX initial From header format (old $l macro) O UnixFromLine=From $g $d # From: lines that have embedded newlines are unwrapped onto one line #O SingleLineFromHeader=False # Allow HELO SMTP command that does not include a host name #O AllowBogusHELO=False # Characters to be quoted in a full name phrase (@,;:\()[] are automatic) #O MustQuoteChars=. # delimiter (operator) characters (old $o macro) O OperatorChars=.:%@!^/[]+ # shall I avoid calling initgroups(3) because of high NIS costs? #O DontInitGroups # are group-writable :include: and .forward files (un)trustwort #O UnsafeGroupWrites # where do errors that occur when sending errors get sent? #O DoubleBounceAddress=postmaster # what user id do we assume for the majority of the processing? #O RunAsUser=sendmail # maximum number of recipients per SMTP envelope #O MaxRecipientsPerMessage=100 # shall we get local names from our installed interfaces? #O DontProbeInterfaces ########################### # Message precedences # ########################### Pfirst-class=0 Pspecial-delivery=100 Plist=-30 Pbulk=-60 Pjunk=-100 ##################### # Trusted users # ##################### # this is equivalent to setting class "t" #Ft/etc/sendmail.ct Troot Tdaemon Tuucp * sendmail.cw # sendmail.cw - include all aliases for your machine here. ÀÌ ¼³Á¤Àº »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ Linux ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ °¡¸®Å°´Â ¸ðµç º°Äª°ú ¸ÞÀÏÀ» ó¸®ÇÏ°íÀÚ Çϴ ȣ½ºÆ®¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Ç׸ñ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϴ ȣ½ºÆ®ÀÇ À̸§À» Àû¾îÁÖ¸é ÇØ´ç È£½ºÆ®ÀÇ ¸ÞÀϵµ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. O. telnet »ç¿ë¹ý. Áö¿ª È£½ºÆ®¿Í ³×Æ®¿öÆ®»óÀÇ È£½ºÆ®¸¦ ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÃÀ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î½á ÅÚ³ÝÀ» ¸¹ ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥, ÁÖ·Î ´Ù¸¥ È£½ºÆ®·ÎÀÇ ·Î±ä ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. telnetÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ·Î±ä ÈÄ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ·ÎÄà ȣ½ºÆ®¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ È¿°ú¸¦ ³½´Ù. telnet Àº ÆÄÀÏ Àü¼Û ¹× ÆÄÀÏ ¹Þ±â ±â´ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ´Ù. ÆÄÀÏ ¹Þ±â ¹× ÆÄÀÏ Àü¼Û ÇÁ ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î´Â ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ztelnetÀ̶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ztelnet(zmodem + telnet)À¸·Î½á ÆÄÀÏ Àü¼Û ¹× ÆÄÀÏ ¹Þ±â¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ÅÚ³Ý ÇÁ·Î ±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. * ÆÄÀÏ ¹Þ±â Åë½Å»ó¿¡¼­ ÀڷḦ ¹Þ°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¶§, ÀÚ·á ¹Þ±â¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ {{{{PgDnÅ°¸¦ Ä¡½Ã°í ZMODEMÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇϽʽÿÀ. ¼ö½ÅÀ» Áß´ÜÇϽ÷Á¸é ESCÅ°¸¦ Ä¡½Ã°í CTRL-X¸¦ ¿©·¯¹ø Ä¡½Ê½Ã¿À. ŠpwB00000000000000 }} }} ÀÌ·± È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿ÂÈÄ¿¡ Ctrl + ] Å°¸¦ °°ÀÌ ´©¸£¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Ç׸ñÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ztelnet> ÀÌ·± È­¸é¿¡ rz ¸¦ Ä¡¸é ´Ù¿îÀÌ µÈ´Ù. * ÆÄÀÏ Àü¼Û ¾÷·Îµå ÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» Àü¼ÛÀ» ÇÒ ½Ã¿¡´Â ztelnet> ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Ç׸ñÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸é ÀÌ·± Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ¸í·É¾î¸¦ Ä£´Ù. sz ÆÄÀϸí -w 1024 ÀÌ·± Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î Àû¾îÁØ´Ù. O. Samba ¼³Á¤Çϱâ. * smb.conf [global] workgroup = NT µµ¸ÞÀÎ À̸§ ¶Ç´Â ¿öÅ©±×·ì À̸§ workgroup = MYGROUP server string Àº ¶õ NT ¼³¸í Çʵå¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. server string = Samba Server ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀº º¸¾È°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» ÅëÇØ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ±Ù°Å¸® ³× Æ®¿÷¿¡ Àִ ȣ½ºÆ®¿¡°Ô¸¸ Á¢±ÙÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ¿¹´Â 2 °³ÀÇ C Ŭ·¡½º ³×Æ®¿÷°ú "loopback" ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­¸¸ Á¢±ÙÀ» Çã¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ; hosts allow = 192.168.1. 192.168.2. 127. ÇÁ¸°ÅÍ ¼³Á¤À» °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ÇÁ¸°ÅÍ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÅ°±æ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½ ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. printcap ¿¡¼­ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ ÇÁ¸°ÅÍ ¸ñ·ÏÀÌ ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î µî·ÏµË´Ï´Ù. load printers = no À̸é ÇϳªÇϳª Á¤ÇØÁÖ¼Å¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. load printers = yes printcap ÆÄÀÏÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ »õ·Ó°Ô ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ°í ½ÍÀ» ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ; printcap name = /etc/printcap SystemV ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­´Â printcap name À» lpstat À¸·Î ÇØÁÖ¸é SystemV ½ºÇ® ½Ã½º ÅÛÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇÁ¸°ÅÍ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ¾ò°Ô ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ; printcap name = lpstat ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ÇÁ¸°Æà ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Ç¥ÁØ¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³­ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é ´ÙÀ½ ¿É¼ÇÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» Ç® ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ; printing = bsd ¼Õ´Ô »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ Çã°¡ÇÏ°í ½ÍÀ» ¶§´Â ´ÙÀ½ ÇàÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» Ç®¾îÁÝ´Ï´Ù. nobody °¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â /etc/passwd Ç׸ñ¿¡ ¼³Á¤ÇÑ ¼Õ´Ô »ç¿ëÀÚ °èÁ¤À» Ãß°¡ÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. useradd ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤ÇϽʽÿÀ. ; guest account = pcguest ´ÙÀ½Àº »ï¹Ù·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Àڽſ¡ Á¢¼ÓÇϴ ȣ½ºÆ® º°·Î °³º°ÀûÀÎ ±â·Ï ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µéµµ ·Ï Áö½ÃÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "/var/log/samba/log.Á¢±ÙÈ£½ºÆ®À̸§"°ú °°Àº ÆÄÀϸíÀ» °¡Áý´Ï´Ù. %m Àº »ï¹Ù ¼³Á¤¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Ư¼öÇÑ º¯¼öÀÔ´Ï´Ù. log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m ·Î±× ÆÄÀÏ Å©±âÀÇ »óÇѼ±À» Kb ´ÜÀ§·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. max log size = 50 º¸¾È ¸ðµåÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Õ user ·¹º§ÀÇ º¸¾ÈÀÌ ¸Â½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ë Àº security_level.txt ¹®¼­¸¦ Âü°íÇϽʽÿÀ. Âü°í·Î user ´Â À¯´Ð½º °èÁ¤À̸§/Æнº¿ö µå ¹æ½ÄÀÇ º¸¾È µî±ÞÀ̸ç share´Â ¿öÅ©±×·ì Æ÷ À©µµ¿ìÁî(WfW)¿Í À©µµ95ÀÇ ±âº» ¸ð µåÀÔ´Ï´Ù. serverÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÀÎÁõÀ» À§ÇØ NT ¼­¹ö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. security = user security = server ÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ Æнº¿öµå ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; password server = Æнº¿öµå ·¹º§¿¡¼­´Â ´ë¼Ò¹®ÀÚ ¸ðµç Á¶ÇÕ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© _n_ °³ÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ·Î ÀÌ·ïÁø Æнº¿ö µå¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; password level = 8 Æнº¿öµå ¾Ïȣȭ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ½ÍÀ» ¶§°¡ ÀÖÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. »ï¹Ù ¹®¼­ Áß¿¡¼­ ENCRYPTION.txt, Win95.txt, WinNT.txt ¸¦ ²À Àо½Ã±â ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®¼­¸¦ Âø½ÇÈ÷ ÀÐÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½ ¿É¼ÇÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏÁö ¸¶½Ê½Ã¿À. À©µµ¿ìÁîNT 4.0 ¼­ºñ ½º ÆÑ 3 ¹ø ÀÌ»óÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­´Â Æнº¿öµå ¾Ïȣȭ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; encrypt passwords = yes ; smb passwd file = /etc/smbpasswd À¯´Ð½º »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§°ú SMB »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§ÀÌ ´Þ¶ó µÑ °£ÀÇ ¿¬°ü Å×À̺íÀ» ÇÊ¿äÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; username map = /etc/smbusers ´ÙÀ½ ¿É¼ÇÀº Á¢¼ÓÇÏ´Â °¢ ¸Ó½Å¸¶´Ù ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¼³Á¤À» ¿øÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ %m Àº Á¢¼ÓÇϴ ȣ½ºÆ®ÀÇ NetBIOS À̸§À¸·Î ´ëüµË´Ï´Ù. ; include = /etc/smb.conf.%m ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì ´ÙÀ½ ¿É¼ÇÀ» ÁÖ¸é ¼º´É Çâ»ó È¿°ú¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ »çÇ×Àº speed.txt ¿Í ¸Ç ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Âü°íÇϽʽÿÀ. socket options = TCP_NODELAY »ï¹Ù°¡ ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ¼³Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷ ÀÎÅÍÆä À̽º¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±× ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽ºµéÀ» ¸ðµÎ ³ª¿­ÇϽʽÿÀ. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ »çÇ×Àº ¸Ç ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Âü°íÇϽʽÿÀ. ´ÙÀ½ ¿¹´Â »ï¹Ù ¼­¹ö°¡ 192.168.12.2, 192.168.13.2 ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÎ °³ÀÇ ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ °í 24 ºñÆ® Áï ³Ý¸Å½ºÅ© 255.255.255.0 ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© 192.168.12.0, 192.168.13.0 ³×Æ®¿÷ ÀÇ È£½ºÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ; interfaces = 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24 ¿ø°Ý ºê¶ó¿ìÁî ¸ñ·Ï°úÀÇ µ¿±âÈ­¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼³Á¤ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °øÇ¥ ¿äûÀ» Çϰųª ¶Ç´Â ºê¶ó ¿ìÁî ¸ñ·Ï µ¿±âÈ­ÇØ ÁÙ ´ë»óÀ̳ª ƯÁ¤ È£½ºÆ® ¶Ç´Â Àüü ¼­ºê³ÝÀ» ÁöÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À ´Ï´Ù. ; remote browse sync = 192.168.3.25 192.168.5.255 Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ ¼­ºê³Ý¿¡ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» °¡½ÃÈ­ Çϵµ·Ï ¼³Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À©µµ¿ìÁî ³×Æ®¿÷ ȯ°æ ¿¡¼­ »ï¹Ù ¼­¹ö°¡ Àß º¸À̵µ·Ï ÇÒ ¶§ À¯¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; remote announce = 192.168.1.255 192.168.2.44 ºê¶ó¿ìÁ® Á¦¾î ¿É¼Ç: »ï¹Ù°¡ ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸Å½ºÅÍ°¡ µÇ±æ ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é local master ¼³Á¤À» no ·Î ÇϽʽÿÀ. ; local master = no OS ·¹º§Àº ¸Å½ºÅÍ ºê¶ó¿ìÁ® ¼±°Å °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¼­¹öÀÇ ¿ì¼±±ÇÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±âº»°ªÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; os level = 33 domain master ´Â »ï¹Ù·Î ÇÏ¿ä±Ý µµ¸ÞÀÎ ¸Å½ºÅÍ ºê¶ó¿ìÁ®°¡ µÇµµ·Ï ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù. »ï¹Ù ´Â ¼­ºê³Ýµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ºê¶ó¿ìÁî ¸ñ·ÏÀ» ¸ðÀ¸´Â ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â À©µµ¿ìÁî NT µµ¸ÞÀÎ ÄÁÆ®·Ñ·¯°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇؼ­´Â ¾ÈµË´Ï ´Ù. ; domain master = yes preferred master ¿É¼ÇÀ» ÄÑµÎ¸é ½Ãµ¿ÇÒ ¶§ Áö¿ª ºê¶ó¿ìÁ® ¼±°Å¸¦ Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé°í ¼±°Å¿¡¼­ ÀÌ±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á» ´õ ³ôÀº ±âȸ¸¦ ºÎ¿©¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù. ; preferred master = yes ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¶§ ÁÖ µµ¸ÞÀÎ ÄÁÆ®·Ñ·¯·Î ¼³Á¤µÈ NT ¼­¹ö°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¶§¸¸ »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; domain controller = »ï¹Ù°¡ À©µµ¿ìÁî95 ¿öÅ©½ºÅ×À̼ǿ¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ¸ÞÀÎ ·Î±×¿Â ¼­¹ö ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ±æ ¿øÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì ÄѵӴϴÙ. ; domain logons = yes µµ¸ÞÀÎ ·Î±×¿ÂÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇß°í °¢ ¸Ó½Å º°·Î ¶Ç´Â °¢ »ç¿ëÀÚ º°·Î ·Î±×¿Â ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© ƯÁ¤ ¹èÄ¡ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÀÛµ¿½ÃÅ°±æ ¿øÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; logon script = %m.bat »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÏ¿© ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ·Î±×¿Â ¹èÄ¡ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ½ÇÇà½Ãų ¶§ ; logon script = %U.bat ; logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%U À©µµ¿ìÁî ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ³×ÀÓ ¼­ºñ½º WINS Áö¿ø ¼½¼Ç: Âü°í) /etc/lmhosts¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ¸¶Ä¡ /etc/hosts¿Í °°ÀÌ Àû½À´Ï´Ù. ¿¹) 192.168.0.1 ¤linux ; wins support = yes WINS ¼­¹ö - »ï¹ÙÀÇ NMBD ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý WINS Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®°¡ µÇµµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. »ï¹Ù ´Â WINS ¼­¹ö ¶Ç´Â Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® Áß Çϳª¸¸ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ; wins server = w.x.y.z WINS ÇÁ·Ï½Ã - »ï¹Ù·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý WINS ±â´ÉÀ» °®ÃßÁö ¸øÇÑ Å¬¶óÀ̾ðÆ®¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© À̸§¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ÁÖ¼Ò Ã£±â Áú¹®À» ´ë½Å ´äÇϵµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ À§Çؼ­´Â ³×Æ®¿÷ »ó¿¡ Àû¾î ÇÑ °³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ WINS ¼­¹ö°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±âº»°ªÀº NO ; wins proxy = yes DNS ÇÁ·Ï½Ã - »ï¹Ù·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý DNS nslookup À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© NetBIOS À̸§À» ãÀ» °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö Áö½ÃÇÕ´Ï´Ù. 1.9.17 ¹öÀü¿¡¼­´Â ³»ºÎ ±âº»°ªÀÌ yes ¿´À¸³ª 1.9.18 ¹ö Àü¿¡¼­´Â no ·Î º¯°æµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. dns proxy = no ´ë¼Ò¹®ÀÚ º¸Á¸ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ ¶§°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±âº»°ªÀº NO ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. preserve case = yes short preserve case = yes # µµ½º ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº» ¹®ÀÚ´Â ´ë¹®ÀÚÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ; default case = lower # ´ë¼Ò¹®ÀÚ ±¸º°Àº ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. - ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼öµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù! ; case sensitive = no #======================== °øÀ¯ Á¤ÀÇ================================== [homes] comment = Ȩ µð·ºÅ丮 browseable = no writable = yes µµ¸ÞÀÎ ·Î±×¿ÂÀ» À§ÇÑ netlogin µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¸¸µé°í ÁÖ¼® ÇØÁ¦ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¹°·Ð µµ¸ÞÀÎ ·Î±×¿Â ±â´ÉÀ» Áö¿øÇÒ ¶§¸¸ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ; [netlogon] ; comment = Network Logon Service ; path = /home/netlogon ; guest ok = yes ; writable = no ; share modes = no ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ·Î¿ìºù ÇÁ·ÎÆÄÀÏ(roving profile) °øÀ¯¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÁÖ¼®À» Ç®¾îÁֽʽÿÀ. the default is to use the user's home directory ±âº»°ªÀº »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ È¨ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ;[Profiles] ; path = /home/profiles ; browseable = no ; guest ok = yes [printers] comment = ¸ðµç ÇÁ¸°ÅÍ path = /var/spool/samba browseable = no guest ok = yes ¶ó°í Çϸé 'guest account'·Î ÁöÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÁ¸°ÆÃÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. public = yes µµ °°Àº Ç¥ÇöÀÔ´Ï´Ù. guest ok = no writable = no printable = yes ;[tmp] ; comment = Àӽà ÆÄÀÏ °ø°£ ; path = /tmp ; read only = no ; public = yes °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¢±Ù °¡´ÉÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌÁö¸¸ Àб⸸ °¡´ÉÇÏ°í "staff" ±×·ì¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ »ç¿ë Àڵ鸸ÀÌ ¾²±â¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼³Á¤ÀÇ ¿¹ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ;[public] ; comment = Public Stuff ; path = /home/samba ; public = yes ; writable = yes ; printable = no ; write list = @staff fred ¶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¸ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÇÁ¸°ÅÍ ¼³Á¤. ½ºÇ® ÀÚ·á´Â fred ÀÇ È¨ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ¾º¿©Áý´Ï´Ù. fred ´Â ÁöÁ¤ÇÑ ½ºÇ® µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ¾²±â ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »óÅ¿©¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ;[fredsprn] ; comment = Fred Àü¿ë ÇÁ¸°ÅÍ ; valid users = fred ; path = /homes/fred ; printer = freds_printer ; public = no ; writable = no ; printable = yes fread ¸¸ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ µð·ºÅ丮 ¼³Á¤ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© fred ÀÇ ¾²±â ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »óÅ¿©¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ;[fredsdir] ; comment = Fred °³ÀÎ ¼­ºñ½º ; path = /usr/somewhere/private ; valid users = fred ; public = no ; writable = yes ; printable = no Á¢¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¸Ó½Å¿¡ µû¶ó ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ ÁÁÀº ¿¹ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á¢¼Ó ¸Ó½Å¿¡ µû¶ó ½ÇÁ¦ ¼³Á¤ ³»¿ëÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁö´Â È¿°ú¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À ´Ï´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§À¸·Î ±¸º°ÇÏ·Á¸é %u ¿É¼ÇÀ» ´ë½Å »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é µË´Ï´Ù. %m Àº Á¢ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¸Ó½ÅÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ġȯµË´Ï´Ù. ;[pchome] ; comment = PC µð·ºÅ丮 ; path = /usr/pc/%m ; public = no ; writable = yes ¸ðµç »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÐ°í ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ø°³ Á¢±Ù µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ ¿¹ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ¸ðµç ÆÄ ÀÏÀº ±âº» »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ µÇ¹Ç·Î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¸¸µç ÆÄÀÏÀ» Áö¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ´ç¿¬È÷ ÁÖ¾îÁø µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±âº» »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾²±â ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ¸í½ÃÇÏ¸é ±âº» »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ±× »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ µË´Ï´Ù. ;[public] ; path = /usr/somewhere/else/public ; public = yes ; only guest = yes ; writable = yes ; printable = no ´ÙÀ½ Ç׸ñÀº µÎ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ °øÀ¯ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿¹½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¼³Á¤ÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ·Á¸é µð·ºÅ丮´Â µÎ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾²±â °¡´ÉÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ½ºÆ½Å°(sticky) ºñÆ®¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¿© ¼­·ÎÀÇ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾ÇÀÇÀû ÀÎ ÇൿÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ÇØÁà¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿©·¯ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÇÑ µð·º Å丮¸¦ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô °øÀ¯Çϵµ·Ï È®ÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ;[myshare] ; comment = Mary & fred µð·º. ; path = /usr/somewhere/shared ; valid users = mary fred ; public = no ; writable = yes ; printable = no ; create mask = 0765 O. À©98 °ú À©NT ¿ÍÀÇ »ï¹Ù °øÀ¯ÇÒ¶§. ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. # cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh >/etc/smbpasswd ¶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»·ÁÁÖ¸é /etc/ µð·ºÅ丮ÇÏ¿¡ smbpasswd ¶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁý´Ï´Ù. À§¿Í °°Àº »çÇ×Àº À©98 °ú NT ¿¡¼­´Â Æнº¿öµå ¾Ïȣȭ ±â´ÉÀÌ µé¾îÀֱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï ´Ù. ¸¸¾à, linux »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ï¹Ù°øÀ¯ ¾ÏÈ£¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù. # smbpasswd linux ¶ó°í Ä¡¸é Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ÁöÁ¤Çϵµ·Ï ¿ä±¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ »ï¹Ù µ¥¸óÀ» ¶ç¿ì¸é ¾Ïȣȭ ±â´ÉÀ¸·Î½á »ï¹Ù °øÀ¯°¡ Áö Á¤ÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù. # /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb stop (»ï¹Ù µ¥¸ó ÁßÁö) # /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb start (»ï¹Ù µ¥¸ó ½ÃÀÛ) 3. ¸®´ª½º & Database Linux»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ Database±¸Ãà¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Application¿¡´Â PostgreSQL, mSQL, MySQL, Informix for Linux, Oracle for LinuxµîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±Ý³â ¸»¿¡ Ãâ½ÃµÉ ¿¹Á¤ÀÎ OracleÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ Ãâ½Ã°¡ ¾ÈµÈ »óÅÂÀ̹ǷΠ¿©±â¿¡¼­´Â ¼Ò°³ Á¤µµ·Î ¸¶Ä¥±î ÇÑ´Ù. ¢º PostgreSQL(http://www.postgresql.org/) : PostgreSQLÀº °´Ã¼-°ü°èÇü DBMS·Î¼­ Berkeley Postgres µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º °ü¸®½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ÆÄ»ýµÇ¾ú´Ù. PostgreSQLÀº °´Ã¼-°ü°èÇü µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ¸ðµ¨°ú dzºÎÇÑ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ Å¸ÀÔ ½¬¿î È®À强À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, PostQuel ÀÇ ¾ð¾î¸¦ È®ÀåµÈ SQLÀÇ ºÎºÐÁýÇÕÀ¸·Î ´ëüÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽ºÀÌ´Ù. ¢º mSQL(http://www.hughes.com.au/) : Mini SQL(mSQL)Àº ±¸Á¶Àû ÁúÀÇ ¾ð¾î(structured Query Language)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ü°èÇü µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽ºÀÌ´Ù. °æ·®±ÞÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º·Î½á, ANSI Ç¥ÁØ SQL¸¦ ÀüºÎ´Ù Áö¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â°Ô ´ÜÁ¡ÀÌ¸ç ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ°¡ ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¢º MySQL(http://www.tcx.se/) : MySQLÀº °¡Àå ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º ¾ð¾îÀÎ SQL(Structured Query Language) ¹®¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º ¼­¹öÀÌ´Ù. MySQLÀº Ư¡ÀûÀÎ Programs/libraries ¿Í ÀÚüÀûÀÎ mysqld ¼­¹öµ¥¸óÀ» ±¸¼ºÇϸç Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ® & ¼­¹ö·Î½á ÃæÁ·½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â Database ÀÌ´Ù. MySQLÀÇ ÁÖ ¸ñÀûÀº ¼Óµµ¿Í ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¿¡ µÐ´Ù. ¢º Informix : ¹Ì±¹ ½Ã¾ÖƲ¿¡¼­ ¿­¸° ÀÎÆ÷¹Í½º ¿ùµå¿ÍÀ̵å À¯Àú ÄÁÆÛ·±½º¸¦ ÅëÇØ "ÀÎÆ÷¹Í½ºSE" DBÁ¦Ç°°ú "´ÙÀ̳ª¹Í 4GL" °³¹ßÅøÀ» ¸®´ª½º¿¡ À̽Ä, Á¶¸¸°£ »ó¿ëÈ­ÇÒ °èȹÀ̶ó°í ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÎÆ÷¹Í½ºÀÇ °æ¿ì ´çÃÊ ÀÚ»çÁ¦Ç°À» ¸®´ª½º·Î À̽ÄÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Ù´Â ¹æħÀ» Àü°Ý ¹Ù²Û °ÍÀº ÃÖ±Ù ¸®´ª½º Ç÷§Æû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¾÷ °í°´µéÀÇ °ü½É°ú »ó¿ëÈ­ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ±ÞÁõÇÏ°í Àִµ¥ µû¸¥ °ÍÀ¸·Î Ç®À̵ȴÙ. (ÀüÀڽŹ® ¹ßÃé) ¢º Oracle : ¿À¶óŬ»ç´Â ÃÖ±Ù ÀÚ»ç "¿À¶óŬ8.1" DB¿Í "¿À¶óŬ ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ½ºÀ§Æ®"¸¦ ¸®´ª½º¿ëÀ¸·Î °³¹ßÇÒ ¹æħÀ̶ó°í ¹àÇû´Ù. ÀÌ È¸»çÀÇ ÆÀ ÆäÀÎ DB ¸¶ÄÉÆà ´ã´ç Ã¥ÀÓÀÚ´Â "¸ÖƼ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½Ì ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ È®À强¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù."¸ç ÀÌ ½ÃÀåÀÌ ¾öû³­ ¼ºÀå ÀáÀç·ÂÀ» °¡Áú °ÍÀ̶ó°í ±â´ë Çß´Ù. (ÀüÀڽŹ® ¹ßÃé) [PostgreSQL ¼³Ä¡ ¹× È°¿ë¹ý] ¡Ü PostgreSQL ¼³Ä¡½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆÄÀÏ. =========================================================== PostgreSQL Homepage : http://www.postgresql.org/ Source & patch : ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/6.3.2/ =========================================================== o postgresql-6.3.2.tar.gz --> PostgreSQL ¼³Ä¡ ÆÄÀÏ. o jumbo.patch.gz --> ÇÑ±Û »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ÆÐÄ¡ ÆÄÀÏ. ¡Ü PostgreSQL ¼³Ä¡. ¸ÕÀú, postgres ¶ó´Â PostgreSQL¸¦ ¿¢¼¼½ºÇÏ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. # adduser postgres # cd /etc/ # vi passwd ÇÏ¿© postgres »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ /usr/local/pgsql·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾îÁØ´Ù. root »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î½á ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº postgres »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¿¢¼¼½º ±ÇÇÑÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. # chown -R postgres.postgres /usr/local/pgsql ±×·¯¸é, ¹Þ¾Æ¿Â postgresql-6.3.2.tar.gz °ú jumbo.patch.gzÀ» /usr/local/pgsql·Î º¹»çÇÏ¿© ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ǭ´Ù. # tar xvfz postgresql-6.3.2.tar.gz # cd postgresql-6.3.2 # cp jumbo.patch.gz /usr/local/pgsql/postgresql-6.3.2 # gzip -dc jumbo.patch.gz | patch -p0 jumbo.patch.gz Àº ÇÑ±Û »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ÆÐÄ¡È­ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. src µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÏ¿© Makefile.custom ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µé°í ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÇÑÁÙÀ» Àû´Â´Ù.(ÇÑ±Û »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ) # jumbo=1 ÀúÀåÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ posrgres »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î ·Î±äÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. # su - postgres # cd src # ./configure # make # make all ¼³Ä¡°¡ ´Ù µÇ¾úÀ¸¸é ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ °øÀ¯ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ ãÀ»¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï /etc/ld.so.conf¿¡ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÇÑÁÙÀ» Àû´Â´Ù. # /usr/local/pgsql/lib À̶ó°í Àû´Â ´ÙÀ½¿¡ /sbin/ldconfig ¸í·ÉÀ» Çѹø ½ÇÇàÇØÁØ´Ù. ¡Ü PostgreSQL ȯ°æ º¯¼ö ¼³Á¤. postgres »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î ·Î±äÀ» ÇÏ¿© PostgreSQLÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ȯ°æ º¯¼ö¸¦ ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ºÎÅÍ´Â ¸ðµç PostgreSQL ÀÛ¾÷Àº postgres ¶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀڷνá ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. bash »ç¿ëÀÚ¶ó¸é .bash_profile¿¡ ¼³Á¤È­ÀÏÀ» Àû¾îÁØ´Ù. ------------------< .bash_profile >-------------------------- PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin MANPATH=/usr/local/pgsql/man PGLIB=/usr/local/pgsql/lib PGDATA=/usr/local/pgsql/data export PATH MANPATH PGLIB PGDATA ---------------------------------------------------------- ÀúÀåÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ source ¸í·ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ȯ°æº¯¼ö¸¦ Àû¿ë½ÃŲ´Ù. # source .bash_profile csh »ç¿ëÀÚ¶ó¸é .cshrc ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ¼³Á¤È­ÀÏÀ» Àû¾îÁØ´Ù. -----------------------< .cshrc >-------------------------- setenv PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin setenv MANPATH=/usr/local/pgsql/man setenv PGLIB=/usr/local/pgsql/lib setenv PGDATA=/usr/local/pgsql/data setenv PATH MANPATH PGLIB PGDATA ---------------------------------------------------------- ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î source ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»·ÁÁØ´Ù. ¡æ µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽ºÀÇ ÃʱâÈ­¸¦ ³»·ÁÁØ´Ù. # initdb ¡Ü Daemon ¶ç¿ì±â postmaster ÀÇ µ¥¸óÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¸í·É¾î´Â ¡æ postmaster > server.log 2>& 1 & ½Ã½ºÅÛ ºÎÆýà ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î µ¥¸óÀ» ¼öÇà½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­´Â /etc/rc.d/rc.local¿¡ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÇÑÁÙÀ» Àû´Â´Ù. ¡æ su postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -S -D /usr/local/pgsql/data" ÀÌ·¸°Ô Àû¾îÁÖ°í ³ª¸é ½Ã½ºÅÛ ºÎÆýø¶´Ù µ¥¸óÀ» ¶ç¿ì°Ô µÈ´Ù. [mSQL ¼³Ä¡ ¹× È°¿ë¹ý.] ¡Ü mSQL ¼³Ä¡½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆÄÀÏ. ============================================================ Mini SQL Homepage : http://www.hughes.com.au/ ============================================================ o msql-2.0.4.1.tar.gz --> mSQL ¼³Ä¡ ÆÄÀÏ. ¡Ü mSQL ¼³Ä¡. ¸ÕÀú, mSQL ȨÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ °¡¼­ msql-2.0.4.1.tar.gzÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¿Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­, ¹Þ¾Æ¿Â ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç®¾îº¸ÀÚ. # tar xvfz msql-2.0.4.1.tar.gz # cd msql-2.0.4.1 # make target --> Çϸé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁØ´Ù. --------------------------------------------------------- Making target directory for Linux-2.1.116-i586 Building directory tree. Adding common Adding conf Adding lang-common Adding lite Adding makedepend Adding makegen Adding msql Adding regexp Adding tests Adding tests/rtest.src Adding w3-msql Adding w3-msql/tests ................................................................................................................................................ Build of target directory for Linux-2.1.116-i586 complete -------------------------------------------------------------- ´Ù µÇ¾úÀ¸¸é ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú Ä¿³Î ¹öÀü¿¡ ¸Â´Â targets µð·ºÅ丮°¡ »ý±ä´Ù. ÇÊÀÚÀÇ Ä¿³ÎÀº 2.1.116ÀÌ´Ù. # cd targets/Linux-2.1.116-i586 # ./setup # make all # make install ÇϸéÀº ¼³Ä¡°¡ ¿Ï·áµÈ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú, msql À̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. # adduser msql /usr/local/Hughes µð·ºÅ丮´Â msqlÀ̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÇÑÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î /usr/local/Hughes µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ msql »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÐ/¾²±â°¡ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ±ÇÇÑÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇØÁØ´Ù. # chown -R msql.msql /usr/local/Hughes ¡Ü Á¢±Ù Á¦ÇÑ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏ. msqlÀÌ ¼³Ä¡°¡ µÇ°í ³ª¸é msql »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î ·Î±äÀ» ÇÏ¿© msql.acl.sample ÆÄÀÏÀ» msql.acl À̶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏ·Î º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. # su - msql # cp msql.acl.sample msql.acl ´Ù ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é, msql.acl ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á¢±Ù Á¦ÇÑÀ» ¼³Á¤Çغ¸ÀÚ. ------------------< vi msql.acl >---------------------------- # Access control for mSQL # # Entries are of the form # database=test --> Database table name. read=bambi,-root --> test¶ó´Â Å×À̺íÀ» Àд ±ÇÇÑÀº bambi ¶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚÀÌ°í root »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â Àд ±ÇÇÑÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù, write=root --> test¶ó´Â Å×À̺íÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ root »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¸ ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. host=* access=local,remote option=rfc931 database=minerva read=* write=minerva access=local ------------------------------------------------------------- ¼³Á¤ÀÌ ³¡³ª¸é msql ÀÇ µ¥¸óÀ» ¶ç¿öº¸ÀÚ. # cd bin # ./msql2d & [msql@hackers bin]$ Mini SQL Version 2.0.4.1 Copyright (c) 1993-94 David J. Hughes Copyright (c) 1995-98 Hughes Technologies Pty Ltd. All rights reserved. Loading configuration from '/usr/local/Hughes/msql.conf'. Server process reconfigured to accept 200 connections. Server running as user 'msql'. Server mode is Read/Write. ¼­¹ö µ¥¸óÀº msql »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î µ¥¸óÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¾Õ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ µ¥¸ó½ÇÇàÁß msql.acl ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù¸é, µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ´ÙÀ½ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. # /usr/local/Hughes/bin/msqladmin reload ÇÏ°í ³ª¼­ ´Ù½Ã µ¥¸óÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¸é µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ½Ã½ºÅÛ ºÎÆðú ÇÔ²² msql µ¥¸óÀ» ±¸µ¿½ÃÅ°·Á¸é /etc/rc.d/rc.local¿¡ ´ÙÀ½ ÇÑÁÙÀ» Àû¾îÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¡æ /usr/local/Hughes/bin/msql2d & À̷νá mSQL ¼³Ä¡¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Ë¾Æº¸¾Ò´Ù. [MySQL ¼³Ä¡ ¹× È°¿ë¹ý] ¡Ü MySQL À» ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Í MySQL À» ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. - ¾ÐÃàµÇ¾îÁø ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀ» Ç®±âÀ§ÇÑ GNU gzip ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ - tar ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ - ANSI C++ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯. - gcc ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯ : ¹öÀüÀº 2.7 ÀÌ»óÀÎ°Í ¡Ü MySQL ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡¹æ¹ý. =============================================================== MySQL Homepage : http://www.tcx.se/ =============================================================== ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ǭ´Ù. # gzip mysql-VERSION.tar.gz ¿©±â¼­ mysql-VERSION.tar.gz Àº ¹æ±Ý ¹ÞÀº ¾ÐÃàÆÄÀÏÀÇ À̸§ÀÌ´Ù. tar ¸í·ÉÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹­¿©ÀÖ´Â ¼Ò½º¸¦ ´Ù½Ã Ç®¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°æ¿ì mysql-VERSION À̶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮°¡ »ý¼ºµÇ¸é¼­ ±× ¾È¿¡ ¸ðµç ¼Ò½º¿Í ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Ç®¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù. # tar -xvf mysql-VERSION.tar »ý¼ºµÈ µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÑ´Ù. # cd mysql-VERSION ȯ°æÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¾î¶² ¿É¼ÇÀ» Ãß°¡Çϱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°¾Æ ÇÑ´Ù. # ./Configure --help ÀÌ °æ¿ì °¢Á¾ ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ³ª¿À¹Ç·Î ÀÌ ³»¿ëÀ» º¸°í º¯°æÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. ´õ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ »çÇ×Àº ¿µ¹® ¸Þ´º¾óÀ» ÀÐ¾î º¸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×³É ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. #./Configure # make # make install ÄÄÆÄÀÏµÈ ¸ðµç ½ÇÇà °¡´ÉÇÑ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¼³Ä¡°¡ µÇ°í ȯ°æÀÌ ¼³Á¤µÈ´Ù. ¼³Ä¡°¡ ³¡³­ÈÄ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿© ±âÃÊ Å×À̺í°ú admin À¯Àú¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀº ´Ü ÇѹøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ µÎ¹ø ½ÇÇàÇÏ¸é ¾ÊµÈ´Ù. # ./scripts/mysql_install_db ÀÌ°ÍÀº ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®·Î¼­ ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿© ±âÃÊÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÑÈÄ MySQLÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃÄÑ ÁØ´Ù. ¼³Ä¡ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ µðÆúÆ®·Î ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é /usr/local/bin/ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ½ÇÇàÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µðÆúÆ®·Î ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ¿© º»´Ù. # /usr/local/bin/mysqladmin version MySQL ¹öÀü Á¤º¸°¡ ¾Æ·¡¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô Ãâ·ÂµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. mysqladmin Ver 6.8 Distrib 3.21.27-gamma, for unknown-freebsd2.2.1 on i386 TCX Datakonsult AB, by Monty Server version 3.21.27-gamma-log Protocol version 10 Connection localhost via TCP/IP TCP port 3306 Uptime: 22 hours 20 min 9 sec Running threads:1 Questions: 20 Opened_tables: 8 Reloads: 2 Open tables: 4 ÀÌÁ¦ mysql ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿© ±âº»ÀûÀÎ µ¿ÀÛÀ» Å×½ºÆ®ÇÏÀÚ. # mysql mysql ȤÀº mysql -u root mysql (½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°´Â À¯Àú°¡ root°¡ ¾Æ´Ò °æ¿ì) ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ sql¹®ÀåÀ» mysql »ó¿¡¼­ ¼öÇà½ÃÄѺ¸ÀÚ select * from user mysql ÀÇ »ç¿ë¹æ¹ýÀº mysqlÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ÁÖ¸é ¾Ë¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. \h °¢Á¾ ¸í·ÉÀ» Àß ÀÐ¾î º¸°í »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. SQL¹®µµ Ç¥ÁØ SQLÀ» ¸ðµÎ Áö¿øÇϸç MySQL¸¸ÀÇ È®Àå SQL¹®À» ¾Ë°í ½Í´Ù¸é ¿µ¹® ¸Þ´º¾óÀ» ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó. ¡Ü MySQL ServerÀÇ ½ÇÇà°ú Á¾·á MySQL ServerÀ» ½ÇÇà ½ÃÅ°°Å³ª Á¾·á½ÃÅ°·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» root °¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. mysql.server start --> mysql ServerÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ mysql.server stop --> mysql ServerÀÇ Á¾·á MySQL Server°¡ ½ÇÇà½Ã µÎ°³ÀÇ ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­°¡ ½ÇÇàµÇ¹Ç·Î È®ÀÎÇØ º¸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. /usr/local/bin/safe_mysqld /usr/local/libexec/mysqld [Informix-SE for Linux] Áö±ÝºÎÅÍ Informix-SE for Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇϽô ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÀ» µå¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù... ÀÚ.. ¸ÕÀú ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» Àû¾î ³õÀ¸½Ã°í ½ÃÀÛÇսôÙ.. Serial Number : ACN#A287337 Software Key : BECZJK 1. root·Î loginÇÕ´Ï´Ù... 2. "informix"¶õ group°ú user¸¦ »õ·Î ¸¸µì´Ï´Ù... (#adduser informix ÉÝ ÇϽøé Çѹø¿¡ O.K.~!) 3. ±×´ÙÀ½¿£ ´ç¿¬È÷ informixÀÇ password¸¦ Á¤Çϼž߰ÚÁö¿ä? (#passwd informix) 4. ÀÚ.. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿£... informix¸¦ ¾îµð¿¡ ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù... ¹®¼­»óÀ¸·Ð /usr/informix¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸´Ï±î ±×°÷À» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÀ» µå¸®Áö¿ä.. ¸¸ÀÏ ´Ù¸¥ À§Ä¡¿¡ ¼³Ä¡ÇϽñ¸ ½ÍÀ¸½Ã´Ù¸é ¾ó¸¶µçÁö °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ï±î °ÆÁ¤¸¶½Ã±¸¿ä.. :-) ±×·³ Àü ¿©±â¼­ /usr/informix¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íµå¸±²²¿ä.. 5. /usr/informix¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ·Á°í ÇßÀ¸´Ï±î... ¹ÞÀ¸½Å ÆÄÀÏÀ» /usr ¾Æ·¡·Î ¿Å±â¼¼¿ä... (#mv [ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µð·ºÅ͸®]/informix.zip /usr ÉÝ) 6. ÀÌÁ¨ /usr·Î À§Ä¡¸¦ À̵¿ÇÕ´Ï´Ù... (#cd /usr ÉÝ) 7. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿£ ¾ÐÃàÀ» DZ´Ï´Ù... (#unzip informix.zip ÉÝ) 8. ±×·¯¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³ª¿À°Ô µË´Ï´Ù... (Archive: informix.zip creating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ creating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ESQLC/ inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ESQLC/ESQL.TAR creating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ICONNECT/ inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/ICONNECT/CONNECT.TAR inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/README.TXT inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/README.UNX creating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/SE/ inflating: LINUX_se_bundle724UC5/SE/SE.TAR) 9. ¾Õ¿¡ LINUX_se_bundle724UC5 ÈÊ... À̸§ÀÌ ±æÁÒ? ^^ ÀÌ À̸§À» Á» ª°Ô ¹Ù²ÙÁÒ.. (#mv LINUX_se_bundle724UC5 informix ÉÝ) 10. ÀÚ.. ÀÌÁ¨ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» ¹Ù²Ù°Ú½À´Ï´Ù... (#chown -R informix:informix informix ÉÝ) 11. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿£ °¢ ¼­ºê µð·ºÅ͸®¸¶´Ù °¡¼Å¼­ °¢°¢ÀÇ TAR¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç®¾î¾ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù... (#cd /usr/informix/ESQLC ÉÝ #tar xvopf ESQL.TAR ÉÝ #cd /usr/informix/ICONNECT ÉÝ #tar xvopf CONNECT.TAR ÉÝ #cd /usr/informix/SE ÉÝ #tar xvopf SE.TAR ÉÝ ) 12. ÀÌÁ¦ºÎÅÏ º»°ÝÀûÀÎ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÕ´Ï´Ù... ¸ÕÀú ESQL/CºÎÅÍ.. (#cd /usr/informix/ESQLC ÉÝ #INFORMIXDIR=/usr/informix/ESQLC ÉÝ #export INFORMIXDIR ÉÝ #./installesql ÉÝ INFORMIX EMBEDDED SQL for C Version 7.24.UC5 Copyright (C) 1991-1998 Informix Software, Inc. Installation Script This installation procedure must be run by root (super-user). It will change the owner, group, and mode of all files of this package in this directory. There must be a user "informix" and a group "informix" known to the system. Press RETURN to continue, or the interrupt key (usually CTRL-C or DEL) to abort. (¿ä±â¼­ ±×³É ÉÝ ÇϽɵǰÚÁÒ? -^^-) Enter your serial number (for example, INF#X999999) > ACN#A287337 (<-¿ä±â´Ù°¡´Â ¾Æ±î À§¿¡¼­ ÀûÀ¸½Å ½Ã¸®¾ó ¹øÈ£¸¦ ³ÖÀ¸¼¼¿ä..) Enter your serial number KEY (uppercase letters only) > BECZJK (<-¿ä±â´Ù°¡´Â ¾Æ±î À§¿¡¼­ ÀûÀ¸½Å ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î Å°¸¦ ³ÖÀ¸¼¼¿ä...) WARNING! This software, and its authorized use and number of users, are subject to the applicable license agreement with Informix Software, Inc. If the number of users exceeds the licensed number, the excess users may be prevented from using the software. UNAUTHORIZED USE OR COPYING MAY SUBJECT YOU AND YOUR COMPANY TO SEVERE CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITIES. Press RETURN to continue, or the interrupt key (usually CTRL-C or DEL) to abort. (¿ä±â¼­ ¿ª½Ã ±×³É ÉÝ ÇÏ½É µÇ°ÚÁÒ? -^^-) (¿©±â±îÁö ÇÏ½Ã¸é ¾Ë¾Æ¼­ ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÕ´Ï´Ù...)) 13. ´ÙÀ½Àº ICONNECTÀÔ´Ï´Ù... (#cd /usr/informix/ICONNECT ÉÝ #INFORMIXDIR=/usr/informix/ICONNECT ÉÝ #export INFORMIXDIR ÉÝ #./installconn ÉÝ (³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐÀº 12¹ø µÞºÎºÐ°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÕ´Ï´Ù..)) 14. ´ÙÀ½Àº SEÀÔ´Ï´Ù... (#cd /usr/informix/SE ÉÝ #INFORMIXDIR=/usr/informix/SE ÉÝ #export INFORMIXDIR ÉÝ #./installse ÉÝ (¿ª½Ã ³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐÀº 12¹ø µÞºÎºÐ°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÕ´Ï´Ù...)) ÀÚ... ¿©±â±îÁö°¡ ¹Ù·Î informixÀÇ ¼³Ä¡ÀÔ´Ï´Ù... 4. ¸®´ª½º & Security 4.1 ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ º¸¾È 4.1.1 HardWare¸¦ ÀÌ¿ë ÇöÀç ¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡´Â ¿­¼è·Î Àá±Û ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í À־ ÀÌ °ÍÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ºÎÆÃÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â´Éµµ ÀÖ°í ½Ã½ºÅÛ³»ÀÇ BIOS¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϸéÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ºÎÆýà Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ¹°¾î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ¼³Á¤À» ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °Í ÀÌ´Ù. 4.1.2 Lock(xlock & vlock) ¸¸¾à¿¡ ¸®´ª½º¸¦ °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â µµÁß¿¡ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ºñ¿ï ÀÏÀÌ »ý±æ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÌ ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ °ÇµéÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¹æÁö¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. xlockÀº ¿¢½ºÀ©µµ¿ìÀÇ È­¸éÀº Àá±×´Â °ÍÀÌ°í vlockÀº °¡»ó Å͹̳ÎÀ» Àá±×´Âµ¥ »ç¿ëÀ» Çϴµ¥ µÑ ´Ù ±×³É Å͹̳ο¡¼­ ½ÇÇàÀ» ÇÔÀ¸ ·Î½á Àá±ÅÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¼± vlock¸¦ ¸ÕÀú »ìÆ캸ÀÚ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¿¹Ã³·³ ½ÇÇàÀ» ÇÏ¸é °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô Àá±Û ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. {{{{[hwinnt@linux:~$]vlock *** This tty is not a VC (virtual console). *** *** It may not be securely locked. *** This TTY is now locked. Please enter the password to unlock. hwinnt's Password: }} }} À§ÀÇ µÎÁÙÀº ³×Æ®À¨ »ó¿¡¼­ ÅÚ³ÝÀ¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÀ» Çؼ­ ÀÌ Å͹̳ÎÀÌ °¡»ó Å͹̳ÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ³ª¿Â°ÍÀε¥ Á÷Á¢ ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÁÖ°Ô µÇ¸é alt + function key ·Î Å͹̳ÎÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾î¼­ »ç¿ëÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¸»ÀÌ ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô vlock À̶ó´Â ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ÁÖ°Ô µÇ¸éÀº °¡»ó ÄÜ¼Ö À» Àá±Å ¹ö¸°´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ÇÁ·ÒÇÁÆ®·Î µ¹¾Æ°¥·Á¸éÀº Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. vlock ÀÇ ±â º»ÀûÀÎ ¿É¼ÇÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. -a,--all ¸ðµç °¡»ó Å͹̳ÎÀ» Àá±×°í ½ÍÀ»¶§¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿É¼ÇÀÌ´Ù. -c,--current ÇöÁ¦ÀÇ Å͹̳ÎÀ» Àá±Û¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿É¼ÇÀε¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±âº» ¿É¼ÇÀÌ´Ù.. -h,--help µµ¿ò¸» Ãâ·Â -v,--version vlock¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹öÀüÀ» Ãâ·Â ÇÑ´Ù. xlockÀº Å͹̳ο¡¼­¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® »ç¿îµå ÁöÁ¤ ¹è°æ ¼±Á¤ µî ¸¹Àº ¿É¼ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥ ÀÌ °ÍÀº ¸Ç ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Âü°í ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(¿É¼ÇÀÌ ³Ê¹« ¸¹À¸¹Ç·Î). ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¢½º À©µµ¿ì¿¡¼­ È­¸é Àá±Ý À̶ó´Â ¸Þ´º¸¦ ã¾Æ º¸¸é ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿¢½º À©µµ¿ì °ü¸®ÀÚ¿¡ µû¶ó ¸ð¾çÀÌ ¸¹ ÀÌ Æ²¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4.1.3 SystemÀÇ Log ÆÄÀÏ Ã³¸® ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ ħÀÔÀÚÀÇ °¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æº¸´Â °ÍÀÌ °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô ·Î±× ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸´Â °ÍÀ¸·Îµµ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ log ÆÄÀÏ¿¡¼­ È®ÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÒ »çÇ×Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. 1. ª°Å³ª ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ±â·Ï. 2. ÀÌ»óÇÑ ½Ã°£ Ç¥½Ã¸¦ °¡Áø ±â·Ï. 3. À߸øµÈ Çã°¡±ÇÀ̳ª ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» °¡Áø ±â·Ï. 4. ÀçºÎÆÃÀ̳ª ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ Àç½ÃÀÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â·Ï. 5. ¾ø¾îÁø ±â·Ï. 6. su »ç¿ë±â·Ï°ú ÀÌ»óÇÑ °÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Á¢¼Ó ±â·Ï. 4.2 ¼³Ä¡½Ã ±âº»ÀûÀÎ º¸¾È °ü·Ã ³×Æ®À¨ ȯ°æº¯¼ö < ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â ¼­¹ö´Â ½ÇÇàµÇÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¿øõ ºÀ¼âÇÑ´Ù! > ¿©±â¼­ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¹Ù´Â À¯´Ð½º/¸®´ª½º¿¡ °øÅëµÇ´Â »çÇ×ÀÌ´Ù. ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ¼­¹öµéÀº Å©°Ô 2 °¡Áö ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ´Âµ¥ Çϳª´Â inetd ¼öÆÛ ¼­¹ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÚµ¿ °ü¸®µÇ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ¸ç ³ª¸ÓÁö Çϳª´Â À¯´Ð½ºÀÇ ¿©Å¸ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á÷Á¢ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ÈÄÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ºÎÆà °úÁ¤À» ¸é¹ÐÈ÷ »ìÆ캸°í ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â ¼­¹öµéÀÌ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÃʱâÈ­ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. º¸¾È ¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ±Øµµ·Î ¿¹¹ÎÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº °£´ÜÈ÷ ±× ¼­¹ö¸¦ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ »è Á¦ÇÏ¸é ±×¸¸ÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ °æ¿ì ±×¸®°í ·¹µåÇÞ, µ¥ºñ¾È µîÀÇ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ¿¡¼­´Â ¼­¹ö ¼³Ä¡/»èÁ¦ °¡ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ì¹Ç·Î ±¦ÇÑ Çϵåµð½ºÅ© °ø°£À» Â÷ÁöÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä ¾øÀÌ »èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù°í º» ´Ù. ¿øÇÒ ¶§´Â ¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿î¿µ µµÁß ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ±× Áï½Ã °¡µ¿ °¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸® °¡ ³õÄ¡±â ½¬¿î ºÎºÐÀÌ ¹Ù·Î inetd ¼öÆÛ ¼­¹ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ü¸®µÇ´Â ¼­¹öµéÀÌ´Ù. 4.2.1 /etc/inetd.conf ¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© /etc/inetd.conf û¼ÒÇϱ⠰¢ ÇàÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. Çü½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. <¼­ºñ½º¸í> <¼ÒÄÏ Å¸ÀÔ> <ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ> <Ç÷¡±×> <»ç¿ëÀÚ> <¼­¹ö °æ·Î> <Àü´Þ Àμö> {{{{# # These are standard services. # ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.ftpd -l -a telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd gopher stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd gn }} }} ftp,telnet µîÀÇ ¼­ºñ½º´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¼­ºñ½ºÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸¶Áö¸· ÁÙ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °íÆÛ (gohper) ¼­ºñ½º´Â À¥ÀÇ µîÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¿äÁò º° Àα⵵ ¾ø¾î ´ëºÎºÐ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó °í º»´Ù. Àß ¸ð¸¥´Ù¸é ¿©·¯ºÐÀº ÀÌ°ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ´É·Â µµ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÁÙ ¸Ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¼¥(#) ¹®ÀÚ¸¦ ³Ö¾î ÁÖ¼® ó¸®Çعö¸®±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. {{{{# # Shell, login, exec and talk are BSD protocols. # #shell stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.rshd #login stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.rlogind #exec stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.rexecd talk dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.talkd }} }} À§¿¡¼­ ³ª¿­ÇÑ ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ²ûÂïÇÑ(?) ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀÌ´Ù. Æнº¿öµå ¾øÀÌ ¿ø°Ý ·Î±×ÀÎÇÏ °Å³ª ¿ø°Ý¿¡¼­ ¼­¹ö »ó¿¡ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇà½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» Á¦°øÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¼­ ºñ½º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ø°Ý´çÇÏ¸é ¹üÀεµ ¸ø Àâ´Â´Ù. shell, login, exec µîÀº °³ÀÎ¿ë ¼­¹ö°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ÀÌ»ó À§¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ÁÖ¼®Ã³¸®Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. {{{{## Finger, systat and netstat give out user information # which may be valuable to potential "system crackers." # Many sites choose to disable # some or all of these services to improve security. # # cfinger is for GNU finger, which is currently not # in use in RHS Linux # # finger stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.fingerd #cfinger stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.cfingerd #systat stream tcp nowait guest /usr/sbin/tcpd /bin/ps -auwwx #netstat stream tcp nowait guest /usr/sbin/tcpd /bin/netstat }} }} ÀÌ¹Ì inetd.conf ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ Àß Àû¾î³õ°í ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼­ºñ½º µéÀº ¿Ü ºÎ¿¡°Ô ¿©·¯ºÐ ¼­¹ö, »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ´©ÃâÇÑ´Ù. finger, systat, netstatÀº ÁÖ¼® ó¸® ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ ¸» °ÍÀΰ¡? fingerÀÇ ¿¹¸¦ µé¾îº¸ÀÚ. {{{{[hwinnt@linux:~$]finger linux Login: hwinnt Name: Red Hat Linux User Directory: /home/hwinnt Shell: /bin/bash On since Mon Aug 17 22:27 (KST) on ttyp1 from carrot 39 minutes 39 seconds idle On since Mon Aug 17 22:28 (KST) on ttyp0 from carrot 1 minute 36 seconds idle No mail. No Plan. Login: Administrator Name: Red Hat Linux User Directory: /home/Administrator Shell: /bin/bash Never logged in. No mail. No Plan. }} }} º¸±â ¿¡¼­ º¸´Ù½ÃÇÇ µµ´ëü ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ·ÎÄà ȣ½ºÆ®¿¡¼­ ÀÛ¾÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾ÆÁÖ ºÐ¸íÇÏ °Ô Á¤º¸¸¦ ´©ÃâÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½Àº Çï½ÌÅ° ´ëÇÐ ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÛ¾÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö º¸¿© ÁÖ´Â ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷ÆǵéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ finger¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çصξú´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â º¸¾È¿¡ °ü ½É ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¸®´ª½º´Â »óÈ£ ½Å·Ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °³¹ßµÇ´Â ¿î¿µÃ¼°èÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö ¸¸ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ħÀÔÀÚ¸¦ ¸·¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ø°³ ¼­¹öµéÀº À̸¦ ¸·¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. finger ¸¦ ¸·Àº È£½ºÆ®ÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ½ÃÁö°¡ ³ª¿Â´Ù. {{{{[hwinnt@linux:~$]finger linux [linux.klug.org] finger: connect: ¿¬°áÀÌ °ÅºÎµÊ }} }} 4.2.2 /etc/ftpuser ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» µé¿©´Ù º¸¸éÀº »ç¿ëÀÚ °èÁ¤ ÀÌ Á× ³ª¿­ µÇ¾îÀִµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº FTP·Î Á¢¼ÓÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï Çϴµ¥¿¡ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ÆÄÀÏ ÀÌ´Ù vi ÆíÁý±â·Î ¿­¾î¼­ º¸½Ã¸é ¾Ë°ÚÁö¸¸ ÀüºÎ ½Ã½º ÅÛ °ü¸® °èÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°èÁ¤µéÀº ftp Á¢¼ÓÀ» ¿Ö Á¦¾ÈÀ» ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÅÚ³ÝÀ¸·Îµµ µé ¾î¿À¸é ¾ÈµÇ´Â °èÁ¤µéÀÌ´Ù. 4.2.3 /etc/securetty ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡´Â tty1 - 8 ¹ø ±îÁö Âß ³ª¿­ µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº °¡»ó ÄܼÖÀ» ³ªÅ¸³» ´Âµ¥ ¸®´ª½º´Â ±âº»À¸·Î 8°³ÀÇ °¡»ó ÄܼÖÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¼³Á¤ÀÌ µÇ¾î Àִµ¥ ¿©±â¼­ ÅÍ ¹Ì³Î ¼ö¸¦ ÁÙÀÌ´Â °Íµµ º¸¾ÈÀÇ ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °£È¤ ÅÚ³ÝÀ¸·Î ¿Ö ·çÆ®°¡ Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ³Ä°í ÇϽô ºÐµéÀÌ Àִµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ºñÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. À§¿¡¼­µµ ¼³¸íÇÑ ¹Ù ¿Í °°ÀÌ ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ °èÁ¤µéÀº ¿ÜºÎ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »ó¿¡¼­ Á¢¼ÓÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼¼ÆÃÀÌ µÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ·çÆ® ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é su ¶ó´Â ¸í·É¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ·çÆ® ±ÇÇÑÀ» ºô·Á¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÌ´Ù. 4.2.3 /usr/sbin/tcpd À§ÀÇ inetd.conf ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸¸é ¼­¹ö°æ·Î¿¡ /usr/sbin/tcpd ¶ó°í µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ» °Í ÀÌ´Ù. inetd.conf ÆÄÀÏ¿¡¼­ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¤ÀÇ ÇØ ³õ¾Ò´Âµ¥ ÀÌ tcpd ¶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ¼­ ¹ö¿¡´ëÇؼ­ Á¢±Ù ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̶§¿¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù Çã¶ô (/etc/hosts.allow) ¹× Á¢±Ù °ÅºÎ(/etc/hosts.deny) µîÀÇ ¼³Á¤À» ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. /etc/hosts.allow ÆÄÀÏÀº Çã¿ë ±ÔÄ¢À» Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ¼³Á¤ Çü½ÄÀº ¸Å¿ì °£´ÜÇÏ´Ù. <¼­ºñ½º ¸ñ·Ï>: <È£½ºÆ® ¸ñ·Ï> [: ¸í·É] <¼­ºñ½º ¸ñ·Ï>Àº ±ÔÄ¢À» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ ¸ñ·ÏÀ¸·Î¼­ °¢°¢ÀÇ Ç׸ñÀº ÄÞ¸¶(,)·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© ³ª¿­ÇÑ´Ù. ¼­¹ö¸íÀ¸·Î´Â ftpd, telnetd, fingerd µîÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.<È£½ºÆ® ¸ñ·Ï>Àº È£½ºÆ®¸íÀ» ³ª¿­ÇÑ °ÍÀε¥ ¿ª½Ã ÄÞ¸¶·Î ±¸ºÐÇÑ´Ù. È£½ºÆ®¸í ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡µµ IP ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ È£½ºÆ®¸í°ú IP ÁÖ¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ÍÀϵå Ä«µå ¹®ÀÚ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î gw.vk2ktj.ampr.org¿Í °°ÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ È£½ºÆ®¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµµ ÀÖ°í .uts.edu.au¿Í °°ÀÌ È£½º Æ®¸íÀÌ Àú·¸°Ô ³¡³ª´Â ¸ðµç È£½ºÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÏ°ý ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¸¸¾à 44.À̶ó°í Ç¥ÇöÇϸé ÀÌ ¼ýÀÚ·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç IPÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °¡Áø È£½ºÆ®¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡´Â Ư º°ÇÑ ½Éº¼ÀÌ Àִµ¥ ALLÀº ±ÛÀÚ ±×´ë·Î ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »óÀÇ ¸ðµç È£½ºÆ®¸¦ ÀǹÌÇϸç LOCALÀº µµÆ®(.) ¹®ÀÚ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¸ðµç È£½ºÆ®¸íÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Âµ¥ Áï ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ È£½ºÆ® ¸Ó½Å°ú °°Àº µµ¸ÞÀο¡ ¼ÓÇÑ ¸ðµç È£½ºÆ®µéÀ» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. PARANOID´Â ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸ ÁÖ¼Ò À§Á¶ ÀÚµéÀ» °æ°èÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÁÖ¼Ò¿Í È£½ºÆ®¸íÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â È£½ºÆ®¸¦ °¡¸®Å³ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î EXCEPT´Â ¿µ¾î ¶æ ±×´ë·Î Àüü È£½ºÆ®¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² È£½ºÆ®¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëµÇ ´Â Å°¿öµåÀÌ´Ù. <¸í·É> ºÎºÐÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¾îÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Âµ¥ Àû¾îÁشٸé tcpd¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±× ±ÔÄ¢ÀÌ Àû¿ë µÉ ¶§¸¶´Ù ÁÖ¾îÁø ¸í·ÉÀ» ¼öÇàÇϵµ·Ï Çϵµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¸í·ÉÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Æнº¸íÀ¸·Î Àû¾îÁÖ ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. º¸Åë ´©°¡ È£½ºÆ®¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â ¸í·É, ƯÁ¤ÀÎ Á¢¼ÓÇÒ ¶§ ½Ã ½ºÅÛ °ü¸®ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ¸ÞÀÏÀ̳ª °æ°í ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ º¸³»µµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀ» Àû´Â´Ù. {{{{ # /etc/hosts.allow # # ¸ÞÀÏÀ» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Çã¿ë in.smtpd: ALL # telnet°ú ftp´Â °°Àº µµ¸ÞÀο¡ ¼ÓÇÑ »ç¶÷°ú Áý¿¡ ÀÖ´Â º»ÀÎÀÇ È£½ºÆ® # ¿¡¸¸ Çã¿ë telnetd, ftpd: LOCAL, linux.klug.org # finger¸¦ Çã¿ëÇ쵂 ´©°¡ ¿äûÇß´ÂÁö ±â·ÏÀ» ³²±ä´Ù. fingerd: ALL: (finger @%h | mail -s "finger from %h" root) }} }} /etc/hosts.deny ÆÄÀÏÀº ¼­ºñ½º °ÅºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ALL: ALLÀ̶ó´Â ÁÙ Çϳª¸¦ ³Ö¾î¼­ /etc/hosts.allow¿¡¼­ Çã°¡µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î °ÅºÎ Á¤Ã¥ À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù°í º»´Ù. /etc/hosts.deny¿¡¼­ ±âº» Á¤Ã¥À¸·Î ¸ðµç ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °ÅºÎ¸¦ Çسõ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â tcpd°¡ /etc/hosts.allow¿Í /etc/hosts .deny¿¡¼­ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¾Ë¸ÂÀº ±ÔÄ¢µµ ¹ß°ßÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ ¶§´Â Çã°¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¤Ã¥À» °¡Áö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °ÅºÎ Á¤Ã¥ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ /etc/hosts.allow¿¡ Çϳª¾¿ Çã°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÀýÂ÷¶ó°í º»´Ù. ÁÖÀÇÇÒ °ÍÀº Àý´ë /etc/hosts.allow¿¡ ALL: ALL°ú °°Àº ¹«ÁöÇÑ ¼³Á¤Àº ÇÏ Áö ¸»¾Æ´Þ¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í tcpdÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢ Á¡°Ë Ư¼º »ó Ư¼öÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢À» ¾Õ¿¡ µÎ°í ÀϹÝÀû ÀÎ ±ÔÄ¢À» µÚ¿¡ µÐ´Ù. ¼ø¼­°¡ Áß¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ tcpd ¼³Á¤¸¸ ÀßÇصξ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ °ü¸®ÀÚ¶ó´Â Æò°¡¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Å©·¡Ä¿ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ½Å°æ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ¼­¹ö Ãà¿¡ µé°Í ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »ó¿¡ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¼­¹ö Áß ¶Õ±â Èûµç ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ¼­¹ö ÁÖÀ§¿¡¼­ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¹èȸÇÏ·Á µé Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4.3 ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼Îµµ¿ì Æнº¿öµå 4.3.1 ¿Ö /etc/passwd ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¼û°Ü¾ß Çϳª? Shadow Suite¸¦ ±òÁö ¾ÊÀº Linux system¿¡¼­´Â, password¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ Á¤º¸´Â /etc/passwd¿¡ º¸°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. password´Â ¾ÏȣȭµÇ¾î¼­ (encrypted) ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¾ÏÈ£ÇÐ ÀÇ Àü¹®°¡¿¡°Ô ¹¯´Â´Ù¸é, ±×´Â password´Â encryptµÈ Çü½ÄÀ̶ó±â º¸´Ù´ÂencodeµÈ Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÀ¯´Â crypt(3)À» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¶§, text´Â null·Î ÇÏ°í password¸¦ key·Î »ç¿ëÇϱ⠶§ ¹®À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ ¹®¼­¿¡¼­´Â encodeµÈÀ̶ó´Â ¸»À» ¾µ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (¿ªÀÚÁÖ : »çÀü¿¡´Â encode¿Í encrypt¸¦ °°Àº ¶æÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¾´Ï´Ù. - ¾ÏÈ£·Î ¹Ù²ã¾²´Ù - ¶ó´Â ¶æÀÔ´Ï´Ù ¸¸, ¾ÏÈ£ÇÐÀ» Àü°øÇϽŠºÐµé¿¡°Ô´Â ´µ¾Ó½º°¡ ´Ù¸¦ °Í°°½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸Ãæ ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù.) password¸¦ encodeÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â algorithmÀº ±â¼úÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ´Ü¹æÇâ hash function°ú °° Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î °£Áֵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °ÍÀº ¼ø¹æÇâÀ¸·Î´Â °è»êÇϱâ ÆíÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¿ª¹æÇâÀº ¿¬»êÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Èûµé°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¿ëµÈ algorithm¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ¼³¸íÀº section 2.4³ª crypt(3) manual page¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ password¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϰųª ÇÒ´ç¹ÞÀ» ¶§, password´Â salt(¼Ò±Ý?)¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ¹«ÀÛ À§·Î »ý¼ºµÈ °ª°ú °°ÀÌ encodeµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾î¶² passwordµçÁö 4096°¡ÁöÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀúÀåµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¶ó´Â ¾ê±â´Ù. salt °ªÀº encodeµÈ password¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ loginÇÏ°í password¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé, salt´Â encodeµÇ¾î ÀúÀåµÈ password¿¡¼­ »ÌÇô Á® ³ª¿Â´Ù. ±×´ÙÀ½ ÀÔ·ÂµÈ password¿Í salt°¡ °°ÀÌ encodeµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í,encodeµÇ¾î ÀúÀåµÈ password¿Í ºñ±³ÇÑ´Ù. ±× °á°ú, ¼­·Î °°´Ù¸é »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â ÀÎÁõµÈ´Ù. ¹«Áú¼­ÇÏ°Ô encodeµÈ password¸¦ ȹµæÇؼ­ ¿ø·¡ÀÇ password·Î µÇµ¹¸®´Â °ÍÀº °è»ê»óÀ¸ ·Î´Â Èûµé´Ù(±×·¯³ª ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù). ±×·¯³ª, ÀûÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â systemÀ̶ó ¸é, Àû¾îµµ ¸î¸î password´Â ÀÏ»ó´Ü¾î·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù (¶Ç´Â°£´ÜÇÑ º¯Á¾ÀÌ´Ù). system crackerµé´Â ÀÌ·± °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í, ÀÚÁÖ ¾²ÀÌ´Â passwordµé°ú ´Ü¾îÀÇ »çÀü°ú °¡´ÉÇÑ 4096°¡Áö salt °ªÀ» »ç¿ëÇؼ­ encryptÀ» ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´ÙÀ½¿¡ ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇdatabase¿¡ ÀÖ ´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ /etc/passwd fileÀÇ encodeµÈ password¿Í ºñ±³ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü Çϳª¶óµµ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ ´Ù¸é ±×µéÀº ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ °èÁ¤ÀÇ password¸¦ °¡Áö°Ô µÇ´Â ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â dictionary attack(»çÀü °ø°Ý?)À̶ó °í ºÒ¸®¿ì°í, system¿¡ Çã°¡µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¢¼ÓÀ» ¾òÀ» ¶§ ¾²´Â °¡Àå º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý Áß ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. »ý°¢Çغ¸¶ó, 8¹®ÀÚµÈ password°¡ 4096 * 13¹®ÀÚ¿­·Î encodeµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, 400,000°³ÀÇ ÀÏ ¹Ý ´Ü¾î, À̸§, password, ¾à°£ÀÇ º¯Çüµé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø »çÀüÀº 4G Byte hard¸¦ ½±°Ô ä¿ï °Í ÀÌ´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í, ¸Â´Â Áö °Ë»çÇØ º¼ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ 10000 ´Þ·¯ÀÌÇÏ·Î ÀÌ·± 4G byteÂ¥¸® hard¸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ system crackerµé¿¡°Ô´Â ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, cracker°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÇ /etc/passwd fileÀ» ÀÌ¹Ì °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀº /etc/passwd file ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Â salt °ª¸¸ °¡Áö°í »çÀüÀ» encodeÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº 200MegabyteÀÇ °ø °£°ú 486±Þ computer¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â º¸Åë û¼Ò³âÀ̸é ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ¸¹Àº °ø°£¾øÀÌ, crack(1)°ú °°Àº utilityµéÀº ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¸¹Àº »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ È®º¸ÇÏ °í ÀÖ´Â systemÀÇ password¸¦ 2°³Á¤µµ´Â ±ý ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù (user°¡ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ password¸¦ °í ¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â systemÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é). /etc/passwd fileÀº user ID¿Í group ID¿Í °°Àº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ system program¿¡¼­ ¾²´Â Á¤º¸ ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ /etc/passwd fileÀº "¸ðµÎ Àб⠰¡´É"À¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. /etc/passwd fileÀ» ¾Æ¹«µµ º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ°Ô Çϸé, Á¦ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú ls -l ¸í·ÉÀÌ ÀÌÁ¦ user À̸§´ë½Å user ID¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù! Shadow Suite´Â password¸¦ ´Ù¸¥ file(´ë°³ /etc/shadow)¿¡ À§Ä¡½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ °áÇÑ´Ù. /etc/shadow fileÀº ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ º¼ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. root¸¸ÀÌ /etc/shadow¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¶² program (xlock °°Àº)Àº password¸¦ ¹Ù²Ü¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ ¿ø ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. password¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸é µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± programµéÀº suid root·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ°Å ³ª, /etc/shadow¸¦ Àб⸸ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â shadow·Î groupÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾î ÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é programÀº sgid shadow·Î ½ÇÇà½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. password¸¦ /etc/shadow file·Î ¿Å°Ü ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á, dictionary attack¸¦ Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ encodeµÈ passwordµé¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °ø°ÝÀÚµéÀº È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î Shadow Suite´Â ¸î°¡Áö ±¦ÂúÀº ±â´ÉÀ» ´õ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù: login ±âº»»çÇ×(/etc/login.defs)µéÀÌ ÁغñµÈ configuration file user °èÁ¤ ¹× groupÀ» Ãß°¡, ¼öÁ¤, »èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â utilityµé passwordÀÇ À¯È¿±â°£ ¼³Á¤°ú °æ°úÈÄ Ãë¼Ò °èÁ¤ ¹«È¿¿Í µ¿°á group passwordµéÀÇ shadow (¼±ÅûçÇ×) 2¹è ±æÀ̸¦ °¡Áö´Â passwrd (16¹®ÀÚ password) (±ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½) user°¡ password¸¦ °í¸¦ ¶§, ÀûÀýÇÑ ÅëÁ¦ ÀüÈ­Á¢¼Ó¿ë password º¸Á¶ ÀÎÁõ program (±ÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½) Shadow Suite¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Á» ´õ º¸¾ÈÀÌ °­È­µÈ systemÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾î ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, Linux systemÀÇ º¸¾ÈÀ» °­È­½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ°í, µû¶ó¼­ ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ º¸ ¾È µµ±¸³ª °ü·ÃµÈ »ç¾ÈÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â Linux Security HOWTO series°¡ »ý±æ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Ë·ÁÁø Ãë¾àÁ¡À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Linux º¸¾È ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾òÀ¸·Á¸é Linux Security home page¸¦ ¹æ¹®Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. 4.3.2 /etc/passwd fileÀÇ Çü½Ä shadowÀÇ ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀº /etc/passwd fileÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. username:passwd:UID:GID:full_name:directory:shell °¢ ¿ä¼Ò´Â {{{{username »ç¿ëÀÚ (login) À̸§ passwd encodeµÈ password UID ¼ýÀÚ·Î µÈ user ID GID ¼ýÀÚ·Î µÈ ±âº» group ID full_name userÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ À̸§ - ½ÇÁö·Î ÀÌ field´Â GECOS (General Electric Comprehensive Operating System: ÀÏ¹Ý ÀüÀÚÀû Á¾ÇÕ ¿î¿µ ü°è?) field¶ó°í ºÒ¸®¿ì¸ç, ´ÜÁö ½ÇÁ¦ À̸§º¸´Ù´Â ´Ù¸¥ Á¤º¸¸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Shadow ¸í·Éµé°ú manual page´Â ÀÌ field¸¦ comment·Î ´Ù·é´Ù. directory »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ home directory (Full pathname) shell »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ login shell (Full pathname) ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é username:Npge08pfz4wuk:503:100:Full Name:/home/username:/bin/sh }} }} Np´Â saltÀ̸ç, ge08pfz4wuk´Â encodeµÈ passwordÀÌ´Ù. encodeµÈ salt/password´Â kbeMVnZM0oL7I°¡ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, µÑÀº °°Àº password¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù. °°Àº password¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼­ 4096°³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ encodingÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (¿¹¸¦ µç password´Â 'password'À̸ç, »ó´ç È÷ ³ª»Û passwordÀÌ´Ù). shadow suite°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¸é, /etc/passwd fileÀº ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ ¹Ù²ï´Ù: username:x:503:100:Full Name:/home/username:/bin/sh µÎ¹ø° fieldÀÇ x´Â ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. (°ø°£¸¸ Â÷ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù.) /etc/passwd fileÀÇ Çü½ÄÀº ÀüÇô ¹Ù²îÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ´ÜÁö encodeµÈ password¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â /etc/passwd fileÀ» Àб⸸ ÇÒ »Ó password¸¦ °Ë»çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº programÀº ¾Æ¹« ÀÌ»ó¾øÀÌ µ¹ ¾Æ°£´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ password°¡ shadow file(´ëºÎºÐ /etc/shadow file)·Î Àç¹èÄ¡µÈ´Ù. 4.3.3 shadow fileÀÇ Çü½Ä /etc/shadow fileÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù: username:passwd:last:may:must:warn:expire:disable:reserved °¢ ¿ä¼Ò´Â: username »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§ passwd encodeµÈ password last ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ password¸¦ ¹Ù²Û ³¯ (1970, 1, 1ÀϺÎÅÍ °è»êÇÑ ³¯¼ö) may password¸¦ ¹Ù²Û ´ÙÀ½, ¶Ç ¹Ù²Ù±â À§ÇØ ±â´Ù¸®´Â ³¯¼ö (´ÙÀ½ password·ÎÀÇ º¯°æ À¯¿¹±â°£) must ´ÙÀ½ password·Î ¹Ù²Ü¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¶§±îÁöÀÇ ±â°£ (Çö password À¯È¿±â°£) warn password°¡ ¸¸·áµÇ±â Àü¿¡ user¿¡°Ô ¹Ù²Ü °ÍÀ» °æ°íÇÏ´Â ±â°£ expire password°¡ ¸¸·áµÈ µÚ, user °èÁ¤ »ç¿ëÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱâ±îÁö ±â°£ disable °èÁ¤ÀÌ »ç¿ë ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÈ ³¯(1970, 1, 1ÀϺÎÅÍ °è»êÇÑ ³¯¼ö) reserved ³²°ÜµÒ ÀüÀÇ ¿¹Á¦ °æ¿ì ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: username:Npge08pfz4wuk:9479:0:1000 4.3.4 crypt(3)¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­. crypt(3) manual ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé: "crypt´Â password¸¦ encryptÇÏ´Â ÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Data Encryption Standard algorithm¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î, (¹«¾ùº¸´Ù) key¸¦ ã´Â ±â°èÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ±â Èûµéµµ·Ï ¾à°£ÀÇ º¯ÇüÀÌ °¡ÇØ Á® ÀÖ´Ù. key´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ passwordÀÌ´Ù. encodeµÇ´Â stringÀ» ÀüºÎ NULLÀÌ´Ù. saltÀº a-zA-Z0-9./·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÁýÇÕÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °í¸¥ µÎ¹®ÀÚ·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¹®ÀÚ¿­ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹® ÀÚ¿­Àº 4096°³ °æ¿ìÁßÀÇ Çϳª·Î algorithmÀÌ È¥¶õ½º·´°Ô º¸ÀÌ·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀδÙ. keyÀÇ °¢ ¹®ÀÚÀÇ ÇÏÀ§ 7 bitÀ» ÃëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, 56-bit key°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù. ÀÌ 56-bit key´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¹®ÀÚ¿­ À», ¹Ýº¹Çؼ­ encryptÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¾²ÀδÙ. °á°ú´Â 13°³ ASCII ¹®ÀÚ¿­·Î, encryptµÈ password¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù (óÀ½ µÎ°³ ¹®ÀÚ´Â salt ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ´Ù). °á°ú°ªÀº ¸Å¹ø È£ÃâµÉ ¶§¸¶´Ù ´Ù½Ã ¾²ÀÌ´Â °íÁ¤µÈ data¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù. °æ°í: key space´Â 2**56, Áï 7.2e16 °¡´ÉÇÑ °ªÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. key space¸¦ »ô»ôÀÌ µÚÁö´Â °ÍÀº °Å´ëÇÑ º´·Ä computer¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. crack(1)¿Í °°Àº, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ password·Î »ï´Â key spaceÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ºÎºÐÀ» ã´Â software°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ password¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¶§, ÀÚÁÖ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ´Ü¾î³ª À̸§Àº ÇÇÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. passwd programÀ» »ç ¿ëÇÏ¿©, ã±â ½¬¿î password¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â Áö °Ë»çÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. DES algorithm, ±× ÀÚü´Â °¡²û crypt(3) interface¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ password ÀÎÁõ À» À§ÇÑ ¾î¶² °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ³ª»Û ¼±ÅÃÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾î ¹ö¸®´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. º¸¾È °­È­¸¦ À§Çؼ­ crypt(3)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é, DES¸¸ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¸¶¶ó: encryption¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÁÀº Ã¥°ú ³Î¸® ¾² ÀÌ´Â DES libraryµéÀ» ±¸Ç϶ó." (¿ªÀÚÁÖ : ¿ø¹®Àº The DES algorithm itself has a few quirks which make the use of the crypt(3) interface a very poor choice for anything other than password authentication. If you are planning on using the crypt(3) interface for a cryptography project, don't do it: get a good book on encryption and one of thewidely available DES libraries." ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×Áß¿¡¼­ don't do it: get ...ºÎºÐÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¾Ö¸ÅÇÕ´Ï´Ù. itÀÌ ¹«¾ó °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÇÁö ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü, get ...À»±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÃøÇÏ°í ¹ø¿ªÀ» Çß´Â µ¥...) ´ëºÎºÐ Shadow SuiteµéÀº passwordÀÇ ±æÀ̸¦ 16¹®ÀÚ·Î ´ÃÀÌ´Â code¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. desÀÇ Àü¹®°¡µéÀº À̸¦ ±ÇÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Àü¹ÝºÎ¸¦ encodingÇÑ µÚ, ±ä passwordÀÇ ÈÄ¹Ý ºÎ¸¦ encodingÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. cryptÀÇ ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î¶ó¸é, ±ä password¸¦ »ç¿ë ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ Ãë¾àÇÑ password¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ, »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ 16¹®ÀÚ³ª µÇ´Â password¸¦ ±â¾ïÇϱâ Èûµé´Ù´Â Ãø¸éµµ ÀÖ´Ù. crypt ¹æ¹ý°ú ȣȯ¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï¸é¼­, ±ä password¸¦ Áö¿øÇÏ°í ´õ °­È­µÈ ÀÎÁõ(ƯÈ÷, MD5 algorithm)À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¿¬±¸ÁßÀÌ ´Ù. encryption¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥À¸·Î ´ÙÀ½À» ±ÇÇÑ´Ù: "Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C" by Bruce Schneier ISBN: 0-471-59756-2 4.3.5 Shadow Suite °¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ÁÖ¼Ò ftp://ftp.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/shadow/shadow-current.tar.gz ftp://iguana.hut.fi/pub/linux/shadow/shadow-current.tar.gz ftp://ftp.cin.net/usr/ggallag/shadow/shadow-current.tar.gz ftp://ftp.netural.com/pub/linux/shadow/shadow-current.tar.gz 4.3.6 Shadow Suite Installation Guide 4.3.6.1 ¾ÐÃàÇ®±â. package¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» µÚ óÀ½ ÇÒ ÀÏÀº Ç®¾î Á¦Ä¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. package´Â gzipÀ¸·Î ¾ÕÃàµÈ tar (tape archive) Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, /usr/src·Î ¿Å±ä µÚ: tar -xzvf shadow-current.tar.gz ±×·¯¸é, /usr/src/shadown-YYMMDD¶ó´Â directory¿¡ Ç®¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4.3.6.2 config.h fileÀ» °¡Áö°í ¼³Á¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ù°, Makefile°ú config.h¸¦ º¹»çÇÑ´Ù: cd /usr/src/shadow-YYMMDD cp Makefile.linux Makefile cp config.h.linux config.h ±×¸®°í config.h¸¦ º¸¶ó. ÀÌ fileÀº ¸î¸î ¼³Á¤ »çÇ׿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±Ç°íÇÑ package¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ÀÏ´Ü group shadow Áö¿øÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Çϱ⸦ ±ÇÇÑ´Ù. ±â º»À¸·Î, shadowµÈ group passwordµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̸¦ ¹Ù²Ù±â À§Çؼ­ config.hÀÇ #define SHADOWGRP¸¦ #undef SHADOWGRP·Î ¹Ù²Û´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×µéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ½Ã ÀÛÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿øÇÑ´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ Àý½ÇÈ÷ group password¿Í group °ü¸®ÀÚ¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ´Ù½Ã »ç¿ë°¡ ´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ µÚ ÀçcompileÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¿ë°¡´ÉÀ¸·Î ³²°ÜµÐ´Ù¸é, ¹Ýµå½Ã /etc/gshadow fileÀ» ¸¸µé¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±ä password »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¾ê±âÇÑ´ë·Î ±ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. #undef AUTOSHADOW¶ó°í ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¸»¶ó. AUTOSHADOW ¼±ÅûçÇ×Àº shadow¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â programµéÀÌ °è¼Ó ÀÛµ¿Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ñ ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁغñµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ À̾߱â´Â À̷лóÀ¸·Î´Â ±¦ÂúÁö¸¸, Á¦´ë·Î ±â´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ optionÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ°í root·Î½á programÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¸é, ±× ³ðÀº getpwnam()¸¦ root±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ºÎ ¸£°í, ÈÄ¿¡ /etc/passwd file¿¡ ¼öÁ¤µÈ ³»¿ëÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¾²°Ô µÈ´Ù (´õÀÌ»ó shadowµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ä ·Î). ±×·± program¿¡´Â chfn°ú chsh°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. (getpwnam()¸¦ È£ÃâÇϱâ Àü¿¡, ½ÇÁ¦ uid¿Í À¯ È¿ uid¸¦ ¹Ù²Û´ÙÇصµ À̸¦ ȸÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé rootµµ chfn°ú chsh¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⶧ ¹®ÀÌ´Ù. (¿ªÀÚÁÖ: ¸ðÈ£Çϳ׿ä. system programming¿¡ °üÇÑ ³»¿ë°°´Â µ¥... ¾Æ½Ã´Â ºÐÀÇ ¼³¸í ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù.)) libc¸¦ ¸¸µé ¶§µµ °°Àº °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. SHADOW_COMPAT optionÀÌ ±× °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× °ÍÀº ¾²¸é¾È µÈ´Ù! /etc/passwd·ÎºÎÅÍ encodeµÈ password¸¦ ¾ò±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹®Á¦ ´Ù. Áö±Ý »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â libc versionÀÌ 4.6.27ÀÌÀüÀ̶ó¸é, config.h¿Í MakefileÀ» °íÄ¥ °ÍÀÌ ´õ ÀÖ´Ù. config.h¿¡¼­ ¹Ù²Ü °ÍÀº: #define HAVE_BASENAME À» #undef HAVE_BASENAME À¸·Î. ±×¸®°í Makefile¿¡¼­´Â: SOBJS = smain.o env.o entry.o susetup.o shell.o \ sub.o mail.o motd.o sulog.o age.o tz.o hushed.o SSRCS = smain.c env.c entry.c setup.c shell.c \ pwent.c sub.c mail.c motd.c sulog.c shadow.c age.c pwpack.c rad64.c \ tz.c hushed.c À» SOBJS = smain.o env.o entry.o susetup.o shell.o \ sub.o mail.o motd.o sulog.o age.o tz.o hushed.o basename.o SSRCS = smain.c env.c entry.c setup.c shell.c \ pwent.c sub.c mail.c motd.c sulog.c shadow.c age.c pwpack.c rad64.c \ tz.c hushed.c basename.c À¸·Î. ÀÌ °íħÀº libc 4.6.27À̳ª ±× ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ basename.c¿¡ ÀÖ´Â code¸¦ µ¡ºÙÀδÙ. 4.3.6.3 ¿ø programÀÇ backup copyµéÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù. shadow suite°¡ ´ëü½Ãų programµéÀ» ÃßÀûÇؼ­ backupÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °Íµµ ÁÁÀº »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. Slackware 3.0¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: /bin/su /bin/login /usr/bin/passwd /usr/bin/newgrp /usr/bin/chfn /usr/bin/chsh /usr/bin/id BETA package´Â Makefile¿¡ backupÀ» ¸¸µé ¸ñ·ÏÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ À§Ä¡¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖÀ» ¼ö Àֱ⿡ ¼³¸íÀ¸·Î 󸮵Ǿî ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ /etc/passwd fileÀ» backup¹Þ±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶õ ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, °°Àº directory¿¡ ¸¸µé ¶§, passwd ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î µ¤¾î ¾²Áö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï, À̸§À» Á¤ÇÒ ¶§ Á¶½ÉÇضó. 4.3.6.4 make¸¦ ½ÇÇà °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼³Ä¡°úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ´ç½ÅÀÌ root ±ÇÇÑÀ» Áö´Ò ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. package¸¦ compileÇϱâ À§ÇØ makeÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃŲ´Ù: make all ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °æ°í¹®°¡ ³ª¿À´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ´Ù: rcsid defined but not used (rcsid°¡ Á¤ÀǵǾî ÀÖÁö¸¸ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù). ±¦Âú´Ù, ÀÌ °Ç ÀúÀÚ°¡ version control package¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϱ⿡ ³ª ¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4.3.6.5 ÀÏÀÌ À߸øµÅ¾î °¥ °æ¿ì¸¦ ´ëºñÇؼ­ boot disk¸¦ ÁغñÇսôÙ. ¹º°¡ À߸øµÇ¾î °£´Ù¸é, boot disk¸¦ ÁغñÇØ¾ß µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼³Ä¡½Ã boot/root disk¸¦ »ç¿ëÇß ´Ù¸é, ±× °É·Î ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é, Bootdisk-HOWTO¿¡ booting°¡´ÉÇÑ disk¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ¹ýÀÌ ÀûÇôÀÖÀ¸´Ï ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó. 4.3.5.6 Áߺ¹µÈ man pageµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱ⠶ÇÇÑ, ´ëüµÉ manual pageµéÀ» ¿Å±â±æ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î backup¾øÀÌ Shadow Suite¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ ÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ¹«¸ðÇÒÁö´õ¶óµµ, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿¾ manual pageµéÀº Á¦°ÅÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ë°³ ¿¾ manual page°¡ ¾ÐÃàµÇ¾î º¸°üµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, »õ °ÍµéÀº ÀÌÀü °Í¿¡ µ¤¾î¾²Áö ¸øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¦°Å ¶Ç´Â ¿Å±æ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Â manual page¸¦ ã±â À§ÇØ man -aW command³ª locate command¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. make installÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°±â Àü¿¡ ±×·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿¾ pageµéÀ» ã ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´õ ½±´Ù. Slackware 3.0 ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é, Á¦°ÅÇØ¾ß ÇÒ man pageµéÀº: /usr/man/man1/chfn.1.gz /usr/man/man1/chsh.1.gz /usr/man/man1/id.1.gz /usr/man/man1/login.1.gz /usr/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/man/man1/su.1.gz /usr/man/man5/passwd.5.gz ¶Ç, /var/man/cat[1-9]ÀÇ subdirectory¿¡ »èÁ¦ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °Í°ú °°Àº À̸§À» Áö´Ñ ³ðµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 4.3.6.7 make installÀ» ½ÇÇà ÀÌÁ¦ Áغñ°¡ ³¡³µ´Ù: (root·Î¼­ ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ÇսôÙ) make install ÀÌ ÀÏÀº »õ °ÍÀ» ±ò°Å³ª, ¿¾ °Í°ú ´ëüÇϸç file permissionÀ» °íÄ£´Ù. ¶Ç, man pageµµ ¼³Ä¡ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, /usr/include/shadow¿¡ Shadow Suite¿¡ ÀÖ´Â include fileÀ» ¼³Ä¡ÇØÁØ´Ù. BETA package¸¦ ¾´´Ù¸é, Á÷Á¢ login.defs¸¦ /etc¿¡ º¹»çÇÏ°í, root¸¸ÀÌ À̸¦ ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ¾î ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. cp login.defs /etc chmod 700 /etc/login.defs ÀÌ fileÀº login programÀÇ ¼³Á¤ fileÀÌ´Ù. ³»¿ëÀ» ´Ù½Ã º¸°í, ´ç½ÅÀÇ system¿¡ ¸Â°Ô °íÄ¡±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº root·Î loginÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â tty¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ°í, ´Ù¸¥ º¸¾È °ü·Ã settingÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù (password Ãë¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº»°ª°°Àº). 4.3.6.8 pwconv ½ÇÇà ´ÙÀ½ ÀÏÀº pwconv¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ýµå½Ã root·Î¼­ ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ÇØ¾ß µÉ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, /etc directory¿¡¼­ ÇÏ¸é ±Ý»ó÷ȭ´Ù: cd /etc /usr/sbin/pwconv pwconv´Â /etc/passwd¿Í ±× ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸î¸î fieldÀ» °¡Á®¿Í ´ÙÀ½ µÎ fileÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù: /etc/npasswd ¿Í /etc/nshadow. pwunconv programÀº /etc/passwd¿Í /etc/shadow·ÎºÎÅÍ Æò¹üÇÑ /etc/passwd fileÀ» ¸¸µé °æ¿ì¿¡ ´ëºñÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù. 4.3.6.9 npasswd¿Í nshadowÀÇ À̸§À» ¹Ù²Û´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ pwconv¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÄѼ­ /etc/npasswd¿Í /etc/nshadow¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ °ÍµéÀ» /etc/passwd¿Í /etc/shadow·Î µ¤¾î¾µ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ø /etc/passwd¸¦ backupÀ» ¹Þ±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏ°í, root¸¸ ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í backupÀ» rootÀÇ home directory·Î ¿Å±ä´Ù: cd /etc cp passwd ~passwd chmod 600 ~passwd mv npasswd passwd mv nshadow shadow fileÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿Í permission¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀ» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Çضó. X-Windows¸¦ ¾µ »ý°¢À̶ó¸é, xlock ¿Í xdm programÀº shadow fileÀ» ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù (¾²´Â °ÍÀº ¸»°í). ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº µÎ°¡Áö´Ù. xlock¿¡ suid root¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(xdm°¡ rootÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇà µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù). ¶Ç´Â shadow fileÀ» shadow groupÀÇ root°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ·¯³ª µÎ ¹ø° Á¦¾ÈÀ» Çϱâ Àü¿¡ shadow group(/etc/group¸¦ º¸¶ó)ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Áö È®½ÇÈ÷ Çضó. ÇöÀç systemÀÇ ¾î¶² »ç¿ëÀÚµµ shadow group¿¡ ¼ÓÇØÀÖÀ¸¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. chown root.root passwd chown root.shadow shadow chmod 0644 passwd chmod 0640 shadow ÀÌÁ¦ systemÀ» shadowµÈ password fileÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ °¡»ó terminalÀ» ¶ç¿ì°í, loginÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö Á¡°ËÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý Çضó! ¾È µÅ¸é, ¹º°¡ À߸øµÈ°Å´Ù! shadowµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ·Πµ¹¾Æ°¡±â À§Çؼ­ ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ ÇÑ´Ù: cd /etc cp ~passwd passwd chmod 644 passwd ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­, ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀÖ´ø Àå¼Ò·Î ¸ðµç fileÀ» µÇµ¹·Á ³õ¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4.3.7 Shadow Passwd »ç¿ë¹ý ÀÌ sectionÀº system¿¡ Shadow SuiteÀ» ±ò°í ³ª¼­ ¾Ë°í ½ÍÀº ¸î¸î ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ´Ù·é´Ù. ´õ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ °ÍÀº °¢ ¸í·ÉÀÇ manual page¸¦ ÂüÁ¶Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. 4.3.7.1 »ç¿ëÀÚ°èÁ¤ Ãß°¡, ¼öÁ¤, »èÁ¦ Shadow Suite´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ °èÁ¤À» °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·ÉµéÀ» Ãß°¡Çß´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì adduser programÀº ±×Àü¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. useradd useradd ¸í·ÉÀº »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ±âº» ¼³Á¤À» ¹Ù²Ù±â À§ÇØ ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ ´Ù. óÀ½ ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÀÏÀº ±âº» ¼³Á¤À» È®ÀÎÇÏ°í, system¿¡ ¸Â°Ô °íÄ¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù: useradd -D GROUP=1 HOME=/home INACTIVE=0 EXPIRE=0 SHELL= SKEL=/etc/skel ±âº» ¼³Á¤Ä¡´Â ¾Æ¸¶ ¸¾¿¡ µéÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Áö±Ý »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ·Á¸é, °¢°¢ »ç¿ëÀÚ ¿¡°Ô °øÅëµÇ´Â ¸ðµç Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î·µç ¿ì¸®´Â ±âº» ¼³Á¤Ä¡¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù°í µ¡ºÙÀÏ°Å´Ù. ³» system¿¡¼­´Â: ±âº» groupÀº 100ÀÌ´Ù. password´Â 60Àϸ¶´Ù Çѹø¾¿ ¹Ù²Û´Ù. password°¡ Ãë¼ÒµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î °èÁ¤ÀÌ °íÁ¤µÇÁö ¾Ê±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ±âº» shellÀº /bin/bashÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¹Ù²Ù±â À§Çؼ­: useradd -D -g100 -e60 -f0 -s/bin/bash ÀÌÁ¦ useradd -D¸¦ Ä¡¸é: GROUP=100 HOME=/home INACTIVE=0 EXPIRE=60 SHELL=/bin/bash SKEL=/etc/skel ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±âº»Ä¡µéÀº /etc/default/useradd¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ useradd¸¦ ½á¼­ system¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ ¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, fred¶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ±âº»Ä¡¸¸ Àû¿ëÇؼ­ Ãß°¡ÇÑ´Ù¸é: useradd -m -c "Fred Flintstone" fred /etc/passwd file¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸íºÎ(?)°¡ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù: fred:*:505:100:Fred Flintstone:/home/fred:/bin/bash ±×¸®°í, /etc/shadow file¿¡´Â: fred:!:0:0:60:0:0:0:0 fredÀÇ home directory°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í, -m switch°¡ ¾²¿´À¸¹Ç·Î /etc/skel Àüü°¡ ±× °÷À¸·Î º¹»çµÈ´Ù.¶ÇÇÑ, Ưº°È÷ UID¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ¹Ì »ç¿ëµÈ UID ´ÙÀ½ °ÍÀÌ ¾²¿´´Ù. fred ÀÇ °èÁ¤ÀÌ »ý°åÀ¸³ª, ¿ì¸®°¡ °èÁ¤À» Ç®¾îÁÖ±â Àü±îÁö´Â fred´Â loginÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. °èÁ¤À» Ç®¾î ÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­´Â password¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¾î ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. {{{{ passwd fred Changing password for fred Enter the new password (minimum of 5 characters) Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers. New Password: ******* Re-enter new password: ******* }} }} ÀÌÁ¦ /etc/shadow´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù: fred:J0C.WDR1amIt6:9559:0:60:0:0:0:0 ±×¸®°í, fred´Â loginÇؼ­ systemÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Shadow Suite¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ programµé °ú °°ÀÌ useradd°¡ ÁÁÀº Á¡Àº /etc/passwd¿Í /etc/shadow fileÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ¹Ù²Ü ¶§ ¹æÇعÞÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´ç½ÅÀº »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌ¿ëÀÚ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ password¸¦ ¹Ù²Û´ÙÇصµ, µÑ ´Ù Á¦´ë·Î ÀÌÇàµÈ´Ù. (¿ªÀÚÁÖ: mutex lock, race condition°°Àº °É »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é µÉ °Í°°½À´Ï´Ù.) /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ÆíÁýÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÀÌ·± ¸í·ÉÀ» ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ÁÁ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ /etc/shadow fileÀ» ÆíÁýÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í, ±× ¿ÍÁß¿¡ ÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ password¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù°í, ±×¸® °í³ª¼­ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÆíÁýÀ» ³¡³»°í ÀúÀåÇϸé, ±× »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ useradd¿Í passwd¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ °£´ÜÇÑ ´ëÈ­Çü script°¡ ÀÖ´Ù: #!/bin/bash # # /sbin/newuser - Shadow SuiteÀÇ useradd¿Í passwd ¸í·ÉÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ # »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ´Â script # # Linux Shadow Password HowtoÀÇ ¿¹Á¦·Î½á Mike Jackson ¿¡ # ÀÇÇØ ÀÛ¼ºµÆÀ½. »ç¿ë°ú ¼öÁ¤À» Ưº°È÷ Çã°¡ÇÔ. # # ÀÌ °ÍÀº SlackwareÀÇ Adduser programó·³ ±âº»Ä¡¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í, ¼öÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï # ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¸ÛûÇÑ ÀÔ·ÂÀ» °ÅºÎÇϵµ·Ï ¹Ù²ð ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. # (Áï, ´õ ³ªÀº ¿À·ù °Ë»çµî...) # ## # useradd ¸í·ÉÀÇ ±âº» ¼³Á¤Ä¡µé ## GROUP=100 # ±âº» Group HOME=/home # Home directory À§Ä¡ (/home/username) SKEL=/etc/skel # Skeleton(°øÅëÀûÀÎ ³»¿ëÀ» Áö´Ñ fileµé?) Directory INACTIVE=0 # password°¡ ±âÇÑÀÌ Áö³­ µÚ »ç¿ëÀÚ °èÁ¤ÀÌ ¹«È¿°¡ # µÇ±â±îÁöÀÇ ±â°£ (0=±×·¸°Ô ÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö ¾ÊÀ½) EXPIRE=60 # password À¯È¿±â°£ SHELL=/bin/bash # ±âº» Shell (full path) ## # passwd ¸í·ÉÀÇ ±âº» ¼³Á¤Ä¡µé ## PASSMIN=0 # password¸¦ ¹Ù²Û´ÙÀ½ ¶Ç ¹Ù²Ù±â À§ÇÑ À¯¿¹±â°£ PASSWARN=14 # passwordÀÇ ±âÇÑÀÌ Áö³ª±âÀü¿¡ °æ°íÇÏ´Â ±â°£ ## # script¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ rootÀÎÁö È®ÀÎ ## WHOAMI=`/usr/bin/whoami` if [ $WHOAMI != "root" ]; then echo "You must be root to add news users!" exit 1 fi ## # »ç¿ëÀÚ ID(username)¿Í ½ÇÁ¦ À̸§(Full name) ¹¯±â ## echo "" echo -n "Username: " read USERNAME echo -n "Full name: " read FULLNAME # echo "Adding user: $USERNAME." # # $FULLNAME ÁÖº¯¿¡ ""°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ÁÖÀÇÇÒ °Í. ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÀÌ field´Â # ¹Ýµå½Ã °ø¶õÀÌ»óÀÇ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇϸç, "¸¦ ¾øÀÌ useradd command¸¦ # ½ÇÇà½ÃŲ´Ù¸é, ´ÙÀ½¿¡ À̾îÁö´Â parameterµéµµ ±× field¿¡ ÀϺκÐÀ¸·Î # ÀνĵȴÙ. # /usr/sbin/useradd -c"$FULLNAME" -d$HOME/$USERNAME -e$EXPIRE \ -f$INACTIVE -g$GROUP -m -k$SKEL -s$SHELL $USERNAME ## # password¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº» ¼³Á¤Ä¡¸¦ Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. ## /bin/passwd -n $PASSMIN -w $PASSWARN $USERNAME >/dev/null 2>&1 ## # passwd¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÄÑ password¸¦ ÀԷ¹޴´Ù. ## /bin/passwd $USERNAME ## # °á°ú¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÜ. ## echo "" echo "Entry from /etc/passwd:" echo -n " " grep "$USERNAME:" /etc/passwd echo "Entry from /etc/shadow:" echo -n " " grep "$USERNAME:" /etc/shadow echo "Summary output of the passwd command:" echo -n " " passwd -S $USERNAME echo "" »õ·Î¿î »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ´Â µ¥ script¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀº /etc/passwd¿Í /etc/shadow¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ÆíÁý ÇÏ´Â °Å³ª SlackwareÀÇ adduser¸¦ ¾²´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÈÎ ³´´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ system¿¡ ¾Ë¸Â·Î·Ï ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô °íÄ¡±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. useradd¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â manual page¸¦ º¸½Ã±æ... usermod usermod´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ °íÄ£´Ù. optionÀº useradd¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. ¾ÕÀÇ fredÀÇ shellÀ» ¹Ù²Ù°í ½ÍÀ¸¸é, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ´Ù: usermod -s /bin/tcsh fred ÀÌÁ¦ fredÀÇ /etc/passwd file¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ ¹Ù²î¾î ÀÖ´Ù: fred:*:505:100:Fred Flintstone:/home/fred:/bin/tcsh À̹ø¿¡´Â fredÀÇ °èÁ¤ÀÌ 97³â 9¿ù 15ÀϱîÁö¸¸ ¾²µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ: usermod -e 09/15/97 fred ±×·¯¸é fredÀÇ /etc/shadow file¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀº: fred:J0C.WDR1amIt6:9559:0:60:0:0:10119:0 usermod¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â manual page¸¦... userdel userdel´Â Á¤È®È÷ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÑ °Í - »ç¿ëÀÚ °èÁ¤ Á×À̱â - ¸¦ ÇØÄ¡¿î´Ù. userdel -r username ¶ó°í Ä¡¸é µÈ´Ù. -rÀº »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ home directory¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç fileµé°ú ÇÔ²² directory ÀÚü¸¦ Áö¿î´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â fileµéÀº ÀÏÀÏÀÌ Ã£¾Æ¼­ Áö¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »èÁ¦º¸´Ù °èÁ¤À» ¾²Áö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ °Å¶ó¸é, passwd ¸í·ÉÀ» ¾²±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. 4.3.7.2 passwd ¸í·É°ú passwd ¼ö¸í Á¤Çϱâ. passwd´Â ¸» ±×´ë·Î password¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ´õ¿ì±â, root´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù: °èÁ¤ Àá±Ý(lock)°ú Ç®¸²(unlock)(-l¿Í -u) password À¯È¿±â°£(-x) password¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¹Ù²Ù±â À§ÇØ ±â´Ù·Á¾ß ÇÏ´Â ±â°£(-n) password À¯È¿±â°£ ¸¸·áÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¸®´Â °æ°í´Â ¸îÀÏÀü¿¡ ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡(-w) password À¯È¿±â°£ÀÌ Áö³­ µÚ °èÁ¤À» Àá±×±â(lock)Çϱâ±îÁöÀÇ ±â°£(-i) °èÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ º¸´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÔ(-S) ´Ù½Ã fredÀÇ ¿¹·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡¸é passwd -S fred fred P 03/04/96 0 60 0 0 ÀÌ°ÍÀº fredÀÇ password°¡ À¯È¿ÇÏ°í, 96³â 3¿ù 4ÀÏ¿¡ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾ú°í, ¾ðÁ¦µçÁö ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, 60Àϵ¿¾È password¸¦ ¹Ù²ÙÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ±×ÈÄ¿¡´Â ¸ø¾²°í, ±× ÀÌÀü¿¡ fred´Â ¾Æ¹«·± °æ°í¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, password¸¦ ¸ø¾²´õ¶óµµ °èÁ¤Àº À¯È¿ÇÏ´Ù. Áï, fredÀÇ password°¡ ¹«È¿°¡ µÈ µÚ µé¾î¿À¸é, »õ·Î¿î password¸¦ ÀçÃ˹ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. fred¿¡°Ô password°¡ Ãë¼ÒµÇ±â 14ÀÏÀü¿¡ °æ°í¸¦ ÇÏ°í, Ãë¼ÒµÈ µÚ 14ÀÏÈÄ ±×ÀÇ °èÁ¤À» µ¿°á½ÃÅ°·Á¸é: passwd -w14 -i14 fred ±×·¯¸é ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ fred¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¹Ù²ï´Ù: fred P 03/04/96 0 60 14 14 passwd¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â manual page¿¡... 4.3.6.3 The login.defs file. /etc/login fileÀº login program, ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î Shadow Suite¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³Á¤À» ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. /etc/loginÀº prompt°¡ ¾î¶² ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °¡ºÎÅÍ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ password¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¸é ±âº» À¯ È¿±â°£Àº ¾î¶»°Ô µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³Á¤±îÁö ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. /etc/login.defs fileÀº ³»ºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº commentµé·Î Àß ¹®¼­È­µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» °£´ÜÈ÷ ¼³¸íÇϸé: ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â logÀÇ ¾ç(?)À» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â on/off¹æ½ÄÀÇ flagµé. ´Ù¸¥ ¼³Á¤ fileÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â pointerµé. password À¯È¿±â°£ ¼³Á¤°°Àº ±âº» ¼³Á¤Ä¡µé. À§¿¡¼­ º¸µí ÀÌ ³ðÀº »ó´çÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÑ fileÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, Áö±Ý ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇÏ°í, system°ú ´ç½Å ÃëÇâ¿¡ ¸Â´Â Áö Á¡°ËÇÒ °Í. 4.3.7.4 Group passwords. /etc/groups fileÀº »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ƯÁ¤ groupÀÇ È¸¿øÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â password¸¦ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀº /usr/src/shadow-YYMMDD/config.hÀÇ SHADOWGRP »ó¼ö¸¦ Á¤ÀÇ ÇÒ °æ¿ì ÀÛµ¿µÈ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀ» ¾´´Ù¸é, /etc/gshadow fileÀ» ¸¸µé¾î, group password¿Í group °ü¸®ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ´ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Ç϶ó. /etc/shadow¸¦ ¸¸µé ¶§, ´ç½ÅÀº pwconv ¸¦ ½èÁö¸¸, /etc/gshadow¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â µ¥¿¡´Â ±×·± programÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ÆÁ¤¸»¶ó. ¾Ë¾Æ¼­ Çϴϱî. óÀ½ /etc/gshadow¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§Çؼ­ ´ÙÀ½Ã³·³ Çضó: touch /etc/gshadow chown root.root /etc/gshadow chmod 700 /etc/gshadow ´ç½ÅÀÌ »õ·Î¿î groupÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù¸é, ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î /etc/group¿Í /etc/gshadow file¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ µ¡ ºÙ¿©Áø´Ù. group¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ Ãß°¡Çϰųª »èÁ¦, ¶Ç´Â group password¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¸é, /etc/gshadow fileÀº µû¶ó¼­ ¹Ù²ð °ÍÀÌ´Ù. groups, groupadd, groupmod, groupdel program ÀÌ groupÀ» °íÄ¡´Â µµ±¸·Î½á Shadow Suite¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÇ¾î °ø±ÞµÈ´Ù. /etc/group fileÀÇ Çü½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: groupname:!:GID:member,member,... °¢ ¿ä¼Ò´Â: groupname group À̸§ ! ÀÌ field´Â password¶õÀÌÁö¸¸ /etc/gshadow file·Î ¿Å°ÜÁ³´Ù. GID group ID number member group memberÀÇ list ÀÌ´Ù. /etc/gshadow file ÀÇ Çü½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù: groupname:password:admin,admin,...:member,member,... °¢ ¿ä¼Ò´Â: groupname group À̸§ password encodeµÈ group password. admin group °ü¸®ÀÚ list member group member list ÀÌ´Ù. gpasswd ¸í·ÉÀº groupÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ³ª °ü¸®ÀÚ¸¦ Ãß°¡, ¶Ç´Â »èÁ¦ÇÒ ¶§ ¾´´Ù. root¶Ç´Â °ü ¸®ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ group member¸¦ Ãß°¡, »èÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. group password´Â root³ª group °ü¸®ÀÚ ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ passwd ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. gpasswd¿¡ ´ëÇÑ manual page°¡ ÇöÀç Á¦°øµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ¾Æ¹«·± parameter¾øÀÌ gpasswd¸¦ Ä¡¸é option¿¡ ´ëÇÑ list°¡ ³ª¿À¹Ç·Î, file format°ú °³³ä¸¸ Àß ÀÌÇØÇϸé»ç¿ë¹ýÀ» ½±°Ô ÀÍÈú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 4.3.7.5 ÀÏ°ü¼º Á¡°Ë programµé pwck pwck programÀº /etc/passwd¿Í /etc/shadow file°£¿¡ Ʋ¸° Á¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Â Áö Á¡°ËÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ °ÍÀº °¢°¢ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »çÇ×À» Á¡°ËÇÑ´Ù: fieldÀÇ °¹¼ö´Â ¸Â´Â°¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§Àº À¯ÀÏÇÑ°¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿Í group id ±âº» group home directory login shell ¶ÇÇÑ, password°¡ ¾ø´Â °èÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇØ °æ°í¸¦ ÁØ´Ù. Shadow SuiteÀ» ±ñ µÚ, pwck¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀº ÁÁÀº »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ³ª ¿ù´ÜÀ§µî ÁÖ±âÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°±â¸¦ ±ÇÇÑ´Ù. -r optionÀ» ¾´´Ù¸é, cronÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàÇÏ°í °á°ú¸¦ º¸ °íÇϵµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. grpck grpck programÀº /etc/group¿Í /etc/gshadow file°£¿¡ Ʋ¸° Á¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Â Áö Á¡°ËÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »çÇ×À» Á¡°ËÇÑ´Ù: fieldÀÇ °¹¼ö´Â ¸Â´Â°¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§Àº À¯ÀÏÇÑ°¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿Í °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ list°¡ ¸Â´Â°¡ ÀÚµ¿ º¸°í¼­¸¦ À§ÇØ -r optionÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 4.3.7.6 Dial-up passwords. Dial-up password´Â ÀüÈ­Á¢¼ÓÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â system¿¡°Ô´Â ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ¹æ¾î¼±ÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº Á÷ Á¢À̵ç network¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­°Ç ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ system¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀüÈ­Á¢¼ÓÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷À» Á¦ÇÑÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù¸é, dial-up password´Â ÁÁÀº ÇØ°áÃ¥ÀÌ´Ù. dial-up password¸¦ ¾²°í ½Í´Ù¸é, /etc/login.defsÀÇ DIALUPS_CHECK_ENAB¸¦ yes·Î ¹Ù²Ù¸é µÈ´Ù. µÎ fileÀÌ ÀüÈ­Á¢¼Ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. /etc/dialups´Â ttys¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù ("/dev/" ´Â Á¦°ÅµÈ ä·Î line´ç Çϳª¾¿). tty°¡ list¿¡ ¿Ã¶ó¿ÍÀÖ´Ù¸é dial-up °Ë»ç°¡ ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù(?). µÎ¹ø °´Â /etc/d_passwdÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ file¿¡´Â password¿Í shellÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ pathnameÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù. tty ¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ logÇÏ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ /etc/dialups¿¡, ±×ÀÇ shellÀÌ /etc/d_passwd¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×´Â Á¦ ´ë·Î password¸¸ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. dial-up passwordÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌ¿ë¹ý´Â ÇÑ line¿¡ ¾î¶² Á¢ ¼Ó À¯Çü(´ë°³ PPP³ª UUCP Á¢¼Ó)À» Çã¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ À¯ÇüÀÇ Á¢¼Ó(ƯÈ÷, ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ shell·Î½á)À» ½ÃµµÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, lineÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â password¸¦ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. dial-up ±â´ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇϱâ Àü¿¡, fileµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. dpasswd ¸í·ÉÀº password¿Í /etc/d_passwd¿¡ ÀÖ´Â shellÀ» ¿¬°áÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â manual page¿¡... 4.4 ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹æÈ­º® ¸®´ª½º ÀÎÅͳÝ/ÀÎÆ®¶ó³Ý ¼­¹ö È°¿ë ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î°ú °£´ÜÇÑ °ü¸® µµ±¸ Çϳª¸¸ À¸·Îµµ ¾ÆÁÖ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹æÈ­º® ±â´ÉÀ» Çس¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³î¶ó¿öÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ½ÇÇèÀûÀÎ ¼öÁØÀÇ ÄÚµå¶ó°í ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇèÀûÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÀÖ¾ú´ø °¡? ±×¸®°í ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ½ÇÇèÀû ÄÚµå´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â »ó¿ë ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀÇ º£Å¸ ¹öÀü°ú´Â ¼º°ÝÀÌ ´Ù¸£´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÇÇèÀû ÄÚµå¶ó ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ Æò°¡¿¡ µû¶ó ¾µ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǸíµÇ¸é ÁÁÀº ÀÏÀÌ°í ¸¸¾à ±×·¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Ù¸é äÅÃÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ±×¸¸ÀÌ´Ù. 4.4.1 Áغñ »çÇ× 1. Ä¿³Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇϹǷΠĿ³Î ¼Ò½º°¡ ÇʼöÀûÀÌ´Ù. °¢ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ¿¡´Â Ä¿³Î ¼Ò½º°¡ ±âº»Àû À¸·Î Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù(Ä¿³Î ¹öÀü 2.0.0 ÀÌ»ó). 2. ipfwadm À̶ó´Â ³×Æ®¿öÅ© °ü¸® µµ±¸°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÃֽŠ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ¿¡´Â ¸ðµÎ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é ¿¡ °¡ ¼­ ipfwadm -2.3.0. tar.gz ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¿Í¼­ °£´ÜÈ÷ make ±×¸®°í make install °úÁ¤¸¸À¸·Î ½±°Ô ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4.4.2 ¸®´ª½º ³×Æ®¿öÅ· ÄÚµå·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÏÀº? ¿ì¼± IP ¹æÈ­º®À» ±¸ÃàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. IP ¹æÈ­º®À̶ó ÇÔÀº ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ Á¤ÇÏ´Â ±ÔÄ¢(¾î¶² È£½ºÆ® ¶Ç´Â ³×Æ®¿öÅ©·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Â ¶Ç´Â °¡´Â ÆÐŶÀ» Â÷´ÜÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? ¾î¶² ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ °üÇÑ ÆÐŶÀ» Â÷´ÜÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?)¿¡ µû¶ó ÆÐŶÀ» Çã°¡Çϰųª °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾Æ¿¹ ÆÐŶ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ Â÷´ÜÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±âÁ¸ÀÇ °¢ ¼­¹ö ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ÀÚüÀÇ º¸¾È ±â´Éº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ³ôÀº ¼ö ÁØÀÇ º¸¾È ´ëÃ¥ÀÌ ¸¶·ÃµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¾÷üµé¿¡¼­´Â ¸ðµÎ ¹æÈ­º® Çϵå¿þ¾î ³ª ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.¸®´ª½º´Â ÀÌ ¹æÈ­º® ±â´ÉÀ» Ä¿³Î ³×Æ®¿öÅ· ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ ó¸®ÇÏ °í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ °í°¡ÀÇ ¶ó¿ìÅÍ Àåºñ³ª ¹æÈ­º® Àü¹® ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î¸¦ ±¸ÀÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °Í Çϳª¸¸À¸·Îµµ °ÔÀÌÆ®¿þÀÌ, ¶ó¿ìÅÍ ¿ªÇÒÀÇ Çس¾ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. µ· ¸¹Àº ȸ»çµéÀº ÀÏ´Ü Á¦Ä¡°í¶óµµ Çб³³ª ºñ¿µ¸® »çȸ´ÜüµéÀº ÃæºÐ È÷ ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÀ» Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »óȲÀº ÀϹÝÀû À¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ À̼­³×Æ® ¶Ç´Â ±âŸ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀÌ ±¸ÃàµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÎÆ®¶ó³Ý°ú ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ Á¢ÃË ÁöÁ¡¿¡ ¸®´ª½º¸¦ žÀçÇÑ °ÔÀÌÆ®¿þÀÌ ¸Ó½ÅÀÌ ³õ¿© ÀÖ ´Ù. ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀÌ ÀÎÅͳݰú ¿¬°áÇϸ鼭 Á¦ÀÏ Áß¿äÇÑ ¸éÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ ÀÚ¿øÀ» dzºÎÈ÷ È°¿ë Çϸ鼭µµ ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀÇ Á¤º¸°¡ ¿ÜºÎ·Î À¯ÃâµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ °ø°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¾ÈÀ» ÇؼÒÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ¸®´ª½º°¡ ÀÎÅͳݰú ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀÇ Áß°£¿¡ ³õ¿© ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ(Filtering) ÀÛ¾÷À» Çس¿À¸·Î½á ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀϷδ IP ±³Åë·®¿¡ ´ë ÇÑ ºÐ¼®(IP Acco unting) ±×¸®°í ÇϳªÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý IP¸¦ ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀÇ ¿©·¯ ÄÄÇ»Å͵é ÀÌ °øÀ¯ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â IP ¸Å½ºÄ¿·¹µù(IP Masquerading) ±â´ÉÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. IP ºÐ¼® ±â´ÉÀ» °°ÀÌ È°¿ëÇÏ¸é °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ ¾ê±âÄ¡ ¾ÊÀº ¹æÈ­º® º¸¾È ±¸¸ÛÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. IP ¹æÈ­º®(IP Firewall) ¿ì¼± Ä¿³Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖÀ»Áö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. {{{{Networking options ---> [*] Network firewalls .... [*] IP: forwarding/gatewaying .... [*] IP: firewalling [ ] IP: firewall packet logging }} }} À§¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³½ ¿É¼ÇÀÌ Ä¿³Î ±â´É¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î ½ÇÇàµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§´Â Ä¿³Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏ °úÁ¤À» ÀçÂ÷ È®ÀÎÇغ¸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ³ëÆĽÉÀÌÁö¸¸ Á¤ ¸»·Î ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Ä¿³ÎÀ» ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇصΰí Á¦ À§Ä¡¿¡ Ä¿³ÎÀ» º¹»çÇÏ°í lilo¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ½ÇÇà½Ã Å°Áö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì°¡ Çã´ÙÇÏ´Ù. ·¹µåÇÞ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇÀÇ °æ¿ì lilo.conf°¡ °¡¸®Å°°í ÀÖ´Â Ä¿³ÎÀÇ À§Ä¡ ´Â / µð·ºÅ͸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó /boot µð·ºÅ͸®ÀÌ´Ù. Ä¿³Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏ °úÁ¤Áß make zlilo´Â Ä¿³ÎÀ» /boot À§Ä¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ / À§Ä¡¿¡ º¹»çÇÏ°í lilo¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¹Ç·Î °¢º°È÷ ÁÖÀÇÇ϶ó. 4.4.3 ¹æÈ­º®(Firewall)À̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¹æÈ­º®À̶ó ÇÔÀº ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿ë¾î¿´´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¹æÈ­º®Àº ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¿£Áø°ú ½Â°´ »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷ Æó¸· ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇØÁÖ´Â ÀåÄ¡¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù. ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¿£Áø¿¡ ºÒÀÌ ºÙ´Â »óȲÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁ®µµ È­Àç·Î ºÎÅÍ ½Â°´À» º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ °í¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ë¾î°¡ ±×´ë·Î ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ºÐ¾ß·Î ¿Í¼­ ÄÄÇ» ÅÍ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© °ü·ÃÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ ¿©±â¼­ÀÇ ¹æÈ­º®À̶õ »çÀûÀÎ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸¦ ÀÏ¹Ý ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÅͳݰú °°Àº °ø°øÀÇ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£ÇÏ´Â ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ÅëƲ¾î ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¹æÈ­ º® ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çس»´Â ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ±×³É °£´ÜÈ÷ ¹æÈ­º®À̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æÈ­º®Àº ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ º¸È£ ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÎÆ®¶ó³Ý°ú °°Àº »çÀûÀÎ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿Í ÀÎÅÍ³Ý µÑ ´Ù Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö Àִ Ưº°ÇÑ À§ Ä¡¿¡ ³õÀÎ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÌ´Ù. °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»ÇØ ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀº ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÎÅͳÝÀº ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÀÎÆ®¶ó³Ý°ú ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ ¿¬°á ºÎ ºÐ¿¡¼­ ¹æÈ­º®ÀÌ Â÷´ÜÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¸¸¾à ÀÎÆ®¶ó³Ý¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿ì¼±Àº ¹æÈ­º®¿¡ ÅÚ³ÝÀ¸·Î ·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ ÈÄ ±× °÷¿¡¼­ ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. º¸Åë °¡Àå °£´ÜÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹æÈ­º®Àº ÀÌÁß ³×Æ®¿öÅ©·Î¼­ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© µÎ °³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °¢°¢ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. À̼­³×Æ® Ä«µå¸¦ 2°³ ´Þ°í Àְųª Çϳª´Â À̼­³×Æ®, Çϳª ´Â ÀüÈ­¼±À̳ª Àü¿ë¼±À» ÅëÇÑ PPP Á¢¼ÓÀÎ °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù. 4.4.4 ¹æÈ­º®ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ±â´É ¹æÈ­º®Àº, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·ç ³×Æ®À§Å© ¼­ºñ½º º°·Î ÇØ´ç ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ È£½ºÆ® IP ÁÖ¼Ò¿Í Æ÷ Æ® ¹øÈ£, »ç¿ëÀÚ ÀÎÁõ¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ°í ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ÀÇ Ä§ÀÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¹æ¾î¸¦ ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Çã°¡µÈ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ¿øÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇϸ鼭 Çã¿ëµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¿ëÀÚ ¿¡°Ô´Â ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Â÷´ÜÇÏ°í, ÇØ´ç ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ Çã¿ë ¶Ç´Â ½ÇÆп¡ ´ëÇÑ ·Î±× ÆÄÀÏÀ» ³²±ä´Ù. 1. ¿ÜºÎ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿Í ¿¬°áµÈ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Ã¢±¸ (Gateway) 2. ¼­ºñ½º Á¢¼Ó Çã¿ë ¹× °ÅºÎ 3. »ç¿ëÀÚ ÀÎÁõ Æ÷ÇÔ 4. ³» ¿ÖºÎ »óÈ£ Á¢¼ÓµÈ ³×Æ®À§Å©¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ®·¡ÇÈ °¨½Ã, ±â·Ï 4.4.5 Kind of FireWall ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ ¹æ½ÄÀº ³×Æ®À§Å©ÀÇ OSI ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­ ³×Æ®À§Å©Ãþ(IP Protocol)°ú Àü¼ÛÃþ (TCP Protocol)¿¡¼­ ÆÐŶÀ» ÇÊÅ͸µ ÇÏ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» Çϸ鼭, ÆÐű¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æ·Î ¹èÁ¤À» À§ÇÑ ÀÚü ÇÁ·Î ÅäÄÝÀ» ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹æÈ­º® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ´Ù. ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¹æÈ­º®Àº ½ºÅ©¸®´× ¶ó¿ìÅÍ·Î ±¸¼ºÇÒ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, º£½ºÃµ È£½ºÆ®¿Í ÆäŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î·Îµµ ±¸¼ºÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ ´Ù. ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ÇÁ¶ô½Ã ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¹æÈ­º®Àº, OSI 7 Layer Network Model¿¡¼­ Á¦ 7°èÃþÀÎ ¾î Çø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç °èÃþ¿¡ ¹æÈ­º® ±â´ÉÀ» ±¸ÇöÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±¸ÇöµÈ °ÔÀÌÆ® ¿þÀÌ´Â °¢ ¼­ºñ½º º°·Î Proxy µ¥¸óÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÇÁ¶ô½Ã °ÔÀÌÆ® ¿þÀÌ ¶Ç´Â ÀÀ¿ë °ÔÀÌÆ® ¿þÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ¾îÇø£ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ÇÁ¶ô½Ã ¹æ½ÄÀÇ °ÔÀÌÆ® ¿þÀÌ´Â °¢ ¼­ºñ½ºº° ÇÁ¶ô½Ã°¡ ¼­ºñ½º ¿ä±¸ÀÚÀÇ IP address and port¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ³×Æ®¿öÅ© Á¢±Ù Á¦¾î¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϸç, ¾Æ¿ï·¯ »ç¿ëÀÚ ÀÎÁõ ¹× ±âŸ ºÎ°¡ÀûÀÎ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Áö¿øÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À§¿¡¼­ ¾Ë¾Æº» ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ÇÁ¶ô½Ã ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¹æÈ­º®¿¡¼­´Â, °¢ ¼­ºñ½º ¸¶´Ù ÇÁ¶ô½Ã°¡ Á¸ Àç ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¼­Å¶ °ÔÀÌÆ® ¿þÀÌ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¹æÈ­º®¿¡¼­´Â OSI 7 Layer Network Model¿¡¼­ 4°èÃþ °ú 5°èÃþ ¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ºÎºÐ¿¡ TCP Proxy ¿Í UDP Porxy°¡ Á¸Àç ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. 4.4.6 IP ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ ¹æÈ­º® ¹æÈ­º®À» ±¸ÃàÇϴµ¥´Â Å©°Ô 2 °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. Çϳª´Â Áö±ÝºÎÅÍ ¼³¸íÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ ´Â ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ ¹æÈ­º®(IP Packet Filtering Firewall)ÀÌ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö Çϳª´Â ÇÁ·Ï½Ã(Proxy, ´ë¸®ÀÎ) ¼­¹ö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µÀ̶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ÀǹÌÇϵí ÀÌ·± ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹æÈ­º®Àº ÆÐŶÀ» ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ Á¤Çϴ ƯÁ¤ ±ÔÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó °É·¯³»´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² ÆÐŶÀº ±×³É °ÅºÎÇعö¸± ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¾î¶² ÆÐŶ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â Çã°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ±× ¾î¶² ÆÐŶÀ̶ó´Â ±âÁØÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼º¸³µÇ´Â°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÆÐŶ ³»ºÎ¿¡´Â ÆÐŶÀ» º¸³½ ¹ß½ÅÁöÀÇ ÁÖ¼Ò, ÆÐŶÀÌ µµÂøÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÁö ÁÖ¼Ò, ÆÐŶÀÌ µµÂøÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÁöÀÇ Æ÷Æ®(Port) ±×¸®°í TCP/UDP µîÀÇ ÆÐŶ ÇüÅ µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸°¡ ±âÀԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. IP ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ ¹æÈ­º®Àº ¹Ù ·Î ÆÐŶÀÇ ³»ºÎ¸¦ Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù. 4.4.7 IP ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ ±ÔÄ¢ ¡Ü ¹ß½ÅÁö/¸ñÀûÁö ÁÖ¼Ò ±× ÆÐŶÀÌ ¾îµð·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´ÂÁö ±×¸®°í ¾î´À °÷À¸·Î °¡·Á ÇÏ´ÂÁö Á¡°ËÇÏ¿© °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¸î¸î Áö¿ª¿¡ Áö»ç¸¦ µÎ°í Àִ ȸ»ç°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ. °¢ Áö¿ª¿¡´Â ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀÌ ±¸ÃàµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í ±× ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀº ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» ÅëÇØ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. °¢ ÀÎÆ®¶ó³ÝÀº ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ ¿¬°á ÁöÁ¡¿¡ ¸®´ª½º ¹æ È­º®À» ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í °¢°¢ÀÇ ÀÎÆ®¶ó³Ý ÁÖ¼Ò¸¸ Çã¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö ÁÖ¼Ò¿¡¼­ ¿À´Â ÆÐŶ Àº °ÅºÎÇعö¸°´Ù. ¡Ü ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÇ Á¾·ù : TCP, UDP, ICMP ¡Ü IP ¿É¼Ç IP ÆÐŶ¿¡ ¸î °¡Áö »çÀûÀÎ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿¡°Ô´Â À§ÇèÇÑ ¿É¼ÇµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áß Çϳª´Â ¼Ò½º ¶ó¿ì Æ®(source route) ¿É¼ÇÀε¥ ÀÌ ÆÐŶÀÌ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿¡ µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï¸é ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ±¸ÃàµÇ¾î ÀÖ´ÂÁö ÆľÇÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·± ÆÐŶÀº °Å ºÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ±¸¼ºÀ» ¾Ë ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾øÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡? ¡Ü ¹ß½ÅÁö/¸ñÀûÁö Æ÷Æ® ¹øÈ£ TCP/UDP Çì´õ ºÎºÐ¿¡´Â Æ÷Æ® ¹øÈ£°¡ ±âÀԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. TCP/IP ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿¡¼­´Â ¹Ù·Î Æ÷Æ® ¹øÈ£¸¦ °¡Áö°í ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² È£½ºÆ®¿¡ µµÂøÇÑ °°Àº ÆÐŶÀ̶ó ÇÒ Áö¶óµµ 23¹ø Æ÷ Æ®¸¦ ÇâÇØ ´Þ·Á¿Â ÆÐŶÀº ÅÚ³Ý ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ °ü°èµÈ ÆÐŶÀ̸ç 25¹ø Æ÷Æ®´Â ¸ÞÀÏ ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ °ü·Ã µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â À¥ ¼­ºñ½º´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î 80¹ø Æ÷Æ®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ƯÁ¤ Æ÷ Æ® ¹øÈ£°¡ ±âÀÔµÈ ÆÐŶÀ» ÇÊÅ͸µÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿©·¯ºÐÀº ¾ÆÁÖ ½±°Ô ¼­ºñ½º Á¦ÇÑÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °¨ÀÌ Àß ¿ÀÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é /etc/services ÆÄÀÏÀ» °õ°õÀÌ »ìÆ캸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. °¢ ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ±× °ÍÀÌ TCP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´ÂÁö UDP¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´ÂÁö ±×¸®°í »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Æ÷Æ®´Â ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ÀûÇô ÀÖ´Ù. ¡Ü TCP Ç÷¡±× ¿¬°áÁöÇâ(Connection-Oriented) ¹æ½ÄÀÇ TCP ÆÐŶ¿¡´Â ¿¬°á È®¸³À» À§ÇÑ ACK/SYN µîÀÇ ºñÆ®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÇÊÅ͸µÇÏ¸é ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ÀÎÆ®¶ó³Ý¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÒ ¼öÁ¶Â÷ ¾øµµ ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿À·ÎÁö ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ ¿ÜºÎ·ÎÀÇ Á¢¼Ó¸¸ Çã°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿¬°á È®¸³À» ¿äûÇÏ´Â ÆÐŶÀ» ¸ðµÎ Á¦°ÅÇعö¸®±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¡Ü ICMP ¸Þ½ÃÁö À¯Çü ICMP ÆÐŶ¿¡´Â ICMP ¸Þ½ÃÁöÀÇ À¯Çü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸°¡ ´ã°ÜÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸Þ½ÃÁöÀÇ À¯ÇüÀ» °É·¯³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¾î¶² È£½ºÆ®°¡ »ì¾ÆÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇغ¸´Â ping ¸í·É¿¡¼­ ¹ß½ÅµÇ´Â ¹ÝÇâ ¿äû(Echo Request) ÆÐŶÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é ¿ÜºÎ ħÀÔÀÚ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­´Â µµ´ëü È£½ºÆ® ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °¡ ÄÑÁ® ÀÖ´ÂÁö ²¨Á® ÀÖ´ÂÁö Á÷Á¢ º¸Áö ¾Ê°í¼­´Â È®ÀÎÇÒ ±æÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ¡Ü ÆÐŶ¿¡ µç ÀÚ·á, ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ÀåÄ¡, ÆÐŶÀÇ ³¯Â¥/½Ã°£ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤º¸¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ºÐÀº ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ³»·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î¿¡¼­ Áö¿øÇÏ´Â ÇÊÅ͸µ Á¤Ã¥(Policy)Àº ´ÙÀ½ 3 °¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ¡Ü Çã°¡(Accept) ¡Ü ºÎÀÎ(Deny) ¡Ü °ÅÀý(Reject) ¿©±â¼­ ¼³¸íÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº ¹Ù·Î ºÎÀΰú °ÅÀýÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºÎÀÎÀº ±ÔÄ¢¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÏ ¿© ÇÊÅ͸¦ Åë°úÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÆÐŶÀ» ¾Æ¹« ¼Ò¸® ¾øÀÌ ¹ö¸®´Âµ¥ ¹ÝÇØ °ÅÀýÀº ÇÊÅ͸¦ Åë°úÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÆÐŶÀ» ¹ö¸®¸é¼­ ÆÐŶÀ» º¸³½ Ãø¿¡ ¸ñÀûÁö¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½ ¸Þ½ÃÁö(ICMP Destination Unreachable)¸¦ Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ô º¸³»ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¹ß½ÅÁö Ãø¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÌÀ¯µµ ¸ð¸¥ ü ÇÑ ¾øÀÌ ±â´Ù¸®´Â ÀÏÀº ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù. ºÎÀÎ ¹æ¹ý°ú °ÅÀý ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ¸¶ À½¿¡ ´Þ·È´Ù. 4.5 ipfwadm ÀÇ »ç¿ë¹ý ³×Æ®¿öÅ© º¸¾È¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼³Á¤À» ÀÌ ¸í·É Çϳª·Î ÇØ°áÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ´É ·Â ÀÖ´Â ¸®´ª½º ³×Æ®¿öÅ© °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ µÇ·Á¸é »ç¿ë¹ý¿¡ ´É¼÷ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐµµ ¿¹»óÇÏ°ÚÁö ¸¸ ÇϳªÀÇ ¸í·É¿¡¼­ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾à°£ ¸¹Àº ¿É¼ÇµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¸°Ô óÀ½ºÎÅÍ ¾î·Á¿ö ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀÌµç °³³ä¸¸ Àß Àâ°í µé¾î°¡¸é Àΰ£ÀÌ ¸¸µç ÀÌ»ó ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù°í Àڽſ¡°Ô Àå´ãÇغ¸ÀÚ. »ç¿ëÇü½Ä: ipfwadm -A command parameters [options] ipfwadm -I command parameters [options] ipfwadm -O command parameters [options] ipfwadm -F command parameters [options] ipfwadm -M [ -l | -s ] [options] ¹üÁÖ ÃÑ 4°³ÀÇ ¹üÁÖ·Î ³ª´­ ¼ö Àִµ¥ IP ȸ°èºÐ¼®(IP Accou nting), IP ÀÔ·Â ¹æÈ­º®(IP Input Firewall) IP Ãâ·Â ¹æÈ­º®(IP Ouput Firewall), IP Àü´Þ ¹æÈ­º®(IP Forward Firewall) ¿µ¹®ÀÚÀÇ ¾Õ ÀÚ¿Í ipfwadm ¸í·ÉÀÇ -A, -I, -O, -F ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ Àß º¸¾ÆµÎ±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ¸í·É(command) ipfwadm ¸í·É »ç¿ëÇü½Ä¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ¹üÁÖ¸¦ °í¸¥ ÈÄ ±× ´ÙÀ½ ¸í·ÉÀÌ µû¸¥´Ù. ¡Ü -p <Á¤Ã¥>¼±ÅÃÇÑ ¹æÈ­º® À¯Çü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº» Á¤Ã¥À» ¼³Á¤Çϰųª ¼³Á¤ °ªÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â º¯È­½ÃŲ´Ù. <Á¤Ã¥> À§Ä¡¿¡ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ªÀº À§¿¡¼­µµ ¼³¸íÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Â accept, deny, rejectÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¾Æ¹«·± ±ÔÄ¢¿¡µµ ÇØ´çµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ÆÐŶÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸é ¹Ù·Î ±âº» Á¤Ã¥À» »ç¿ë ÇÑ´Ù. -I, -O, -F Ç÷¡±×¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(policy). ¡Ü -f ±ÔÄ¢À» ¸ðµÎ Áö¿ö¹ö¸°´Ù(flush). ¡Ü -l ±ÔÄ¢À» È­¸é¿¡ Ç¥½ÃÇÑ´Ù(list). ¡Ü -a <Á¤Ã¥>±ÔÄ¢À» Ãß°¡ÇÑ´Ù(append). ¡Ü -i <Á¤Ã¥>±ÔÄ¢À» ¸Ç ¾Õ¿¡ »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù(insert). ¡Ü -d <Á¤Ã¥>±ÔÄ¢À» »èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù(delete).Àü´ÞÀμö(parameters) ¡Ü -P ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ ÆÐŶ ÇüŸ¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. tcp, udp, icmp ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ÆÐŶÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â allÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »ý·«Çϸé allÀ̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù(Protocol). ¡Ü -S ÁÖ¼Ò[/¸¶½ºÅ©] [Æ÷Æ® ...] ÁÖ¼Ò¿¡ ¿Ã ¼ö Àִ ǥÇöÀº È£½ºÆ®¸í, ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¸í ±×¸®°í Æò ¹üÇÑ IP ÁÖ¼ÒÀÌ´Ù. ³Ý ¸¶½ºÅ©¸¦ Àû¾îÁְųª ¶Ç´Â ±×³É ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ Àû¾îÁÖ´Â °Íµµ °¡´ÉÇѵ¥ ¿¹ ¸¦ µé¾î 24´Â 255.255.255.0°ú °°´Ù. 24ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¿©±â¼­ IP ÁÖ¼Ò 32 ºñÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ÞÂÊ 24 °³ ºñÆ®°¡ 1ÀÌ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â 0À̶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. Æ÷Æ®¿¡´Â 23, 25¿Í °°Àº Æ÷Æ® ¹øÈ£¸¦ Àû°Å³ª telnet, smtp °°Àº ¼­ºñ½º¸íĪ ¶Ç´Â ICMP ŸÀÔÀ» Àû´Â´Ù. Æ÷Æ®ÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¶§´Â 1023:65535¿Í °°ÀÌ Æ÷Æ®:Æ÷Æ®¶ó´Â Çü½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. »ý·«Çϸé 0.0.0.0/0À̶ó´Â °ªÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¸ðµç ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ ¶æÇÑ´Ù(Source). ¡Ü -D ÁÖ¼Ò[/¸¶½ºÅ©] [Æ÷Æ® ...] -S¿Í »ç¿ë¹ýÀÌ °°´Ù. ´Ü ICMP Æ÷Æ®´Â ¸í½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù (Destination).±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¿É¼Çµé(Options) ¡Ü -m Àü´ÞÇϵµ·Ï Çã°¡µÈ ÆÐŶ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸Å½ºÄ¿·¹À̵ùÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀº Àü´Þ ¹æÈ­º®ÀÇ Çã°¡(accept) ±ÔÄ¢ÇÏ°í¸¸ °°ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Ä¿³Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ½Ã ¸Å½ºÄ¿·¹À̵ù Áö¿øÀÌ µé¾îÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù(masquerade). < ipfwadm ¸í·É »ç¿ë¿¹ > ¿¹¸¦ 2 °¡Áö µé¾îº¸°Ú´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö ¿¹´Â °ÅÀÇ ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ µÎ °¡Áö ¿¹·Î ºÎÅÍ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿© ¿©±â ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù. ù ¹ø° »óȲÀº ÀÎÅͳݰú ¿¬°áµÈ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¿¡ 199.1.2.10À̶ó´Â ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °®°í ÀÎÆ®¶ó³Ý Ãø°ú´Â 192.168.2.1À̶ó´Â ÁÖ¼Ò ¸¦ °®´Â »óȲÀÌ´Ù. # # IP ÆÐŶ ȸ°èºÐ¼®°ú Àü´Þ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼³Á¤ # # Àü´Þ(Forwarding) # # ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ipfwadm -F -p deny # Àü´Þ, ÀÔ·Â, Ãâ·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±ÔÄ¢À» ºñ¿î´Ù. ipfwadm -F -f ipfwadm -I -f ipfwadm -O -f # ÀüÀÚ¿ìÆíÀ» ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ¼­¹ö·Î Àü´Þ ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535 - D 192.1.2.10 25 # ¿ÜºÎ ÀüÀÚ¿ìÆí ¼­¹ö·ÎÀÇ Á¢¼Ó¿äûÀ» Àü´Þ ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 196.1.2.10 25 -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535 # À¥ Á¢¼Ó ¿äûÀ» ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹ö·Î Àü´Þ /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 0.0.0.0 /0 1024:65535 -D 196.1.2.11 80 # ¿ÜºÎ À¥ ¼­¹ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿äûÀ» Àü´Þ /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P tcp -S 196.1.2. * 80 -D 0.0.0.0/0 1024:65535 # DNS ÆÐŶÀ» Àü´Þ /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -b -P udp -S 0.0.0.0 /0 53 -D 196.1.2.0/24 # ÇöÀçÀÇ ºÐ¼® ±ÔÄ¢À» ºñ¿î´Ù ipfwadm -A -f # ȸ°è ºÐ¼®(Accounting) /sbin/ipfwadm -A -f /sbin/ipfwadm -A out -i -S 196.1.2.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0 /sbin/ipfwadm -A out -i -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 196.1.2.0/24 /sbin/ipfwadm -A in -i -S 196.1.2.0/24 -D 0.0.0.0/0 /sbin/ipfwadm -A in -i -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 196.1.2.0/24 ÀÎÅͳݰú PPP·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í ³»ºÎ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿Í´Â À̼­³×Æ®·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¸®´ª½º ¹æÈ­ º®ÀÇ ¹æÈ­º® ¼³Á¤ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ ¼Ð ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¿¡ ÀúÀåÇØµÎ°í ºÎÆÃÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù /etc/rc.d/rc.local°ú °°Àº °÷¿¡¼­ ÇÑ ¹ø¾¿ ½ÇÇàÇØÁÖ¸é ÁÁ´Ù. #!/bin/sh # 'Àü´Þ(Forwarding)' ±ÔÄ¢ Å×À̺íÀ» ºñ¿î´Ù. # Àü´Þ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº»Á¤Ã¥À» 'Çã°¡(accept)'·Î º¯°æÇÑ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -f /sbin/ipfwadm -F -p accept # # .. À̹ø¿¡´Â 'µé¾î¿À´Â' ÆÐŶ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© # /sbin/ipfwadm -I -f /sbin/ipfwadm -I -p accept # ¿ì¼± PPP ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ ºÀ¼âÇÑ´Ù. # °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î´Â '-a reject -y' ´ë½Å '-a deny'¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ½ÍÁö¸¸ ±× # ·¸°ÔÇϸé ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º Á¢¼Ó ÀÚü°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. # -o ´Â °ÅºÎµÈ µ¥ÀÌÅͱ׷¥À» ±â·ÏÇصεµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.¼³Á¤ ½Ç¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² °ø # °ÝÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª µð½ºÅ© °ø°£À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a reject -y -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.174.30/sbin/ipfwadm -I -p accept # À§Á¶µÈ ÆÐŶÀº ±× Áï½Ã ¹ö¸°´Ù: # ¸ÖƼij½ºÆ®/¾Ö´Ïij½ºÆ®/ºê·Îµåij½ºÆ® ÁּҷκÎÅÍ ¾î¶°ÇÑ °Íµµ ¿Í¼­´Â ¾È # µÈ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 224.0/3 -D 172.16.37.0/24 # # ·çÇÁ¹é ³×Æ®¿öÅ©ÀÇ ÆÐŶÀº ȸ¼± »óÀ» µ¹¾Æ´Ù´Ï¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -S 127.0/8 -D 172.16.37.0/24 # ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Â SMTP, DNS Á¢¼ÓÀº ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö¸¸ ¿À·ÎÁö ¸ÞÀÏ/³×ÀÓ ¼­¹ö # ¿¡°Ô¸¸ Àü´ÞÇÑ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37. 19 25 53 # # DNS´Â TCP »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó UDPµµ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ³×ÀÓ ¼­¹ö¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â # UDPµµ Çã¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37. 19 53 # # ÇÏÁö¸¸ NFS ¶Ç´Â Larry McVoyÀÇ NSF È®Àå ±â´É µî À§ÇèÇÑ Æ÷Æ®·ÎºÎÅÍ # ³ª¿À´Â ´äº¯Àº Àü´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. squid¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±× Æ÷Æ® # ¶ÇÇÑ Ãß°¡Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 53 -D 172.16.37.0/24 2049 2050 # ±× ¿ÜÀÇ Æ÷Æ®¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ±¦Âú´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P udp -S 0/0 53 -D 172.16.37.0/24 53 1024:65535 # identd¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢¼Ó ¿äûÀº °ÅÀý(reject) # ¿ì¸®´Â ¿©±â¼­ 'reject'¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á¢¼ÓÇϴ ȣ½ºÆ®¿¡°Ô Áï½Ã Á¢¼Ó # Çصµ ¼Ò¿ë¾ø´Ù´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀ» º¸³»ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ident°¡ ŸÀӾƿô °É¸® # ´Â µ¿¾È Áö¿¬ÀÌ »ý±ä´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a reject -o -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24 113 # 192.168.64 ±×¸®°í 192.168.65 ³×Æ®¿öÅ©´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ï´Â Ä£±¸µéÀ̹ǷΠ# ¸î °¡Áö ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Çã°¡ÇÑ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 192.168.64.0/23 -D 172.16.37.0/24 20:23 # ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â Çã°¡ÇÏ°í Åë°ú½ÃŲ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P tcp -S 172.16.37.0/24 -D 0/0 # ´Ù¸¥ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ TCP Á¢¼Ó ¿äûÀº °ÅºÎÇÏ°í ±â·ÏÇصдÙ. # (¸¸¾à ftp°¡ Á¦´ë·Î ÀÛµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é 1:1023 À» Ãß°¡Ç϶ó) # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -y -P tcp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24 # UDPµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. # /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a deny -o -P udp -S 0/0 -D 172.16.37.0/24 »ó´çÈ÷ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¿¹À̱ä ÇÏÁö¸¸ ipfwadm ¸í·ÉÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´ÂÁö °¨À» ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4.6 °èÁ¤À» °¡Áø »ç¿ëÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ º¸¾È ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ÁÖ¸ñÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀº Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀÚ(local user)µéÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸¾ÈÀÌ´Ù. ÇÊÀÚ°¡ ¹æ±Ý _Áö¿ª_ »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀ̶ó°í ¸»Çߴٴµ¥ ÁÖ¸ñÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ Á¢±Ù±ÇÀ» ¾ò´Â °Í À̾߸»·Î ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ħÀÔÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °¡Àå ¸ÕÀú ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °Í °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª´Ù. Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀڵ鿡 º¸¾ÈÀÌ ´À½¼Çϸé, ħÀÔÀÚµéÀº ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹ö±×µé°ú ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ ÇãÁ¡À» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ±×µéÀÌ °®°í ÀÖ´Â º¸Åë »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ Á¢±Ù±ÇÀ» °ü¸®ÀÚ(root) Á¢±Ù±ÇÀ¸·Î "¾÷±× ·¹À̵å" ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ º¸¾ÈÀÌ Ã¶ÀúÇϸé ħÀÔÀÚµéÀº ¶Ù¾î³Ñ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ Àå¾Ö¹°À» °®°Ô µÇ´Â ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ¼³·É °¡Â¥°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çصµ (¾î¼¸é ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì¿¡) Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀº ´ç½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¾¦¹çÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¸ð¸£°Å³ª ¿¬¶ô ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸ð¸£´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °èÁ¤À» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ°Ç Çã°¡±ÇÀ» ¹Ù²Ù±â Àü¿¡ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÏÀ» Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó. Á¦´ë·Î ÀÛµ¿Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ½¬¿î ¹æ¹ý °°´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Çã°¡±ÇÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â ÀÏÀº °áÄÚ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Çã°¡±ÇÀ» ¹Ù²Ù±â Àü¿¡ ¿Ö ±×·± Çã°¡±ÇÀ» °¡Á®¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö °áÁ¤Çϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó. 4.6.1 »õ·Î¿î °èÁ¤ÀÇ »ý¼º »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ °èÁ¤À» ¸¸µé ¶§¿¡´Â ÀÛ¾÷À» À§ÇÑ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ ±ÇÇѸ¸À» Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¿­ »ì ³­ ¾Æµé¿¡°Ô °èÁ¤À» Áشٸé, ¿öµå ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¿Í ±×¸®±â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù ±ÇÇѸ¸À» ÁÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ°Ç Áö¿ï ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çؼ­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀûÀýÇÑ Á¢±Ù±ÇÇÑ À» Á¦°øÇÏ·Á ÇÒ ¶§, ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÑ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ÁÁÀº °æÇè¹ýÄ¢µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÀÇ ±ÇÇѸ¸À» ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦/¾îµð¼­ ·Î±×ÀÎ ÇÏ´ÂÁö ȤÀº ·Î±×ÀÎ ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ´õ ÀÌ»ó Á¢¼ÓÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø¾îÁ³´Ù¸é ±×µéÀÇ °èÁ¤À» »èÁ¦ÇÏ°í È®ÀÎÇ϶ó. ħÀÔ¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀÚ °èÁ¤Àº ´ë°³ ¿©·¯ ´Þ ÀÌ»ó »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ ¹«µµ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·± °èÁ¤µéÀº ÃÖ°íÀÇ °ø°Ý µµ±¸°¡µÈ´Ù. 4.6.2 ·çÆ® º¸¾È ÈçÈ÷ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ °ø°ÝÀ» °¡ÇÏ´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸®´ª½º °ü¸®ÀÚ, Áï ¹Ù·Î ´ç½Å ÀÌ´Ù! :) ·çÆ® °èÁ¤Àº ¸Å¿ì ª°í Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À» À§Çؼ­¸¸ ½á¾ßÇϸç, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â °ü¸® ÀÚ Àڽŵµ º¸Åë »ç¿ëÀڷμ­ »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ¸í½ÉÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Ç×»ó ·çÆ®·Î ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¸Å¿ì ¸Å¿ì ³ª»Û »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. ·çÆ®°¡ Çؾ߸¸ Çϴ Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À» À§Çؼ­´Â su³ª sudo¸¦ ¾²µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ·çÆ®·Î ÀÛ¾÷ÇÏ´Ù°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ µÚÁ×¹ÚÁ×À¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö ºñ°áÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. {{{{ º¹ÀâÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀ» ½á¾ßÇÒ ¶§¿£ ¸ÕÀú Æı«ÀûÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇØ º¸µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ƯÈ÷ ¿ÍÀϵåÄ«µå¸¦ ¾²´Â ¸í·ÉÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ÁÖÀÇÇ϶ó. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î "rm foo*.bak"À» Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ¸ÕÀú "ls foo*.bak"À» Çؼ­ ´ç½ÅÀÌ Áö¿ì·Á°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀϵ鸸À» Áö¿ì°Ô µÇ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Æı«ÀûÀÎ ¸í·É ´ë½Å ¿¡ÄÚ¸¦ ¾²´Â °Íµµ ¶§·Î´Â ÁÁÀº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº "touch /-i"¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸í·ÉÀº "rm -rf /" °°Àº ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»·ÈÀ» ¶§, ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô Á¤¸» ¸ðµç ÆÄÀϵéÀ» Áö¿ì°í ½ÍÀºÁö ¹¯µµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷À» Çϱâ À§Çؼ­¸¸ ·çÆ®°¡ µÇµµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ¾î¶² ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ³»°í ½Í´Ù¸é, ·çÆ®·Î¼­ ¼öÇàµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö È®½ÅÇÒ ¶§±îÁö º¸Åë »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¼Ð·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ·çÆ®·Î¼­ ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´À±ßÇÏ°í ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇ϶ó. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ÇൿÀº ¸¹Àº °Íµé¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÃæºÐÈ÷ »ý°¢ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ÀÚÆÇÀ» µÎµå·Á¶ó! }} }} (¹Ù¶ó°Ç´ë Áö±ØÈ÷ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ) ´©±º°¡¿¡°Ô ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ¼öÆÛÀ¯Àú·Î¼­ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ±ÇÇÑÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒ Àý´ëÀûÀÌ°í ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ ¸¸ÇÑ µµ±¸°¡ ¸î °¡Áö ÀÖ´Ù. Sudo´Â »ç ¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ½á¼­ ¸î °¡Áö Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¸í·ÉÀ» ·çÆ®·Î¼­ ³»¸± ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁØ´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë sudo¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¾î¶² »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ·çÆ®·Î¼­ÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ» °®´Â ÀÏ ¾øÀÌ ½Ãµð·ÒÀ̳ª µð½ºÄÏÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϰųª ¸¶¿îÆ®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. sudo´Â ´© °¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¾î¶² ¸í·ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇß´ÂÁö ÃßÀûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï, ¸ðµç sudo »ç¿ë ½Ãµµ¿Í ¼º °ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â·ÏÀ» ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±î´ßÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ·çÆ® Á¢±Ù±ÇÀ» °®´Â °÷¿¡¼­´Â º¯ °æ »çÇ×À» ÃßÀûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï sudo¸¦ ¾²µµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. 4.6.3 Æ®·ÎÀÌÀÇ ¸ñ¸¶ Æ®·ÎÀÌÀÇ ¸ñ¸¶´Â È£¸ÓÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ¹®ÇÐÀÛÇ°¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â Àü¼³ÀûÀΠå·«¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ À̸§ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·²µíÇØ º¸ÀÌ´Â ¾î¶² ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À̳ª ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¾÷·ÎµåÇØ ³õ°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù ¿î ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ ·çÆ®·Î¼­ µ¹¸®µµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¸é ´ç½ÅÀº ÆÄÀÏÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃŲ »ç ¶÷µéÀÌ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ïÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â µ¿¾È ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¼Õ»ó½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °ü¸®ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹æ±Ý ¹Þ ¾Æ¿Â ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÏÀ» (¾Æ¸¶µµ ¸Å¿ì Àß) ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È, ±× ÆÄÀÏÀº ±× µéÀÇ º¸¾ÈÀ» ¼Õ»ó½ÃŲ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿© ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ·¹µåÇÞÀº md5 checksum°ú pgp Ç¥½Ã°¡ µÈ rpm ÆÄÀϵéÀ» Á¦°øÇϹǷΠ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÁøÂ¥ÀÎÁö È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¼Ò½º¸¦ °®°í Àְųª ¸Å¿ì À¯¸íÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÇÑ, ¾î ¶² ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀϵµ ·çÆ®·Î¼­ ½ÇÇà½ÃÄѼ­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù! ¼Ò½º¸¦ °ø°³ÇÏ¿© ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ °Ë»ç¸¦ ¹Þµµ·Ï Çϴ ħÀÔÀÚ´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. º¹ÀâÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¾î¶² ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ¹èÆ÷ó¿¡¼­ °¡Á®¿Ô´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ·çÆ®·Î¼­ ½ÇÇà½Ãų ¿¹Á¤À̶ó¸é, ´ç½ÅÀ̳ª ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ´©±º°¡°¡ ¼Ò½º¸¦ ÈÈ¾î º¸°í È®ÀÎÇϵµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 4.6.4 Æнº¿öµå º¸¾È & ¾Ïȣȭ ¾ÏÈ£´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ¾²ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ º¸¾È ±â¹ý °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª´Ù. ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°í ÃßÃøÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Æнº¿öµå¸¦ °®´Â °ÍÀº ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô³ª ´ç½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ëÀڵ鿡°Ô³ª Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÁòÀÇ ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷º»µéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ½±°Ô ÃßÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Æнº¿öµå´Â ¼³Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â 'passwd' ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ passwd ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÀÌ·± Ư¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ½ÅÆÇÀÎÁö È®ÀÎÇϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ¾Ïȣȭ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±íÀº Åä·ÐÀº ÀÌ ¹®¼­ÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ¹þ¾î ³ª´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ¼Ò°³´Â ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¾Ï ȣȭ´Â ¸Å¿ì À¯¿ëÇϸç, ¿äÁò °°Àº ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â ÇʼöÀûÀ̱â±îÁö ÇÏ´Ù. ¼¼»ó¿¡´Â ÀڷḦ ¾ÏȣȭÇÏ ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢°¢ ³ª¸§ÀÇ °áÇÔ°ú ¾àÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Èç È÷ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. À¯´Ð½º ¾ÏÈ£ ¾Ïȣȭ(unix password encryption): ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯´Ð½º üÁ¦µéÀº (¸®´ª½ºµµ ¿¹¿Ü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù) ´ç½ÅÀÇ Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ¾ÏÈ£ È­Çϱâ À§ÇØ DES(ÀÚ·á ¾Ïȣȭ Ç¥ÁØ, Data Encryption Standard)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾Ïȣȭ µÈ Æнº¿öµå´Â (ÈçÈ÷) /etc/passwd (ȤÀº ´ú ÈçÇÏ°Ô´Â) /etc/shadow ¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ·Î ±×ÀÎ ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϸé, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇÑ °ÍÀº ´Ù½Ã ¾ÏȣȭµÇ¾î passwd ÆÄÀÏ ³»ÀÇ ±âÀç»çÇ×°ú ºñ±³µÈ´Ù. µÑÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¸é °°Àº Æнº¿öµåÀÓÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇϹǷΠ´ç½ÅÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀº Çã°¡µÈ´Ù. DES´Â ÀϹæÅëÇà ½ÄÀÇ ¾Ïȣȭ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. DES´Â ºü¸¥ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°¡ ¸¹Àº ¿äÁò °°Àº ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â »ó´çÈ÷ Ãë ¾àÇÏ´Ù°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ Æнº¿öµå°¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é, crackÀ̳ª John the ripper (¾Æ·¡¸¦ º¸½Ã¿À) °°Àº ³­ÆøÇÑ °ø°Ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Æнº¿öµå¸¦ °£ÆÄ ´çÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. PAM ¸ðµâÀº Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ÁöÅ°±â À§ÇØ (MD5³ª ±× ºñ½ÁÇÑ) ´Ù¸¥ ¾Ïȣȭ ¹æ¹ý À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁØ´Ù. (¾Æ·¡¸¦ º¸½Ã¿À) PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules ·¹µåÇÞ ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷º»ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¹öÀüÀº "PAM"À̶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. PAMÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ ½ÇÇà Áß¿¡ ÀÎÁõ ¹æ¹ý°ú ¿ä±¸¸¦ ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁØ´Ù. ¾î¶² ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ® ÆÄÀϵµ ´Ù½Ã ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø´Ù. PAMÀÇ ¼³Á¤ ¹æ¹ýÀº ÀÌ ¹®¼­ÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼­¹Ç·Î ´õ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸ °¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é PAMÀÇ À¥»çÀÌÆ®¸¦ »ìÆ캸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/index.html PAMÀ¸·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÏ °¡¿îµ¥ ¸î °¡Áö ¸¸ µé¾îº¸¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°´Ù. DES ¾Æ´Ñ ¾Ïȣȭ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Æнº¿öµå¿¡ ¾´´Ù. (Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ³­ÆøÇÑ ¾ÏÈ£ Çص¶ ½Ãµµ¿¡ ´õ °ß°íÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù) ¸ðµç »ç¿ëÀڵ鿡°Ô »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÚ¿øÀÇ Á¦ÇÑÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ±×µéÀÌ ¼­ºñ½º °ÅºÎ °ø°ÝÀ» °¡ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.(ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ, ¸Þ¸ð¸®ÀÇ ¾ç µî) ½ÇÇà Áß¿¡ ½¦µµ¿ì Æнº¿öµå¸¦ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.(¾Æ·¡¸¦ º¸½Ã¿À) ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã°£¿¡ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­¸¸ ·Î±×ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. 4.6.5 Crack°ú John the Ripper ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯·Î ½±°Ô ÃßÃøÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ¾²µµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â »õ ¹öÀüÀÇ passwd¸¦ ¾²Áö ¾Ê´Â ´Ù¸é, Æнº¿öµå Å©·¡Å· ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇà½ÃÄѼ­ ´ç½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ¾²°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Æнº¿öµå Å©·¡Å· ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº °£´ÜÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÛµ¿ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀº »çÀü¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ´Ü¾î¿Í ±× º¯ÇüµéÀ» ½ÃÇèÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµç ´Ü¾î¸¦ ¾ÏÈ£ È­ÇÏ¿© ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¾ÏȣȭµÈ Æнº¿öµå¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à¿¡ µü µé¾î¸Â´Â ´Ü¾î¸¦ ã°ÔµÇ ¸é, ¾ÏÈ£¸¦ ¾Ë¾Æ³½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼»ó¿¡´Â ¸¹Àº Æнº¿öµå Å©·¢ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áß¿¡ °¡Àå ¾Ç¸í ³ôÀº µÎ °¡Áö°¡ ¹Ù·Î "Crack"°ú "John the Ripper"´Ù. http://www.false.com/security/john/index.html ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ µéÀº cpu¸¦ ¾öû³ª°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¸ÕÀú Æнº¿öµå Å©·¢ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» ½áº¸°í Ãë¾à ÇÑ Æнº¿öµå¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ³¿À¸·Î½á, °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ·± ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» ½á¼­ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ħÀÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚ´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ passwd (À¯´Ð½º¿¡¼­´Â /etc/passwd) ÆÄ ÀÏÀ» ¾ò±â À§Çؼ­ ¸ÕÀú ´Ù¸¥ ÇãÁ¡À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ÇãÁ¡µéÀº ´ç½ÅÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÈçÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡ ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 4.6.6 Tripwire¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¿ÏÀü¼º °Ë»ç Tripwire °°Àº ¿ÏÀü¼º °Ë»ç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°´Â °Íµµ Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ (±×¸®°í ³× Æ®¿÷À» ÅëÇÑ) ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ø°ÝÀ» ŽÁöÇس»´Â ¸Å¿ì ÁÁÀº ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. Tripwire´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀϵé°ú ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϵé ÀüºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÁ¶ÀÛ¾÷À» ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÌÀüÀÇ °á°ú °ªµé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º¿Í ºñ±³ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¸ðµç º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Tripwire¸¦ Ç÷ÎÇÇ¿¡ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ¾²±â ¹æÁö ÅÇÀ» ºÙ¿©µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çϸé ħÀÔÀÚ´Â tripwire ÀÚ Ã¼¸¦ º¯Á¶Çϰųª µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º¸¦ ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü tripwire¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ³ª¸é, ÇÏ·ç ¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°°Å³ª Çؼ­ ¹º°¡ ¹Ù²ï °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇØ º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. Tripwire´Â °¡ Àå ºü¸£°Ô ħÀÔÀÚ¸¦ °¨ÁöÇس¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ½ÅÀÌ ÁֽŠ¼±¹°ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ë°³ ½Ã ½ºÅÛÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÆÄÀϵéÀÌ ¹Ù²î¹Ç·Î ¹«¾ùÀÌ Å©·¡Ä¿ÀÇ ÁþÀÌ°í ¹«¾ùÀÌ ´ç½Å ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇÑ ÀÏÀÎÁö ÁÖ ÀÇÇؼ­ »ìÆì¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 4.6.7 CFS - Cryptographic File System °ú TCFS -transparent cryptographic File System. CSF´Â ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ Àüü¸¦ ¾ÏȣȭÇÏ°í »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ¾ÏȣȭµÈ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÀÌ ¾ÏȣȭµÈ ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀúÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº Áö¿ªÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇà ÁßÀÎ NFS ¼­ ¹ö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. rpm ÆÄÀÏÀ» http://www.replay.com/redhat/¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ±× ÀÛµ¿¹æ½Ä ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â ftp://ftp.research.att.com/dist/mab/ ¿¡ ´õ ÀÖ´Ù. TCSF´Â ¾ÏȣȭµÈ ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã ½ºÅÛÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¾²±â ½¬¿î °ÍÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï ´õ ¿Ï¼ºµµ¸¦ ³ô¿©¼­ CSF¸¦ °³·®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. http://edu-gw.dia.unisa.it/tcfs/ ¿¡¼­ ´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 4.6.7 X11, SVGA¿Í µð½ºÇ÷¹ÀÌ º¸¾È. ±×·¡ÇÈ µð½ºÇ÷¹ÀÌÀÇ º¸¾ÈÀº Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ´ç½Å ¸ð¸£°Ô ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ´Â Æнº¿öµå¸¦ °¡·Îä°Å³ª, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ½ºÅ©¸° »ó¿¡¼­ Àаí ÀÖ´Â ¹®¼­³ª Á¤º¸¸¦ Àаųª, ¼öÆÛÀ¯ÀúÀÇ ±Ç ÇÑÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ ÇãÁ¡À» ÀÌ¿ëÇϱâ±îÁö ÇÏ´Â ÀϵéÀ» ¸·±â À§Çؼ­´Ù. ³×Æ®¿÷À» ÅëÇؼ­ ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ »óÀÇ X ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¿ª½Ã ½º´ÏÆÛ(sniffer)µéÀÌ ´ç½Å°ú ¿ø°Ý ½Ã½ºÅÛ »çÀÌÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ¸ðµÎ º¼ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ À§ÇèÀ¸·Î °¡µæÇÏ´Ù. X´Â ¸¹Àº ÅëÁ¦ ¹æ½Ä À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå °£´ÜÇÑ °ÍÀº È£½ºÆ®¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ µð½ºÇ÷¹ÀÌ¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö Àִ ȣ½ºÆ®¸¦ ÁöÁ¤Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ xhost¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ xhost¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´©±º°¡°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇß´Ù¸é ±×µéÀº "xhost +±×µéÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ"¸¦ ÀÔ ·ÂÇؼ­ ½±°Ô µé¾î¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ¿ï·¯ ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅͷκÎÅÍÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀ» Çã¿ëÇß´Ù¸é, ±×ÂÊ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ´©±¸ ÀÌ°Ç ´ç½ÅÀÇ µð½ºÇ÷¹À̸¦ ´õ·´Èú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ·Î±×ÀÎÀ» À§ÇØ xdm(x display manager)À» ¾´´Ù¸é, ´õ ³ªÀº Á¢±Ù ¹æ¹ýÀÎ MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1À» ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 128 ºñÆ®ÀÇ cookie Çϳª°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁ®¼­ ´ç½ÅÀÇ .Xauthority ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ´Ù. ¿ø°Ý ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡¼­ ´ç ½ÅÀÇ µð½ºÇ÷¹ÀÌ¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±× ÄÄÇ»ÅͷκÎÅÍÀÇ Á¢±Ù ¸¸À» Á¦ °øÇϱâ À§ÇØ xauth ¸í·É°ú ´ç½ÅÀÇ .Xauthority ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ µé¾îÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÈÀüÇÑ X ¿¬°áÀ» À§Çؼ­ ssh(À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ssh ¼³¸íÀ» º¸¶ó)¸¦ ¾µ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ssh´Â ¾ÏȣȭµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀÚ·á´Â ³×Æ®¿÷À» ÅëÇØ Èê·¯ ´Ù´Ò ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï Çϸç, ÃÖÁ¾ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ¾Æ¹« ´Ù¸¥ ´À³¦À» ÁÖ Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡µµ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. X º¸¾È¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϸé XsecurityÀÇ man ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ º¸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº Äֿܼ¡ ·Î±×ÀÎÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â xdmÀ» ¾²°í, X ÇÁ·Î±× ·¥À» ¿ø°Ý ¼öÇà½ÃÅ°°í ½ÍÀº ¿ø°Ý »çÀÌÆ®µé·Î °¡±â À§Çؼ­´Â ssh¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. SVGAlib ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀº ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸®´ª½º ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ºñµð¿À Çϵå¿þ¾î¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§ÇØ ·çÆ®·Î »ç¿ëÀÚ ¼³Á¤(suid)ÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀÌ ±úÁö¸é, ´ë °³ ÄܼÖÀ» »ç¿ëÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ´Ù½Ã ºÎÆýÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¼öÇà½ÃÅ°°í ÀÕ´Â ¸ðµç SVGA ÇÁ ·Î±×·¥µéÀÌ Ãâó°¡ ºÐ¸íÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö, ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö È®ÀÎÇ϶ó. ´õ ³ªÀº ¹æ¹ýÀº SVGA ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» ¾Æ¿¹ ¼öÇà½ÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º GGI °èȹÀº ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ ºñµð¿À ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ °íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ½ÃµµÀÌ´Ù. GGI´Â ºñµð¿À ÄÚµåÀÇ ÀÛÀº ºÎºÐÀ» ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ¿Å°Ü ³õÀ» °Í À̸ç, ºñµð¿À ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±ÙÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº GGI°¡ ¾î´À ¶§°Ç ÄܼÖÀ» ¾î¶² ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÁÁÀº »óÅ·Πȸº¹½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù. GGI´Â º¸¾È 󸮵µ °¡´ÉÇؼ­ ´ç½ÅÀÇ Äֿܼ¡¼­ ¼öÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ·Î±×ÀÎ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ Æ®·ÎÀÌ ¸ñ¸¶°¡ ¾ø´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. http://synergy.caltech.edu/~ggi/ 4.6.8 identd identd´Â ÁÖ·Î inetd ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàµÇ´Â ÀÛÀº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î, ¾î¶² »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾î¶² tcp ¼­ ºñ½º¸¦ ¼öÇà½ÃÅ°´ÂÁö ÃßÀûÇÏ°í, ´©±¸°Ç ¿ä±¸Çϸé ÃßÀû °á°ú¸¦ º¸°íÇÑ´Ù. ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ identdÀÇ À¯¿ë¼ºÀ» ¿ÀÇØÇÏ°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¼öÇàµÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Çϰųª ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿äûÀ» °Å ºÎÇϵµ·Ï ¸·¾ÆµÐ´Ù. identd´Â ¿ø°Ý »çÀÌÆ®¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿ø°Ý identd·Î ¾òÀº ÀÚ·á°¡ ¿ÇÀºÁö ¾Ë ¹æ¹ýÀº ¾ø´Ù. identd ¿äû¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ÀÎÁõ ÀýÂ÷°¡ ¾ø ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿Ö ´ç½ÅÀº identd¸¦ ¼öÇà½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÒ±î? identd°¡ _´ç½ÅÀ»_ µµ¿ÍÁֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ°í, ÈçÀûÀ» ã¾Æ³»±â À§ÇÑ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ·áÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ identd°¡ º¯Á¶µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é ´ç½Å Àº tcp ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ¾²°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§À̳ª uid¸¦ identd°¡ ¿ø°Ý »çÀÌÆ®¿¡ ¸»ÇØÁÖ °í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸¸¿¡ Çϳª ¿ø°Ý »çÀÌÆ®ÀÇ °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ã¾Æ¿Í¼­ ´ç½Å ÄÄÇ» ÅÍÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ±âÀÇ »çÀÌÆ®·Î ħÀÔÇÏ·Á°í Çß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ´ç½ÅÀº ½±°Ô ±× »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼­ ÇൿÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ identd¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é, ¼ö¸¹Àº ±â·ÏµéÀ» »ìÆì º¸°í ´©°¡ ±× ¶§ ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö ã¾Æ³»¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÈξÀ ±ä ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É¸®°Ô µÈ ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹èÆ÷ÆÇ¿¡ µé¾îÀÖ´Â identd´Â ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼³Á¤ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¿ëÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇؼ­´Â identd°¡ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í(ÀÌ·± »ç¿ëÀÚµé Àº .noident ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù), ¸ðµç identd ¿äûÀ» ±â·ÏÇϵµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç(ÇÊÀÚ´Â ÀÌ ·¸°Ô Çϱ⸦ ±ÇÇÑ´Ù) »ç¿ëÀÚ À̸§ ´ë½Å uid³ª NO-USER¸¦ ¹ÝȯÇϵµ·Ï ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. 4.7 ³×Æ®À¨ »ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ º¸¾È »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´õ ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£À» ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ¿¬°áµÈ »óÅ·ΠÁö³¿¿¡ µû¶ó ³×Æ®¿÷ º¸¾ÈÀº Á¡Á¡ Áß¿ä ÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³×Æ®¿÷ º¸¾ÈÀ» ¶Õ´Â °ÍÀº ¹°¸®Àû º¸¾ÈÀ̳ª Áö¿ª º¸¾ÈÀ» ¶Õ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´ë°³ ÈÎ ¾À ½±°í ¶Ç ÈξÀ ÀÚÁÖ ÀϾ´Ù. ³×Æ®¿÷ º¸¾ÈÀ» µ½´Â ÁÁÀº µµ±¸µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷º»¿¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌÆ÷ÇԵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. 4.7.1 ÆÐŶ ½º´ÏÆÛ(Packet Sniffers) ÀÏ´Ü ÇÑ È£½ºÆ®¿¡ ħÅõÇÑ Ä§ÀÔÀÚ°¡ ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ¿¬°áµÈ ´õ ¸¹Àº ½Ã½ºÅ۵鿡 Á¢±ÙÇÒ ±ÇÇÑÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ °¡Àå ÈçÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì Ä§ÀÔÇÑ È£½ºÆ®¿¡¼­ ÆÐŶ ½º´ÏÆÛ ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ "½º´ÏÆÛ"´Â ÀÌ´õ³Ý Æ÷Æ®¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÆÐŶ È帧 °¡¿îµ¥ "Password", "Login", "su" °°Àº °Í¿¡¸¸ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ°í´Â, ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ±â·ÏÇصдÙ. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ ¼­ °ø°ÝÀڴ ħÅõÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÁ¶Â÷ ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡´Â Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸í·á ÇÑ ÅؽºÆ® Æнº¿öµå´Â ÀÌ·± °ø°Ý¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Ãë¾àÇÏ´Ù. ¿¹: È£½ºÆ® A°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì Ä§ÀÔ ´çÇß´Ù. °ø °ÝÀÚ´Â ½º´ÏÆÛ¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù. ½º´ÏÆ۴ ȣ½ºÆ® C¿¡¼­ È£½ºÆ® B·Î µé¾î°¡´Â °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ Á¢¼ÓÀ» Áý¾î³»¼­, °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ B·Î ·Î±×ÀÎÇÒ ¶§ °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ °³ÀÎ Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½ °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ¾î¶² ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ 'su'¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé, ½º´ÏÆ۴ ȣ½ºÆ® BÀÇ ·çÆ® Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡ °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ Àڱ⠰èÁ¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Ù¸¥ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡ Àִ ȣ½ºÆ® Z·Î ÅÚ³Ý Á¢¼ÓÇϸé, °ø°ÝÀڴ ȣ½ºÆ® Z·Î ·Î±×ÀÎÇÒ Æнº¿öµå±îÁö °®°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ÆÐŶ ½º´ÏÆÛ ¸¦ ¾²±â À§ÇØ ¾î¶² ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ħÀÔÇÒ ÇÊ¿äÁ¶Â÷ ¾ø´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚµéÀº ·¦Å¾À̳ª PC¸¦ °Ç¹° ¾ÈÀ¸ ·Î °®°í µé¾î¿Í¼­ ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÏ¸é µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ssh³ª ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÏȣȭµÈ Æнº¿öµå ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸé ÀÌ·± °ø°ÝÀ» ¹æÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. pop °èÁ¤À» À§ÇÑ ATOP °°Àº °Íµµ ½º´ÏÆÛ °ø°ÝÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (À¯¼±À» ÅëÇØ ¸í·áÇÑ ÅؽºÆ® Æнº¿ö µå¸¦ Àü¼ÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´Ù ±×·¸µíÀÌ, º¸ÅëÀÇ pop ·Î±×ÀÎÀº ½º´ÏÆÛ¿¡ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ Ãë¾àÇÏ´Ù.) 4.7.2 ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼­ºñ½º¿Í tcp_wrapper ¾î¶² ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡°Ç ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¿¬°áÇßÀ» ¶§, °¡Àå ¸ÕÀú °í·ÁÇÒ °ÍÀº ¾î¶² ¼­ºñ ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϴ°¡ ÀÌ´Ù. Á¦°øÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø´Â ¼­ºñ½º´Â ¸·¾Æ¼­ °ÆÁ¤°Å¸®¸¦ Çϳª ´ú°í, °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ±¸¸ÛÀ» ãÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ °÷À» Çϳª ÁÙ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ °Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº /etc/inetd.conf ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ inetd°¡ ¾î¶² ¼­ºñ½º ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æº¼¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â ¼­ºñ½º´Â ¸ðµÎ ÁÖ¼®¹® 󸮸¦ Çؼ­ ¸·¾Æ¹ö¸® °í (# ÁÙÀÇ °¡Àå ¾Õ¿¡), inetd¿¡°Ô SIGHUP ½ÅÈ£¸¦ º¸³»µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ¾Æ¿ï·¯ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¼­ºñ½º ¸¦ /etc/services ÆÄÀÏ¿¡¼­µµ ÁÖ¼®¹® 󸮸¦ Çϰųª »èÁ¦ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² ÆÐÅ°Áö ¸¦ ¾µ ÀÏÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù¸é, ±× ÆÐÅ°Áö¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »èÁ¦ÇÒ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ·¹µåÇÞ ¹èÆ÷º»¿¡ ¼­´Â rpm -e ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ÆÐÅ°Áö Àüü¸¦ Áö¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µ¥ºñ¾È¿¡¼­´Â dpkg·Î °°Àº ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº /etc/rc.d/rcN.d¸¦ È®ÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ NÀº ´ç½Å ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ·± ·¹º§ÀÌ´Ù. ±× µð·º Å͸® ¾È¿¡¼­ ºÎÆà ¶§¸¶´Ù ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â ¼­¹öµé °¡¿îµ¥ Ȥ½Ã ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö º¸¶ó. ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®´Â ±×³É Áö¿ö¹ö¸®¸é, ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÎÆÃÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ±× ¼­¹ö´Â ½ÇÇàµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. BSD Çü½ÄÀÇ rc ÆÄÀϵéÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀº /etc/rc*¿¡¼­ È®ÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¸®´ª½º ¹èÆ÷º»¿¡´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç tcp ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀ» "°¨½ÎÁÖ´Â(wrapping)" tcp_wrapper°¡ µé¾îÀÖ´Ù. inetd°¡ ¿ä±¸¸¦ º¸³»¸é ÁøÂ¥ ¼­¹ö ´ë½Å tcp_wrapper (tcpd) Çϳª°¡ ¶á´Ù. tcpd´Â ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ¿äûÇÑ È£½ºÆ®¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ°í, ¿äû¹ÞÀº ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¼­¹ö¸¦ ½ÇÇà ½ÃÅ°°Å³ª ±× È£½ºÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº tcpd¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ´ç½ÅÀÇ tcp ¼­ºñ½º ·ÎÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. /etc/hosts.allow ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µé°í, ´ç½Å ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ Á¢±Ù ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ Àִ ȣ½ºÆ®µé¸¸À» Ãß°¡Çϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ Áý¿¡¼­ ¸ðµ©À» ¾²´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¶ó¸é, ÇÊ ÀÚ´Â ¸ðµç ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±ÙÀ» °ÅºÎÇϵµ·Ï ±ÇÇÑ´Ù. tcpd´Â ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏ·Á´Ù°¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ ½ÃµµµéÀ» ±â·ÏÇϹǷÎ, °ø°ÝÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë·ÁÁÙ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. tcp¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¼­ ºñ½º¸¦ Ãß°¡·Î Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é, ¹Ýµå½Ã tcp wrapperÀÇ ¼³Á¤¿¡ ±× ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 4.7.3 SATAN°ú ISS, ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷ °Ë»ç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé ¼¼»ó¿¡´Â Æ÷Æ®¿Í ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÄÄÇ»Å͵é°ú ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Ë»ç¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ¼Ò ÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ÆÐÅ°ÁöµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. SATAN°ú ISS´Â ±× °¡¿îµ¥ ºñ±³Àû Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îµéÀº Ç¥Àû ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ (ȤÀº ÇÑ ³×Æ®¿÷ »óÀÇ ¸ðµç Ç¥Àû ÄÄÇ»Å͵éÀÇ) °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç Æ÷Æ®¿¡ ¿¬°áÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϸç, ¾î¶² ¼­ºñ½º°¡ ¼öÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ã¾Æ³»°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î Ç¥Àû ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°¡ ¾î¶² °ø°Ý¿¡ Ãë¾àÇÑÁö ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. SATAN(Security Administrators Tool for Analyzing Networks)´Â À¥ ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ °¡ Áø Æ÷Æ® °Ë»ç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÇÑ ´ë³ª ÇϳªÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Ë»ç °­µµ´Â °­,Áß, ¾àÀ¸ ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. SATANÀ» ±¸Çؼ­ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»Åͳª ³×Æ®¿÷À» Á¶»çÇغ¸°í ¹ß°ßµÈ ¹®Á¦ ¸¦ °íÄ¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. SATANÀ» ¼±»çÀÌÆ®³ª À¯¸íÇÑ FTP, À¥ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼­ ±¸Çϵµ·Ï ÁÖÀÇÇØ ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÎÅͳݿ¡ SATANÀ» °¡ÀåÇÑ Æ®·ÎÀÌ ¸ñ¸¶°¡ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. http://www.trouble.org/~zen/satan/satan.html ISS (Internet Security Scanner)´Â Æ÷Æ®¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î °Ë»çÇÏ´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. SATAN º¸´Ù ºü¸£¸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷À» °Ë»çÇϱ⿡ ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ SATANÀÌ ´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 4.7.4 Æ÷Æ® °Ë»öÀ» °¨ÁöÇϱâ. SATANÀ̳ª ISS µîÀÇ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ŽÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °æº¸ÇØÁÖ µµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾îÁø µµ±¸µéÀÌ ¸î °¡Áö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ tcp_wrapper¸¦ Àß È°¿ëÇÏ°í ±â·Ï ÆÄÀϵéÀ» Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î »ìÆ캸±â¸¸ Çصµ, ±×·± Ž»öÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. tcp_wrapper¸¦ °¡Àå ³·Àº ¼ö ÁØÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤ÇØ µÎ´õ¶óµµ SATANÀº º¸ÅëÀÇ ·¹µåÇÞ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±â·ÏÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀÚ±¹À» ³²±ä´Ù. 4.7.5 pgp¿Í public key ¾ÏÈ£ÀÛ¼º/Çص¶¹ý ¸®´ª½º´Â pgp (pretty good privacy)¸¦ Àß Áö¿øÇÑ´Ù. 2.62¿Í 5.0 ¹öÀüÀº Àß ÀÛµ¿ÇÑ´Ù°í ¾Ë ·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. pgp¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÀÔ¹®¼­¿Í »ç¿ë¹ýÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é pgp FAQ¸¦ º¸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. http://www.pgp.com/service/export/faq/55faq.cgi 4.7.6 ssh¿Í stelnet ssh (secure shell)¿Í stelnetÀº ¿ø°Ý ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ·Î±×Àΰú ¿¬°áÀ» ¾ÏȣȭÇØ ÁÖ´Â ÇÁ·Î ±×·¥µéÀÌ´Ù. ssh´Â È£½ºÆ® spoofing °ø°ÝÀ» ¸·¾Æ³»¸ç (ssh´Â Àü¿¡ ¿¬°áµÇ¾ú´ø È£½ºÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ Å°°¡ µ¹¾Æ¿À±â¸¦ ±â´ëÇÑ´Ù), ¿ø°Ý ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿ÍÀÇ ¸ðµç Åë½ÅÀ» ¾ÏȣȭÇÒ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ÐÃà °ú X11 forwarding±îÁö ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. ssh´Â packet sniffer °ø°ÝÀ» ÅðÄ¡Çϱ⿡ ¸Å¿ì ÁÁ´Ù. (packet sniffer´Â ¾ÏȣȭµÈ ÆÐŶ¸¸ ÇÑ ´Ù¹ß °¡Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù) ssh´Â °³ÀÎ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ¹«·áÀÌ ¹Ç·Î °³ÀÎ »çÀÌÆ®¶ó¸é ¼³Ä¡Çؼ­ »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ±ÇÇÑ´Ù. http://www.cs.hut.fi/ssh/ stelnetÀº ÅÚ ³Ý ¿¬°áÀ» ¾ÏȣȭÇØÁÖ´Â ÅÚ³ÝÀÇ º¸¾È ´ëü¹°ÀÌ´Ù. 4.7.7 sendmail, qmail°ú MTAµé. ´ç½ÅÀÌ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¼­ºñ½ºµé °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª°¡ ¸ÞÀÏ ¼­¹öÀÌ´Ù. ºÒÇàÇÏ°Ô µµ ¸ÞÀÏ ¼­¹ö´Â °ø°Ý¿¡ °¡Àå Ãë¾àÇÑ ¼­ºñ½º ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀε¥, ±× ±î´ßÀº ´ÜÁö ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼öÇàÇØ ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ¿Í ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ¸¹±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. sendmailÀ» ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ÃֽŠ¹öÀüÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. sendmailÀº ¸Å¿ì ¸Å¿ì ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ º¸¾È»óÀÇ ÇãÁ¡À» °ø°Ý´çÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. Ç×»ó °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¹öÀüÀ» »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï À¯ÀÇÇ϶ó. http://www.sendmail.org ¸ÅÁÖ sendmail ¹öÀüÀ» ¾÷±×·¹À̵åÇϱ⿡ ÁöÃÆ´Ù¸é, qmail·Î ¹Ù²ãº¸´Â °Íµµ °í·ÁÇغ¼¸¸ ÇÏ´Ù. qmailÀº óÀ½ºÎÅÍ º¸¾ÈÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ¼³°èµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ºü¸£°í¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÌ°í ¾ÈÀüÇÏ ´Ù. http://www.qmail.org 4.7.8 ¼­ºñ½º °ÅºÎ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °ø°Ý. ¼­ºñ½º °ÅºÎ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °ø°ÝÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ¸Å¿ì ¹Ù»Ú°Ô ¸¸µé¾î¼­, Á¤´çÇÑ ¿äû ¿¡ ´äÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°Å³ª, Á¤´çÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ Á¢±ÙÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °ø°ÝÀº ±Ù³â¿¡ µé¾î Å©°Ô Áõ°¡ÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ºñ±³Àû ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °ø°Ý¹æ¹ý °¡¿îµ¥ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍµéÀ» ¾Æ ·¡¿¡ ¼Ò°³Çß´Ù. »õ·Î¿î °ø°Ý¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ Ç×»ó ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿©±â ¼Ò°³µÈ °ÍµéÀº ±×Àú ¸î °¡Áö »ç·Ê¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸í½ÉÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´õ »õ·Î¿î Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾òÀ¸·Á¸é ¸®´ª½º º¸¾È ¸®½º Æ®¸¦ Àеµ·Ï Ç϶ó. SYN ¹ü¶÷(flooding). SYN ¹ü¶÷À̶õ ³×Æ®¿÷À» ÅëÇÑ ¼­ºñ½º °ÅºÎ °ø°ÝÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº TCP ¿¬°áÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ÀÖ´Â "ÇãÁ¡"À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. (2.0.30 ÀÌÈÄÀÇ) »õ·Î¿î ¸®´ª½º Ä¿ ³ÎµéÀº SYN ¹ü¶÷ °ø°Ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»Åͳª ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·±â À§ÇØ CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES¿Í CONFIG_RST_COOKIES °°Àº ¼³Á¤ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿É¼Çµé À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. SYN ¹ü¶÷ °ø°ÝÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§Çؼ­´Â ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇµéÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇؼ­ Ä¿³ÎÀ» ´Ù½Ã ÄÄÆÄÀÏ Çϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ÆæƼ¾ö "FOOF" ¹ö±×. ÀÎÅÚÀÇ Á¤Ç° ÆæƼ¾ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¿¡ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¾î¼Àºí¸® Äڵ带 º¸³¾ °æ ¿ì ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°¡ µ¿ÀÛÀ» ¸ØÃá´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¾î¶² ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦Àΰ¡¿¡ °ü°è¾ø ÀÌ (¸ðÁ¶Ç°°ú ÆæƼ¾ö ÇÁ·Î, ÆæƼ¾ö2¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ) ÆæƼ¾ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù. 2.0.32 ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¸®´ª½º Ä¿³Î¿¡´Â ÀÌ ¹ö±×·Î ÀÎÇØ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°¡ ´Ù¿îµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸· ±â À§ÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷ ¼º°úµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. ÆæƼ¾öÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, Áö±Ý ¾÷±×·¹À̵带 ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Ping ¹ü¶÷. Ping ¹ü¶÷Àº °£´ÜÇÏ°í ³­ÆøÇÑ ¼­ºñ½º °ÅºÎ °ø°ÝÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÌ´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚ´Â ICMP ÆÐŶ Çϳª¸¦ "¸ÔÀÌ"·Î ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ º¸³½´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ ÁþÀ» ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ º¸ ´Ù ÁÁÀº ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» °®´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡¼­ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â ³×Æ®¿÷À¸·Î ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ Àü ¼ÛÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °ø°Ý¹ýÀÇ º¯Á¾ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ "ÆĵµÅ¸±â"´Â ´ç½Å ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ IP·Î ¹Ý ÀÀÀÌ µ¹¾Æ°¡µµ·Ï Çؼ­ ICMP ÆÐŶÀ» ´Ù¸¥ È£½ºÆ®¿¡ º¸³½´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çϸé ã¾Æ³»±â°¡ ´õ ¾î ·Á¿öÁø´Ù. Ping ¹ü¶÷ °ø°ÝÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¾îµð¿¡¼­ ÆÐŶÀÌ ¿À´ÂÁö (ȤÀº ¿À´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ ´ÂÁö) ¾Ë¾Æ³»±â À§Çؼ­ tcpdump °°Àº µµ±¸¸¦ ¾²µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷ Á¦°øÀÚ¿¡ °Ô ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ» ¿¬¶ôÇϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó. Ping ¹ü¶÷Àº ¶ó¿ìÅÍ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ Â÷´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ½±´Ù. 4.7.9 NFS (Network File System) º¸¾È. NFS´Â ¸Å¿ì ³Î¸® ¾²ÀÌ´Â ÆÄÀÏ °øÀ¯ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ´Ù. NFS¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϸé nfsd¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ° ´Â ¼­¹öÀÇ Àüü ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» mountd¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÄÄÇ»Å͵é°ú °øÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¹Àº »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÀڵ鿡°Ô Ȩµð·ºÅ͸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇØ NFS¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÔ À¸·Î½á »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ·Î±×ÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾î´À ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÌ°Ç »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ȨÆÄÀϵéÀ» °® °Ô µÈ´Ù. ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â "º¸¾È" ¼³Á¤ÀÌ ¸î °¡Áö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº ¿ø°Ý ÄÄÇ»ÅÍÀÇ ·çÆ® »ç¿ëÀÚ(uid=0)¸¦ nobody »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î ´ëÀÀ½ÃÄѼ­, °øÀ¯µÈ ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛ¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Á¢±Ù±ÇÇÑÀ» °®´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇϵµ·Ï nsfd¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °³ÀÎ »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â °¢ÀÚÀÇ (Ȥ Àº ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ °°Àº uidÀÇ) ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù±ÇÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¿ø°ÝÁöÀÇ ¼öÆÛÀ¯Àú´Â Àڱ⠰èÁ¤ À¸·ÎÀÇ ·Î±×ÀÎÀ̳ª su »ç¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϸç, ÀÚ±â ÆÄÀϵ鿡 ´ëÇؼ­ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Á¢±Ù±ÇÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ø°Ý ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛÀ» ¸¶¿îÆ®ÇÒ ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áø °ø°ÝÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â »ç¼ÒÇÑ Àå¾Ö ¹°¹Û¿¡ µÇÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. NFS¸¦ ²À ½á¾ßÇÑ´Ù¸é, ²À °øÀ¯Çؾ߸¸ ÇÏ´Â ÄÄÇ»Å͵é·Î¸¸ °øÀ¯½ÃÅ°µµ·Ï À¯ÀÇÇ϶ó. ·ç Æ® µð·ºÅ͸® ÀüºÎ¸¦ °øÀ¯Çؼ­´Â Àý´ë·Î ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, ÇÊ¿äÇÑ µð·ºÅ͸®µé¸¸ °øÀ¯ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. NFS ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϸé NFS ÇÏ¿ìÅõ¸¦ º¸µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. NFS HOWTO 4.7.10 NIS (Network Information service) (¿¹ÀüÀÇYP). ³×Æ®¿÷ Á¤º¸ ¼­ºñ½º(Network Information service, ¿¹ÀüÀÇ YP)´Â ÇÑ ¹«¸®ÀÇ ÄÄÇ»Å͵鿡 Á¤º¸¸¦ ³ª´©¾îÁÖ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. NIS ¼­¹ö´Â Á¤º¸ÀÇ Ç¥¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀ» NIS ´ëÀÀ ÆÄÀϵé·Î º¯È¯ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ´ëÀÀ ÆÄÀϵéÀÌ ³×Æ®¿÷À» ÅëÇØ Á¦°øµÊÀ¸·Î½á NIS Ŭ¶óÀ̾ð Æ® ÄÄÇ»Å͵éÀº ·Î±×Àΰú Æнº¿öµå, Ȩ µð·ºÅ͸®¿Í ¼Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸(Áï º¸ÅëÀÇ /etc/passwd ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ µé¾îÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç Á¤º¸)¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. NIS¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸é »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀº Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ÇÑ ¹ø ¹Ù²ÞÀ¸·Î½á ±× NIS ¿µ¿ª¿¡ µé¾îÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ÄÄÇ»Å͵鿡 ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. NIS´Â °á ÄÚ ¾ÈÀüÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù. ¾ÈÀüÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ°íÀÚ Çß´ø ÀûÁ¶Â÷ ¾ø´Ù. NIS´Â °£ÆíÇÏ°í ¾µ¸ð ÀÖµµ·Ï °í ¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù. (³×Æ®¿÷ »óÀÇ ¾îµð¿¡ ÀÖ°Ç) ´ç½ÅÀÇ NIS ¿µ¿ªÀÇ À̸§À» ÁüÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ´ç ½ÅÀÇ passwd ÆÄÀÏ º¹»çº»À» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ´ç½ÅÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ Æнº¿öµå¸¦ ±ú±â À§ÇØ crack°ú john the ripper¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. NIS¸¦ ¼Ó¿©¼­ ¿Â°® ÃßÀâÇÑ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö¸¦ ¾µ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ²À NIS¸¦ ½á¾ß °º´Ù¸é, ÀÌ·± À§ÇèµéÀ» Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 4.7.11 ¹æÈ­º® ¹æÈ­º®(firewall)Àº ´ç½ÅÀÇ Áö¿ª ³×Æ®¿÷ ¾ÈÆÆÀ¸·Î ¿À°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀº ¹æÈ­º® È£½ºÆ®¸¦ ÀÎÅͳݰú Áö¿ª lan¿¡ ¿¬°á½ÃÅ°°í, lan°ú ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »çÀÌÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀº ¹æÈ­º®À» ÅëÇؼ­¸¸ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¹æÈ­º®¿¡¼­ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý °ú ´ç½ÅÀÇ lan »çÀ̸¦ ¿À°¡´Â Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦¾îÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹æÈ­º®À» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº À¯Çü°ú ¹æ ¹ýµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â »ó´çÈ÷ Àú·ÅÇϸ鼭µµ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹æÈ­º®ÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹æÈ­º® ÄÚ µå´Â ÄÄÆÄÀÏÀ» ÅëÇØ 2.0 ÀÌ»óÀÇ Ä¿³Î¿¡ ¹Ù·Î »ðÀ﵃ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ °ø°£ µµ±¸ÀÎ ipfwadm À» ¾²¸é, »ç¿ë Áß¿¡µµ Çã¿ëµÇ´Â ³×Æ®¿÷ ¼ÒÅëÀÇ À¯ÇüÀ» ¹Ù²Ü ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹æÈ­º®Àº ³×Æ®¿÷À» ¾È ÀüÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ°íµµ À¯¿ëÇÑ ±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹æÈ­º®ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸´Ï±î ±× µÚÀÇ ³×Æ®¿÷ ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÄÄÇ»Å͵éÀÇ º¸¾ÈÀº ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø´Ù°í »ý°¢Çؼ­´Â Àý´ë·Î ¾È µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ½Ç¼ö´Ù. ¹æÈ­º®°ú ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ ´õ¾ò°í ½ÍÀ¸¸é °¡±î¿î ¼± »çÀÌÆ®¿¡ °¡¼­ ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹æÈ­º® ÇÏ¿ìÅõ¸¦ Àоµµ·Ï Ç϶ó. http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO.html 4.7.12 IP Spoofing ±â¼ú ¹Ì ±¹¹æ¼ºÀÇ TCP/IP ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝ Ç¥ÁØÀº 1979³â ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» ±¸ÇöÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ µðÀÚÀεǾú´Ù. °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¾²ÀÌ´Â TCP/IP´Â 4.2BSD ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇöµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î Bell Lab°ú ¹Ì±¹¹æ¼º ³×Æ® ¿÷¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. 4.2BSD À¯´Ð½º TCP/IP ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ¸Å¿ì À¯µ¿ÀûÀÌ¸ç »ç¿ëÇϱâ Æí¸®ÇÏ Áö¸¸ º¸¾ÈÃø¸é¿¡¼­´Â ¸¹Àº ¾àÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¾àÁ¡ÀÇ Çϳª¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â IP Spoofing AttackÀº 1985³â Morris¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î°¡ óÀ½ ÁöÀûµÇ¾ú°í, ½ÇÁ¦·Î 1995³âµµ San Diego Supercomputer Center¸¦ ÇØÅ·Çϴµ¥ Kevin MitnickÀÌ »ç¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 4.7.12.1 ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÁ¡ TCP/IP ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀº ±¸Çö½ÃÀÇ Á¤È®¼º¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±× ¼³°èÀÇ °áÁ¡À¸·Î ÀÎÇؼ­ º¸¾È»ó¿¡ Å« Ãë¾àÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¿äÀÎÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. È£½ºÆ®ÀÇ ÀÎÁõ ¹®Á¦ È£½ºÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÎÁõÀ» IPÀÇ ¼Ò½º ÁÖ¼Ò¸¸À¸·Î ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. ¾Õ¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ TCPÀÇ ¿¬°á ±¸ ºÐ ü°è¿¡¼­µµ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ °ø°ÝÇÒ ´ë»óÀÇ IP ÁÖ¼Ò¿Í Æ÷Æ® ¹øÈ£´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ°í, ¼Ò½º È£½º Æ®ÀÇ Æ÷Æ®´Â ephemeral Æ÷Æ® ¹øÈ£¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϹǷΠ¼Ò½º È£½ºÆ®ÀÇ IP ÁÖ¼Ò¸¸À» ¼ÓÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù ¸é ´Ù¸¥ È£½ºÆ®¿¡ ¿¬°áÀ» ¸ÎÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. BerkeleyÀÇ `r-utility'µéÀÌ ´ÜÀûÀÎ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ¼ø¼­ ¹ø È£(sequence number)ÀÇ »ý¼º ¹®Á¦ TCP ½ºÆå¿¡¼­´Â ¼ø¼­ ¹øÈ£°¡ ÃÊ´ç 250,000¹ø, Áï 4 microsecond ¸¶´Ù Çѹø¾¿ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°µµ·Ï ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù[1]. ±×·¯³ª, Berkeley¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇöµÈ TCPÀÇ ¼ø¼­ ¹øÈ£´Â 4.2BSD¿¡¼­´Â ÃÊ´ç 128¸¸Å­ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í 4.3BSDÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÃÊ´ç 128,000¸¸Å­¾¿ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ÃÊ´ç Çѹø¾¿¹Û¿¡ º¯È­ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. 4.7.12.2 IP spoofingÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ¸·À»±î? IP spoofing °ø°ÝÀº SYN °ø°Ý¹ý°ú °°Àº `Denial of Service' °ø°Ý¹ýÀÌ °°ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¹Ç·Î Denial of Service °ø°ÝÀ» ¸·´Â °ÍÀÌ °ð IP spoofing °ø°ÝÀ» ¸·´Â ¹ýÀÌ µÈ´Ù. Áߺ¹µÇ´Â °¨ÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù. ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¶ó¿ìÅ͸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ ³»ºÎ·Î µé¾î¿À´Â ÆÐŶÁß ³»ºÎÀÇ IP ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ °¡Áø °ÍÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â´ÉÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¶ó¿ìÅÍ´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. Bay Networks/Wellfleet routers, version 5 and later Cabletron - LAN Secure Cisco - RIS software all releases of version 9.21 and later Livingston - all versions ±×·¯³ª, ÆÐŶ ÇÊÅ͸µ ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø ¶ó¿ìÅ͸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í, ÇÊÅ͸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¶ó ¿ìÅÍ ¾ÈÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ÀÇ IP spoofing °ø°ÝÀº ¸·Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¼ø¼­ ¹øÈ£ »ý¼ºÀ» ¹«ÀÛÀ§·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¼ø¼­ ¹øÈ£¸¦ ¾ÏȣȭÇÑ´Ù. À§ÀÇ ¼ø¼­ ¹øÈ£¿¡ °üÇÑ °ø°Ý ¹æÁö¹ýÀº ¸ðµÎ ¾Õ¼­ À§¿¡¼­ ÁöÀû ÇßµíÀÌ ¼ø¼­ ¹øÈ£ÀÇ »ý¼º ÀÌ ³Ê¹« ´Ü¼øÇÏ¿© ¿¹ÃøÀÌ ½¬¿î °áÁ¡À» º¸¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó, TCP ½ºÆå¿¡¼­¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃÇÑ ´ë·Î ÃÊ´ç 250,000¹ø¾¿ ¼ø¼­¹øÈ£¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀº ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿¡µµ »ó´çÇÑ ºÎÇϸ¦ ¾ß ±âÇÒ °ÍÀ̹ǷÎ, ¼ø¼­ ¹øÈ£ÀÇ »ý¼ºÀº Áö±Ý°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ½±°Ô ³»¿ëÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇϵµ ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ¾Ïȣȭ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ÇöÀç ¹æ´ëÇÏ°Ô ¼³Ä¡°¡ µÇ¾î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â BSD °è¿­ÀÇ TCP ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¸ðµÎ ±³Ã¼ÇÏ¿© ¾ÏÈ£¸¦ Ç® ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇϹǷΠ½ÇÇöµÇ±â ¾î·Æ´Ù°í º»´Ù. ·Î±ë(logging)°ú °æ°í ±â´É(alerting)À» °­È­ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦µé¸é, ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ ÆРŶÀ» ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°´ÂÁö °¨½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº IP spoofing °ø°ÝÀÌ °ø°ÝÇÏ°íÀÚ Çϴ ȣ½ºÆ®°¡ ½Å·ÚÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¹«·ÂÈ­ ÇÏ´Â µ¥¼­ Ãâ¹ßÇÏ´Â Á¡¿¡ Âø¾È ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Õ¼­ ¼³¸íÇÑ °ø°Ý ¿¹Á¦¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ »ó´ë¹æÀÇ Æ÷ Æ® Çϳª¸¦ ¹«·ÂÈ­ Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â SYN ÆÐŶÀ» ¿©·¯¹ø º¸³»¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »óȲ ¿¡¼­ SYN ÆÐŶÀº Çѹø¸¸ º¸³»¸é µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÆÐŶµéÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¹Ì¸® °¨½Ã ÇÏÀÚ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ·± ÆÐŶÀ» °¨½ÃÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ¶© Ưº°ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÆÐŶÀ» ÃßÀûÇÏ°í °¨½ÃÇÏ´Â ÀÀ¿ë ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ Á¦ÀÛÀÌ ¼±ÇàµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 4.8 À¥¼­¹öÀÇ º¸¾È 4.8.1 °³¿ä À¥¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ±»ÀÌ ¾ð±ÞÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ µç´Ù. »ç½Ç, À¥ÀÌ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý È® »êÀÇ ÀÏµî °ø½ÅÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¾î´À ´©±¸ ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÒ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °Í Àº ¸í¹éÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÁòÀº À¥À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀüÀÚ ¼îÇÎ, ÀüÀÚ »ó°Å·¡±îÁö ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Â Á¡ À» »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¸é À¥ÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ýÈ°¿¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¥Áö´Â °¡È÷ »ó»óÀ» ºÒÇãÇÒ Á¤ µµÀÌ°í ½ÇÁ¦·Î Áö±Ýµµ À¥À» ¸ð¸£¸é ³Ý¸ÍÀ̶ó°í Ä¡±Þ ¹ÞÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ÀÏ»ó »ýÈ°¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ Ä¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ÀÎÅͳݿ¡¼­ ÇÑ ¹øÀÌ¶óµµ ¿©ÇàÇØ º» »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¦ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú ÀÚ ½ÅÀÇ È¨ ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ °¡Áö°í ½Í¾îÇϸç,±Ù·¡¿¡´Â Ȩ ÆäÀÌÁö Á¦ÀÛ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿­Ç³¸¶Àú ºÒ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Ȩ ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ °üÇÑ Ã¥ÀÌ ¼ö½Ê Á¾·ù³ª µÇ¸ç, Ȩ ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇØ Áִ ȸ»ç³ª ´Üü°¡ »ý°Ü ¼ºÈ²À» ´©¸± Á¤µµ·Î À¥ÀÇ °ü½ÉÀº ³¯·Î Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Á¡°ú ÇÔ²² ¿äÁò µé¾î À¥ º¸¾È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½Éµµ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ ´À²¸Áø´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À¥ º¸¾ÈÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ¸é ´ëºÐÀÌ ÀÚ·á Àü¼Û ½ÃÀÇ ¾Ïȣȭ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̽´°¡ º¸¾È °ü·Ã ¼¼¹Ì³ª µî¿¡¼­ ÁÖ¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ°í, °¡²û¾¿ À¥ ¼­¹ö, CGI, À¥ ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥»óÀÇ ±¸¸Û(hole)À̳ª »ç½Ç À¥°ú´Â °ü°è¾øÀÌ µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ¸·Î °³¹ßµÇ¾úÁö¸¸ À¥¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ ´Â Java°¡ À¥°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¶§ ¾ß±âµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º¸¾È ¹®Á¦°¡ ¼Ò°³°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. À̹ø ±ÛÀº À§ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ±â´ëÇÑ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô´Â Á¶±Ý ¾Æ½±Áö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ÀÇ À¥ º¸¾ÈÀ» ´Ù ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ±Û¿¡¼­´Â À¥ÀÌ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ±Ùº»ÀûÀÌ ±¸Á¶(working architecture)¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â º¸¾ÈÀû À§Ç輺À» ÇØ°áÇÏ¿© º¸´Ù ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô À¥ ¼­¹ö°¡ µ¿ÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ´ëºÎ ºÐÀÇ À¯´Ð½º¿¡¼­ Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â chroot¶ó´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÇÔ¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À¥ ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ ¹ýÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. 4.8.1.1 À¥ ¼­¹öÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ ±¸Á¶¿Í ¹®Á¦Á¡ À¥ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¼­¹ö ¸Ó½Å¿¡´Â Ç×»ó À¥ ¼­¹ö µ¥¸óÀÌ ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À¥ ¼­ ¹ö°¡ µ¿ÀÛÇÏ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶¸¦ »ìÆ캸¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. {{{{ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º´Â Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ À¥ ¼­ºñ½º ¿äûÀ» ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù°¡ ¿äûÀÌ µé¾î¿À¸é ÀÌ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î ÀÚ½Ä(child) ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ¿©¼­ À̸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ÁÖ°í ÀÌ ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º´Â Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿äûÀ» ó¸®ÇÏ°í ³ª¸é ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ¼Ò¸êµÇ°Ô µÈ´Ù. }} }} À¥ ¼­¹ö¿¡ µû¶ó ¾à°£¾¿ µ¿ÀÛ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁú ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ¶Ç ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³Á¤ÇϳĿ¡ µû¶ó¼­µµ Á¶±Ý¾¿ ´Þ¶óÁú ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ°ÚÁö¸¸ Ưº°ÇÑ »ó¿ë Á¦Ç°À» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í´Â ÇöÁ¦ÀÇ ±¸ÇöµÈ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹öÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ ±¸Á¶°¡ ¾Õ¿¡¼­ À̾߱âÇÑ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¿¡¼­ Å©°Ô º¯ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. À¥ ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ ÈÄ À¥ ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼­¹ö ¸Ó½Å¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇà½Ãų °æ¿ì ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹öµéÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ºÎÆà ½Ã¿¡ À¥ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ À¥ ¼­¹ö´Â ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ·çÆ® ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î µ¿ ÀÛÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À§ÀÇ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿äûÀ» ó¸®Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ »ý¼ºµÈ ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º ¿ª½Ã ·çÆ®ÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. º¸¾ÈÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ º¸¸é ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¿ÀÛ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¸Å¿ì À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, À̴ Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®µéÀÌ ¿äûÀ» ÇØ ¿Ã ¶§ ¸¶´Ù »õ·Î¿î ·çÆ® ±ÇÇÑÀÇ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ »ý¼ºµÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ·çÆ® ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ¶° ÀÖ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿À°Ô µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹öµéÀº Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿äûÀ» ó¸®Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ »ý¼º½Ãų ¶§ ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ» ·çÆ®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¿ëÀÚ·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ ¼­¹öÀÇ °æ¿ì¸¦ º¸¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ Àִµ¥ ¿©±â¼­ User¿¡ nobody¶ó°í ÇØÁÖ°í /etc/passwd ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ nobody¶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ µî·Ï½ÃÄÑ µÎ¸é »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºµéÀº nobodyÀ̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. {{{{ /conf/httpd.conf file: # User/Group: The name (or #number) of the user/group to run httpd as. # On SCO (ODT 3) use User nouser and Group nogroup User nobody /etc/passwd file: # grep nobody passwd nobody:x:1001:1001:nobody user:: }} }} nobody »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸µé ¶§ ÁÖÀÇÇÒ Á¡Àº Æнº¿öµå ºÎºÐÀº *¿Í °°Àº, ¾ÏȣȭµÈ °á°ú(encrypted result)°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹®ÀÚ·Î ¸·¾Æ µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ shadow passwd¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é shadow passwd ÆÄÀÏ¿¡¼­ ¾ÏȣȭµÈ ºÎºÐÀ» ¸·¾Æ µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µ¿ÀÛ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¿¡¼­´Â Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®´Â Ç×»ó nobody »ç¿ëÀÚ ±ÇÇÑÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹ö¿Í Åë½ÅÀ» Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º ¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÏ¿© Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®°¡ ¿øÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ÀÌ ¶§ÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷Àº nobody »ç¿ëÀÚ ±Ç ÇÑÀ̹ǷΠ·çÆ® ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ÆÄÀϵé (¿¹ /etc/passwd µî)À» ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ´Â µîÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̰͸¸À¸·Î´Â /etc/passwd µîÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øõÀû À¸·Î ºÀ¼âÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇÑ´Ù. Áï, Àб⠱ÇÇÑÀÌ ºÎ¿©µÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÆÄÀϵéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Á¢±ÙÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 4.8.1.2 À¥ ¼­¹ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸¾ÈÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡ ¿©±â¼­ ¸»ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â À¥ ¼­¹öÀÇ º¸¾È¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®Á¦Á¡Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °¢°¢ÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¸Àç ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹ö±×¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¸¾ÈÀÇ ÇãÁ¡À» À̾߱âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À¥ÀÇ µ¿ÀÛ ±¸Á¶¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ º¸¾ÈÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ À̾߱âÇÏ·Á°í ÇÔÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù. ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À, Áï ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ» ·çÆ®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀÛÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¶±Ý »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¸é ¿©±â¿¡ ¿ª½Ã ½É°¢ÇÑ º¸¾È ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ¼ÒÁö°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¦ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú Ŭ¶óÀ̾ðÆ®ÀÇ ¿äûÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ´Â ¼­¹ö µ¥¸óÀº ·çÆ®·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ ¼­¹ö µ¥¸óÀÌ ¾Õ ¿¹¿Í °°ÀÌ nobodyÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚ ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áø »õ·Î¿î ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ »ý¼º½ÃÅ°±â±îÁöÀÇ °úÁ¤Àº ¿ª½Ã ·çÆ®ÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ½ÇÇàµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ħÀÔÀÌ ÀϾ°Ô µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ·çÆ®ÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ¿øÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ´Â À§ÇèÀÇ ¼ÒÁö¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ö±×°¡ ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö ¹ß°ßµÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀ» Àý´ë·Î °£°úÇؼ­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦±îÁöÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ Ä§ÀÔ°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¹ö±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ º¸¸é ÀÌ´Â ½±°Ô ÀÌÇØ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÚ½Ä À¥ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ·çÆ®°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º´Â Àüü ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸ðµÎ Á¢±Ù(access)ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ¼ÒÁö¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº À¥À» »ç¿ëÇÔ¿¡ À־ »ç½Ç»ó °ÅÀÇ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ´Ù¸¥ µð·ºÅ丮³ª ÆÄÀϵé(/etcÀÇ ¿©·¯ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϵé)¿¡ Á¢±Ù ±ÇÇÑÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÇ´Â ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â º¸¾È °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ º¸¸é ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Á¤º¸¸¦ À¯Ãâ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸Å¿ì ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç ħÀÔÀÇ ¹ßÆÇÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÈ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿¹Àü¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì·Î ÀÎÇؼ­ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ¾ú´ø ¿¹¸¦ Çѹø µé¾îº¸ÀÚ. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Æнº¿öµå³ª ±×·ì ÆÄÀÏÀº ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô Àб⠱ÇÇÑÀ» ÁÖ°Ô²û ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À¥ ¼­¹ö°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸Ó½Å¿¡ ·Î±äÇÏÁö ¾Ê°íµµ Æнº¿öµå ÆÄÀÏÀ» °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â À¥ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀνºÅçÇßÀ» ¶§, µðÆúÆ®·Î cgi-bin¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ Áß phf¶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î ÀÎÇؼ­ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. phfÀÇ ¹ö±×´Â Áö±ÝÀº ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ® À־ ÆÐÄ¡°¡ °ÅÀÇ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸®¶ó°í »ý°¢µÇÁö¸¸ CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ¾ó¸¶µçÁö ħÀÔ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» ½Ã»çÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý À¥ ¼­¹öÀÇ cgi-bin µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ phf ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» °Ë»çÇØ º¸°í ÀÌ CGI°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é Áï½Ã À̸¦ Áö¿ö¹ö¸®°Å³ª ÆÐÄ¡¸¦ Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. 4.8.2 chrootÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í °³¿ä chroot´Â »õ·Î¿î ·çÆ® µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¿© ½ÇÁ¦·Î chrootµÈ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º´Â ÀÌ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ »óÀ§ µð·ºÅ丮·Î´Â Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ ÇÏÀ§ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮·Î¸¸ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â º¸ ¾È¿¡´Â ¸Å¿ì È¿°úÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù. Áï ÇϳªÀÇ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ½ÇÇà½Ãų ¶§ ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿µ¿ªÀ» ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º »ý¼º ½Ã±â¿¡ ¹Ì¸® Á¦ÇѽÃų ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àß »ì Æì º¸¸é ÀÌ ÇÔ¼ö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé¾îÁø µ¿¸íÀÇ chroot¶ó´Â ¸í·É¾îµµ Á¸ÀçÇϴµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ÇÁ·ÒÇÁ Æ®»ó¿¡¼­ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ ½ÇÇà½Ãų ¶§µµ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷ chroot°¡ Àß ÀÌÇØ°¡ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù¸é ±ÛÀÇ µÞºÎºÐÀÇ wrapper Äڵ带 º¸¸é ½±°Ô ÀÌÇØ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸® ¶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. 4.8.2.1 ÀåÁ¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¼Ò°³ Çß´ø À¥ ¼­¹öÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÇØ°áÇØ ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. chrootµÈ µð·ºÅ丮°¡ À¥ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î¼¼½ºÀÇ ·çÆ® µð·ºÅ丮·Î ÀνĵDZ⠶§¹®¿¡ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮·ÎÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¼Ò°³ÇßµíÀÌ ·çÆ® ±ÇÇÑÀÇ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ nobody ±ÇÇÑÀÇ ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ »ý¼º½ÃÄѼ­ ÄÁÆ®·ÑÀ» ³Ñ±â±â Àü¿¡ °ø°Ý ´çÇÏ¿© ·çÆ®ÀÇ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ chrootµÈ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¹þ¾î ³¯ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ÀÌ´Â chrootµÈ µð·ºÅ丮 ÀÌÇÏ¿¡´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ħÀÔÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ ÆÄÀÏÀ̳ª µð·ºÅ丮°¡ ¾ø°í ´Ü¼øÈ÷ htmlÆÄÀÏ, ±×¸² ÆÄÀÏ, CGIÆÄÀÏ µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±âÁ¸ÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹öÀÇ °æ¿ì »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÇ È¨ ÆäÀÌÁöµéÀ̳ª À¥ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(À¥ BBS, DB¿Í ¿¬µ¿µÈ À¥ ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ DB)µéÀÌ µð½ºÅ©¿¡ Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¹°·Ð ±âÁ¸ÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹ö³ª »ý¼ºµÈ ÀÚ½Ä ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ µð½ºÅ©ÀÇ ¾îµðµçÁö Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª chroot¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À¥ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Å« µð½ºÅ© ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Áö½ÃÇÏ´Â µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ chrootÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸ðµç À¥ ¼­ºñ½º °ü·Ã ÆÄÀϵéÀ» ÀÌ µð½ºÅ© ÆÄƼ¼Ç¿¡ ¸ð¾Æ µÎ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ½ÇÁ¦·Î À¥ ¼­¹ö´Â ÀÌ µð½ºÅ© ÆÄƼ¼Ç, Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô´Â ÀÌ µð½ºÅ© ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Áö½ÃÇÏ´Â chrootµÈ µð·ºÅ丮 ¹ÛÀ» ¸ø ¹þ¾î ³ª¸é¼­ µ¿ÀÛÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ µð½ºÅ©¸¸ Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¹é¾÷À» ¹Þ¾Æ µÐ´Ù¸é ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Áװųª µð½ºÅ©°¡ ¸Á°¡Áö´õ¶óµµ ´Ù¸¥ È£½ºÆ®ÀÇ ºó µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ¹é¾÷À» Ç®¾î¼­ Áï½Ã À¥ ¼­¹ö¸¦ º¹±¸½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̶§ÀÇ º¹±¸ ½Ã°£Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¹é¾÷ µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ »õ·Î¿î µð½ºÅ©¿¡ º¹»çÇÏ´Â ½Ã°£¸¸ÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÇ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð »õ·ÎÀÌ ¿Å±ä È£½ºÆ®ÀÇ DNS entry¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ »ý±ä È£½ºÆ®ÀÇ À̸§À» alias½ÃÄÑ ³õÀ¸¸é ±âÁ¸¿¡ À¥ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´ø »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀüÇô ¹®Á¦¸¦(È£½ºÆ®°¡ ¿Å°ÜÁö°í µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÀúÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ø µð½ºÅ©°¡ ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç) ´À³¢Áö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï Åõ¸í¼º(transparency)À» º¸ÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í À¥ ÀÚ·áµéÀÌ ¿©·¯ µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ºÐ»êµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤Çϸé ÀÌÁß ¾î´À ÇϳªÀÇ µð½ºÅ©°¡ ¸Á°¡Áö°Ô µÇ¸é ÀÌ µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ÀÖ´Â À¥ ÀڷḸ º¹±¸½ÃÅ°´Â ¹®Á¦µµ ÁöÀúºÐÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Æı«µÉ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ´õ¿í ´õ Àüü À¥ ¼­ºñ½ºÀÇ º¹±¸ ½Ã°£Àº ±æ¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ¸ç °ü¸®Àڵ鿡°Ô Å« ºÎ´ãÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 4.8.2.2 ´ÜÁ¡ chroot¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº º¸¾ÈÀ» À§Çؼ­´Â ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌÁö¸¸ ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ ¹® Á¦¸¦ ³»Æ÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦ ¿©±â¼­ °£´ÜÈ÷ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î°¡µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ. ¼³Ä¡ÇϱⰡ ±î´Ù·Ó´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(¹°·Ð ³ë·ÃÇÑ °ü¸®ÀÚ¶ó¸é Å« ¹®Á¦´Â µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù). µÞ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸ ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀϵéÀ» binµð·ºÅ丮¿¡ °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀ» ¶§ ±×³É ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» º¹»çÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é À̵éÀº ¸ðµÎ °øÀ¯ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ À̵éÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ usr/lib¿¡ º¹»ç ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ À¥¿¡¼­´Â CGI¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀº ¸Å¿ì ÇÇ°ïÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æÇèÀÚµéÀº ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀϵéÀº Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÃßõÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â °øÀ¯ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀüÇô ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ °ü¸®ÇϱⰡ ±ò²ûÇÏ°í Æí¸®ÇÏ´Ù. ¹°·Ð À¥¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¸ðµç ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀϵéÀ» Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù½Ã ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇØÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇϹǷΠÃʱ⠼³Ä¡ ½Ã¿¡ Á» ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÇ´Â ´ÜÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. µÚ¿¡¼­ º¸ÀÏ ¿¹Á¦´Â Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±âÁ¸¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì À¥ ¼­¹ö°¡ ¼³Ä¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â »óÅ¿¡¼­ chroot¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â chroot¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀåÁ¡À» »ì¸®±â Èûµé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ Àç·®¿¡ µû¶ó ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»Àº ÀÌ¹Ì ±âÁ¸ÀÇ À¥ ¼­¹ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é °³ÀεéÀÌ °¢°¢ÀÇ È¨ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È¨ ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ³õ¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀε¥ ÀÌ È¨ ÆäÀÌÁöµéÀÌ chroot¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ̳ª chrootÀÇ tree ¹Ù±ù¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥À» ¼Ò°³ÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÇ È¨ ÆäÀÌÁö°¡ chroot¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â tree ¹Ù±ù¿¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸ °°Àº ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÇÏµå ¸µÅ©¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ÇØ°á ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(chroot treeÀÌÇÏ¿¡¼­ ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¼ÒÇÁÆ® ¸µÅ©´Â µ¿ÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù). ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÇ È¨ ÆäÀÌ°¡ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â loop back ¸¶¿îÆ®(·ÎÄà ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ·ÎÄà ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¸¶¿îÆ®)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÇØ°á ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. loop back ¸¶¿îÆ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ¼³¸íÀº »ý·«Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú´Ù. 4.8.2.3 chroot¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ À¥ ¼­¹ö ¼³Ä¡ °úÁ¤ ÀÌÁ¦ chrootÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î À¥ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼Ò°³ÇØ º¸µµ ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¿¹Á¦´Â ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º 2.5 ¸Ó½Å¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº °øÀ¯ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ë ÇÏ°Ô ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ °úÁ¤À» Á¤¸®ÇÏ¿© º» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °úÁ¤Àº ¼Ö¶ó ¸®½º 2.5ÀÇ °æ¿ìÀ̹ǷΠ¸ðµç ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤À» Àß ÀÌÇØ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ´Ù¸¥ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¶óµµ Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó ¹Ï°í, ¶Ç ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¼ÒÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀº °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ Àç·®À¸·Î ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. chroot´Â ÀÓÀÇÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ »õ·Î¿î ·çÆ® µð·ºÅ丮·Î ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ´ë ÇÑ ¿ë·®ÀÌ ÃæºÐÇÑ µð½ºÅ©¸¦ Çϳª ¼±Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. # df -k ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛ K¹ÙÀÌÆ® »ç¿ë °¡¿ë ¿ë·® ¼³Ä¡ÁöÁ¡ /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 86879 21416 56783 28% / /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s6 480919 417695 15134 97% /usr /proc 0 0 0 0% /proc fd 0 0 0 0% /dev/fd /dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7 1952573 135576 1621747 6% /WWW /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s5 288855 212963 47012 82% /opt /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7 724031 227921 423710 35% /usr1 swap 409672 224 409448 1% /tmp ¿©±â¼­´Â /WWW¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ chroot¸¦ Çϱâ·Î ÇÏ°Ú´Ù. ¸ÕÀú ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¸¸µéµµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ. # pwd /WWW # ls ÃÑ 28 2 cgi-bin/ 2 etc/ 2 logs/ 2 HOME_PAGE/ 2 conf/ 2 home/ 6 src/ 2 bin/ 2 dev/ 4 icons/ 2 usr/ À§ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮µéÀ» °£´ÜÈ÷ ¼³¸íÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. HOME_PAGE ÀÌ À¥ ¼­¹ö¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇßÀ» ¶§ ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ã´Â µð·ºÅ丮·Î ¼³Á¤ bin ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀϵéÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀ» µð·ºÅ丮 cgi-bin CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀ» µð·ºÅ丮 conf httpdÀÇ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀ» µð·ºÅ丮 dev µð¹ÙÀ̽º ÆÄÀÏÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀ» µð·ºÅ丮 etc passwd³ª groupÆÄÀÏÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀ» µð·ºÅ丮 home °³ÀΠȨÆäÀÌÁö³ª À¥ ¼­ºñ½º °ü·Ã DBµîÀÇ ÀÚ·áµéÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ³õÀ» µð ·ºÅ丮 icons ¾ÆÀÌÄÜÀ» ³õÀ» µð·ºÅ丮 logs httpd°¡ ¸¸µé ·Î±× ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÀúÀåÇÒ µð·ºÅ丮 usr usr/lib³ª usr/tmp¸¦ À§ÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮 src httpd¸¦ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ÇÒ µð·ºÅ丮 ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â À¥ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» °¡Á®¿Í /WWW/src ¹Ø¿¡¼­ ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏÀÚ. º»ÀÎÀÌ »ç¿ë ÇÑ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ À¥ ¼­¹ö ¼Ò½º ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ´ÙÀ½¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. http://www.apache.org ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¼³Ä¡ °úÁ¤Àº À¥ ¼­¹ö¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¶§¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÏÁö¸¸, ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡ °úÁ¤¿¡¸¸ ÁÖÀÇÇÏ ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¸¸µé¾îÁø conf¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ÆÄÀϵéÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ³õ´Â´Ù. # ls conf ÃÑ 36 12 httpd.conf 14 srm.conf 4 access.conf 6 mime.types conf¹Ø¿¡ ÀÖ´Â httpd.conf¿¡¼­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÇØÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. #ServerRoot /usr/local/etc/httpd # for chroot() ServerRoot / ÀÌ°Í ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¼³Á¤Àº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¼³Á¤°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. Á»´õ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ¾ÆÆÄÄ¡ ¼­¹öÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ¼³Á¤ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿ù°£ Internet 1996³â 10¿ù È£¸¦ Âü°íÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. src¿¡¼­ ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÑ httpd¸¦ bin¹ØÀ¸ ·Î ¿Å°ÜµÎ°í ÀÌ httpd°¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °øÀ¯ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®µéÀ» ½ÇÁ¦ /usr/lib¿¡¼­ /WWW/usr/lib¹Ø ¿¡ º¹»çÇØ µÐ´Ù. httpd°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀÏÀº ldd¶ó´Â ¸í·É¾î·Î Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù. # ldd httpd libsocket.so.1 =>/usr/lib/libsocket.so.1 libnsl.so.1 => /usr/lib/libnsl.so.1 libc.so.1 => /usr/lib/libc.so.1 libdl.so.1 => /usr/lib/libdl.so.1 libintl.so.1 => /usr/lib/libintl.so.1 libw.so.1 => /usr/lib/libw.so.1 ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¶óÀ̺귯¸® ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´ø /usr/lib¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮´Â httpd µ¥¸ó ¿¡°Ô´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, httpd µ¥¸ó¿¡°Ô ·çÆ® µð·ºÅ丮ÀÎ /WWW¹Ø ¿¡ »õ·Î¿î usr/libÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®µéÀ» º¹»çÇØ µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. etc ¹Ø¿¡´Â /etc/passwd, /etc/group, /etc/netconfig¸¦ º¹»çÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§, ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Á¡Àº Æнº¿öµå ÆÄÀÏ ÀÇ Æнº¿öµå ºÎºÐÀ» x·Î ¸·¾Æ ³õ´Â´Ù. ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º´Â shadow passwd¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ »ç ½Ç ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾øÁö¸¸ À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °æ¿ì´Â Æнº¿öµåÀÇ ¾ÏȣȭµÈ ºÎºÐÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã »èÁ¦ ½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸® °í ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â »èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. dev ¹Ø¿¡´Â ÇÊ¿äÇÑ µð¹ÙÀ̽º ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³õ ´Â´Ù. ¼Ö¶ó¸®½ºÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸¸µé ¼ö Àִµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ´Þ¶óÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿ä¼Ò°¡ °¡Àå Å©±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Á¶½ÉÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. # mknod /www/httpd/dev/ip c 11 3 # mknod /www/httpd/dev/tcp c 11 42 # mknod /www/httpd/dev/ticotsord c 105 1 # mknod /www/httpd/dev/udp c 11 41 # mknod /www/httpd/dev/zero c 13 12 # mknod /www/httpd/dev/null 13 2 # ls ÃÑ 0 0 null 0 ticotsord 0 zero 0 ip 0 tcp 0 udp ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¸é µð¹ÙÀ̽º ÆÄÀÏÀ» »ý¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸¾à¿¡ major, minor ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ¸ð¸£´Â °æ¿ì ¿¡´Â ½ÇÁ¦ /dev ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ »ìÆ캸¸é µÈ´Ù. # ls -lL /dev/zero 0 crw-rw-rw- 1 root sys 13, 12 5¿ù 8ÀÏ 04:48 /dev/zero Âü°í·Î zero´Â µ¿Àû ·Î´õ(dynamic loader)¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â ³×Æ®¿÷ (network)¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» À¥ ¼­¹ö°¡ Á¦°øÇÒ Áö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °áÁ¤ÇÑ ÈÄ CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ·Á¸é, CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀÏÀ» Á¶»ç ÇÑ ÈÄ, CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀÏ°ú ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ /WWW/bin, /WWW/usr/lib¿¡ °¢°¢ ³Ö¾î ÁÖ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÌÁø ÆÄÀÏ µé(sh, perlµî)À» chrootµÈ »õ·Î¿î ·çÆ® µð·ºÅ丮¿¡¼­ ãÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿ì¼± ±âº»ÀûÀÎ sh°ú perlÀ» ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÑ ÈÄ bin ¹Ø¿¡ ³Ö¾î ÁØ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ ´Â Á¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ìÀ̹ǷΠsh¿Í perlÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¶óÀ̺귯¸®µéÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿© usr/lib¿¡ º¹»çÇÏ¿© µÐ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½Àº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ³Ö¾î µÎ¸é CGI »ç¿ë¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀÌ ´Ù. cat comm cp csplit cut du expand find fmt fold grep head join locate ls mkdir mv nl od paste pr rm rmdir sort split sum tail touch tr unexpand uniq wc xargs º»ÀÎÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â bin¿¡ csh, sh, perl, httpd¸¸À» ³Ö¾î µÎ¾ú´Âµ¥ À̵éÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ¶óÀÌ ºê·¯¸®µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°¾Ò´Ù. # pwd /WWW # ls usr ÃÑ 4 2 lib/ 2 tmp/ # ls usr/lib ÃÑ 3322 2 libmapmalloc.so@ 78 libw.so.1* 48 ld.so* 14 libmapmalloc.so.1* 32 nss_compat.so.1* 288 ld.so.1* 2 libmp.so@ 22 nss_dns.so.1* 2 libc.so@ 32 libmp.so.1* 42 nss_files.so.1* 1312 libc.so.1* 2 libnsl.so@ 48 nss_nis.so.1* 2 libdl.so@ 1136 libnsl.so.1* 58 nss_nisplus.so.1* 6 libdl.so.1* 2 libsocket.so@ 2 straddr.so@ 2 libintl.so@ 136 libsocket.so.1* 20 straddr.so.2* 32 libintl.so.1* 2 libw.so@ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î httpd µ¥¸óÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ wrapper¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. ´ÙÀ½Àº wrapperÀÇ ¼Ò½º ÄÚ µåÀÌ´Ù. #include main(int argc, char *argv[]) { if (chdir(argv[1])) { fprintf(stderr,"change directory to %s failed !",argv[1]); exit(1); } if (chroot(argv[1])) { fprintf(stderr,"chroot %s failed !",argv[1]); exit(1); } execl("/bin/httpd","httpd","-f","/conf/httpd.conf",(char *)0); exit(0); } ÀÌ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ½ÇÇà ¹æ¹ýÀ» º¸¸é È®½ÇÈ÷ ÀÌÇØ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °úÁ¤Àº /WWWÀÌÇÏ µð·ºÅ丮¿Í ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ °¡»óÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚÀÎ wwwÀ¸·Î ÇÑ´Ù. ¹° ·Ð wwwÀ̶ó´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â /etc/passwd¿¡ µî·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº nobody¸¦ µî·Ï½ÃŲ °úÁ¤°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. # grep www /etc/passwd www:x:1000:1000:WWW server:/www/httpd: # grep webgroup /etc/group webgroup::1000:web # chown -R www /WWW # chgrp -R webgroup /WWW # chmod -R 755 /WWW ÀÌÁ¦ wrapper ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µé¾î¼­ ºÎÆà ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇØ Áֱ⸸ ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. {{{{ # pwd /etc/rc3.d # ls ÃÑ 1258 4 S15nfs.server* 2 S97wrapper* 4 README 2 S98smbd* # cat S97wrapper #!/bin/sh # for httpd wrapper daemon if [ -f /WWW/bin/httpd_wrapper ] then echo "start httpd wrapper" /WWW/bin/httpd_wrapper echo "/WWW/bin/httpd_wrapper" fi }} }} 4.8.3 CGIÀÇ Ãë¾àÁ¡°ú º¸¾È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¿ä ¼¼°è´Â ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ¿­Ç³À¸·Î ¹Ù»Ú°Ô ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÎÅͳÝÀ» ¸ð¸£¸é ³«¿ÀÀÚ°¡ µÇ´Â ¾ç, ³Êµµ ³ªµµ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ´ë¿­¿¡ ¸ð¿©µé°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¹ßÀü°ú º¯È­ÀÇ ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ ¸¸Å­À̳ª Ãë¾àÇÑ ºÎºÐ µµ ²ÙÁØÈ÷ »ý°Ü ³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­, À¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸¾È¸¦ ´õ¿í ½Å°æ½á¾ß ÇÒ ½Ã±â°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ ÇÑ ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®¼­¿¡¼­´Â À¥ º¸¾È¿¡ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î CertAdvisory¿Í 8lgmÀ» Âü°í·Î ÇÏ¿© Ãë¾àÁ¡°ú º¸¾È À» ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ CGI¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ À¥ ¼­¹ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ħÀÔÇÏ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ãë¾àÇÑ ºÎºÐ°ú ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸¾ÈÃ¥À» ¼³¸íÇÏ°í, ±× Áß¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ¾ú´ø ¿¹ ¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ³»¿ëÀº 1.Interpreters in CGI bin Directories 2.Vulnerability in NCSA/Apache CGI example code 4.8.3.1 CGI Çؼ®±â À¥À» ÅëÇØ È¨ ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ µé¾î°¡º¸¸é ¹æ¹® Ƚ¼ö°¡ ³ª¿À´Â Ȩ ÆäÀÌÁö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº »ç¿ë ÀÚ¿Í À¥ ¼­¹ö°¡ »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â CGI¸¦ ÅëÇØ °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ CGI ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ Çؼ­´Â Çؼ®±â°¡ À¥ ¼­¹ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ À¥À» ÅëÇØ CGI ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ ½Ç Çà½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­ À¥ ¼­¹ö´Â Çؼ®±â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù ±ÇÇÑÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­, Ãʱ⿡´Â »ç¿ë ÀÚ°¡ CGI ½ºÅ©¸³Æ®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®½Å½ÃÄÑÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­ CGI bin µð·ºÅ丮»ó¿¡ Çؼ®±â¸¦ À§Ä¡½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, CGI binµð·ºÅ丮»ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé(interpreters)Àº ÀÓÀÇÀÇ º¯¼ö(argument)·Î ½ÇÇàµÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÀǵµµÈ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î¸¸ ½ÇÇà µÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µðÀÚÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. 4.8.3.2 ¹®Á¦Á¡ µû¶ó¼­ Çؼ®±âµé(/bin/sh ¶Ç´Â PERL µîµî)ÀÌ CGI bin µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇØ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ħÀÔÀÚ ´Â Çؼ®±â¸¦ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í À¥ ¼­¹ö ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ÀÓÀÇÀÇ ¸í·É¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ ´Ù. ÀÌ ÈÄ¿¡ ¼Ò°³µÇ´Â ³»¿ëÀº ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇؼ­ »ý°å´ø ¹®Á¦ÀÌ°í, ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸î °¡ Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. 4.8.4 NCSA/Apache CGI ¿¹Á¦ ÄÚµåÀÇ Ãë¾à¼ºÀÇ °³¿ä À¥ ¼­¹ö ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀνºÅç ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ src¶ó´Â µð·¹Å丮¸¦ º¸¸éÀº util.c¶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¹ß°ß ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ÇÔ¼ö Áß¿¡¼­ escape_shell_cmd()¶ó´Â ÇÔ¼ö°¡ Ãë¾à¼ºÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ °í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÔ¼ö´Â system(), popen()°ú °°Àº shell-based ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ ÇÊÅ͸µÇÏ¿© È£ÃâÇÏ ´Â ¿ªÈ°À» ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, escape_shell_cmd()¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿© shell-based ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ È£ÃâÇÏ´Â ÇÁ ·Î±×·¥Àº °ø°Ý´çÇÏ´Â Ãë¾àÁ¡À» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ 4.8.4.1 ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¿¹ phf¶ó´Â CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Á¡Àº Ãë¾àÁ¡Àº httpd ±× ÀÚü¿¡ ÀÖ ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, escape_shell_cmd()¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, Ãë¾àÇÑ escape_shell_cmd()¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº ¸ðµÎ ±¸¸ÛÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» °¡ Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, escape_shell_cmd()¸¦ ÀûÀýÈ÷ °íÃÄÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù. 4.8.4.2 ¹®Á¦Á¡ phf ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â À¥ ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­´Â ÀÏ¹Ý »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ /etc/passwd¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ °í ½Ã½ºÅÛ»ó¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »óÈ£ÀûÀÎ ½©(shell) ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ ´Ù. ¸¹Àº CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡¼­ util.cÀ» ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ escape_shell_cmd()Àº CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýµÈ ½©(shell)ÀÌ Ãß°¡ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ¸í·É ¾î¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ´Â Á¦¾î ¹®ÀÚ(control characters)À» ÇÊÅ͸µÇÑ´Ù. /* In util.c */ void escape_shell_cmd(char *cmd) { register int x,y,l; l=strlen(cmd); for(x=0;cmd[x];x++) { if(ind("&;`'\"|*?~<>^()[]{}$\\",cmd[x]) != -1){ /*the line above is the filter for control chars*/ for(y=l+1;y>x;y--) cmd[y] = cmd[y-1]; l++; /* length has been increased */ cmd[x] = '\\'; x++; /* skip the character */ } } } À§ÀÇ ¼Ò½º Äڵ带 »ìÆì º¸¸é , ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Á¦¾î ¹®ÀÚ(control characters)À» ÇÊÅ͸µ½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥¿¡ ºñÇØ `n'¸¸ÀÌ ÇÊÅ͸µµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±¸¸ÛÀÌ »ý±â°ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹ø°´Â À¥ »ó¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ phf Áú¹®ÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¿Í ½Ç¸íÀ» µî·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, µÎ ¹ø°´Â ù ¹ø°¿Í´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼È÷ »ìÆ캸¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀº /etc/passwdÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â(cat) Áú¹® ÇüÅÂÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀǹÌÇϸç ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ phf Áú¹®ÀÇ Çü Å ¼Ó¿¡ Æнº¿öµå ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ¸í·ÉÀÌ»ðÀԵǾî ÀÖÀ½À» ½±°Ô ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. http://aaa.bb/cgi-bin/phf?Pserver=xxx.xx.xx.xx&Qalias=morphy &name=ChrisTerry http://aaa.bb/cgi-bin/phf?Jserver=xxx.xx.xx.xx%0Acat%20/etc/passwd%0A&Qalias=&Qna me=foo 4.8.4.3 ħÀÔ °úÁ¤ 1.´©±º°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÇ È£½ºÆ®¸¦ ¸ñÇ¥·Î Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. 2.phfÀÇ ¹öÀüÀÌ ºÒ¾ÈÀüÇÑÁö¸¦ º»´Ù. Áï,`n'ÀÌ ÇÊÅ͸µÀÌ ¾È µÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù. 3.À§ÀÇ Áú¹® ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î /etc/passwdÀ» °¡Á®¿À°Å³ª, ¼¿À» ½ÇÇà½ÃŲ´Ù. 4.ÀÌ °úÁ¤Àº ¹°·Ð httpd ·Î±×¿¡ ³²´Â´Ù. 4.8.4.4 ÇØ°áÃ¥ C ¶óÀ̺귯¸® ÇÔ¼ö(system()°ú popen() µîµî)À» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» Á¦°ÅÇÑ ´Ù. Áï, escape_shell_cmd() ÇÔ¼ö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇà ±ÇÇÑÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϰųª, ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ±× ÀÚü¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù. Ưº°È÷, phf°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ ¾î ÀÖ´Â »çÀÌÆ®³ª ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »çÀÌÆ®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ´Ù ½Ã ¾´´Ù. escape_shell_cmd()ÀÇ Àǵµ´Â shell meta-characters¸¦ ºÎ¸£±â ½¬¿î ÇÔ¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ shell meta-characters¸¦ ÇÊÅ͸µÇÏ¿© È£ÃâÇÏ´Â ¿ªÈ°À» ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, Á» ´õ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¶óÀ̺귯¸® ÇÔ¼öÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¹Ì shell-based ¶óÀ̺귯¸® ÇÔ¼ö (system() , popen())À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â »çÀÌÆ®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ À» ´Ù½Ã ½á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÆÐÄ¡µÈ util.cÀ» °¡Áö°í CGI ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(cgi-bin ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥)À» ´Ù½Ã ÄÄÆÄÀÏÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÆÐÄ¡ ¹æ¹ý 1) if(ind("&;`'\"|*?~<>^()[]{}$\\",cmd[x]) != -1){ 2) if(ind("&;`'\"|*?~<>^()[]{}$\\\n",cmd[x]) != -1){ util.cÀÇ escape_shell_cmd()ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» 1)¿¡¼­ 2)·Î ¹Ù²Ù¸é µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ¼Ò½º ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ´Ù½Ã make¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¸é µÈ´Ù. 4.9 ĨÀÔÀÚÀÇ ¹ß°ß½Ã¿¡ °ü¸®ÀÚÀÇ ÀÓ¹« 4.9.1 ħÀÔÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§³ª ¹ÞÀº ÈÄ¿¡ ÇؾßÇÒ °Íµé. ÀÌÁ¦ ħÀÔÀ» °¨ÁöÇßÀ» ¶§¿¡ ´ëºñÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö Á¶¾ðÀ» ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ù ¹ø° ÇÒ ÀÏÀº ³ÃÁ¤ À» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼º±ÞÇÑ ÇൿÀº °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ÀúÁö¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ Å« Çظ¦ ³¢Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 4.9.1.1 ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ º¸¾È °ø°Ý. ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ º¸¾È °ø°ÝÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®´Â °ÍÀº ±äÀåµÇ´Â ÀÏÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ´ëÀÀÇÏ ´Â°¡¿¡ µû¶ó Áß¿äÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÌ ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̶ó¸é, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸° ÀÌ »óÀº ´©±º°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÁýÀ̳ª »ç¹«½Ç, ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡ ħÀÔÇß´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº Áö¿ª Ã¥ÀÓ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­¶ó¸é ´©±º°¡ ÄÉÀ̽º¸¦ ¿­·Á Ç߰ųª ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ÀçºÎÆÃÇÏ·Á°í Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷·È À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ ±ÇÇÑ°ú ÀýÂ÷¿¡ µû¶ó, ´ç½ÅÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÁßÁöÇϵµ·Ï ¿ä±¸Çϰųª Áö¿ª º¸¾È Ã¥ÀÓÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¿¬¶ôÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Áö¿ª »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ º¸¾ÈÀ» ÈѼÕÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °¨ÁöÇßÀ» °æ¿ì, °¡ Àå ¸ÕÀú ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÀÏÀº ±× »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ½ÇÁ¦ º»ÀÎÀÎÁö È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¾îµð¿¡¼­ ·Î±×ÀÎÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇØ º¸µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ±× °÷ÀÌ Æò»ó½Ã¿¡ ·Î±×ÀÎÇØ µé¾î¿À´Â °÷ÀÎ °¡? ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº°¡? ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ ÅëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿¬¶ôÀ» ÃëÇغ¸µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ¿¹ ¸¦ µé¾î ÀüÈ­¸¦ °É°Å³ª ±× »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ Áý ȤÀº »ç¹«½Ç·Î Á÷Á¢ °¡¼­ À̾߱⸦ ³ª´­ ¼öÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ ÀÏ ±× »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ½ÃÀÎÇÑ´Ù¸é, ´ç½ÅÀº ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¼³¸íÇϵµ·Ï ¿ä±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±×·± ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÁßÁöÇ϶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°¡ ºÎÀÎÇÏ°í, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç°Ç¿¡ ´ë Çؼ­ ¸ð¸¥´Ù¸é Á» ´õ Á¶»ç¸¦ ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ºñ½ÁÇÑ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº¸°í ¾î¶² °í¹ßÀ̳ª ºñ³­ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¸¦ È®º¸Çϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ³×Æ®¿÷À» ÅëÇÑ Ä§Åõ¸¦ °¨ÁöÇß´Ù¸é, óÀ½ ÇÒ ÀÏÀº (´ç½ÅÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é) ³×Æ®¿÷ ¿¬°áÀ» ²÷´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ħÀÔÀÚ°¡ ¸ðµ©À¸·Î Á¢¼ÓÇß´Ù¸é ¸ðµ© ¼±À» »Ì¾Æ¹ö¸®µµ·Ï ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ´õ³ÝÀ» ÅëÇØ Á¢¼ÓÇß´Ù¸é ÀÌ´õ³Ý ¼±À» »Ì¾Æ¶ó. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çϸé ħÀÔÀÚ°¡ ´õ Å« ÇÇÇظ¦ ÀÔÈ÷´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ħÀÔÀÚ´Â ¾Æ¸¶ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ µéÅë³µ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â ³×Æ®¿÷¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ »ý±ä ¸ð¾çÀ̶ó°í ¿©±æ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ³×Æ®¿÷ ¿¬°áÀ» ²÷À» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é (Á¢¼ÓÀÌ ºó¹øÇÑ »çÀÌÆ®À̰ųª, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹° ¸®Àû °ü¸®±ÇÇÑÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é), Â÷¼±Ã¥Àº ħÀÔÀÚÀÇ »çÀÌÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¢¼ÓÇØ µé¾î¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·±â À§ ÇØ tcp_wrapper³ª ipfwadm °°Àº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ħÀÔÀÚÀÇ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼­ µé¾î¿À´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é, »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÇ °è Á¤À» Æó¼âÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ °èÁ¤À» Æó¼âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½¬¿î ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â Á¡¿¡ ÁÖÀÇÇ϶ó. ´ç ½ÅÀº .rhosts ÆÄÀÏ°ú FTP¸¦ ÅëÇÑ Á¢±Ù, È£½ºÆ® »óÀÇ µÞ¹®(backdoor)À» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. À§ÀÇ Á¶Ä¡µé (³×Æ®¿÷ Àý´Ü, °ø°ÝÀÚÀÇ »çÀÌÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Â Á¢±Ù ½Ãµµ °ÅºÎ, ±×¸®°í/ȤÀº ±×µéÀÇ °èÁ¤ Æó¼â) °¡¿îµ¥ ÇÑ °¡Áö¸¦ ÇÏ°í ³ª¸é, °ø°ÝÀÚÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¿ëÀÚ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¸¦ Á×ÀÌ°í ±×µéÀ» ·Î±× ¿ÀÇÁ ½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚ´Â ´Ù½Ã µé¾î¿À·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÒ °ÍÀ̹ǷÎ, ´ÙÀ½ ¸î ºÐ µ¿¾ÈÀº ´ç½ÅÀÇ »çÀÌÆ®¸¦ ÀÚ¼¼ È÷ °¨½ÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚ´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ ´Ù¸¥ °èÁ¤À» ¾µ °ÍÀÌ°í, ´Ù¸¥ ³×Æ®¿÷ ÁÖ¼Ò¸¦ ¾µ ¼öµµ ÀÖ ´Ù. 4.9.2 ÀÌ¹Ì ÀϾ º¸¾È ÈѼÕ. ´ç½ÅÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ÀϾ »ç°í¸¦ µÚ´Ê°Ô ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷·ÈÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í Á¦¶§ °¨ÁöÇÏ°í (¹Ù¶ó±â·Î´Â) °ø°ÝÀÚ¸¦ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ¸ô¾Æ³ÂÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ±î? 4.9.2.1 ±¸¸Û ¸·±â °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ µé¾î¿À±â À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±× ±¸ ¸ÛÀ» ¸·µµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ·Î±×ÀÎ ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ FTP »ç¿ë»çÇ×µéÀÌ ¿©·¯ °³ »ý±ä °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¿¡´Â FTP ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÏ°í °³Á¤ ¹öÀüÀ̳ª ¾Ë·ÁÁø ±³Á¤ »çÇ× ¸ñ·ÏÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ã¾ÆºÁ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±â·Ï(log) ÆÄÀϵéÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ°í, ÀÚÁÖ Ã£´Â º¸¾È »çÀÌÆ®¿¡ °¡¼­ ´ç½ÅÀÌ °íÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Ó°í ÈçÇÑ »ç·Ê°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¸ñ·ÏÀ» »ìÆ캸µµ·Ï Ç϶ó. °ø°ÝÀÚ¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Â÷´ÜÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ´ë°³ ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ¿Â´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ·Î ¹Ù·Î µ¹ ¾Æ¿ÀÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ»Áö¶óµµ, ´ç½ÅÀÇ lan ¾ÈÀÇ ¾îµò °¡·Î ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ÆÐŶ ½º´ÏÆÛ¸¦ ÀÛµ¿½ÃÅ° °í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, ±×´Â Áö¿ª ³»ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ·Î Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 4.9.2.2 ÇÇÇØ Æò°¡ ù ¹ø° ÇÒ ÀÏÀº ÇÇÇظ¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÈѼյǾú´Â°¡? Tripwire °°Àº ¿ÏÀü¼º °Ë»ç ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, tripwire¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÄѼ­ ¾Ë¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ¸ðµç Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÚ·áµéÀ» ÀÏÀÏÀÌ »ìÆ캸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ °¥¼ö·Ï ¼³Ä¡Çϱ⠽¬¿öÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϵéÀ» ÀúÀåÇØ µÎ°í µð½ºÅ©¸¦ Áö¿ö¹ö¸° ´ÙÀ½ ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¼³ Ä¡ÇÑ µÚ ¹é¾÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¿ëÀÚ ÆÄÀÏ°ú ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀϵéÀ» º¹±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °í·ÁÇØ º¼ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¸é ±ú²ýÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» »õ·Î °®°Ô µÈ´Ù. 4.9.2.3 ¹é¾÷, ¹é¾÷, ¹é¾÷! Á¤±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¹é¾÷À» Çصδ ½À°üÀº º¸¾È ¹®Á¦¿¡ À־´Â ½ÅÀÇ ¼±¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ÀÌ ¸Á°¡Á³À» ¶§, ¹é¾÷µÈ °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â ÀڷḦ º¹±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð °ø°ÝÀÚ¿¡°Ô µµ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ·á´Â ÈÉÃÄ°¡¼­ ÀÚ±âÀÇ »çº»À» ¸¸µé¾î µÐ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Æı«ÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸, ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ´ç½Å Àº ÀڷḦ µµ³­ ´çÇÒÁö¾ðÁ¤ ÀÒÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. º¯Á¶µÈ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¹é¾÷µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¹±¸Çϱâ Àü¿¡, ÀÌ ÀüÀÇ ¿©·¯ ¹é¾÷º»µéÀ» È®ÀÎÇØ º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ħÀÔÀÚ°¡ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ¸ÁÃijõ¾Ò´Ù¸é, ¾ûÅÍ ¸® ÆÄÀϵ鸸 ÀÜ¶à ¹é¾÷ÇØ ³õ¾ÒÀ» ¼öµµ Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ¹é¾÷º»µé¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ º¸¾È ¹®Á¦ °¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹é¾÷º»µéÀ» ¾ÈÀüÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡ µÎ¾ú´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ°í, ´©°¡ °Å±â Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. (°ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ¹é¾÷º»À» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¸ð¸£´Â »çÀÌ¿¡ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÚ·á¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.) 4.9.2.4 ħÀÔÀÚ ÃßÀû ħÀÔÀÚ¸¦ ¸ô¾Æ³»°í, ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» º¹±¸Çß´Ù°í Çؼ­ ¸ðµç ÀÏÀÌ ³¡³­ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ë°³ ħÀÔÀÚ µéÀº ÀâÈ÷Áö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ±×·¡µµ °ø°Ý »ç°ÇÀ» º¸°íÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ ´ç½Å ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °ø °ÝÇß´ø »çÀÌÆ®ÀÇ °ü¸®ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±× »ç°ÇÀ» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¬¶ôó´Â "whois"³ª internic µ¥ÀÌ Åͺ£À̽º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ðµç ÀûÀýÇÑ ±â·Ï »çÇ×°ú ³¯Â¥ ¹× ½Ã°£À» ÷ºÎÇؼ­ ÀúÂÊ °ü¸®ÀÚ¿¡°Ô emailÀ» º¸³»´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. ħÀÔÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾î¶² ƯÀÌÇÑ Á¡À» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù¸é ±×°Íµµ ÇÔ²² ¾Ë·ÁÁÖµµ·Ï Ç϶ó. emailÀ» º¸³½ µÚ¿¡ (ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù¸é) ÀüÈ­¸¦ Çϵµ·Ï Ç϶ó. ÀúÂÊ °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ´Ù½Ã ±× °ø°ÝÀÚ¸¦ ã¾Æ³Â´Ù¸é, ±× °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ´Ù½Ã °ø°ÝÀÚ°¡ µé¾î¿Â »çÀÌÆ®ÀÇ °ü¸® ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÏ°í ¹¹ ±×·¸´Ù. ¶Ù¾î³­ ÇØÄ¿´Â ´ë°³ ¸¹Àº Áß°£ ½Ã½ºÅÛµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã½ºÅÛµé ÁßÀÇ ¾î¶² (ȤÀº ¸¹ Àº) °÷¿¡¼­´Â ħÀÔ ´çÇß´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÁ¶Â÷ ¸ð¸¦ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. Å©·¡Ä¿ÀÇ ¿ø·¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ±îÁö ÂѾư¡´Â °ÍÀº ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ À̾߱âÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ü¸®Àڵ鿡°Ô °ø¼ÕÇÏ°Ô ´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×µé·ÎºÎ ÅÍ µµ¿òÀ» ¾ò¾î³»´Âµ¥ ÁÁ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ °¡ÀÔÇÑ (cert³ª ÀÌ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ) ¸ðµç º¸¾È Á¶Á÷µé¿¡µµ ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. 4.10 º¸¾È °ü·Ã ÀÚ·á ¹× ±âŸ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ÁÖ¼Ò·Ï À¯´Ð½º º¸¾È ÀϹݿ¡ ´ëÇÑ È¤Àº Ưº°È÷ ¸®´ª½º º¸¾È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »çÀÌÆ®µéÀÌ Á¤¸» ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Çϳª ÀÌ»óÀÇ º¸¾È °ü·Ã ¸ÞÀϸµ ¸®½ºÆ®¿¡ °¡ÀÔÇؼ­ ÃÖ½ÅÀÇ º¸¾È ¼öÁ¤»çÇ×µéÀ» µû¶ó°¡ ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¸®½ºÆ®µéÀº ´ë°³ ¸Å¿ì ºÐ·®ÀÌ ÀûÀ¸¸é¼­µµ À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù. 4.9.1 FTP »çÀÌÆ®µé ¢¼CERT´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÀÀ±Þ ´ëÀÀ ÆÀ(Computer Emergency Response Team)ÀÇ ¾àÀÚ´Ù. À̵é Àº Á¾Á¾ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °ø°Ý »ç°Ç°ú ¼öÁ¤»çÇ׵鿡 ´ëÇÑ °æº¸¸¦ º¸³»°ï ÇÑ´Ù. cert.org Replay´Â ¸¹ Àº º¸¾È ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» ÀúÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Replay´Â ¹Ì±¹ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¾î¸®¼® Àº ¾ÏÈ£ Á¦ÇÑ¿¡ µû¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø´Ù. replay.com ¢¼Matt Blaze´Â CFSÀÇ ÀúÀÚÀ̸ç Ź¿ùÇÑ º¸¾È Àü¹®°¡ÀÌ´Ù. Matt Blaze's stuff ¢¼Sorosis´Â ¸®´ª½º PAM »çÀÌÆ®ÀÇ °íÇâÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â PAM¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¿Í ¸ðµâµé ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Linux PAM ftp site ¢¼tue.nlÀº ³×´ú¶õµå¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÈǸ¢ÇÑ º¸¾È °ü·Ã ftp »çÀÌÆ®ÀÌ´Ù. ftp.win.tue.nl 4.9.2 The Hacker FAQ ¢¼COAST ÀÚ·á½Ç¿¡´Â ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº À¯´Ð½º º¸¾È ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé°ú Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. COAST ¢¼Rootshell.comÀº Å©·¡Ä¿µéÀÌ ¿äÁò ¾²´Â ħÅõ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â¿¡ ÁÁÀº »çÀÌÆ®ÀÌ´Ù. rootshell.com exploits ¢¼BUGTRAQÀº º¸¾È °ü·Ã ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »óȲº¸°í¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù. BUGTRAQ archives ¢¼ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÀÀ±Þ ´ëÀÀ ÆÀ, CERT´Â À¯´Ð½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÈçÈ÷ °¡ÇØÁö´Â °ø°ÝÀ» º¸°íÇÑ´Ù. CERT home (http://www.cert.org) ¢¼Dan Farmer´Â SATAN°ú ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ º¸¾È µµ±¸µéÀÇ ÀúÀÚÀ̸ç, ±×ÀÇ È¨»çÀÌÆ®¿¡´Â º¸¾È µµ±¸µé »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó º¸¾È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î °³°ý ±Ûµéµµ ÀÖ´Ù. Dan Farmers trouble.org ¢¼¸®´ª½º º¸¾È WWW´Â ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ º¸¾È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÁÀº ÀÚ·á¿øÀÌ´Ù. Linux Security WWW ¢¼ReptileÀÇ °³ÀÎ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡´Â ¸®´ª½º º¸¾È¿¡ °üÇÑ ÁÁÀº Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Reptiles Linux Security Page ¢¼Infilsec¿¡´Â ¾î¶² Ãë¾àÁ¡ÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ Ç÷§Æû¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ´Â Ãë¾àÁ¡ ¿£Áø (vulnerability engine)ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Infilsec vunerability engine ¢¼CIAC´Â ÈçÇÑ Ä§ÀÔ »ç°Çµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¤±âÀûÀÎ º¸¾È º¸°í¼­µéÀ» º¸³»ÁØ´Ù. CIAC bulitins 4.9.3 ¸ÞÀϸµ ¸®½ºÆ®µé ¢¼Bugtraq: bugtraq¸¦ ±¸µ¶ÇÏ·Á¸é, º»¹®¿¡ subscribe bugtraq¶ó°í ½á¼­ listserv@netspace.org·Î emailÀ» º¸³»¸é µÈ´Ù. ¢¼CIAC: º»¹®¿¡ (Á¦¸ñ¿¡ ¸»°í) subscribe ciac-bulletin¶ó°í ½á¼­ majordomo@tholia.llnl.gov¿¡ e-mailÀ» º¸³»¶ó. 4.9.4 Ã¥µé - ÀμâµÈ ÀÐÀ»°Å¸®. ÁÁÀº º¸¾È °ü·Ã ¼­ÀûµéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Àý¿¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·± Ã¥µé °¡¿îµ¥ Á¶±Ý¸¸ ³ª¿­ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. º¸¾ÈÀ» Àü¹®ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù·é Ã¥µé »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº Ã¥µéÀÌ º¸¾È¿¡ ´ë Çؼ­ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. Building Internet Firewalls By D. Brent Chapman & Elizabeth D. Zwicky 1st Edition September 1995 ISBN: 1-56592-124-0 Practical UNIX & Internet Security, 2nd Edition By Simson Garfinkel & Gene Spafford 2nd Edition April 1996 ISBN: 1-56592-148-8 Computer Security Basics By Deborah Russell & G.T. Gangemi, Sr. 1st Edition July 1991 ISBN: 0-937175-71-4 Linux Network Administrator's Guide By Olaf Kirch 1st Edition January 1995 ISBN: 1-56592-087-2 PGP: Pretty Good Privacy By Simson Garfinkel 1st Edition December 1994 ISBN: 1-56592-098-8 Computer Crime A Crimefighter's Handbook By David Icove, Karl Seger & William VonStorch (Consulting Editor Eugene H. Spafford) 1st Edition August 1995 ISBN: 1-56592-086-4 ¡ß ¸¶Ä¡¸ç ÇÑ ¾Æºü°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¼±±³¿ø¿¡ ´Ù´Ï´Â ¾ÆµéÀ» Å¿ì°í ±³È¸¿¡ °¡´ø ±æÀ̾ú´Ù. ½ÅÈ£ ´ë±âÁß ³ì»öºÒÀÌ µé¾î¿ÀÀÚ ¾Æºü´Â Ãâ¹ßÇß´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¾ÆµéÀÇ ´«¿¡´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ »óÇØ º¸¿´´Ù. ¼±±³¿ø¿¡¼­ ¹è¿ï ¶§ ³ì»öºÒ¿¡´Â °¡°í »¡°£ ºÒ¿¡¼­´Â ¼­¶ó°í ¹è¿ü´Âµ¥, ¾Æºü´Â »¡°£ ºÒ¿¡ °¡½Ã´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾ÆµéÀº ¾Æºü¿¡°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù. "¾Æºü, ¿Ö »¡°£ºÒ¿¡ °¡¿ä?" ¾ÆµéÀÌ º» ½ÅÈ£µîÀº Ⱦ´Ü º¸µµ ¾Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ½ÅÈ£µîÀ̾ú°í, ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ º» ½ÅÈ£µîÀº µµ ·Î À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ½ÅÈ£µîÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ¾Æ µé¿¡°Ô ¼³¸íÀ» Çϱ⸦ "¾Æµé¾Æ, ÀÚµ¿Â÷´Â Àú±â º¸ÀÌ´Â ½ÅÈ£µîÀ» º¸°í ³ì»öºÒÀ» º¸°í °¡´Â °Å°í, »ç¶÷µéÀº Ⱦ´Ü º¸µµÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ½ÅÈ£µîÀÇ ³ì»öºÒÀ» º¸°í °¡´Â °Å¶õ´Ù." ¾ÆºüÀÇ ¼³¸íÀ» µé¾úÁö¸¸ ¾ÆµéÀº ÀÌÇظ¦ ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. 'ÀÌ»óÇØ....???' '¿Ö ¾Æºü´Â »¡°£ºÒ¿¡ °¡½Ç±î? ¼±±³¿ø¿¡¼­´Â ±×·¸°Ô ¾È¹è¿ü´Âµ¥...??' '???' "!" ¾ÆÀÌ°¡ ¹«¾ð°¡¸¦ ±ú´Þ¾Ò³ªº¸´Ù. "¾Æºü, ¾Æºü, ¸Â¾Ò¾î... ÀÚµ¿Â÷´Â µ¿±×¶õ ³ì»öºÒÀÏ ¶§ °¡´Â°Å±¸, »ç¶÷Àº ³×¸ð³­ ³ì»öºÒÀÏ ¶§ °¡´Â°Å¾ß!" ¾ÆÀÌ°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ»±î? ±×¸®°í ¾ÆÀÌ´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ»±î? À̹ø Çà»ç¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½£À» º¸±â À§Çؼ­´Â ½£¿¡¼­ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡¼­ ¹Ù¶óº¸¾Æ¾ß ´õ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ±× ½£ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹«ÀÛÁ¤ ½£ ¼Ó¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °Íº¸´Ù´Â ¸Ö¸®¼­ ½£À» ¹Ù¶óº¸°í ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ½£ ¼Ó ¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ½£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÇظ¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó´Â »ý°¢À» °¡Áö°í º» °­Á ¸¦ ÁغñÇß´Ù. ÀüüÀûÀÎ ±âȹ°ú Áغñ¿¡ ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£À» ÇÒ¾ÖÇßÁö¸¸ »óÇÑ ³ª¹«µéÀÌ ´«¿¡ º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÎ´Ù¸é °Å±â¿¡´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ ¼Õ±æÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ̶ó °í »ý°¢ÇÏ°í °¡²Ù¾î ÁÖ±æ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ±³È¸¿¡¼­ û³âµéÀ» °¡¸£Ä¥ ¶§ ÀÌ·¸°Ô °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. '¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô´Â Çϳª´Ô²²¼­ ÁֽŠ´Þ¶õÆ®(talent)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ´Þ¶õÆ®°¡ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¾Ë°í ½Í´Ù¸é Àڱ⸦ ³¡¾î ´ç±â´Â ´À³¦ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö È®ÀÎÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.' 'Àڱ⸦ ±íÀÌ ²ø¾î ´ç±â´Â °Í'ÀÌ Àڱ⠴޶õÆ®ÀÌ´Ù. ´Þ¶õÆ®°¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº Àڱ⠴޶õ Æ®¿¡ µû¶ó ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹«¾ð°¡ ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÀÏÀ», ¶ÇÇÑ ¾î¶² ºÎÁ· ÇÑ Á¡À» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´«ÀÌ Àڱ⠴޶õÆ®Àε¥, ÇؾßÇÒ ÀÏÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù¸é ±× ÀÏ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÇູÀ» ã°í, ºÎÁ·ÇÑ Á¡À» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù¸é ±× ºÎÁ·ÇÑ Á¡Àº Àڱ⠴޶õÆ®·Î ä¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ´Þ¶õÆ®ÀÇ ¾çÀº ´Ù¸£Áö¸¸ ÀÚ±âÀÇ ´Þ¶õÆ®¸¦ ÃÖ´ëÇÑ È°¿ëÇÏ°í »ç´Â »ç¶÷Àº ÇູÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °­Á¸¦ ¸¶Ä¡¸ç ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº ³ì»öºÒ¸¸À» º¸¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ°í ¶Ç ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº µ¿±× ¶õ ³ì»öºÒ°ú ³×¸ð³­ ³ì»öºÒÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ º¸Áú ¸øÇß´Ù¸é ´Ù½Ã È¸»óÇØ º¸±æ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. Ã¥¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ÀŸ³ª °­»çÀÇ ½Ç¼ö¸¸À» º¸¾Ò´Ù¸é, ±× ¿ÀŸ³ª ½Ç¼ö¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ºÐÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±× Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Áö°í ÁöÇý¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ºÐ µéÀÌ µÇ±æ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. "¾ÆµéÀº ³ì»öºÒ¿¡ °£´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò°í, ±× ¾ÍÀ» ÅëÇØ µ¿±×¶õ ³ì»öºÒ°ú ³×¸ð³­ µ¿±×¶õ ºÒÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°í °Å±â¼­ ¾ÆÀ̸¸ÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ ±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù." <ºÎ·Ï> ¡á Linux ¼³Ä¡°úÁ¤ ¸ÕÀú ºÎÆ® µð½ºÅ© ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ´Â ¹ýÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº¸µµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ºÎÆ® µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ¸¸ µé±â À§Çؼ­´Â ÀÏ´Ü 3.5£¢µð½ºÄÏ°ú Linux CD°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°ÚÁÒ? ÀÚ µé¾î°¡ º¼±î¿ä? < DOS »ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ºÎÆ®µð½ºÅ© ÀÛ¼º¹ý > DOS »ó¿¡¼­ Linux ½Ãµð¸¦ ³Ö°í DIRÀ» Çغ¸½Ã¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù. C:\>CD E: E:\>DIR µå¶óÀ̺ê E À̸§ Red Hat Lin º¼·ý ÀÏ·Ã ¹øÈ£ 9172-0EBA µð·ºÅ͸® E:\ COPYING 19,686 97-05-28 13:45 COPYING DOC 98-05-11 12:40 DOC DOSUTILS 98-05-11 12:40 DOSUTILS GNOME 98-05-11 12:40 GNOME IMAGES 98-05-11 12:40 IMAGES LIVE 98-05-11 11:14 LIVE MISC 98-05-11 12:40 MISC README 3,023 98-05-07 11:58 README REDHAT 98-05-11 13:12 REDHAT RPM-PGP- 2,751 97-09-19 9:59 RPM-PGP- RR_MOVED 98-05-11 13:20 RR_MOVED TRANS TBL 440 98-05-11 13:20 TRANS.TBL 4°³ ÆÄÀÏ 25,900 ¹ÙÀÌÆ® 8°³ µð·ºÅ͸® 0 ¹ÙÀÌÆ® »ç¿ë °¡´É ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮°¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ºÎÆ®µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮´Â IMAGES¶õ µð ·ºÅ丮¿Í DOSUTILS¶õ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. IMAGES µð·ºÅ丮´Â ºÎÆ®µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ÇÊ¿ä ÇÑ IMG°¡ ÀÖ´Â µð·ºÅ丮ÀÌ°í, DOSUTILS¶õ µð·ºÅ丮´Â DOS»ó¿¡¼­ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ µ¥ÀÌ ÅÍ°¡ ÀÖ´Â µð·ºÅ丮ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü IMAGES µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ µé¾î°¡ º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. E:\>CD IMAGES E:\IMAGES>DIR µå¶óÀ̺ê E À̸§ Red Hat Lin º¼·ý ÀÏ·Ã ¹øÈ£ 9172-0EBA µð·ºÅ͸® E:\IMAGES . 98-05-11 12:40 . .. 98-05-11 12:59 .. BOOT IMG 1,474,560 98-05-11 11:48 BOOT.IMG RESCUE IMG 1,474,560 98-05-10 16:24 RESCUE.IMG SUPP IMG 1,474,560 98-05-11 11:49 SUPP.IMG TRANS TBL 192 98-05-11 13:20 TRANS.TBL _NFS1095 1,474,560 98-04-30 19:09 _NFS1095 5°³ ÆÄÀÏ 5,898,432 ¹ÙÀÌÆ® 2°³ µð·ºÅ͸® 0 ¹ÙÀÌÆ® »ç¿ë °¡´É ¿©±â¼­ BOOT.IMG´Â ¸®´ª½º°¡ ºÎÆÃÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ´Â À̹ÌÁöÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í SUPP.IMG´Â ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÒ ¶§ FTP³ª NFSµîÀ¸·Î ¼³Ä¡ ÇÒ ¶§ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ À̹ÌÁöÀÔ ´Ï´Ù. À̹ø¿¡´Â DOSUTILS¶õ µð·ºÅ丮·Î µé¾î°¡ º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. E:\IMAGES\>CD \DOSUTILS E:\DOSUTILS\>DIR µå¶óÀ̺ê F À̸§ Red Hat Lin º¼·ý ÀÏ·Ã ¹øÈ£ 9172-0EBA µð·ºÅ͸® F:\DOSUTILS . 98-05-11 12:40 . .. 98-05-11 12:59 .. AUTOBOOT 98-05-11 12:40 AUTOBOOT AUTOBOOT BAT 53 96-09-10 5:13 AUTOBOOT.BAT COPYING 17,982 91-06-05 9:03 COPYING FIPS EXE 61,810 95-08-23 0:26 FIPS.EXE FIPS15 ZIP 118,821 96-12-10 17:56 FIPS15.ZIP FIPS15C 98-05-11 12:40 FIPS15C FIPSDOCS 98-05-11 12:40 FIPSDOCS GZIP EXE 39,910 96-07-28 14:58 GZIP.EXE LOADLIN EXE 32,208 96-08-22 15:38 LOADLIN.EXE LODLIN16 TGZ 87,210 97-01-13 14:20 LODLIN16.TGZ RAWRITE EXE 14,305 96-07-28 14:58 RAWRITE.EXE RAWRITE3 DOC 2,017 96-07-28 14:58 RAWRITE3.DOC RDEV EXE 9,480 96-07-28 14:58 RDEV.EXE README 332 97-06-05 12:12 README RESTORRB EXE 13,614 95-08-23 0:30 RESTORRB.EXE TRANS TBL 710 98-05-11 13:20 TRANS.TBL 13°³ ÆÄÀÏ 398,452 ¹ÙÀÌÆ® 5°³ µð·ºÅ͸® 0 ¹ÙÀÌÆ® »ç¿ë °¡´É ¹¹°¡ ÁÖ·ç·è ¸¹ÀÌ ³ª¿À´Âµ¥, Á¤ÀÛ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Ç RAWRITE.EXEÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ RAWRITE.EXEÀÇ ±â´ÉÀÌ BOOT.IMG¸¦ µð½ºÄÏÀ¸·Î ¿Å±â´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç ·Î BOOT.IMG¿Í RAWRITE.EXE¸¸ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ºÎÆ®µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ºÎÆ® µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù ÀÏ´Ü IMAGES¶õ µð·ºÅ丮·Î À̵¿ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. E:\>CD IMAGES E:\IMAGES> ±× ´ÙÀ½Àº RAWRITE¸¦ È£ÃâÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé´Â °úÁ¤ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. IMAGES¶õ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÔ·ÂÇÕ´Ï´Ù. E:\IMAGES>\DOSUTILS\RAWRITE ±×·³ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ½ÃÁö°¡ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù. Enter disk image source file name: ¸» ±×´ë·Î ºÎÆ®À̹ÌÁö ¼Ò½ºÆÄÀϳ×ÀÓÀ» ¹°¾î º¾´Ï´Ù. BOOT.IMG¶ó°í ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¸é µË´Ï ´Ù.(´ë¼Ò¹®ÀÚ °ü°è¾øÀ½) ±×·³ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ½ÃÁö°¡ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù. Enter target diskette drive: ÀÌ ¸»Àº BOOT.IMG°¡ µé¾î°¥ µð½ºÄÏÀÇ µå¶óÀ̺ê¸íÀ» ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù. A: ¶ó°í ÀÔ ·ÂÀ» ÇØÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯°í ³ª¸é, Please insert a formatted diskette into drive A: and press -ENTER- : ÀÌ·¸°Ô ³ª¿À´Âµ¥ ¿©±â¼­ ¿£Å͸¦ Ä¡¸é A: µå¶óÀ̺꿡 ºÒÀÌ µé¾î¿À°í ºÎÆ®À̹ÌÁö¸¦ ¸¸µì´Ï´Ù. FTP³ª Çϵåµð½ºÅ©, NFS µîÀ¸·Î ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇϽô ºÐµéÀº SUPP.IMGµµ ¸¸µå¼Å¾ß µÇ ´Âµ¥ SUPP.IMGµµ À§¿Í ¶È °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾î ÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ ±×·³ ÀÌÁ¦ Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ Áغñ´Â ´Ù µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. º»°ÝÀûÀ¸·Î À§¿¡¼­ ¸¸µç ºÎÆ®µð½ºÅ©·Î Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çغ¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ¸î°¡Áö È®ÀÎÇÒ°Ô ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô Àڱ⠽ýºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸® ¸¹Àº °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï°í, Àڱ⠽ýºÅÛ »ç¾ç¸¸ Á¶±Ý ¾Æ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô Á¦ ½Ã½ºÅÛ »ç¾çÀ» ¸»¾¸ µå¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{{{ CPU : AMD 486DX4-100MHz HDD : 1.2Gb FDD : 3.5£¢ RAM : 32Mb CDROM : 12¹è¼Ó Monitor : NEC MulitSync 3D KeyBoard : 106 Key Video Card : ET4000 w32P Mouse : Logitech 2 Button Serial Mouse }} }} ±×¸®°í ¶Ç Çϳª È®ÀÎÇÒ°Ô ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Pentium½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» º¸½Ã¸é ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î Çϵ带 4 °³±îÁö ºÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Primary Mater, Primary Slave, Secondary Master, Secondary Slave ÀÌ·¸°Ô 4°³±îÁö ºÎÃļ­ »ç¿ëÇÏ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ ÀÌ ¸»¾¸À» µå ¸®´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ½Ç ¶§ ÆÄƼ¼Ç ¹®Á¦·Î °í¹ÎÇϽô ºÐµéÀ» Á¾Á¾ ºÁ¿Í¼­ ¹Ì¿¬¿¡ ¹æÁö ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»¾¸À» µå¸®´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, Primary Master´Â Linux ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ¸·Î Ç¥±âÇϸé hda°¡µÇ°í Primary Slave´Â Linux ÆÄƼ¼Ç¿¡¼­ hdb°¡ µË´Ï´Ù. ±×·³ Secondary MasterÀº hdc°¡µÇ°í Secondary Slave´Â hdd°¡ µË´Ï´Ù. Âü°í1 : ¸¸¾à¿¡ hda¿¡ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀÌ ¿©·¯°³·Î ³ª´µ¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ OS¿Í º´ÇàÇؼ­ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ ±×·± °æ¿ì°¡ Àִµ¥, ±×¶§´Â ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ±¸¼º µÇ´À³Ä ÇÏ¸é ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¿¹·Î ¼³¸íÀ» µå¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. 3.2GbÀÇ Çϵ带 2.1±â°¡´Â À©µµ¿ì·Î »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÏ°íÀÖ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö 1.1Gb¸¦ Linux·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¸é hda ±¸Á¶°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô µÇ´À³Ä Çϸé hda1, hda2 ÀÌ·¸°Ô Ç¥½Ã°¡ µË´Ï´Ù. hda1Àº À©µµ¿ì·Î »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÏ °í hda2¿¡ Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çؼ­ »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Âü°í2 : SCSI Àåºñ°¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº Á¶±Ý Ʋ¸³´Ï´Ù. SCSI Àåºñ´Â Çϵ带 7°³ ±îÁö »ç¿ëÇÏ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Linux¿¡¼­ Ç¥½ÃÇÒ ¶§´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ´À³Ä Çϸé sda, sdb, sdc ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥½Ã°¡ µË´Ï´Ù. Áö±Ý Àú °°Àº °æ¿ì´Â Çϵ尡 hda¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ°í CD-ROMÀÌ hdb¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯´Ï±ñ Çϵ尡 Primary Master¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ°í CD-ROMÀÌ Primary Slave¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Â °ÅÁö¿ä. ÀÌ°É ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇϽøé ÆÄƼ¼Ç ¹®Á¦´Â °ÆÁ¤ ¾ÈÇϼŵµ µË´Ï ´Ù. ÀÚ À§¿¡¼­ ¸¸µç Linux ºÎÆ®µð½ºÅ©¸¦ Ç÷ÎÇÇ¿¡ ³Ö°í ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡ Àü¿øÀ» ³Ö¾î º¾½Ã´Ù. ±×·³ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ȯ¿µ ¸Þ½ÃÁö°¡ ³ª¿À¸é¼­ º»°ÝÀûÀÎ Linux ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ½ÃÀÛ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. {{{{ Welcome to Red Hat Linux! 0 To install or upgrade a system running Red Hat Linux 2.0 or later, press the key. 0 To enable expert mode, type: expert . Press for more information about expert mode. 0 This disk can no longer be used as a rescue disk. Press for information on the new rescue disks. 0 Use the function keys listed below for more information. [F1-Main] [F2-General] [F3-Expert] [F4-Rescue] [F5-Kickstart] [F6-Kernel] boot:_ }} }} À§ È­¸é¿¡¼­ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Å° ÀÔ·ÂÀÌ ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ±× ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °© ´Ï´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» üŷÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ»°Ì´Ï´Ù. ±×¸® ½Å°æ½á¼­ ¾Èº¸¼Åµµ ±¦Âú À¸´Ï ±×³É ³Ñ¾î °¡¼Åµµ ¹«³­ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. {{ }}±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿Ã °Ì´Ï´Ù. ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ȯ¿µ ¸Þ½ÃÁö°¡ ³ª¿À´Â±º¿ä. ±×¸®°í Red HatÀÇ Web siteÁÖ¼Òµµ º¸¿©ÁÖ³× ¿ä. °¡²û °¡¼Å¼­ UpdateµÈ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ³ª È®ÀÎÇÏ½Ã¸é µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ½Ç µí ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "OK" ¹ö Æ°¿¡ Ä¿¼­°¡ ÀÖ°í ¿£Å͸¦ Ä¡½Ã¸é ´ÙÀ½È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °©´Ï´Ù. {{ }} "¾ð¾î"±ÇÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇ϶ó°í ³ª¿À´Â±º¿ä. ÈûÀÖ°í µ· ¸¹Àº ³ª¶ó(?)µéÀº Àִµ¥ KOREA´Â ¾Æ¹«¸® ã¾ÆºÁµµ ¾ø´õ±º¿ä. ¾ÈŸ±î¿òÀ» µÚ·ÎÇÑ Ã¤ English¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ¿£Å͸¦ ÀÔ·Â ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. {{ }} Å°º¸µå Á¾·ù¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ª½Ã³ª "us"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °©´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²Àº ¾î¶»°Ô ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çұ ¹°¾îº¸´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. {{ }} 5°¡Áö°¡ Àִµ¥, °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÎ Local CDROM°ú FTP¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¼³¸íÀ» µå ¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¸ÕÀú Local CDROMÀÔ´Ï´Ù. CD-ROM¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Linux¸¦ °¡Áö°í ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇÏ´Â°É ¸»ÇÏ ´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù. Âü°í : ¼³Ä¡È­¸é¿¡¼­ Ä¿¼­À̵¿Àº "ÅÇÅ°"( )ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÅÇÅ°¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ Ä¿¼­ ¸¦ ¿Å±â½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. Local CDROMÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í "OK"·Î Ä¿¼­¸¦ ¿Å°Ü¼­ ¿£Å͸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¸é ½Ãµð¸¦ ³ÖÀ¸¶ó ´Â È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ½Ãµð¸¦ ³Ö°í ¿£ÅÍ {{ }} "Install"°ú "Upgrage"°¡ ³ª¿Ô´Âµ¥, "Install"Àº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »õ·Î Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â°É ¸» ÇÏ°í "Upgrade"´Â ±âÁ¸¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â LinuxÀ§¿¡ »õ·Î Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿©¼­ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â°É ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. {{ }}"Install"À» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. "SCSI" ¾î´ðÅ͸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "SCSI" ¾î´ðÅÍ°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é "Yes"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ °í, ¾øÀ¸¸é "No"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °©´Ï´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü "No"¸¦ ÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº Linux ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ÆÄƼ¼Ç ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "Disk Druid"ºÎºÐÀº 5.1¿¡ »õ·Î Ãß°¡µÈ ºÎºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °¡Àå ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â "fdisk"ºÎºÐÀ» »ìÆ캸µµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. "fdisk"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ÀÌÈ­¸éÀº »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ºÎÂøµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â Hard Disk¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿© ±â¿¡ ¿Ã¶ó¿Â Hard Disk¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Àâ¾Æ º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. "Edit"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´Ù À½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{{{This is the fdisk program fot partitioning your drive. It is running on /dev/hda. Command (m for help):_ }} }} À§¿Í °°Àº È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿À´Â°É º¸½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡¼­ "m"À» ÀÔ·ÂÇϽøé fdisk¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Å° °ªµéÀÌ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ Àá±ñ ±× Å° °ªµé¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Ë¾Æº¸ °í °è¼Ó ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. Linux¿¡¼­ fdisk´Â DOSÀÇ fdisk¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, Á»´õ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¾Ë°í ³Ñ ¾î°¡¾ß µÇ°í ¾à°£ÀÇ ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿©¾ß µË´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ È­¸éÀº "m"À» ÀÔ·ÂÇßÀ» ¶§ ³ª ¿À´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "fdisk" ¼³Á¤½Ã ¸·È÷´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ÀÌ È­¸éÀ» Âü°í·Î ÇÏ½Ã¸é ½±°Ô Ç®¾î ³ª°¡½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸®¶ó »ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù. Çϳª¾¿ »ìÆ캸±â·Î ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{{{Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition p print the partition table q quit without saving changes t change a partition's system id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit x extra functionality (experts only) }} }} d : ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Áö¿ì´Â Å° °ªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù°¡ ½Ç¼ö·Î À߸ø ÁöÁ¤ÇÒ ¶§°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¶§ d ¿É¼ÇÀ¸·Î ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Áö¿ì°í »õ·Î ÁöÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. l : Linux´Â °¢ ÆÄƼ¼Ç¸¶´Ù ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â°Ô Á¶±Ý¾¿ Ʋ¸°µ¥, ÆÄƼ¼Ç ¼³Á¤¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿É¼ÇÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â Å° °ªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. m : fdisk¿¡¼­ ¾²ÀÌ´Â ¿É¼ÇµéÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â Å° °ªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. n : »õ·Î¿î ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Àâ¾Æ ÁÙ ¶§ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Å° °ªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. p : ÆÄƼ¼Ç Á¤º¸¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â Å° °ªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. q : ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ÀúÀåÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í fdisk¸¦ ºüÁ®³ª°¡´Â Å° °ªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. t : »õ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÑ ÆÄƼ¼Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯°æÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇØÁÖ´Â Å° °ªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. w : ÆÄƼ¼Ç ¼³Á¤ÀÌ ³¡³­ ´ÙÀ½ fdisk¸¦ ºüÁ®³ª°¥ ¶§ »õ·Î ÀâÀº ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ÀúÀåÇÏ°í ºüÁ®³ª°¡°Ô ÇÏ´Â Å° °ªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. P¸¦ ´©¸£°Ô µÇ¸é Hard Disk¿¡ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÆÄƼ¼Ç Á¤º¸°¡ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù. {{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System tmp/hda1 * 1 1 620 1249888+ 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M Command (m for help):_ }} }} À§ÀÇ È­¸éÀº hda1ÀÌ DOS ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ¸·Î ÀâÇô ÀÖ´Â »óÅÂÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â°Ç Linux ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ °ú°¨È÷ "d" Å°°ªÀ¸·Î Áö¿ö¹ö¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{{{Command (m for help):_ d Partition number (1-4): 1 Command (m for help):_ p Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System Command (m for help):_ }} }} À§ÀÇ ¼ø¼­´ë·Î Â÷±ÙÂ÷±ÙÇϼ̴ٸé DOS ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀÌ Áö¿öÁ³´Ù´Â°É º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦´Â Linux ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¼³Á¤Çغ¸µµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. Linux ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀº ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ 2°³ÀÇ ÆÄ Æ¼¼ÇÀ» ÀâÀ¸¼Å¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "Linux swap"°ú "Linux native" ÀÌ µÎ°¡Áö´Â ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀâÇô¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¸ÕÀú "Linux swap"¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ º¸µµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ "Linux swap"¿ë·®Àº ¾î´À Á¤ µµ·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁÖ´À³ÄÇÏ¸é »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â RAM ¿ë·®ÀÇ 1.5¹è¿¡¼­ 2¹è Á¤ µµ¸¦ Àâ¾Æ ÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. blockÀ» Á÷Á¢°è»êÇؼ­ ¿ë·®À» ¼³Á¤ÇØÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýµµ ÀÖ°í ±× ³É size·Î ¼³Á¤ÇØÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýµµ Àִµ¥, ¾Æ¹«·¡µµ size·Î ¼³Á¤ÇϽô °ÍÀÌ ½¬¿ï µí »ý °¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. size·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº "+sizeM" Çü½ÄÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é Á¦ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ RAM¿ë·®ÀÌ 32MbÀ̹ǷΠ64MbÀÇ Linux swap¿ë·®À» ¼³Á¤Çϰڴµ¥, "+sizeM"½ÄÀ¸ ·Î Çϸé "+64M"ÇϽøé 64MbÀÇ Linux swapÀÌ ¼³Á¤µË´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ È­¸éÀ» Âü°íÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù. {{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System Command (m for help):_ n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) _ p Partition number (1-4) : _ 1 First cylinder (1-621):_ 1 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK ([1]-621):_ +64M Command (m for help):_ p Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /tmp/hda1 1 1 33 66496+ 83 Linux native Command (m for help):_ }} }} À§¿¡¼­ º¸½Ã¸é ÇÑ°¡Áö ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÖÀ»°Ì´Ï´Ù. ºÐ¸íÈ÷ "Linux swap"·Î ¼³Á¤À» Çߴµ¥ Ç¥±â°¡ µÇ±â´Â "Linux native"·Î ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â°É º¸½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ»°Ì´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ°É È®ÀÎ ÇÏ¼Ì´Ù¸é °üÂû·ÂÀÌ ¿¹¸®ÇϽñº¿ä. µÞºÎºÐ¿¡ ÆÄƼ¼Ç º°·Î ¼³ Á¤À» ÇØÁÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×³É ³Ñ¾î°¡½Ã°í ±×¶§ °¡¼­ ¼³Á¤À» ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¼³¸í µå¸®µµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ ´ÙÀ½Àº ½ÇÁ¦·Î Linux°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ´Â ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇØ º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¹æ¹ýÀº Linux swap ºÎºÐÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇØ Áִ°Ŷû Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. Linux native ºÎºÐÀ» ¿©·¯°³·Î ³ª ´©¾î¼­ ¼³Á¤ÇØ ³õÀº°É º¸½Å ÀûÀÌ ÀÖÀ»°Ì´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ¼³Á¤À» ÇØ ³õÀº°Ç Ȥ½Ã³ª Linux¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϽôٰ¡ ºÒ¹Ì½º·¯¿îÀÏ·Î ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀÌ Áö¿öÁö°Å³ª ±úÁ®¹ö¸®´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·²¶§¸¦ ´ëºñÇؼ­ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷µ¥ÀÌŸÀÇ À¯½ÇÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¶Ç »ì¸± ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿©·¯°³·Î ³ª´² ³õÀº°ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. óÀ½À¸·Î Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇϽô ºÐÀº ±×³É ¹«³­ÇÏ°Ô µÎ °³ÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ¸·Î¸¸ ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁּż­ ¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ Linux¿¡ °¨°¢À» ÀÍÈ÷½Å ÈÄ¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô Çϼŵµ µË´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ ¼³¸íÀ» µå¸®´Â °Ç µÎ °³ÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼Ç¸¸À¸·Î ¼³Á¤ ÇÏ´Â°É ¼³¸íµå¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. Linux native´Â Linux swapÀ¸·Î Àâ°í ³²Àº °ø°£ ÀüºÎ¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ ÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ È­¸éÀ» Âü°íÇϼ¼¿ä. {{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /tmp/hda1 1 1 33 66496+ 83 Linux native Command (m for help):_ n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) _ p Partition number (1-4):_ 2 First cylinder (34-621):_ 34 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK ([34]-621):_ 621 Command (m for help):_ p Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /tmp/hda1 1 1 33 66496+ 83 Linux native /tmp/hda2 34 34 621 1185408 83 Linux native Command (m for help):_ }} }} ÀÚ ÀÌÁ¦ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» µÎ °³ Àâ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. /tmp/hda1ÀÌ Linux swap°¡ µÇ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ°í /tmp/hda2°¡ Linux native°¡ µÇ´Â ÆÄƼ ¼ÇÀÔ´Ï´Ù. /tmp/hda2 ºÎºÐÀº Linux native·Î µÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ µû·Î º¯°æÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÇ°í /tmp/hda1 ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº Linux swap·Î ¹Ù²ã ÁÖ¼Å¾ß µÇ´Âµ¥, ¾î¶»°Ô ¹Ù²Ù³ª ÇÏ¸é ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²Ã³·³ "t" Å° °ªÀ¸·Î º¯°æÀ» ÇØ ÁÖ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. {{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /tmp/hda1 1 1 33 66496+ 83 Linux native /tmp/hda2 34 34 621 1185408 83 Linux native Command (m for help):_ t Partition number (1-4):_ 1 Hex code (type L to list codes):_ 82 Changed system type of partition 1 to 82 (Linux swap) Command (m for help):_ p Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /tmp/hda1 1 1 33 66496+ 83 Linux swap /tmp/hda2 34 34 621 1185408 83 Linux native Command (m for help):_ }} }} ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇØÁֽðí, ±× ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀÌ ¾î¶²°É »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß µÉÁö¸¦ º¸°ÔÇØÁÙ·Á ¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ LÀ» ÀÔ·ÂÇÕ´Ï´Ù. {{{{Command (m for help): l 0 Empty 9 AIX bootable 75 PC/IX b7 BSDI fs 1 DOS 12-bit FAT a OS/2 Boot Manag 80 Old MINIX b8 BSDI swap 2 XENIX root b Win95 FAT32 81 Linux/MINIX c7 Syrinx 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 82 Linux swap db CP/M 4 DOS 16-bit <32M 51 Novell? 83 Linux native e1 DOS access 5 Extended 52 Microport 93 Amoeba e3 DOS R/O 6 DOS 16-bit >=32 63 GNU HURD 94 Amoeba BBT f2 DOS secondary 7 OS/2 HPFS 64 Novell Netware a5 BSD/386 ff BBT 8 AIX 65 Novell Netware }} }} ÀÚ ÀÌÁ¦ Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ À§ÇØ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¼³Á¤Çß½À´Ï´Ù. "p" Å° °ªÀ¸·Î È®ÀÎÇϸé "Linux native"¿Í "Linux swap"ÀÌ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â°É È®ÀÎÇÏ ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ»°Ì´Ï´Ù. È®ÀÎÀÌ µÇ¼Ì´Ù¸é "w" Å° °ªÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤µÈ°É ÀúÀåÇÏ°í "fdisk"¼³Á¤ È­¸éÀ» ºüÁ®³ª°¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{{{Disk /tmp/hda: 64 heads, 63 sectors, 621 cylinders Units = cylinders of 4032 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /tmp/hda1 1 1 33 66496+ 83 Linux swap /tmp/hda2 34 34 621 1185408 83 Linux native Command (m for help):_ w }} }} ¼³Á¤À» ´ÙÇÏ°í fdiskÈ­¸éÀ» ºüÁ®³ª°¡½Ã¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº À§¿¡¼­ ¼³Á¤ÇÑ Linux ÆÄƼ¼ÇµéÀ» ¸¶¿îÆ® ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿© ·¯°³·Î ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Àâ¾ÒÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â "Type"ºÎºÐ¿¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó¿À´Âµ¥, À§¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸® ´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼Ç¸¸ ¼³Á¤À» Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡ "Linux native"¿Í "Linux swap"¸¸ º¸ÀÌ´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù. Linux¿¡´Â ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮°¡ Àִµ¥, °¢°¢ÀÇ µð·ºÅ丮º°·Î ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Àâ À» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Mount Point¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Àâ¾ÒÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ µð·ºÅ丮 º°·Î ±× ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁÖ´Â°É ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µÎ °³·Î Àâ¾ÒÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Ä¿ ¼­¸¦ "hda2"ºÎºÐ¿¡ ³õ°í "/" ÇØ Áֽøé ÇϳªÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼Ç¿¡ Linux°¡ ¼³Ä¡°¡ µË´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ ·¡ ±×¸²Àº hda2 ºÎºÐ¿¡ "/"¸¦ ÇØÁÜÀ¸·Î¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼Ç¿¡ ¸ðµç°Ô ¼³Ä¡µÇ°Ô ÇÏ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ¼³Á¤ÀÌ ³¡ÀÌ ³µ´Ù¸é "ÅÇ"Å°¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ "Ok"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇØ ´ÙÀ½È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï ´Ù. {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº swapÀ» ÀâÀº ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Æ÷¸ËÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µÎ±ºµ¥ [ ] Ç¥½Ã°¡ Àִµ¥ À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº swapÀ¸·Î ÀâÀº ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Æ÷¸ËÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ Ç¥ ½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ°í ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº Çϵåµð½ºÅ©¿¡ ¹èµåºí·°±îÁö °Ë»çÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ Ç¥½Ã ÇØ ÁÖ´Â °Ì´Ï´Ù. À§ÀÇ °Í¸¸ Ç¥½Ã¸¦ ÇØÁֽøé Æ÷¸ËÀÌ Á» ºü¸£°Ô µÇ°í ¾Æ·§°Í±îÁö Ç¥ ½Ã¸¦ ÇØÁÖ¸é ½Ã°£ÀÌ Á»´õ °É¸± °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹èµåºí·°À» üũÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌÁö¿ä. ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÖ ´Â È­¸éÀº swap ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» Æ÷¸ËÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. {{ }} swap ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀÇ Æ÷¸ËÀÌ ³¡³ª¸é native ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀÇ Æ÷¸ËÀ» ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ È­¸éÀÌ ±× È­ ¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. swap ¶û Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¿É¼Ç ¶ÇÇÑ °°±¸¿ä. óÀ½ ÇÏ½Å´Ù¸é ½Ã°£ÀÌ Á» °É¸®´õ¶óµµ ¹èµåºí·°À» üũÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇÏ°í ½Í½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} À§ÀÇ È­¸éÀÌ Áö³ª°¡¸é Æ÷¸ËµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Package¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁÖ ´Â È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿É´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â PackageµéÀº Linux ½Ãµð¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô Packaging ÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ³»¿ëµéÀÌ Æ²·ÁÁý´Ï´Ù. Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â ¾ËÂ¥ ·¹µåÇÞÀº ÇÑ±Û ÆÐÅ° Áö°¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â°É º¸½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²À» º¸½Ã¸é ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐ¸¸ ¼±ÅÃÇØ ¼­ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇÏ½Ç ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, ¹Ø¿¡ º¸½Ã¸é "[ ] Select individual package"ºÎºÐ¿¡ üũ ¸¦ ÇØÁÖ¸é Package¸¦ ÇϳªÇϳª ¼±ÅÃÇؼ­ ¼³Ä¡ ÇÏ½Ç ¼öµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. "[ ] Select individual package" ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇؼ­ Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇϽøé Linux¿¡ ±×¸® Àͼ÷Áö ¾ÊÀ¸½Å ºÐµéÀº ¾à°£ÀÇ È¥¶õÀÌ ¿À½Ã¸®¶ó »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¸¹Àº ÆÐÅ°ÁöµéÀ» ´Ù ÀÌÇظ¦ ÇÏ ±â°¡ ±×¸® ½¬¿î ÀÏÀº ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®ÀÌÁö¿ä. {{ }} ¼±ÅÃÀ» ´Ù ÇϼÌÀ¸¸é "Ok"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇؼ­ ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡ º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº Package°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ´Â°É"install.log"ÆÄÀÏ¿¡´Ù°¡ ÀúÀåÀ» ½ÃŲ´Ù´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï ´Ù. ±×¸® ½Å°æ ¾È¾²¼Åµµ µÉµíÇϳ׿ä. ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡¸é ext2 ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¼³Á¤ ÇÏ´Â°É º¸½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. Linux´Â File SystemÀÌ ext2À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ±× ext2 ÆÄ ÀϽýºÅÛÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ext2 ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛÀ» ´Ù ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸é ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î À§¿¡¼­ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ Package¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â È­ ¸éÀ» º¸½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ È­¸éÀÌ PackageÀÇ ¼³Ä¡È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ¾î¶² Package°¡ ±ò¸®°í ¸î °³ÀÇ Package°¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ°í ³²Àº °³¼ö¿Í ½Ã°£ µî ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÚ ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇϸ鼭 ¼³Ä¡°¡ µË´Ï´Ù. ¼±ÅÃÇÑ Package°¡ ¸¹À»¼ö·Ï ¼³Ä¡½Ã°£Àº ±æ ¾îÁö°ÚÁö¿ä? ÀÚ ¼³Ä¡°¡ ´Ù ³¡ÀÌ ³µÀ½ ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀ» º¸½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. ¹Ø¿¡ È­¸é Àº ¸¶¿ì½º¸¦ ã¾Ò´Ù´Â °É º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ½Ã¸®¾ó¸¶¿ì½º¸¦ com1¿¡¼­ ã¾Ò´Ù°í Çϴ±º¿ä. Linux¿¡¼­´Â cua0, cua1, cua2, cua3ÀÌ µµ½º·Î Ç¥½ÃÇϸé com1, com2, com3, com4°¡ µË´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯´Ï±ñ Æ÷Æ®¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â °Ô Á¶±ÝÀº Ʋ¸®´Ù´Â °É ¾Æ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. "Ok"ÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î °¡ º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº ¸¶¿ì½ºÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¹°¾îº¸´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °Ô Microsoft compatible (serial)ÀÌ°í ¿äÁòÀº PS/2 Mouse°¡ Á¡Â÷ ´Ã¾î°¡´Â Ãß¼¼¸¦ º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖ½À ´Ï´Ù. "[ ] Emulate 3 Buttons?" ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ¸¶¿ì½º ¹öÆ°ÀÌ 2°³ÀÎ »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ¸¶Ä¡ 3 °³Àξç ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¸¶¿ì½º ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¹Ø¿¡ È­¸éÀº ¸¶¿ì½º Æ÷Æ®¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ ÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. À§¿¡¼­ cua0¶ó°í ³ª¿Í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Á¦ÀÏÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â "/dev/cua0 (com1 under DOS)" ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ½Ã¸é µË´Ï ´Ù. {{ }} ÀÚ ÀÌÁ¦´Â X-window¸¦ ¼³Á¤Çغ¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. XÀÇ ±× È­·ÁÇÔ°ú Æí¸®ÇÔÀº °¡È÷... ´õ ÀÌ »óÀº »ó»ó¿¡ ¸Â±âÁö¿ä. {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ºñµð¿ÀÄ«µå¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇϽñâ Àü¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñµð¿ÀÄ«µå chip setÀ» ÇѹøÂë È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ±¦Âú°ÚÁö¿ä? Àü tsengÀÇ et4000 chipÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿·¿¡ ½ºÅ©·Ñ ¹Ù¸¦ ¾Æ·¡·Î ¿òÁ÷¿©¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñµð ¿ÀÄ«µå¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °É ¼±ÅÃÇØÁÖ½Ã°í ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ºñµð¿ÀÄ«µå¸¦ ¼³Á¤Çß´Ù¸é ¸ð´ÏÅ͸¦ ÀÌÁ¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ º¸°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ôµµ À¢¸¸ÇÑ °Ç ´Ù ÀÖÀ¸´Ï±ñ ¾È½ÉÇÏ½Ã°í ½ºÅ©·Ñ ¹Ù¸¦ ¿òÁ÷¿©¼­ »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ ÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. {{ }} Á¦ ¸ð´ÏÅÍ´Â "NEC MultiSync 3d"¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×°É ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í {{ }}´Ù À½À¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. À§¿¡ È­¸éÀº Çػ󵵸¦ Á¶ÀýÇØÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Çػ󵵴 X¸¦ ¶ç¿ì°í ³­ ÈÄ¿¡ ¼³Á¤ À» Çϼŵµ ¹«¹æÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "Don't Probe"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °©´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â È­¸éÀº ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ºñµð¿À ¸Þ¸ð¸®°¡ ¸î ¸Þ°¡ÀÎÁö¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸´Â È­¸é ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿äÁòÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛµéÀ» ±¸ÀÔÇÏ½Ç ¶§ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ 2¸Þ°¡ ÀÌ»óÀº ÇϽôõ¶ó±¸¿ä. ¸Þ¸ð¸® °¡ ¸¹À»¼ö·Ï °íÇØ»óµµ¿Í °í Color¸¦ Áö¿øÇϹǷΠ»ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ºñµð¿À ¸Þ¸ð¸®°¡ ¾ó¸¶Âë µÇ´ÂÁö µûÁ®º¸°í ºñµð¿À Ä«µå¸¦ ±¸ÀÔÇϽô °Ô ÁÁÀ»µíÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Àü 1¸Þ°¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î "1 meg"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} {{ }} Linux¿¡¼­ »©³õÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í Áß¿¡ Çϳª°¡ ÀÌ NetworkingÀÔ´Ï´Ù. À§ È­¸éÀº Lan Card°¡ ÀÖ°í Àü¿ë¼±ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ »ç¿ëÇÏ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. ¸ðµ©Àº µû·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÇØ ÁּžßÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ±×³É "No"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ È­¸éÀº ½Ã°£´ë¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇØ ÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 5.1¿¡¼­´Â ¼­¿ïÀ̶ó°í ³ª¿Í ÀÖ´õ±º ¿ä. Âü ¹Ý°¡¿üÁö¿ä. ½ºÅ©·Ñ ¹Ù¸¦ ¿òÁ÷¿©¼­ "Asia/Seoul"À» ¼±ÅÃÇØÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. {{ }} {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº Linux¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ³­ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÎÆÃµÉ ¶§ ½ÇÇàµÇ´Â µ¥¸óµéÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Dos·Î ¸»Çϸé config.sys¿Í Autoexec.bat¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ Linux ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿ëµµ¿¡ µû¶ó À§ È­¸é¿¡¼­ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °É ¼±ÅÃÇØ ÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â È­¸éÀº ÇÁ¸°Å͸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÇÁ¸°ÅÍÀÇ Á¾·ù¸¦ ã¾Æº¸½Ã°í, ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. Àü ÇÁ¸°ÅÍ°¡ ¾ø´Â °ü°è·Î "No"¸¦ ¼±Åà ÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº Áß¿äÇÑ È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Linux´Â ¾Æ¹«³ª LoginÀ» Çؼ­ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Ô ¾Æ ´Õ´Ï´Ù. Àڱ⸸ÀÇ ºñ¹Ð¹øÈ£¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÔ´Ï´Ù. À©µµ¿ìó·³ ±×·¸°Ô È£¶ôÈ£ ¶ôÇÑ °Ô ¾Æ´Ï´Ï, ½Å°æ ¾²¼Å¼­ ÀÔ·ÂÇØ ÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³Ê¹« ª¾Æµµ ¾ÈµÇ´Ï, ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ 8ÀÚ ÀÌ»óÀ» ÇØÁÖ±æ ±ÇÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ È­¸éÀº ¸¸¾àÀ» ´ëºñÇؼ­ Linux¿ë ºÎÆ® µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î º¼ °Ç°¡¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â±îÁö ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇÏ¼Ì´Ù¸é ±ÂÀÌ ºÎÆ®µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ¸¸µå½Ç ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø°ÚÁö ¿ä? ±×³É ÀÌ·±°Ô ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ±×³É ³Ñ¾î °¡½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. {{ }} {{ }} ÀÌ È­¸éÀº Lilo¸¦ ¾îµð¿¡ ¼³Á¤ÇÒ°Ç°¡¸¦ ¹°¾îº¸´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Lilo´Â ºÎÆ®¸Å´ÏÀú ¶ó°í »ý°¢À» ÇÏ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. À©µµ¿ì·Î ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é ºÎÆýà F8¹øÀ» ´©¸£½Ã¸é ¿©·¯°³ ÀÇ ¸Þ´º°¡ ÀÖµíÀÌ Linux¿¡¼­µµ ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ OS¸¦ ¼³Á¤ ÇØ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. À§ È­¸éÀº ±× Lilo¸¦ ¼³Á¤ ÇØÁÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "dev/hda Master Boot Record"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´Ù À½ È­¸éÀ¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. {{ }} À§ È­¸éÀº ºÎÆýà ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸé ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ´Â °÷ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ Æ¯¼º»ó ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸé ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀε¥ ´ë°³ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾øÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. ±×³É "Ok"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ½Ã°í ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} ÀÚ ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ¾î·Æ°Ô¸¸ ´À²¸Á³´ø Linux¼³Ä¡°¡ ³¡³µ½À´Ï´Ù. Àß ¼³Ä¡Çß´Ù°í ÃàÇÏÇÑ´Ù°í Çϳ׿ä. ¾î·Á¿î ¿µ¾î Çؼ®Çß½À´Ï´Ù. "Ok"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¸é ¸®ºÎÆÃÀÌ µÇ¸é¼­ Linux°¡ ºÎ ÆÃÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù. ¡á ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ±¸Çö - °³¿ä : ±âÁ¸ÀÇ libc5 ¶óÀ̺귯¸® ÇÏ¿¡¼­ÀÇ XFree86 ÇÑ±Û ¼³Á¤Àº ±¹Á¦È­µÈ ¹öÀüÀ¸·Î½á, ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ¡¤Ãâ·Â¿¡ Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø¾úÀ¸³ª, libc6(glibc2)ÇÏ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ¡¤ Ãâ·ÂÀº XFree86ÀÇ ±¹Á¦È­µÈ(i18) ¹öÀüÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â »óȲÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ¾ËÆĹö ÀüÀ¸·Î½á ¾ÈÁ¤µÇÁö ¸øÇÑ libc6(glibc2) ¶óÀ̺귯¸®ÀÇ ¹®Á¦·Î½á ¾ÆÁ÷ XFree86(X)¿¡¼­ ÀÇ i18 Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö±â Èûµç »óȲÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç (1998³â ÀÌÈÄ) ÇÑ±Û ÆÐÄ¡ µÈ ¸®´ª ½ºÀÇ ¼³Á¤Àº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ XFree86 ¿¡ i18µÈ ÆÐÄ¡¹öÀüÀ» °¡Áö°í ÆÐÄ¡¸¦ °¡ÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ºÒ ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. 2¹ÙÀÌÆ® ±Ç¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®´Â ÇÑ±Û »ç¿ëÀÌ ÇʼöÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ±ÛÀº ¿µ¹® ¸®´ª½º »óÅ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ±¸Çö¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¼³¸íÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³, ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±âº»Àû À¸·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÇÑ±Û ±¸Çö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾Ë¾Æº¸ÀÚ. < ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÇÑ±Û ¼³Á¤ > ¿µ¹® ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û Ãâ·ÂÀº ÇÑ±Û ÆùÆ®¸¦ ¼³Ä¡Çϸé Ãâ·Â¿¡´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÇѱÛÀ» ÀÔ·ÂÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â Çѱ۷ÎÄÉÀÏÀÌ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â °¡ Àå ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ¡¤Ãâ·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ°í ³ª¼­ Á¦ ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú ¿ì¸®´Â root ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î½á ¸®´ª½º¸¦ Á¦ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú ¸¸³ª°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ±Û È¯°æ¿¡ À־ Á¦ÀÏ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ¹Ù·Î LANG ¹®Á¦Àε¥, ÀÌ LANG(locale) ¼³Á¤À» ¸ÕÀú ¾Ë¾Æº¸ÀÚ. ==================< LANG (locale) ¼³Á¤ >========================= if [ -z "$LANG" ] && [ ! `tty |grep -c 'tty[0-9]'` -eq 1 ]; then export LANG=ko fi if [ -z "$LESSCHARSET" ]; then export LESSCHARSET=latin1 fi ================================================================ ´ÙÀ½ »óȲÀ» Ȩ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ .bash_profile ¿¡ Àû¾îÁØ´Ù. (¼³¸í) X¿¡¼­´Â ÇÑÅÒÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ÇѱÛÀ» º¼¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, ¸¸¾à À¯Àú°¡ ÇÑ±Û ÆÐÄ¡µÈ XFree86 À» ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é Çѱ۱¸ÇöÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, Äֿܼ¡¼­´Â hanÀ̶ó´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ½ÇÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ÇѱÛÀº º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì¸¦ »ý°¢Çؼ­ X ¿¡¼­ ´Â ±âº»°ªÀ» LANG=ko ·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÇÏ°í, Äֿܼ¡¼­´Â ±âº»°ªÀ» LANG=C ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ ´Âµ¥, ¸¸¾à À¯Àú°¡ han À» ½ÇÇàÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é LANG=ko ·Î ¹Ù²îµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ½ºÅ©¸³Æ® ÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º³ª À¯´Ð½º¿¡¼­´Â Å͹̳ΠÀåÄ¡¸¦ tty1~12 ±îÁö ÀÌ·±½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥, ÇÑÅÒÀ̳ª han, telnet, ftp µîÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é ttyp1 ÀÌ·±½ÄÀ¸·Î ¸íĪÀ» ºÎ¿©¹Þ°í ÀÏÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Áï, tty ¸í·ÉÀ» ½ÇÇàÇؼ­ Ç¥ÁØÃâ·ÂÀ¸·Î ³ª¿À°Ô µÇ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé Áß¿¡¼­ tty0-9 ±îÁöÀÇ ÀϷùøÈ£°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇغ¸°í ¾øÀ¸¸é LANG=ko ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é LANG=C ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. bash ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼³Á¤À» ÀоîµéÀÌ°Ô Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»·Á ÁØ´Ù. # source .bash_profile ÀÌ·¯¸é root »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ¡¤Ãâ·ÂÀÇ ±âº»¼³Á¤Àº ³¡³ª°ÔµÈ´Ù. < ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Çѱۻç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ÇÑÅÒ ¼³Ä¡ > °¢ ÇØ´ç Åë½Å¸ÁÀÇ ÀÚ·á½ÇÀ̳ª FTP »çÀÌÆ®·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇÑÅÒÀÇ ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ® ÆÄÀÏ ¶Ç ´Â ¼Ò½º ÆÄÀϵéÀ» ±¸ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù. ´ë°³ ¼Ò½º ÇüÅ·Π¾ÐÃàÀÌ µÇ¾î ¹èÆ÷°¡ µÇÁö¸¸ ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¸Âµµ·Ï ¹Ì¸® ÄÄÆÄÀÏ µÇ¾î ¾ÐÃàÀÌ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Â ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ® ÆÄÀÏÀÎ °æ¿ì ¿¡ ½½·¢¿þ¾îÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â pkgtoolÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ·¹µåÇÞÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â rpmÀ» ±¸Çؼ­ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, µ¥ºñ¾ÈÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â debÀ» ±¸Çؼ­ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸¾à, ÇÑÅÒ ¼Ò½º¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é Á÷Á¢ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. =================< ÇÑ±Û Å͹̳Î(ÇÑÅÒ) »çÀÌÆ® >===================== 1. source: http://pseudo.snu.ac.kr/~hwang/ 2. rpm: ftp://ftp.kreonet.re.kr/pub/hangul/linux/AlzzaLinux 3. deb: ftp://ftp.kreonet.re.kr/pub/hangul/linux/Debian-KR ================================================================ ¼³Ä¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÀýÂ÷·Î ÁøÇàµÈ´Ù. # tar xvfz hanterm-xf-p15.tar.gz ÇÏ¸é ¾ÐÃàÀÌ Ç®¸®¸é¼­ ÇÑÅÒ ¼Ò½ºÄڵ尡 µé¾îÀÖ´Â µð·ºÅ丮°¡ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. # cd <ÇÑÅÒ ¼Ò½º µð·ºÅ丮> ÇÏ¿© µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ À̵¿ÇÑ ÈÄ, # xmkmf ÇÏ¿© imagefileÀ» makefile·Î º¯È¯ÇÑ´Ù. # make ÇÏ¿© ÄÄÆÄÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÄÄÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÇ¸é hantermÀ̶õ ½ÇÇàÆÄÀÏÀÌ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. # cp hanterm /usr/X11R6/bin º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. # cp Hanterm.ad /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/Hanterm : Hanterm.ad ¶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏÀ» HantermÀ̶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏ·Î º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. =================<ÇÑÅÒ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆùÆ® ±¸Çϴ°÷ >=================== * ftp.kornet.nm.kr: ftp://ftp.kornet.nm.kr/pub/Hangul/fonts/ ================================================================ ¢Ñ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ÇÑÅÒ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆùÆ®´Â..? : hanyang-font-pcf.tar.gz, iyagi.pcf.Z, iyagi16.pcf.Z, johabg16 - johabsm16.pcf.Z # dir *.bdf¸¦ Çϸé ÃÑ 11°³ÀÇ ÆùÆ®ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ³ª¿À´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ÆÄÀϵéÀ» .pcf Æ÷¸ËÀ¸·Î ¹Ù ²Ù¾îÁÖ´Â ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, iyagi16.bdf ÆÄÀÏÀ» º¯È¯ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº, # bdftopcf iyagi16.bdf > iyagi16.pcf ÃÑ 11°³ÀÇ ÆùÆ®ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¶È°°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ÀÛ¾÷ Á¾·á ÈÄ *.pcf ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Á¤È®È÷ »ý¼ºµÇ¾ú´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÀ» ¸¶Ä£ ÈÄ, # cp *.pcf /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc # mkfontdir /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc # xset fp rehash /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc Áï, ÇÑÅÒÀÇ x-window ÆùÆ® ÆÄÀÏ À» x-windowÀÇ ÇØ´çµð·ºÅ丮·Î º¹»çÇÏ°í, ÇØ´çµð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ ÆùÆ® ÆÄÀϵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ À妽º¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¾÷Àº ³¡³­´Ù. < ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ¡¤Ãâ·Â ±¸Çö > ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ À¥ ¼­ÇÎÀ» Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀº ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ÁÖ·Î ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¹°·Ð, lynx ¶ó´Â ÅؽºÆ® ºê¶ó¿ìÀú¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ºü¸¥ À¥ ¼­ÇÎÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸¸, ¿äÁò ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ °¡´õ¶óµµ À̹ÌÁö ¾ø´Â ȨÆäÀÌÁö´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. lynx ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ À¥ ¼­ÇÎÀº ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÇÑ°è°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­, ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸®´ª½º¿ë ÇÑ±Û ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ø´Â »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ±Û ÆÐÄ¡¸¦ ÇÑ ³Ý½ºÄÉ ÀÌÇÁ°¡ ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ ¼ø¼ö ÇÑ±Û ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ´Â ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÇÑ±Û ¾²´Â ¸®´ª½º À¯ÀúµéÀº ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ¡¤Ãâ·Â¿¡ ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉÀÌ °¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­´Â ÇÑ±Û ÆÐÄ¡°¡ µÈ ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¼ø¼ö ¿µ¹® »óÅÂÀÇ ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ¡¤Ãâ·ÂÀÌ °¡ ´ÉÇϵµ·Ï º¸¿©ÁÖ±â À§ÇÔÀÌ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú, ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ°¡ ¼³Ä¡°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ ÇÏ¿¡ ¼³¸íÀÌ µé¾î°©´Ï´Ù. ===================================== ftp.netscape.com: ftp://ftp.netscape.com/ =============================================================== ¸ÕÀú, ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ¼Ò½º¸¦ ¹Þ°í ³ª¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù. ===================================================== #include #include char *_Xsetlocale (int, const char *); #undef setlocale char *setlocale (int c, const char *l) { if ((c == LC_ALL || c == LC_CTYPE) && l != NULL && !(*l == 'C' && l[1] == '\0')) { XtSetLanguageProc(NULL, NULL, NULL); l = NULL; } return _Xsetlocale(((c == LC_ALL || c == LC_CTYPE) ? 2 : 3), l); } =============================================================== ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î ÄÄÆÄÀÏÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. # gcc -fPIC -shared -Wl,-rpath=/usr/X11R6/lib,-soname,liblocale.so \ -o liblocale.so locale.c -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11 -lXt ±×·¯¸é, liblocale.so ¶ó´Â ¶óÀ̺귯¸®°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­, /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale¿¡ ko¶ó´Â µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ¸¸µçÈÄ¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº »çÇ×À» Àû¾îÁØ´Ù. =============================================== XLC_FONTSET # fs0 class (7 bit ASCII) fs0 { charset { name ISO8859-1:GL } font { primary ISO8859-1:GL vertical_rotate all } } # fs1 class fs1 { charset { name KSC5601.1987-0:GL } font { primary KSC5601.1987-0:GL substitute KSC5601.1987-1:GR } } END XLC_FONTSET XLC_XLOCALE encoding_name ko.euc mb_cur_max 2 state_depend_encoding False wc_encoding_mask \x30000000 wc_shift_bits 7 # cs0 class cs0 { side GL:Default length 1 wc_encoding \x00000000 ct_encoding ISO8859-1:GL } # cs1 class cs1 { side GR:Default length 2 wc_encoding \x30000000 ct_encoding KSC5601.1987-0:GL; KSC5601.1987-0:GR } END XLC_XLOCALE ============================================================== ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ ½ÇÇà ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¸¸µçÈÄ¿¡ liblocale.so ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¸¦ ¶È °°Àº °æ·Î·Î º¹»ç¸¦ ÇØÁÖ¸é ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ.Ãâ·ÂÀÌ µÈ´Ù. =======================< netscape2 >=========================== #!/bin/sh NS_EXE=/usr/lib/netscape/netscape NS_LIB=/usr/lib/netscape LD_PRELOAD="/usr/lib/netscape/liblocale.so:/lib/libc.so.5.3.12" export LD_PRELOAD ## exec $NS_EXE $* >/tmp/netscape.log1 2>/tmp/netscape.log2 & exec $NS_EXE $* =============================================================== ÀÌ È­ÀÏÀ» path °¡ °É¸° /usr/X11R6/bin ¿¡ º¹»çÇÏ°í ³ª¼­ »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. < ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ÀԷ±⠼³Ä¡ > * hanIMÀÇ ¼³Ä¡ hanIM ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆÄÀϵé : xfntmizi-1.1-1.noarch.rpm hanIM-0.9-1.i386.rpm ¸ÕÀú, ÆùÆ®¸¦ ¼³Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù. # rpm -ivh xfntmizi-1.1-1.noarch.rpm # rpm -ivh hanIM-0.9-1.i386.rpm ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­, /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc·Î À̵¿Çؼ­ ÆùÆ® Á¤º¸¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù. # cd /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc # mkfontdir # xset fp rehash ¶ó°í ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¸é, ÆùÆ® Á¤º¸°¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ¸ÕÀú, ¸¸µé¾ú´ø ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¿¡ ¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ¶óÀ̺귯¸®¿Í hanIM, kims´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ locale.so·Î ÀÔ·Â ·ÎÄÉÀÏÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ¹Ç ·Î ¸ÕÀú ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°±â Àü¿¡ hanIMÀ» ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¸é, ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ·ÂÀÌ Áö¿øµÈ ´Ù. * kimsÀÇ ¼³Ä¡ kims¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆÄÀÏ : kims.1.0a-971009.tar.gz ¸ÕÀú, kims À» ¹Þ¾Æ¿Í¼­ ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ç®ÀÚ. root µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ǭ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿¡ ¼³ Ä¡¸¦ Çغ¸°Ú´Ù. # tar xvfz kims.1.0a-971009.tar.gz # cd usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc Çϸé, ÇÊ¿äÇÑ 3°³ÀÇ ÆùÆ®°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. 3°³ÀÇ ÆùÆ®¸¦ /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc ¿¡ º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÏÀÚ. # cp *.gz /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc # mkfontdir /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc # xset fp rehash /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çϸé kims ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÆùÆ®¸¦ ¼³Ä¡¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. # cd /root/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults Çϸé CHtermÀ̶ó´Â kims¿¡¼­ »ç¿ë ÇÏ´Â ÇÑ±Û Ä®¶ó Å͹̳ÎÀÇ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults ¿¡ º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. # cp CHterm /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­, /root/usr/X11R6/bin À¸·Î °¡¸é kims ¿Í chterm À̶ó´Â ½ÇÇàÆÄÀÏ µÎ °³°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» /usr/X11R6/bin ¿¡ º¹»ç¸¦ Çغ¸ÀÚ. # cd /root/usr/X11R6/bin # cp kims chterm /usr/X11R6/bin ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­, /root/usr/local/lib µð·ºÅ丮·Î °¡¸é kims¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÇÑÀÚ»çÀüÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. (µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ Åë°·Î º¹»çÇÑ´Ù) # cd /root/usr/local/lib # cp -r dic /usr/local/lib ±×·¯¸é ÀÏ´Ü kimsÀÇ ¼³Ä¡´Â ¸¶¹«¸® µÈ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½Àº ¼³Á¤À¸·Î µé¾î°¡º¸µµ·Ï ÇÏÀÚ. ´ÙÀ½ »çÇ×À» Ȩ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´Â .bash_profile¿¡ ±âÀÔÇÑ´Ù. =========================<.bash_profile >======================== export LANG=ko export XMODIFIERS="@im=kims" =============================================================== ÀúÀåÇÏ°í ³ª¼­, source .bash_profileÀ̶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÀÐ¾î µéÀÌ°Ô²û ÇØÁØ´Ù. ±×¸®°í, kimsÀÇ ¾ÐÃàÀ» Ǭ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ º¸¸éÀº .Xdefults_kims¶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÌ Àִµ¥ ±× ³»¿ëÀ» Ȩ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´Â .Xdefaults¿¡ Àû¾îÁØ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½Àº ÀúÀÚÀÇ kims¿¡ ´ëÇÑ .XdefaultsÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. ========================< .Xdefaults >========================== kims.hangulEnglishToggle: Shift_space kims.hanja: Meta_g kims.hanjaBack: Meta_e kims.hanjaWindowPopup: Meta_c kims.special: Control_p kims.fontSet:\ -schumacher-clean-bold-r-normal--16-160-75-75-c-80-iso8859-1,\ -kaist-myeongjo-bold-r-normal--16-160-75-75-c-160-ksc5601.1987-1 kims.foreground: black kims.background: white !! !!chterm !! CHterm*Title: ÇÑ±Û ÀÔ·Â Å͹̳¯ CHterm*scrollBar: on CHterm*foreground: black CHterm*background: white CHterm*jumpScroll: on CHterm*saveLines: 1000 CHterm*fontSet:\ -schumacher-clean-bold-r-normal--16-160-75-75-c-80-iso8859-1,\ -kaist-myeongjo-bold-r-normal--16-160-75-75-c-160-ksc5601.1987-1 Netscape*international: true Netscape*inputMethod: kims Netscape*preeditType: Root ============================================================== ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´Â .Xdefaults ¿¡ Àû¾îÁÖ°í ³ª¼­ # xrdb -load .Xdefaults¶ó´Â ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÀоîµéÀÌ°Ô ÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½ ½ÇÇàºÎÅÍ Àû ¿ëÀÌ µÈ´Ù. * ÁÖÀÇ»çÇ× : ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¿¡¼­ ÇÑ±Û ÀԷ±⸦ ÅëÇØ ÇѱÛÀ» ÀÔ·Â ÇÏ·Á¸é ¸ÕÀú, kims ³ª hanIM °°Àº ÇÑ±Û ÀԷ±⸦ ¸ÕÀú ½ÇÇà½ÃŲ ÈÄ ³Ý½ºÄÉÀÌÇÁ¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¸é µÈ´Ù. * Âü°í»çÇ× : kims ³ª hanIM ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¸¦ Âü°íÇÑ´Ù. @ kims : http://members.iworld.net/bumchul/kims.html @ hanIM : http://www.mizi.co.kr/hanIM/hanIM-right.htm < ÇÑ±Û ±Û¾¾°¡ ±úÁö´Â °æ¿ì > LinuxÀÇ Å͹̳Π¸ðµå¿¡¼­ Çѱ۸ðµå·Î Àüȯ ÈÄ ÇѱÛÀÌ ±úÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸î°¡Áö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì´Â °£È¤ LINUX¿¡¼­ Å͹̳θðµå ¸¦ ¾µ °æ¿ì, Çѱ۸ðµå·Î Àüȯ ÈÄ¿¡ ÇѱÛÀ» Ã常é ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô ±úÁú °æ¿ì°¡ Àִµ¥ ÀÌ ·² ¶§´Â STTY¸í·ÉÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© 8ºñÆ®ÀÇ EUCÄڵ尡 ÀÔÃâ·ÂµÇµµ·Ï ¼³Á¤ÇØ ÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ý ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. # stty cs8 -parenb -istrip ¶Ç´Â # stty pass8 À» ¼³Á¤ÇØÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¶Ç Çϳª´Â ¹Ù·Î ÇѱÛȯ°æ¼³Á¤À» ÇØ ÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. bash »ç¿ëÀÚ : # vi /etc/profile Çϸé -------------------------------------------------------------- export LESSCHARSET=latin1 export LANG=ko -------------------------------------------------------------- ¸¦ »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´Â .bashrc¿¡ ¾ÕÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» »ðÀÔÇÏ¿©µµ »ó°ü¾ø´Ù. csh »ç¿ëÀÚ : ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È¨µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ÀÖ´Â .cshrc ¸¦ ÆíÁýÇÑ´Ù. # vi .cshrc Çϸé ------------------------------------------------------------- setenv LANG ko setenv LC_TYPe iso_8859_1 setenv LESSCHARSET latin1 stty cs8 -istrip -parenb -------------------------------------------------------------- ¸¦ »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù. < Han ¼³Ä¡ ¹× »ç¿ë»ó ÁÖÀÇ»çÇ× > han2´Â ¸®´ª½º ÄܼÖÀ̳ª À¯´Ð½º »óÀÇ Äֿܼ¡¼­ ÇѱÛÀ» Ãâ·ÂÇϱâ À§ÇÑ µµ±¸ ÀÌ´Ù. SVGA ¸ðµå¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç ºñµð¿À Ä«µå¿¡ µû¸¥ Ư¼ºÀ» Ÿ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. S3 virge, S3 Trio64V+, TGUI 9680, Milenium I, Cyber 9683(ThinkPad) ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå¿¡¼­ ¹®Á¦ ¾øÀÌ µ¹¾Æ°£´Ù. ¼³Ä¡°úÁ¤Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. # tar xvfz han2-0.3.7.tar.gz # cd han2-0.3.7H # make config # make # make install : han À̶ó´Â ½ÇÇà ÆÄÀÏÀÌ »ý¼ºµÈ´Ù. ÆùÆ®´Â /usr/share/fonts¿¡ À§Ä¡Çϸç, 8x16pc.bdf.gz(¿µ¹®ÆùÆ®), h16m.bdf.gz(ÇÑ±Û ÆùÆ®)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. minix-zcat:Startup gzip -d < /usr/local/share/fonts/han/h16m.bdf.Z | /usr/local/bin/hanfld gzip -d < /usr/local/share/fonts/han/8x16pc.bdf.Z | /usr/local/bin/hanfl * Startup ÀÌ ºÙ¾îÀִ°ÍÀÌ ÇöÀç ÀоîµéÀÌ´Â ÆùÆ® ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. han ÀÇ ¼³Á¤ ÆÄÀÏÀº /etc/han.cfg ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑ±Û ÀÚÆÇ : 2¹ú½Ä »ç¿ëÀÚ¶ó¸é HangulKeyboard: 2 3¹ú½Ä »ç¿ëÀÚ¶ó¸é HangulKeyboard: 3 ÇÑ/¿µ Àüȯ : han¿¡¼­ ÇÑ/¿µ ÀüȯÀ» shift+space·Î ÇÏ·Á¸é /etc/han.cfg¿Í keymapÀÇ ¼³Á¤À» ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. # cp /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/us.map /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/han.map ÉÝ ÀÌ°ÍÀº us.mapÀ» han.mapÀ̶õ À̸§À¸·Î º¹»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. han.map¿¡¼­ "keycode 57 = space space"¶õ ±ÛÀ» ãÀº ÈÄ µÚ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â space¸¦ "Contorl_underscore"·Î ¹Ù²Û´Ù. Áï, "keycode 57 = space Control_underscore"ó·³ ¹Ù²Ù¸é µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³­ ÈÄ, /etc/han.cfg¿¡¼­ --------------------------------------------------------------- # Show "NO warranty" message StartupMessage: on HanguelToggleChar: 31 HanguelKeyboard: 2 --------------------------------------------------------------- ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ¼³Á¤ÇØ ÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ "loadkeys han"À̶ó°í ½ÇÇàÇϸé han.map¿¡¼­ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ keymapÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¸é¼­ ÇÑ/¿µ ÀüȯÀ» shift+space·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ³¡¸¶Ä¡·Á¸é "loadkeys us"·Î ¿ø»óº¹±ÍÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. < MC(Midnight Commander) ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û Ãâ·Â > ¸®´ª½º¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº MC ¸¦ Àû¾îµµ Çѹø ÀÌ»óÀº »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Æí¸® ÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø MC ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û Ãâ·ÂÀº °£´ÜÇÏ´Ù. MC ¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°¸é, ¸ÇÀ§¿¡ Options ¶ó´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ º¸ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Options ¶ó´Â Ç׸ñÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇϸé, Display bits ¶ó ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Âµ¥ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í µé¾î°¡¼­, * Full 8 bits output À̶ó´Â Ç׸ñ°ú Full 8 bits input À̶ó´Â Ç׸ñÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÑ µÚ¿¡, Save setup ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϸé 2¹ÙÀÌÆ®±ÇÀ» Áö ¿øÇØÁØ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÀÌ Ç׸ñÀ» /etc/profile.d ¿¡ mc.sh À̶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏ·Î ¸¸µé¾î¼­ Àú ÀåÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. =====================< mc.sh >============================= mc() { MC=/tmp/mc$$-"$RANDOM" /usr/bin/mc -P "$@" > "$MC" cd "`cat $MC`" rm -f "$MC" unset MC; } =========================================================== ÀúÀåÀ» ÇѵÚ, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ½ÇÇà ¸í·É°ú ¼³Á¤À» ³»·ÁÁÖ¸é ÇÑ±Û ±¸ÇöÀÌ µÈ´Ù. # chmod 755 mc.sh # source mc.sh ¼³Á¤À» ÀоîµéÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾î¼­ ´ÙÀ½ ½ÇÇàºÎÅÍ ÇѱÛÀÌ ±¸ÇöÀÌ µÈ´Ù. < lynx(ÅؽºÆ® ºê¶ó¿ìÀú) ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û ±¸Çö > lynx ´Â ÅؽºÆ®Çü ºê¶ó¿ìÀú·Î½á ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ°¡ ÀåÁ¡ÀÎ ºê¶ó¿ìÀúÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³, lynx ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇÑ±Û Ãâ·Â¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. lynx¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÑ ÈÄ "O" Å°¸¦ ¼± ÅÃÇϸé Option ÀÌ ³ª¿À´Âµ¥, display (C)haraster set¸¦ KoreanÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Û ´ÙÀ½¿¡, Raw 8-bit or CJK m(O)de¸¦ ONÀ¸·Î ÇÏ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¸é, ´ÙÀ½ ½ÇÇà ºÎÅÍ´Â ÇÑ ±ÛÀ» º¸½Ç¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. < GNU Emacs¿¡¼­ ÇÑ±Û ±¸Çö > GNU Emacs 20.x ¹öÁ¯ºÎÅÍ´Â MuleÀÇ ±â´ÉÀÌ ÅëÇÕµÇ¾î ´Ù±¹¾î(ÇѱÛ, Áß±¹ ¾î, ÀϾî, º£Æ®³²¾î, ŸÀÏ·£µå¾î, ...)¸¦ Æí¸®ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇѱÛ/ÇÑ ÀÚ Àüȯ ±Û¼èÀÇ ¹è¿­ÀÌ ³Î¸® ¾²ÀÌ´Â ±Û¼è°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºÒÆíÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥, ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ È¨ µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ .emacs ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¼³Á¤Çϸé SHIFT-SPACE ±Û¼è·Î ÇѱÛ/¿µ¾î ÀüȯÀ» SHIFT-CTRL-SPACE ±Û¼è·Î ÇÑÀÚ/¿µ¾î ÀüȯÀ» ½±°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (CTRL-SPACE ´Â Emacs¿¡¼­ ÀÏÁ¤ ºÎºÐÀ» ¼³Á¤Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ±Û¼èÀ̹ǷÎ, ÀÌ ±Û¼è¸¦ ÇÑÀÚ/¿µ¾î º¯È¯¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº È¥¶õÀ» °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ÒÁö°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿©±â¿¡¼­´Â SHIFT-CTRL-SPACE ±Û¼è·Î ´ë½ÅÇß´Ù.) =========================< .emacs >================================ $HOME/.emacs ÆÄÀÏ ¡Ü ÇÑ±Û È¯°æ ¼³Á¤ (set-language-environment 'Korean) (set-keyboard-coding-system 'korean-iso-8bit) (set-terminal-coding-system 'korean-iso-8bit) ¡Ü ÇѱÛ/¿µ¾î Àüȯ ÇÔ¼ö (defun toggle-hangul-key () "Toggle Hangul Key" (interactive) (cond ((equal current-input-method "korean-hangul") (toggle-input-method)) (t (select-input-method 'korean-hangul)))) ¡Ü ÇÑÀÚ/¿µ¾î Àüȯ ÇÔ¼ö (defun toggle-hanja-key () "Toggle Hanja Key" (interactive) (cond ((equal current-input-method "korean-hanja") (toggle-input-method)) (t (select-input-method 'korean-hanja)))) ¡Ü ±Û¼è ¼³Á¤ ¸¸ÀÏ ÇÑÀÚ/¿µ¾î Àüȯ ±Û¼è¸¦ F9·Î ¹Ù²Ù°í ½ÍÀ¸¸é, [(shift control ?\ )]À» [(f9)]À¸·Î º¯°æÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. (define-key global-map [(shift ?\ )] 'toggle-hangul-key) (define-key global-map [(shift control ?\ )] 'toggle-hanja-key) =================================================================== ¡á X-Window ¼³Á¤Çϱ⠰³¿ä : ¸®´ª½º »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¸®´ª½º¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇϱ⵵ Àü¿¡ ¸Ç ¸ÕÀú ºÀÂøÇÏ´Â ¹® Á¦°¡ ¹Ù·Î X-Window °¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ ½Í´Ù. MS-Windows ³ª Mac °°Àº ȯ°æ¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇÑ ¿À´Ã³¯ À¯Àú¿¡°Ô ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ÀÇ X-Window ÀÇ È­¸éÀº ¸®´ª½ºÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» À§Çؼ­ Çʼö ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â µí ½Í´Ù. LinuX¿¡¼­ÀÇ X-Window ȯ°æ ±¸ÇöÀº XFree86 ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÆÀ¿¡¼­ ±¸ÇöÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ç¸éÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. °¢ VGA Á¦Á¶È¸ »ç¿¡¼­ÀÇ µå¶óÀÌºê °ø°³°¡ ½±Áö ¾Ê°í, Linux ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ±×¸® Å« ¹®Á¦·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé ÀÌÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Ô MS-Windows¶ó´Â Å« ½ÃÀåÀÌ Àֱ⿡ Linux¶ó´Â ½Ã ÀåÀº Å©°Ô º¸Áö ¾Ê°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­, 2-3³â Àü ¿¡´Â Linux¿¡¼­ÀÇ X-WindowÀÇ µ¥½ºÅ©Å¾À» º¸´Â °æ¿ì´Â ÈçÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ¿äÁò Ãß¼¼´Â ¸¹ Àº VGA Á¦Á¶¾÷ü¿¡¼­ µå¶óÀ̺ê Á¤º¸¸¦ ¸¹Àº Linux »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô °ø°³ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, XFree86 3.3.2¿¡¼­´Â AGP ºñµð¿À Ä«µå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¿øµµ Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®¼­´Â Linux »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô óÀ½ ´ç¸éÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â X-Window ¼³Á¤À» ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½Ã°¢¿¡¼­ º¸¿©ÁÖ °íÀÚ ÇÔÀÌ´Ù. < ¼³Ä¡¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ XFree86 ÆÐÅ°Áöº° ¸ñ·Ï > preinst.sh : Pre-installation script. Postinst.sh : Post-installation script. extract : XFree86 extraction utility. X332bin.tgz : clients, run-time libs, and app-defaults files. X332doc.tgz : Documentation. X332fnts.tgz : 75dpi, misc and PEX fonts. X332libs.tgz : Data files required at run-time. X332man.tgz : Manual pages. X332set.tgz : XF86Setup utility. X332VG16.tgz : 16 colors VGA server (XF86Setup needs this server). X332upd.tgz : XFree86 3.3.2 patch 2 update. X332cfg.tgz : Sample config files for xinit, xdm. X3328514.tgz : 8514/A server. X332AGX.tgz : AGX server. X332I128.tgz : I128 server. X332Mach32.tgz : Mach 32 server. X332Mach64.tgz : Mach 64 server. X332Ma8.tgz : Mach 8 server. X332Mono.tgz : Mono server. X332P9k.tgz : P9000 server. X332S3.tgz : S3 server. X332S3V.tgz : old S3 VIRGE server (please use SVGA server). X332SVGA.tgz : SVGA server. X332VG16.tgz : 16 colour VGA server (XF86Setup needs this server). X332W32.tgz : ET4000/W32, ET6000 server. X332f100.tgz : 100dpi fonts. X332fcyr.tgz : Cyrillic fonts. X332fnon.tgz : Other fonts (chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hebrew). X332fscl.tgz : Scalable fonts (Speedo and Type1). X332fsrv.tgz : Font server and config files. X332prog.tgz : X header files, config files and compile-time libs. X332nest.tgz : Hested X server. X332vfb.tgz : Virtual framebuffer X server. X332prt.tgz : X Print server. X332ps.tgz : Postscript version of the documentation. X332html.tgz : HTML version of the documentation. X332lkit.tgz : X server LinkKit. X332lk98.tgz : X server LinkKit for PC98 servers. < XFree86 ¼³Ä¡ > ÀÌÀü¿¡ XFree86 ¹öÀüÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é /usr/X11R6/ µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ÀνºÅçÇϱâ ÀÌÀü ¿¡ ¹é¾÷À» Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. # mkdir /home/X11R6 # ln -s /home/X11R6 /usr # cd /usr/X11R6 ±× ´ÙÀ½ ÀνºÅçÇÒ XFree86 ÆÐÅ°Áö¸¦ ÀüºÎ´Ù /var/tmp µð·ºÅ丮·Î º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. ÆÐÅ°Áö¸¦ ÀνºÅçÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ¸ÕÀú post installation script¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃŲ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ # sh /var/tmp/preinst.sh # chmod 755 extract ÀÌÁ¦ XFree86 À» ÀνºÅç Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀνºÅçÇÒ ÆÐÅ°Áö¸¦ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ Ä« ÇǸ¦ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀØÁö ¸»±â¸¦... # cd /usr/X11R6 # /var/tmp/extract /var/tmp/X332[8-z]*.tgz ±×·¯¸é, ÆÐÅ°ÁöµéÀº ¼³Ä¡°¡ µÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. < XFree86 ÆÐÄ¡ > ÇöÀç XFree86 3.3.2 ÀÇ °¡Àå ÃֽŠÆÐÄ¡ ÆÄÀÏÀº X332upd.tgz ÆÄÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ ÆÐÄ¡¸¦ Çغ¸ÀÚ. extract : XFree86 extraction utility. X3322upd.tgz : XFree86 3.3.2 patch 2 update. ¸ÕÀú, XFree86 3.3.2 ¹öÀüÀÌ ¼³Ä¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤À» ÇÑ´Ù. # chmod 755 extract ±×¸®°í, X3322upd.tgz ¸¦ /var/tmp µð·ºÅ丮·Î º¹»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. # cp X3322upd.tgz /var/tmp/ # /var/tmp/extract /var/tmp/X332upd.tgz (ÁÖÀÇ)X3322upd.tgz¸¦ ÀνºÅçÇϱâ Àü¿¡ X3321upd.tgz°¡ ¼³Ä¡°¡ µÇ¾î¾ßÇÑ´Ù. < Xconfigurator·Î ¼³Á¤Çϱâ > ÃֽŠ¸®´ª½º ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­´Â X¸¦ ¼³Á¤Çϴµ¥ À־ µÎ °¡Áö ¹æ½ÄÀ» Áö¿øÇÑ ´Ù. ù¹ø°´Â, X¸¦ ¼³Á¤Çϱâ ÆíÇÏ°í ½Ã°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ½±°Ô Á¢±Ù ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Xconfigurator¶ó´Â ÅøÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© X¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½Ä°ú, µÎ¹ø°´Â, ¿¹ÀüÀÇ ÅؽºÆ® ¸ðµå·Î½á º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â xf86config°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­´Â »ç¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ½±°Ô Á¢±Ù ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Xconfigurator¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. Xconfigurator´Â X interface ¿Í ÄÜ¼Ö ¸ð µå¿¡¼­ ¸ðµÎ »ç¿ë °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·ÉÀ» ½ÇÇàÇØ º¸ÀÚ. # Xconfigurator =========================< Xconfigurator >=================================== Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- This program will create a basic XF86Config file, based on Menu selections you make. The XF86Config file usually resides in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 or /etc/X11. A sample XF86Config file is supplied with XFree86; it is confgiured for a standard VGA card and monitor with 640x480 resolution. You can either take the sample XF86Config as a base and edit it for your configuration, or let this program produce a base XF86Config file for your configuration adn fine-tune it. Refer to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.Config for a detailed overview ---- ---------- | OK | | Cancel | ---- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- / between elements | selects | next screen ========================================================================= ÀÌ·± È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­, OK ¹öÆ°À» ´©¸£°í µé¾î°¡¸é ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå ÀÇ Ä¨¼ÂÀ» ãÀ¸¸é¼­ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿Ã°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ========================================================================= Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others ------------------------------------------ PCI Probe PCI probing found a: PCI Entry: Mystique X server : SVGA --------- | OK | -------- ------------------------------------------- / between elements | selects | next screen ======================================================================== ¿©±â¼­ ÀâÈù ºñµð¿À Ä«µå´Â ¹Ì½ºÆ¼Å©ÀÌ°í, ¿©±â¿¡ ¸Â´Â X server ´Â SVGA ¶ó´Â ¸Þ½ÃÁö °¡ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ºñµð¿À Ä«µå°¡ ¼³Á¤ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸´Ï, ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡ º¸ÀÚ. ======================================================================== Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others -------------------------------------------------------------- Monitor Setup What type of monitor do you have? If you would rather specify the sync frequencies of your monitor, choose "Custom" from the list. Custom Acer Acerview 11D Acer Acerview 33D/33DL Acer Acerview 34T/34TL AOC-15 Apollo 1280x1024-68Hz Apollo 1280x1024-70Hz -------- ----------------- | OK | | Cancel | ------- ----------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- / between elements | selects | next screen ========================================================================= ¿©±â¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð´ÏÅ͸¦ ã¾Æº¸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ±¹»êÀÇ »ï¼º°ú Çö´ë ¸ð´ÏÅÍ ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¶ó¸é ¼³Á¤À» ¸ÂÃ߱⠽¬¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù. LG ¸ð´ÏÅÍ´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ µé¾îÀÖ Áö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð´ÏÅÍ°¡ ¸ñ·Ï¿¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ¸Ç À§ÀÇ Custom À» ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ÈÄ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¸Å´º¾óÀ» ã¾Æ¼­ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ ÁÖÆļö¿Í ¼öÆò ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¾Ë¾ÆµÎ±â ¹Ù ¶õ´Ù. ¸ð´ÏÅ͸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ³Ñ¾î °¡º¸ÀÚ. ============================================================= Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others ----------------------------------------------------------------- Monitor Setup Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the the whole screen is refreshed, and most importantly the horizontal sync rate, which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed. The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt, check the monitor database /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Monitors to see if your monitor is there. --------- ----------------- | | | | | OK | | Cancel | | | | | -------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- / between elements | selects | next screen ========================================================================= ¸ð´ÏÅ͸¦ ¼³Á¤Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸Þ½ÃÁöÀÌ´Ù. ¸ð´ÏÅ͸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ·Á¸é OK ÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î°£´Ù. ========================================================================= Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others ---------------------------------------------------------------- Monitor Setup (Continued) You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-standard monitor types, or give a specific range. It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt, choose a conservative setting. Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600) Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz --------- --------------------- | | | | | OK | | Cancel | | | | | --------- --------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- / between elements | selects | next screen ======================================================================= ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ¸ð´ÏÅÍ¿¡¼­ Çػ󵵿¡ µû¸¥ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¸ÂÃß´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅÍ¿¡¼­ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¸Å´º¾ó¿¡¼­ ã¾Æ ¸ÂÃß¾î º¸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ¼öÆò ÁÖÆļö ¸¦ ¸ÂÃß¾úÀ¸¸é ´ÙÀ½Àº ¼öÁ÷ ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¸ÂÃß´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù ========================================================================= Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others ------------------------------------------------------------- Monitor Setup (Continued) You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-standard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes, the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz). 50-70 50-90 50-100 40-150 --------- --------------------- | | | | | OK | | Cancel | | | | | --------- --------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- / between elements | selects | next screen ====================================================================== ¿©±â¼­´Â ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¸ÂÃß´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ====================================================================== Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others --------------------------------------------- Probing to begin Xconfigurator will now run the X server you selected to probe various information about your video card. It is normal for the screen to blink several times. ---------- | | | OK | | | ---------- -------------------------------------------- / between elements | selects | next screen ======================================================================== ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ À¯Àú°¡ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ ÁÖÆļö ¿Í ¼öÆò ÁÖÆļö ¹× ºñµð ¿À Ä«µåÀÇ Ä¨¼ÂÀÇ Å¬·°ÀÌ ¸Â´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â ÀýÂ÷ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Å×½ºÆ®¿¡¼­ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ´Ù½Ã ¼³Á¤À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ÀÌ·± ¸Þ¼¼Áö°¡ ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ========================================================================= Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others ------------------------------------------- X Error There was an error executing the X server in a probing mode. You should try configuring the video card manually. ---------- | | | OK | | | ---------- ------------------------------------------- / between elements | selects | next screen ======================================================================= ´ÙÀ½Àº ºñµð¿À ¸Þ¸ð¸®¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================= Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others ------------------------------------ Video Memory How much video memory do you have? 256 k 512 k 1 meg 2 meg 4 meg 8 meg ------- ---------------- | | | | | OK | | Cancel | | | | | ------- ---------------- ------------------------------------ / between elements | selects | next screen ======================================================================== ¿äÁò ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ¸Þ¸ð¸®´Â 1-2MBÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñµð¿À ¸Þ¸ð¸®°¡ ¾ó¸¶ ³ª µÇ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇغ¸ÀÚ. ¼³Á¤À» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸é ´ÙÀ½Àº ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ Å¬·° Ĩ¼ÂÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================== Xconfigurator 3.57 - (C) 1998 Red Hat Software and others ------------------------------------------------------------- Clockchip Configuration Which Clockchip do you have ? No Clockchip Setting (recommended) Chrontel 8391 ICD2061A and compatibles (ICS9161A, DCS2824) ICS2595 ICS5342 (similar to SDAC, but not completely compatible) ICS5341 S3 GenDAC (86C708) and ICS5300 (autodetected) S3 SDAC (86C716) STG 1703 (autodetected) Sierra SC11412 TI 3025 (autodetected) TI 3026 (autodetected) IBM RGB 51x/52x (autodetected --------- ------------------- | | | | | OK | | Canecel | | | | | --------- ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ / between elements | selects | next screen ========================================================================= ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ¸Þ´º¾óÀ» º¸¾Æ¼­ ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ Å¬·° Ĩ¼ÂÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ À̸§À» ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. S3 °è¿­À» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå´Â No Clockchip Setting (recommend) ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Ä÷¯¼ö¿Í ÇØ »óµµ¸¦ üũÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. ======================================================================= ---------------------------------------------------------------- You're Done! File has been written. Take a look at it before running 'startx'. Note that the XF86Config file must be in one of the directories searched by the server (e.g. /usr/X11R6/lib/X11) in order to be used. Within the server press ctrl, alt and '+' simultaneously to cycle video resolutions. Pressing ctrl, alt and backspace simultaneously immediately exits the server (use if the monitor doesn't sync for a particular mode). For further configuration, refer to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.Config. -------- | | | OK | | | -------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= ÀÌ°ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, °£´ÜÈ÷ ³ª¸¶ Xconfigurator ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© X ¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇØ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ´ÙÀ½Àº ÅؽºÆ® ¸ðµå·Î X ¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. < xf86config ·Î ¼³Á¤Çϱâ > ÀÌ ¹æ½ÄÀº À§¿¡¼­µµ ¾ð±ÞÇßµíÀÌ ÅؽºÆ® ¸ðµå·Î½á X ¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. Äֿܼ¡¼­³ª X interfaces¿¡¼­ ¼³Á¤ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³, ¾Æ¹«µ¥¼­³ª xf86config¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. # xf86config ====================================================================== This program will create a basic XF86Config file, based on menu selections you make. The XF86Config file usually resides in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 or /etc/X11. A sample XF86Config file is supplied with XFree86; it is configured for a standard VGA card and monitor with 640x480 resolution. This program will ask for a pathname when it is ready to write the file. You can either take the sample XF86Config as a base and edit it for your configuration, or let this program produce a base XF86Config file for your configuration and fine-tune it. Refer to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/README.Config for a detailed overview of the configuration process. For accelerated servers (including accelerated drivers in the SVGA server), there are many chipset and card-specific options and settings. This program does not know about these. On some configurations some of these settings must be specified. Refer to the server man pages and chipset-specific READMEs. Before continuing with this program, make sure you know the chipset and amount of video memory on your video card. SuperProbe can help with this. It is also helpful if you know what server you want to run. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. ======================================================================= xf86config ÀÇ µµÀÔ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. °è¼Ó ÇÏ·Á¸é ¿£Å͸¦, Áß´ÜÇÑ´Ù¸é ctrl-c¸¦ ´©¸£¸é µÈ ´Ù. ¿£Å͸¦ Ãļ­ °è¼Ó ÁøÇàÀ» Çغ¸ÀÚ. ======================================================================= The directory '/usr/X386/bin' exists. You probably have an old version of XFree86 installed (XFree86 3.1 installs in '/usr/X11R6' instead of '/usr/X386'). It is important that the directory '/usr/X11R6' is present in your search path, *before* any occurrence of '/usr/X386/bin'. If you have installed X program binaries that are not in the base XFree86 distribution in '/usr/X386/bin', you can keep the directory in your path as long as it is after '/usr/X11R6'. Your PATH is currently set as follows: /sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/opt/kde/bin:/root/bin:/usr/X11R 6/bin:/opt/kde/b in:/root/bin Note that the X binary directory in your path may be a symbolic link. In that case you could modify the symbolic link to point to the new binaries. Example: 'rm -f /usr/bin/X11; ln -s /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/bin/X11', if the link is '/usr/bin/X11'. Make sure the path is OK before continuing. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. ======================================================================= ÇöÀç XFree86 ¹öÀüÀÌ ¼³Ä¡µÈ Æнº¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â ÀýÂ÷ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ª½Ã °è¼Ó ÇÏ·Á¸é ¿£Å͸¦ Ä¡°í ³Ñ¾î°¡¸é µÈ´Ù. ======================================================================= First specify a mouse protocol type. Choose one from the following list: 1. Microsoft compatible (2-button protocol) 2. Mouse Systems (3-button protocol) 3. Bus Mouse 4. PS/2 Mouse 5. Logitech Mouse (serial, old type, Logitech protocol) 6. Logitech MouseMan (Microsoft compatible) 7. MM Series 8. MM HitTablet 9. Microsoft IntelliMouse If you have a two-button mouse, it is most likely of type 1, and if you have a three-button mouse, it can probably support both protocol 1 and 2. There are two main varieties of the latter type: mice with a switch to select the protocol, and mice that default to 1 and require a button to be held at boot-time to select protocol 2. Some mice can be convinced to do 2 by sending a special sequence to the serial port (see the ClearDTR/ClearRTS options). Enter a protocol number: ====================================================================== ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ºÎÂøµÈ ¸¶¿ì½ºÀÇ Á¾·ù¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. PS/2 ¸¶¿ì½º´Â 4¹ø, ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ½Ã¸®¾ó ¸¶¿ì½º¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â 1¹øÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î°¡¸é µÈ´Ù. ======================================================================= If your mouse has only two buttons, it is recommended that you enable Emulate3Buttons. Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'. Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons? ======================================================================== ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ 2¹öÆ° »ç¿ëÀÚ¶óµµ ¾çÂÊ ¹öÆ°À» °¡Áö°í ¸¶Ä¡ 3¹öÆ° ¸¶¿ì½ºÃ³·³ °¡»ó ¿¡¹Ä ·¹ÀÌÆ® ÇØÁÖ´Â ±â´ÉÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ¹¯´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. 2¹öÆ° ¸¶¿ì½º¸¦ 3¹öÆ° ¸¶¿ì½º ó·³ »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é YES·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î°¡±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ======================================================================== Now give the full device name that the mouse is connected to, for example /dev/tty00. Just pressing enter will use the default, /dev/mouse. Mouse device: ======================================================================== ¸¶¿ì½ºÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ µð¹ÙÀ̽º¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. µðÆúÆ®·Î´Â /dev/mouse ·Î µÇ¾îÀÖ ´Ù. ¿£Å͸¦ Ä¡°í ³Ñ¾î°¡¸é µÈ´Ù. ======================================================================== Beginning with XFree86 3.1.2D, you can use the new X11R6.1 XKEYBOARD extension to manage the keyboard layout. If you answer 'n' to the following question, the server will use the old method, and you have to adjust your keyboard layout with xmodmap. Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'. Do you want to use XKB? ========================================================================= Å°º¸µåÀÇ ¾ð¾î ¸ÅÇÎÀ» ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐ NO¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ÈÄ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Å°º¸µå ¿¡¼­ ¼±ÅÃÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. ========================================================================= If you want your keyboard to generate non-ASCII characters in X, because you want to be able to enter language-specific characters, you can set the left Alt key to Meta, and the right Alt key to ModeShift. Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'. Do you want to enable these bindings for the Alt keys? ========================================================================= ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿ÞÂÊ°ú ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ALT Å°¸¦ ´Ù¸£°Ô ÁöÁ¤ ÇÒ°Í ÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. »ç¿ëÀÚ ÀÇ ¼±Åÿ¡ ´Þ·È´Ù. ========================================================================= Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the the whole screen is refreshed, and most importantly the horizontal sync rate, which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed. The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt, check the monitor database /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/Monitors to see if your monitor is there. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. ========================================================================= ¸ð´ÏÅÍ ¼³Á¤¿¡ ¾Õ¼­ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¿Í ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϱ⠹٠¶õ´Ù. ¸ð´ÏÅ͸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ·Á¸é ¿£Å͸¦ Ä¡°í ³Ñ¾î°£´Ù. ========================================================================= You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry- standard monitor types, or give a specific range. It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt, choose a conservative setting. hsync in kHz; monitor type with characteristic modes 1 31.5; Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz 2 31.5 - 35.1; Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz 3 31.5, 35.5; 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600) 4 31.5, 35.15, 35.5; Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz 5 31.5 - 37.9; Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz 6 31.5 - 48.5; Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz 7 31.5 - 57.0; High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz 8 31.5 - 64.3; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz 9 31.5 - 79.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz 10 31.5 - 82.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz 11 Enter your own horizontal sync range Enter your choice (1-11): ========================================================================= ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¸Å´º¾ó¿¡¼­ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» È®ÀÎÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ã¾Æº¸°í ¾ø´Ù¸é 11¹øÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» Àû¾îÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù. 1-10¹ø »çÀ̸¦ ¼³Á¤ ÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ 11¹øÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© Á÷Á¢ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ·Á´Â »ç¶÷Àº ´ÙÀ½ Àå¸éÀ» Àß È®ÀÎÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. ======================================================================== Please enter the horizontal sync range of your monitor, in the format used in the table of monitor types above. You can either specify one or more continuous ranges (e.g. 15-25, 30-50), or one or more fixed sync frequencies. Horizontal sync range: ========================================================================= 11¹øÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© ³ªÅ¸³­ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» (Horizontal sync range: ) ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡ Àû¾îÁÖ¸éµÈ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ª ÀÌ 30-65 »çÀ̶ó¸é ex) Horizontal sync range: 30-65 ÀÌ·±½ÄÀ¸·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÇØÁÖ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¼³Á¤À» ´Ù Çß´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¼³Á¤ ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. ======================================================================== You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry- standard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes, the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz). 1 50-70 2 50-90 3 50-100 4 40-150 5 Enter your own vertical sync range Enter your choice: ======================================================================== ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î½á, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¸Å´º¾ó¿¡¼­ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» È®ÀÎÀ» ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ¼³Á¤Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¾Æ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ¶ó¸é 5¹ø Ç׸ñ¿¡¼­ Á¤È®ÇÑ ¸ð´ÏÅÍ ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» Àû¾îÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÇÀåÇÑ´Ù. 5¹øÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» ¼³Á¤ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================== Vertical sync range: 50-110 ======================================================================== ¿©±â¼­ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» 50-110 À̶ó°í ¼³Á¤ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇÊÀÚ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù µÇ¾úÀ¸¸é ¿£Å͸¦ Ä¡°í ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡º¸ÀÚ. ======================================================================== You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill in default names. The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed. Enter an identifier for your monitor definition: ======================================================================== ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¸ðµ¨ À̸§À» ¹¯´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ÀûÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ »ó°ü¾ø´Ù. ======================================================================== Enter the vendor name of your monitor: ======================================================================== ¿ª½Ã À̸§À» ¹¯´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================== Enter the model name of your monitor: ======================================================================== Àû¾îÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÈ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½Àº ±×·¡ÇÈ Ä«µå¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================== Now we must configure video card specific settings. At this point you can choose to make a selection out of a database of video card definitions. Because there can be variation in Ramdacs and clock generators even between cards of the same model, it is not sensible to blindly copy the settings (e.g. a Device section). For this reason, after you make a selection, you will still be asked about the components of the card, with the settings from the chosen database entry presented as a strong hint. The database entries include information about the chipset, what server to run, the Ramdac and ClockChip, and comments that will be included in the Device section. However, a lot of definitions only hint about what server to run (based on the chipset the card uses) and are untested. If you can't find your card in the database, there's nothing to worry about. You should only choose a database entry that is exactly the same model as your card; choosing one that looks similar is just a bad idea (e.g. a GemStone Snail 64 may be as different from a GemStone Snail 64+ in terms of hardware as can be). Do you want to look at the card database? ======================================================================= ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ±×·¡ÇÈ Ä«µå¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. Yes ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ¿£ÅÍÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î°¡ º¸ ÀÚ. ======================================================================= 0 2 the Max MAXColor S3 Trio64V+ S3 Trio64V+ 1 928Movie S3 928 2 AGX (generic) AGX-014/15/16 3 ALG-5434(E) CL-GD5434 4 ASUS 3Dexplorer RIVA128 5 ASUS PCI-AV264CT ATI-Mach64 6 ASUS PCI-V264CT ATI-Mach64 7 ASUS Video Magic PCI V864 S3 864 8 ASUS Video Magic PCI VT64 S3 Trio64 9 AT25 Alliance AT3D 10 AT3D Alliance AT3D 11 ATI 3D Pro Turbo ATI-Mach64 12 ATI 3D Xpression ATI-Mach64 13 ATI 3D Xpression+ PC2TV ATI-Mach64 14 ATI 8514 Ultra (no VGA) ATI-Mach8 15 ATI All-in-Wonder ATI-Mach64 16 ATI Graphics Pro Turbo ATI-Mach64 17 ATI Graphics Pro Turbo 1600 ATI-Mach64 18 ATI Graphics Ultra ATI-Mach8 19 ATI Graphics Ultra Pro ATI-Mach32 20 ATI Graphics Xpression with 68875 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 21 ATI Graphics Xpression with AT&T 20C408 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 22 ATI Graphics Xpression with CH8398 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 23 ATI Graphics Xpression with Mach64 CT (264CT) ATI-Mach64 24 ATI Graphics Xpression with STG1702 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 25 ATI Mach32 ATI-Mach32 26 ATI Mach64 ATI-Mach64 27 ATI Mach64 3D RAGE II+, Internal RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 28 ATI Mach64 3D RAGE II, Internal RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 29 ATI Mach64 CT (264CT), Internal RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 30 ATI Mach64 GT (264GT), aka 3D RAGE, Internal RAMDACATI-Mach64 31 ATI Mach64 VT (264VT), Internal RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 32 ATI Mach64 with AT&T 20C408 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 33 ATI Mach64 with CH8398 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 34 ATI Mach64 with IBM RGB514 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 35 ATI Pro Turbo+PC2TV, 3D Rage II+DVD ATI-Mach64 36 ATI Ultra Plus ATI-Mach32 37 ATI Video Xpression ATI-Mach64 38 ATI Win Boost with AT&T 20C408 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 39 ATI Win Boost with CH8398 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 40 ATI Win Boost with Mach64 CT (264CT) ATI-Mach64 41 ATI Win Boost with STG1702 RAMDAC ATI-Mach64 42 ATI Win Turbo ATI-Mach64 43 ATI Wonder SVGA ATI vgawonder 44 ATI Xpert@Play PCI and AGP, 3D Rage Pro ATI-Mach64 45 ATI Xpert@Work, 3D Rage Pro ATI-Mach64 46 ATrend ATC-2165A ET6000 47 Actix GE32+ 2MB S3 801/805 48 Actix GE32i S3 805i 49 Actix GE64 S3 864 50 Actix ProStar CL-GD5426/5428 51 Actix ProStar 64 CL-GD5434 52 Actix Ultra S3 928 53 Acumos AVGA3 CL-GD5420/2/4/6/8/9 54 Alliance ProMotion 6422 AP6422 55 Ark Logic ARK1000PV (generic) ARK1000PV 56 Ark Logic ARK1000VL (generic) ARK1000VL 57 Ark Logic ARK2000MT (generic) ARK1000MT 58 Ark Logic ARK2000PV (generic) ARK1000PV 59 Avance Logic 2101 Avance Logic 60 Avance Logic 2228 Avance Logic 61 Avance Logic 2301 Avance Logic 62 Avance Logic 2302 Avance Logic 63 Avance Logic 2308 Avance Logic 64 Avance Logic 2401 Avance Logic 65 Binar Graphics AnyView ET6000 66 Boca Vortex (Sierra RAMDAC) AGX-015 67 COMPAQ Armada 7380DMT S3 Aurora64V+ 68 COMPAQ Armada 7730MT S3 Aurora64V+ 69 California Graphics SunTracer 6000 ET6000 70 Canopus Co. Power Window 3DV S3 ViRGE 71 Canopus Total-3D Verite 1000 72 Cardex Challenger (Pro) ET4000/W32(i/p) 73 Cardex Cobra ET4000/W32(i/p) 74 Cardex Trio64 S3 Trio64 75 Cardex Trio64Pro S3 Trio64 76 Chips & Technologies CT64200 ct64200 77 Chips & Technologies CT64300 ct64300 78 Chips & Technologies CT65520 ct65520 79 Chips & Technologies CT65525 ct65525 80 Chips & Technologies CT65530 ct65530 81 Chips & Technologies CT65535 ct65535 82 Chips & Technologies CT65540 ct65540 83 Chips & Technologies CT65545 ct65545 84 Chips & Technologies CT65546 ct65546 85 Chips & Technologies CT65548 ct65548 86 Chips & Technologies CT65550 ct65550 87 Chips & Technologies CT65554 ct65554 88 Chips & Technologies CT65555 ct65555 89 Chips & Technologies CT68554 ct68554 90 Cirrus Logic GD542x CL-GD5420/2/4/6/8/9 91 Cirrus Logic GD543x CL-GD5430/5434 92 Cirrus Logic GD544x CL-GD544x 93 Cirrus Logic GD5462 CL-GD5462 94 Cirrus Logic GD5464 CL-GD5464 95 Cirrus Logic GD62xx (laptop) CL-GD6205/15/25/35 96 Cirrus Logic GD64xx (laptop) CL-GD6420/6440 97 Cirrus Logic GD754x (laptop) CL-GD7541/42/43/48 98 Colorgraphic Dual Lightning ET4000/W32(i/p) 99 Creative Labs 3D Blaster PCI (Verite 1000) Verite 1000 100 Creative Labs Graphics Blaster 3D CL-GD5464 101 Creative Labs Graphics Blaster MA201 CL-GD544x 102 Creative Labs Graphics Blaster MA202 CL-GD544x 103 Creative Labs Graphics Blaster MA302 CL-GD5462 104 Creative Labs Graphics Blaster MA334 CL-GD5464 105 DFI-WG1000 CL-GD5420/2/4/6/8/9 106 DFI-WG5000 ET4000/W32(i/p) 107 DFI-WG6000 WD90C33 108 DSV3325 S3 ViRGE 109 DSV3326 S3 Trio64V+ 110 DataExpert DSV3325 S3 ViRGE 111 DataExpert DSV3365 S3 Trio64V+ 112 Dell S3 805 S3 801/805 113 Dell onboard ET4000 ET4000 114 Diamond Edge 3D nv1 115 Diamond Multimedia Stealth 3D 2000 S3 ViRGE 116 Diamond Multimedia Stealth 3D 2000 PRO S3 ViRGE/DX 117 Diamond SpeedStar (Plus) ET4000 118 Diamond SpeedStar 24 ET4000 119 Diamond SpeedStar 24X (not fully supported) WD90C31 120 Diamond SpeedStar 64 CL-GD5434 121 Diamond SpeedStar HiColor ET4000 122 Diamond SpeedStar Pro (not SE) CL-GD5426/28 123 Diamond SpeedStar Pro 1100 CL-GD5420/2/4/6/8/9 124 Diamond SpeedStar Pro SE (CL-GD5430/5434) CL-GD5430/5434 125 Diamond SpeedStar64 Graphics 2000/2200 CL-GD5434 126 Diamond Stealth 24 S3 801/805 127 Diamond Stealth 32 ET4000/W32(i/p) 128 Diamond Stealth 3D 2000 S3 ViRGE 129 Diamond Stealth 3D 2000 PRO S3 ViRGE/DX 130 Diamond Stealth 3D 3000 S3 ViRGE/VX 131 Diamond Stealth 64 DRAM SE S3 Trio32 132 Diamond Stealth 64 DRAM with S3 SDAC S3 864 133 Diamond Stealth 64 DRAM with S3 Trio64 S3 Trio64 134 Diamond Stealth 64 VRAM S3 964 135 Diamond Stealth 64 Video VRAM (TI RAMDAC) S3 968 136 Diamond Stealth Pro S3 928 137 Diamond Stealth VRAM S3 911/924 138 Diamond Stealth Video 2500 Alliance AT24 139 Diamond Stealth Video DRAM S3 868 140 Diamond Stealth64 Graphics 2001 series ARK2000PV 141 Diamond Stealth64 Graphics 2xx0 series (864 + SDAC)S3 864 142 Diamond Stealth64 Graphics 2xx0 series (Trio64) S3 Trio64 143 Diamond Stealth64 Video 2001 series (2121/2201) S3 Trio64V+ 144 Diamond Stealth64 Video 2120/2200 S3 868 145 Diamond Stealth64 Video 3200 S3 968 146 Diamond Stealth64 Video 3240/3400 (IBM RAMDAC) S3 968 147 Diamond Stealth64 Video 3240/3400 (TI RAMDAC) S3 968 148 Diamond Viper 330 RIVA128 149 Diamond Viper PCI 2Mb Weitek 9000 150 Diamond Viper VLB 2Mb Weitek 9000 151 EIZO (VRAM) AGX-014/15/16 152 ELSA Gloria-4 S3 968 153 ELSA Gloria-8 S3 968 154 ELSA VICTORY ERAZOR RIVA128 155 ELSA Victory 3D S3 ViRGE 156 ELSA Victory 3DX S3 ViRGE/DX 157 ELSA WINNER 1000/T2D S3 Trio64V2 158 ELSA Winner 1000AVI (AT&T 20C409 version) S3 868 159 ELSA Winner 1000AVI (SDAC version) S3 868 160 ELSA Winner 1000ISA S3 805i 161 ELSA Winner 1000PRO with S3 SDAC S3 864 162 ELSA Winner 1000PRO with STG1700 or AT&T RAMDAC S3 864 163 ELSA Winner 1000PRO/X S3 868 164 ELSA Winner 1000TRIO S3 Trio64 165 ELSA Winner 1000TRIO/V S3 Trio64V+ 166 ELSA Winner 1000TwinBus S3 928 167 ELSA Winner 1000VL S3 928 168 ELSA Winner 2000 S3 928 169 ELSA Winner 2000AVI S3 968 170 ELSA Winner 2000AVI/3D S3 ViRGE/VX 171 ELSA Winner 2000PRO-2 S3 964 172 ELSA Winner 2000PRO-4 S3 964 173 ELSA Winner 2000PRO/X-2 S3 968 174 ELSA Winner 2000PRO/X-4 S3 968 175 ELSA Winner 2000PRO/X-8 S3 968 176 ELSA Winner 3000 S3 ViRGE/VX 177 ELSA Winner 3000-L-42 S3 ViRGE/VX 178 ELSA Winner 3000-M-22 S3 ViRGE/VX 179 ELSA Winner 3000-S S3 ViRGE 180 ET3000 (generic) ET3000 181 ET4000 (generic) ET4000 182 ET4000 W32i, W32p (generic) ET4000/W32(i/p) 183 ET4000/W32 (generic) ET4000/W32 184 ET6000 (generic) ET6000 185 ET6100 (generic) ET6100 186 ExpertColor DSV3325 S3 ViRGE 187 ExpertColor DSV3365 S3 Trio64V+ 188 Generic VGA compatible Generic VGA 189 Genoa 5400 ET3000 190 Genoa 8500VL(-28) CL-GD5426/28 191 Genoa 8900 Phantom 32i ET4000/W32(i/p) 192 Genoa Phantom 64i with S3 SDAC S3 864 193 Genoa VideoBlitz III AV S3 968 194 Hercules Dynamite ET4000/W32 195 Hercules Dynamite 128/Video ET6000 196 Hercules Dynamite Power ET4000/W32(i/p) 197 Hercules Dynamite Pro ET4000/W32(i/p) 198 Hercules Graphite HG210 AGX-014 199 Hercules Graphite Power AGX-016 200 Hercules Graphite Pro AGX-015 201 Hercules Graphite Terminator 64 S3 964 202 Hercules Graphite Terminator 64/DRAM S3 Trio64 203 Hercules Graphite Terminator Pro 64 S3 968 204 Hercules Stingray ALG-2228/2301/2302 205 Hercules Stingray 128 3D Alliance AT3D 206 Hercules Stingray 64/V with ICS5342 ARK2000MT 207 Hercules Stingray 64/V with ZoomDAC ARK1000PV 208 Hercules Stingray Pro ARK1000PV 209 Hercules Stingray Pro/V ARK1000PV 210 Hercules Terminator 3D/DX S3 ViRGE/DX 211 Hercules Terminator 64/3D S3 ViRGE 212 Hercules Terminator 64/Video S3 Trio64V+ 213 Integral FlashPoint ET4000/W32(i/p) 214 Intel 5430 CL-GD5430 215 Interay PMC Viper ET6000 216 JAX 8241 S3 801/805 217 Jaton Video-58P ET6000 218 Jaton Video-70P CL-GD5464 219 Jazz Multimedia G-Force 128 ET6000 220 LeadTek WinFast 3D S600 S3 ViRGE 221 LeadTek WinFast 3D S680 S3 ViRGE/GX2 222 LeadTek WinFast S200 ET4000/W32(i/p) 223 LeadTek WinFast S430 S3 968 224 LeadTek WinFast S510 S3 968 225 MELCO WGP-VG4S S3 ViRGE 226 MELCO WGP-VX8 S3 ViRGE/VX 227 Matrox Comet ET4000/W32(i/p) 228 Matrox Marvel II ET4000/W32(i/p) 229 Matrox Millennium (MGA) mga2064w 230 Matrox Millennium II mga2164w 231 Matrox Millennium II AGP mga2164w AGP 232 Matrox Mystique mga1064sg 233 MediaVision Proaxcel 128 ET6000 234 Mirage Z-128 ET6000 235 Miro Crystal 10SD with GenDAC S3 801/805 236 Miro Crystal 12SD S3 Trio32 237 Miro Crystal 16S S3 928 238 Miro Crystal 20SD PCI with S3 SDAC S3 868 239 Miro Crystal 20SD VLB with S3 SDAC (BIOS 3.xx) S3 864 240 Miro Crystal 20SD with ICD2061A (BIOS 2.xx) S3 864 241 Miro Crystal 20SD with ICS2494 (BIOS 1.xx) S3 864 242 Miro Crystal 20SV S3 964 243 Miro Crystal 22SD S3 Trio64 244 Miro Crystal 40SV S3 964 245 Miro Crystal 80SV S3 968 246 Miro Crystal 8S S3 801/805 247 Miro MiroVideo 20TD ET4000/W32(i/p) 248 Miro Video 20SV S3 968 249 NeoMagic (laptop/notebook) NeoMagic 128/V/ZV 250 Number Nine FX Motion 331 S3 Trio64V+ 251 Number Nine FX Motion 332 S3 ViRGE 252 Number Nine FX Motion 531 S3 868 253 Number Nine FX Motion 771 S3 968 254 Number Nine FX Vision 330 S3 Trio64 255 Number Nine GXE Level 10/11/12 S3 928 256 Number Nine GXE Level 14/16 S3 928 257 Number Nine GXE64 S3 864 258 Number Nine GXE64 Pro S3 964 259 Number Nine GXE64 with S3 Trio64 S3 Trio64 260 Number Nine Imagine I-128 (2-8MB) I128 261 Number Nine Imagine I-128 Series 2 (2-4MB) I128 262 Number Nine Visual 9FX Reality 332 S3 ViRGE 263 Oak (generic) Oak-067/77/87 264 Ocean (octek) VL-VGA-1000 ARK1000VL 265 Orchid Celsius (AT&T RAMDAC) AGX-015 266 Orchid Celsius (Sierra RAMDAC) AGX-015 267 Orchid Fahrenheit 1280 S3 801 268 Orchid Fahrenheit VA S3 801/805 269 Orchid Fahrenheit-1280+ S3 801/805 270 Orchid Kelvin 64 CL-GD5434 271 Orchid Kelvin 64 VLB Rev A CL-GD5434 272 Orchid Kelvin 64 VLB Rev B CL-GD5434 273 Orchid P9000 VLB Weitek 9000 274 Orchid Technology Fahrenheit Video 3D S3 ViRGE 275 Paradise Accelerator Value Oak OTI-087 276 Paradise/WD 90CXX WD90CXX 277 RIVA128 RIVA128 278 Rendition Verite 1000 Verite 1000 279 S3 801/805 (generic) S3 801/805 280 S3 801/805 with ATT20c490 RAMDAC S3 801/805 281 S3 801/805 with ATT20c490 RAMDAC and ICD2061A S3 801/805 282 S3 801/805 with Chrontel 8391 S3 801/805 283 S3 801/805 with S3 GenDAC S3 801/805 284 S3 801/805 with SC1148{2,3,4} RAMDAC S3 801/805 285 S3 801/805 with SC1148{5,7,9} RAMDAC S3 801/805 286 S3 864 (generic) S3 864 287 S3 864 with ATT 20C498 or 21C498 S3 864 288 S3 864 with SDAC (86C716) S3 864 289 S3 864 with STG1703 S3 864 290 S3 868 (generic) S3 868 291 S3 868 with ATT 20C409 S3 868 292 S3 868 with ATT 20C498 or 21C498 S3 868 293 S3 868 with SDAC (86C716) S3 868 294 S3 86C260 (generic) S3 ViRGE/MX 295 S3 86C325 (generic) S3 ViRGE 296 S3 86C357 (generic) S3 ViRGE/GX2 297 S3 86C375 (generic) S3 ViRGE/DX 298 S3 86C385 (generic) S3 ViRGE/GX 299 S3 86C764 (generic) S3 Trio64 300 S3 86C765 (generic) S3 Trio64V+ 301 S3 86C775 (generic) S3 Trio64V2 302 S3 86C785 (generic) S3 Trio64V2 303 S3 86C801 (generic) S3 801/805 304 S3 86C805 (generic) S3 801/805 305 S3 86C864 (generic) S3 864 306 S3 86C868 (generic) S3 868 307 S3 86C911 (generic) S3 911/924 308 S3 86C924 (generic) S3 911/924 309 S3 86C928 (generic) S3 928 310 S3 86C964 (generic) S3 964 311 S3 86C968 (generic) S3 968 312 S3 86C988 (generic) S3 ViRGE/VX 313 S3 86CM65 S3 Aurora64V+ 314 S3 911/924 (generic) S3 911/924 315 S3 924 with SC1148 DAC S3 924 316 S3 928 (generic) S3 928 317 S3 964 (generic) S3 964 318 S3 968 (generic) S3 968 319 S3 Aurora64V+ (generic) S3 Aurora64V+ 320 S3 Trio32 (generic) S3 Trio32 321 S3 Trio64 (generic) S3 Trio64 322 S3 Trio64V+ (generic) S3 Trio64V+ 323 S3 Trio64V2 (generic) S3 Trio64V2 324 S3 Trio64V2/DX (generic) S3 Trio64V2 325 S3 Trio64V2/GX (generic) S3 Trio64V2 326 S3 ViRGE (generic) S3 ViRGE 327 S3 ViRGE (old S3V server) S3 ViRGE 328 S3 ViRGE/DX (generic) S3 ViRGE/DX 329 S3 ViRGE/GX (generic) S3 ViRGE/GX 330 S3 ViRGE/GX2 (generic) S3 ViRGE/GX2 331 S3 ViRGE/MX (generic) S3 ViRGE/MX 332 S3 ViRGE/VX (generic) S3 ViRGE/VX 333 S3 Vision864 (generic) S3 864 334 S3 Vision868 (generic) S3 868 335 S3 Vision964 (generic) S3 964 336 S3 Vision968 (generic) S3 968 337 SHARP 9080 S3 Aurora64V+ 338 SHARP 9090 S3 Aurora64V+ 339 SNI PC5H W32 ET4000/W32(i/p) 340 SNI Scenic W32 ET4000/W32(i/p) 341 SPEA Mercury 64 S3 964 342 SPEA Mirage S3 801/805 343 SPEA/V7 Mercury S3 928 344 SPEA/V7 Mirage P64 S3 864 345 SPEA/V7 Mirage P64 with S3 Trio64 S3 Trio64 346 SPEA/V7 Mirage VEGA Plus ALG-2228 347 SPEA/V7 ShowTime Plus ET4000/W32(i/p) 348 STB Horizon CL-GD5426/28 349 STB Horizon Video CL-GD5440 350 STB LightSpeed ET4000/W32(i/p) 351 STB LightSpeed 128 ET6000 352 STB MVP-2 ET4000 353 STB MVP-2 PCI ET4000/W32(i/p) 354 STB MVP-2X ET4000/W32(i/p) 355 STB MVP-4 PCI ET4000/W32(i/p) 356 STB MVP-4X ET4000/W32(i/p) 357 STB Nitro (64) CL-GD5434 358 STB Nitro 3D S3 ViRGE/GX 359 STB Nitro 64 Video CL-GD5446 360 STB Pegasus S3 928 361 STB Powergraph 64 S3 Trio64 362 STB Powergraph 64 Video S3 Trio64V+ 363 STB Powergraph X-24 S3 801/805 364 STB Systems Powergraph 3D S3 ViRGE 365 STB Systems Velocity 3D S3 ViRGE/VX 366 STB Velocity 128 RIVA128 367 STB Velocity 64 Video S3 968 368 SiS SG86C201 SIS86C201 369 Sierra Screaming 3D Verite 1000 370 Sigma Concorde ET4000/W32 371 Sigma Legend ET4000 372 Spider Black Widow AGX-015 373 Spider Black Widow Plus AGX-016 374 Spider Tarantula 64 S3 964 375 Spider VLB Plus CL-GD5428 376 TechWorks Thunderbolt ET4000/W32 377 Techworks Ultimate 3D CL-GD5464 378 Toshiba Tecra 540CDT S3 ViRGE/MX 379 Toshiba Tecra 550CDT S3 ViRGE/MX 380 Toshiba Tecra 750CDT S3 ViRGE/MX 381 Toshiba Tecra 750DVD S3 ViRGE/MX 382 Trident 8900/9000 (generic) TVGA8900/9000 383 Trident 8900D (generic) TVGA8900D 384 Trident Cyber 9382 (generic) Cyber9382 385 Trident Cyber 9385 (generic) Cyber9385 386 Trident Cyber 9388 (generic) Cyber9388 387 Trident Cyber 9397 (generic) Cyber9397 388 Trident TGUI9400CXi (generic) TGUI9400CXi 389 Trident TGUI9420DGi (generic) TGUI9420DGi 390 Trident TGUI9430DGi (generic) TGUI9430DGi 391 Trident TGUI9440 (generic) TGUI9440 392 Trident TGUI9660 (generic) TGUI9660 393 Trident TGUI9680 (generic) TGUI9680 394 Trident TGUI9682 (generic) TGUI9682 395 Trident TGUI9685 (generic) TGUI9685 396 Trident TVGA9200CXr (generic) TVGA9200CXr 397 Unsupported VGA compatible Generic VGA 398 VI720 CL-GD5434 399 VL-41 S3 801/805 400 VidTech FastMax P20 S3 864 401 VideoLogic GrafixStar 300 S3 Trio64 402 VideoLogic GrafixStar 400 S3 Trio64V+ 403 VideoLogic GrafixStar 500 S3 868 404 VideoLogic GrafixStar 550 CL-GD5464 405 VideoLogic GrafixStar 600 ET6000 406 VideoLogic GrafixStar 700 S3 968 407 ViewTop PCI ET4000/W32(i/p) 408 WD 90C24 (laptop) WD90C24 409 WD 90C24A or 90C24A2 (laptop) WD90C24A 410 WinFast 3D S600 S3 ViRGE 411 WinFast 3D S600 S3 ViRGE/GX2 412 WinFast S200 ET4000/W32(i/p) 413 WinFast S430 S3 968 414 WinFast S510 S3 968 415 XGA-1 (ISA bus) XGA-1 416 XGA-2 (ISA bus) XGA-2 417 miro miroMedia 3D S3 ViRGE Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition. Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration. ================================================================ XFree86 3.3.2 ¿¡¼­´Â ¸¹Àº ºñµð¿À Ä«µå°¡ Áö¿øµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷, À̹ø ¹öÀüºÎÅÍ ´Â AGP ºñµð¿À Ä«µå°¡ ½ÃÇèÀûÀ¸·Î µµÀÔÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ºÎ°¡ÀûÀÎ ¼³¸íÀ» ÇÏÀÚ¸é ¿ÞÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ºñµð¿À Ä«µå ¸ðµ¨¸íÀÌ°í, ¿À¸¥ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ Ä¨¼ÂÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º »ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå´Â ºñµð¿À Ä«µå Ĩ¼Â¿¡ µû¶ó X ¼³Á¤ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ Á¿ìÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸ñ·Ï¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ½ÃÁö °¡ ³ªÅ¸³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. =================================================================== Your selected card definition: Identifier: Matrox Mystique Chipset: mga1064sg Server: XF86_SVGA Do NOT probe clocks or use any Clocks line. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. ===================================================================== XFree86 3.3.2 ¿¡¼­ Ãß°¡·Î Áö¿øµÇ´Â ºñµð¿À Ä«µå ¸ñ·ÏÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ º¸¿©ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿£ Å͸¦ Ä¡°í ³Ñ¾î°¡¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ¼¼Áö°¡ ³ªÅ¸³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ====================================================================== Now you must determine which server to run. Refer to the manpages and other documentation. The following servers are available (they may not all be installed on your system): 1 The XF86_Mono server. This a monochrome server that should work on any VGA-compatible card, in 640x480 (more on some SVGA chipsets). 2 The XF86_VGA16 server. This is a 16-color VGA server that should work on any VGA-compatible card. 3 The XF86_SVGA server. This is a 256 color SVGA server that supports a number of SVGA chipsets. On some chipsets it is accelerated or supports higher color depths. 4 The accelerated servers. These include XF86_S3, XF86_Mach32, XF86_Mach8, XF86_8514, XF86_P9000, XF86_AGX, XF86_W32, XF86_Mach64, XF86_I128 and XF86_S3V. These four server types correspond to the four different "Screen" sections in XF86Config (vga2, vga16, svga, accel). 5 Choose the server from the card definition, XF86_SVGA. Which one of these screen types do you intend to run by default (1-5)? ======================================================================= À§ÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå Ç׸ñ¿¡¼­ ¼±ÅÃÀ» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸é 5¹øÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¸¾à, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñµð ¿À Ä«µå°¡ ¸ñ·Ï¿¡ ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â 1-4¹ø Ç׸ñÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 1¹ø Ç׸ñÀº Èæ¹é ¸ðµå·Î X ¸¦ ¼³Á¤Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. 2¹ø Ç׸ñÀº Mono(Áï, 16Ä÷¯) ¸ðµå·Î X ¸¦ ¼³Á¤Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. 3¹ø Ç׸ñÀº 256 Ä÷¯ SVGA ¸ðµå·Î X ¸¦ ¼³Á¤Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ºñµð¿À Ä«µå°¡ ¸ñ·Ï¿¡ ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ SVGA ¸ðµå·Î X ¼³Á¤ÇÒ °æ¿ìÀÌ ´Ù. 4¹ø Ç׸ñÀº accelerated ±â´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºñµð¿À Ä«µå¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º¿¡ ¼­ °¡Àå X ¼³Á¤Çϱ⠽¬¿î ºñµð¿À Ä«µå¸¦ Áö¿øÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================= The server to run is selected by changing the symbolic link 'X'. For example, 'rm /usr/X11R6/bin/X; ln -s /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA /usr/X11R6/bin/X' selects the SVGA server. Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'. Do you want me to set the symbolic link? ====================================================================== ÀÌ Ç׸ñÀº ¼±ÅÃµÈ X ¼­¹ö¸¦ /usr/X11R6/bin/X ·Î ¸µÅ©¸¦ ½ÃÅ°´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. YES ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡º¸ÀÚ. ======================================================================= Now you must give information about your video card. This will be used for the "Device" section of your video card in XF86Config. You must indicate how much video memory you have. It is probably a good idea to use the same approximate amount as that detected by the server you intend to use. If you encounter problems that are due to the used server not supporting the amount memory you have (e.g. ATI Mach64 is limited to 1024K with the SVGA server), specify the maximum amount supported by the server. How much video memory do you have on your video card: 1 256K 2 512K 3 1024K 4 2048K 5 4096K 6 Other Enter your choice: ======================================================================= ÀÌ Ç׸ñÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ºÎÂøµÈ ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ¸Þ¸ð¸®¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºñ µð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ¸Þ¸ð¸®¸¦ »ìÆ캸±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ======================================================================= You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill in default names (possibly from a card definition). Your card definition is Matrox Mystique. The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed. Enter an identifier for your video card definition: ======================================================================= ÀÌ Ç׸ñÀº ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ È¸»ç¸íÀ» Àû¾îÁÖ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. ½áÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ »ó°ü¾ø´Ù. ======================================================================= You can simply press enter here if you have a generic card, or want to describe your card with one string. Enter the vendor name of your video card: ======================================================================= ÀÌ Ç׸ñÀº ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ¸ðµ¨¸íÀ» Àû¾îÁÖ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ½áÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ »ó°ü¾ø´Ù. ========================================================================= Enter the model (board) name of your video card: ========================================================================= ÀÌ Ç׸ñµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ========================================================================= The RAMDAC setting only applies to the S3, AGX, W32 servers, and some drivers in the SVGA servers. Some RAMDAC's are auto-detected by the server. The detection of a RAMDAC is forced by using a Ramdac "identifier" line in the Device section. The identifiers are shown at the right of the following table of RAMDAC types: 1 AT&T 20C490 (S3 and AGX servers, ARK driver) att20c490 2 AT&T 20C498/21C498/22C498 (S3, autodetected) att20c498 3 AT&T 20C409/20C499 (S3, autodetected) att20c409 4 AT&T 20C505 (S3) att20c505 5 BrookTree BT481 (AGX) bt481 6 BrookTree BT482 (AGX) bt482 7 BrookTree BT485/9485 (S3) bt485 8 Sierra SC15025 (S3, AGX) sc15025 9 S3 GenDAC (86C708) (autodetected) s3gendac 10 S3 SDAC (86C716) (autodetected) s3_sdac 11 STG-1700 (S3, autodetected) stg1700 12 STG-1703 (S3, autodetected) stg1703 13 TI 3020 (S3, autodetected) ti3020 14 TI 3025 (S3, autodetected) ti3025 15 TI 3026 (S3, autodetected) ti3026 16 IBM RGB 514 (S3, autodetected) ibm_rgb514 17 IBM RGB 524 (S3, autodetected) ibm_rgb524 18 IBM RGB 525 (S3, autodetected) ibm_rgb525 19 IBM RGB 526 (S3) ibm_rgb526 20 IBM RGB 528 (S3, autodetected) ibm_rgb528 21 ICS5342 (S3, ARK) ics5342 22 ICS5341 (W32) ics5341 23 IC Works w30C516 ZoomDac (ARK) zoomdac 24 Normal DAC normal Enter a number to choose the corresponding RAMDAC. Press enter for the next page, q to quit without selection of a RAMDAC. ======================================================================= ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ RAMDACÀ» ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ·Î S3 °è¿­ÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå°¡ ¼± Åà Ç׸ñ¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù. S3 °è¿­ÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå¶ó¸é 24¹øÀÇ Normal DAC À» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´øÁö q¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇؼ­ ºüÁ® ³ª¿À±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ======================================================================== A Clockchip line in the Device section forces the detection of a programmable clock device. With a clockchip enabled, any required clock can be programmed without requiring probing of clocks or a Clocks line. Most cards don't have a programmable clock chip. Choose from the following list: 1 Chrontel 8391 ch8391 2 ICD2061A and compatibles (ICS9161A, DCS2824) icd2061a 3 ICS2595 ics2595 4 ICS5342 (similar to SDAC, but not completely compatible) ics5342 5 ICS5341 ics5341 6 S3 GenDAC (86C708) and ICS5300 (autodetected) s3gendac 7 S3 SDAC (86C716) s3_sdac 8 STG 1703 (autodetected) stg1703 9 Sierra SC11412 sc11412 10 TI 3025 (autodetected) ti3025 11 TI 3026 (autodetected) ti3026 12 IBM RGB 51x/52x (autodetected) ibm_rgb5xx Just press enter if you don't want a Clockchip setting. What Clockchip setting do you want (1-12)? ======================================================================= ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ Å¬·° Ĩ¼ÂÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ·Î S3 °è¿­ÀÇ ºñµð¿À Ä«µå°¡ ÀÌ Ç׸ñ¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù. ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ¸Å´º¾ó À» º¸¾Æ¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Å¬·° ĨÀÌ ¿©±â¿¡ ¾ø´Ù ¸é ¿£Å͸¦ Ä¡°í ³Ñ¾î°£´Ù. ===================================================================== For most configurations, a Clocks line is useful since it prevents the slow and nasty sounding clock probing at server start-up. Probed clocks are displayed at server startup, along with other server and hardware configuration info. You can save this information in a file by running 'X -probeonly 2>output_file'. Be warned that clock probing is inherently imprecise; some clocks may be slightly too high (varies per run). At this point I can run X -probeonly, and try to extract the clock information from the output. It is recommended that you do this yourself and add a clocks line (note that the list of clocks may be split over multiple Clocks lines) to your Device section afterwards. Be aware that a clocks line is not appropriate for drivers that have a fixed set of clocks and don't probe by default (e.g. Cirrus). Also, for the P9000 server you must simply specify clocks line that matches the modes you want to use. For the S3 server with a programmable clock chip you need a 'ClockChip' line and no Clocks line. You must be root to be able to run X -probeonly now. The card definition says to NOT probe clocks. Do you want me to run 'X -probeonly' now? ====================================================================== X ¼³Á¤¿¡ À־ ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÑ ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ Å¬·° Ĩ°úÀÇ »ó°ü °ü°è¸¦ ¸ÂÃß¾îÁÖ´Â ºÎºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ¿¡·¯ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°Ô µË´Ï ´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅÍ ¼³Á¤°ú ºñµð¿À Ä«µå°¡ ¸Â´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇØ º¸±â À§Çؼ­ YES ·Î ¼³Á¤ ÇÏ°í ¸Â´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÇØ º¸½Ã±â ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù. ======================================================================= The card definition says to NOT probe clocks. Do you want me to run 'X -probeonly' now? y It is possible that the hardware detection routines in the server will somehow cause the system to crash and the screen to remain blank. If this is the case, do not choose this option the next time. The server may need a Ramdac, ClockChip or special option (e.g. "nolinear" for S3) to probe and start-up correctly. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. ======================================================================== YES ·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ¼¼Áö°¡ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ¿£Å͸¦ Ä¡°í ³Ñ¾î°¡¸é ¸î ¹ø Á¤µµ È­¸éÀÌ ±ôºýÀ̸鼭 ÁÖÆļö ´ë¿ªÀ» ã¾Æ³»°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸¸¾à, ¿¡·¯°¡ ³­´Ù¸é ´Ù À½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ¼¼Áö°¡ ³ª¿À°Ô µÈ´Ù. ======================================================================== Running X -probeonly -pn -xf86config /tmp/XF86Config.tmp. X -probeonly call failed. No Clocks line inserted. Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort. ======================================================================== ¿£Å͸¦ Ãļ­ ÇØ»óµµ ¼³Á¤À» Çغ¸ÀÚ. ======================================================================== For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed mode that can be supported by the monitor and card. Currently it is set to: "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8bpp "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 16bpp "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24bpp "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" for 32bpp Note that 16, 24 and 32bpp are only supported on a few configurations. Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will be automatically skipped by the server. 1 Change the modes for 8pp (256 colors) 2 Change the modes for 16bpp (32K/64K colors) 3 Change the modes for 24bpp (24-bit color, packed pixel) 4 Change the modes for 32bpp (24-bit color) 5 The modes are OK, continue. Enter your choice: ======================================================================== ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â Ä÷¯¼ö¸¦ °í¸£´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================== Select modes from the following list: 1 "640x400" 2 "640x480" 3 "800x600" 4 "1024x768" 5 "1280x1024" 6 "320x200" 7 "320x240" 8 "400x300" 9 "1152x864" 10 "1600x1200" 11 "1800x1400" 12 "512x384" Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select. For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a default mode of 1024x768. Which modes? ======================================================================= ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â Ä÷¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çػ󵵸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================= You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge of the screen. If you don't want virtual desktop at a certain resolution, you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a differently-sized virtual screen Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'. Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen? ======================================================================== X È­¸é¿¡¼­ÀÇ °¡»óÈ­¸éÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. °¡»óÈ­¸éÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ½ÍÀ¸¸é YES ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í, ÇÊ¿ä¾øÀ¸¸é NO ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î°¡±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ, YES ·Î ¼³Á¤À» ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸Þ¼¼Áö°¡ ³ª¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================== For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed mode that can be supported by the monitor and card. Currently it is set to: "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8bpp "1280x1024" for 16bpp "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24bpp "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" for 32bpp Note that 16, 24 and 32bpp are only supported on a few configurations. Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will be automatically skipped by the server. 1 Change the modes for 8pp (256 colors) 2 Change the modes for 16bpp (32K/64K colors) 3 Change the modes for 24bpp (24-bit color, packed pixel) 4 Change the modes for 32bpp (24-bit color) 5 The modes are OK, continue. Enter your choice: ===================================================================== °¡»óÈ­¸éÀÇ Ä÷¯¼ö¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀε¥, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿´´ø Ä÷¯¼ö¿Í °°Àº Ä÷¯¼ö ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. °¡»óÈ­¸éÀÇ ====================================================================== Select modes from the following list: 1 "640x400" 2 "640x480" 3 "800x600" 4 "1024x768" 5 "1280x1024" 6 "320x200" 7 "320x240" 8 "400x300" 9 "1152x864" 10 "1600x1200" 11 "1800x1400" 12 "512x384" Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select. For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a default mode of 1024x768. Which modes? ======================================================================= Çػ󵵸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ======================================================================== You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge of the screen. If you don't want virtual desktop at a certain resolution, you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a differently-sized virtual screen Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'. Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen? ======================================================================= °¡»ó È­¸éÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ ¹¯´Â È­¸éÀÌ´Ù. °¡»óÈ­¸éÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é YES ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ¸é µÇ°í, ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é NO·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í ³Ñ¾î°¡±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ======================================================================= For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed mode that can be supported by the monitor and card. Currently it is set to: "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 8bpp "1280x1024" for 16bpp "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" "1280x1024" for 24bpp "640x480" "800x600" "1024x768" for 32bpp Note that 16, 24 and 32bpp are only supported on a few configurations. Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will be automatically skipped by the server. 1 Change the modes for 8pp (256 colors) 2 Change the modes for 16bpp (32K/64K colors) 3 Change the modes for 24bpp (24-bit color, packed pixel) 4 Change the modes for 32bpp (24-bit color) 5 The modes are OK, continue. Enter your choice: ========================================================================= Ä÷¯¼ö¿Í Çػ󵵸¦ ´Ù ¼³Á¤ÇÑ À¯Àú´Â 5¹øÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ========================================================================= I am going to write the XF86Config file now. Make sure you don't accidently overwrite a previously configured one. Shall I write it to /etc/X11/XF86Config? ========================================================================= Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ X ¼³Á¤À» /etc/X11/XF86Config ÆÄÀÏ¿¡ ÀúÀåÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ¹¯´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ ´Ù. YES ·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í xf86config ¸¦ ¸¶Ä¡¸é X ¼³Á¤Àº ³¡³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù. < XF86Config ¼³Á¤ > ¿©±â¼­´Â X-WindowÀÇ ½ÉÀåºÎ¶ó°íµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â XF86Config¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °£·« ÇÑ ³»¿ë°ú ¼³Á¤ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¾Ë¾Æº¸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. ============================================================ # File generated by XConfigurator. # ********************************************************************** # Refer to the XF86Config(4/5) man page for details about the format of # this file. # ********************************************************************** # ********************************************************************** # Files section. This allows default font and rgb paths to be set # ********************************************************************** Section "Files" # The location of the RGB database. Note, this is the name of the # file minus the extension (like ".txt" or ".db"). There is normally # no need to change the default. RgbPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb" # Multiple FontPath entries are allowed (they are concatenated together) * ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀÌ ÆùÆ®ÀÇ Æнº ¹× µð·ºÅ丮¸¦ ÁöÁ¤Çϴ°÷ÀÌ´Ù. FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/" FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/truetype/" EndSection # ********************************************************************** # Server flags section. # ********************************************************************** Section "ServerFlags" # Uncomment this to cause a core dump at the spot where a signal is # received. This may leave the console in an unusable state, but may # provide a better stack trace in the core dump to aid in debugging #NoTrapSignals # Uncomment this to disable the server abort sequence # This allows clients to receive this key event. #DontZap # Uncomment this to disable the / mode switching # sequences. This allows clients to receive these key events. #DontZoom EndSection # ********************************************************************** # Input devices # ********************************************************************** # ********************************************************************** # Keyboard section # ********************************************************************** * ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Å°º¸µå¸¦ ¼³Á¤Çϴ°÷ÀÌ´Ù. Section "Keyboard" Protocol "Standard" #when using XQUEUE, comment out the above line, and uncomment the #following line #Protocol "Xqueue" AutoRepeat 500 5 # Let the server do the NumLock processing. This should only be # required when using pre-R6 clients #ServerNumLock # Specify which keyboard LEDs can be user-controlled (eg, with xset(1)) #Xleds 1 2 3 #To set the LeftAlt to Meta, RightAlt key to ModeShift, #RightCtl key to Compose, and ScrollLock key to ModeLock: * Å°º¸µåÀÇ Å°Äڵ带 ¼³Á¤Çϴ°÷ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÞÂÊ, ¿À¸¥ÂÊÀÇ ALT Å°¸¦ ´Ù¸£°Ô ÁöÁ¤ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. LeftAlt Meta RightAlt Meta ScrollLock Compose RightCtl Control # To disable the XKEYBOARD extension, uncomment XkbDisable. # XkbDisable # To customise the XKB settings to suit your keyboard, modify the # lines below (which are the defaults). For example, for a non-U.S. # keyboard, you will probably want to use: # XkbModel "pc102" # If you have a US Microsoft Natural keyboard, you can use: # XkbModel "microsoft" # # Then to change the language, change the Layout setting. # For example, a german layout can be obtained with: # XkbLayout "de" # or: # XkbLayout "de" # XkbVariant "nodeadkeys" # # If you'd like to switch the positions of your capslock and # control keys, use: # XkbOptions "ctrl:swapcaps" # These are the default XKB settings for XFree86 # XkbRules "xfree86" # XkbModel "pc101" # XkbLayout "us" # XkbVariant "" # XkbOptions "" XkbKeycodes "xfree86" XkbTypes "default" XkbCompat "default" XkbSymbols "us(pc101)" XkbGeometry "pc" XkbRules "xfree86" XkbModel "pc101" XkbLayout "us" EndSection # ********************************************************************** # Pointer section # ********************************************************************** Section "Pointer" Protocol "ps/2" Device "/dev/mouse" # When using XQUEUE, comment out the above two lines, and uncomment # the following line. # Protocol "Xqueue" # Baudrate and SampleRate are only for some Logitech mice # BaudRate 9600 # SampleRate 150 # Emulate3Buttons is an option for 2-button Microsoft mice # Emulate3Timeout is the timeout in milliseconds (default is 50ms) * ¸¶¿ì½º 3¹öÆ° ±¸¼ºÀ» ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¼³Á¤ÀÌ´Ù. Emulate3Buttons Emulate3Timeout 50 # ChordMiddle is an option for some 3-button Logitech mice # ChordMiddle EndSection # ********************************************************************** # Xinput section -- this is optional and is required only if you # are using extended input devices. This is for example only. Refer # to the XF86Config man page for a description of the options. # ********************************************************************** # # Section "Xinput" # SubSection "WacomStylus" # Port "/dev/ttyS1" # DeviceName "Wacom" # EndSubSection # SubSection "WacomCursor" # Port "/dev/ttyS1" # EndSubSection # SubSection "WacomEraser" # Port "/dev/ttyS1" # EndSubSection # # SubSection "Elographics" # Port "/dev/ttyS1" # DeviceName "Elo" # MinimumXPosition 300 # MaximumXPosition 3500 # MinimumYPosition 300 # MaximumYPosition 3500 # Screen 0 # UntouchDelay 10 # ReportDelay 10 # EndSubSection # # SubSection "Joystick" # Port "/dev/joy0" # DeviceName "Joystick" # TimeOut 10 # MinimumXPosition 100 # MaximumXPosition 1300 # MinimumYPosition 100 # MaximumYPosition 1100 # # CenterX 700 # # CenterY 600 # Delta 20 # EndSubSection # # The Mouse Subsection contains the same type of entries as the # standard Pointer Section (see above), with the addition of the # DeviceName entry. # # SubSection "Mouse" # Port "/dev/mouse2" # DeviceName "Second Mouse" # Protocol "Logitech" # EndSubSection # EndSection # ********************************************************************** # Monitor section # ********************************************************************** # Any number of monitor sections may be present Section "Monitor" Identifier "My Monitor" VendorName "Unknown" ModelName "Unknown" # HorizSync is in kHz unless units are specified. # HorizSync may be a comma separated list of discrete values, or a # comma separated list of ranges of values. # NOTE: THE VALUES HERE ARE EXAMPLES ONLY. REFER TO YOUR MONITOR'S # USER MANUAL FOR THE CORRECT NUMBERS. * ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÆò µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. HorizSync 30-65 # VertRefresh is in Hz unless units are specified. # VertRefresh may be a comma separated list of discrete values, or a # comma separated list of ranges of values. # NOTE: THE VALUES HERE ARE EXAMPLES ONLY. REFER TO YOUR MONITOR'S # USER MANUAL FOR THE CORRECT NUMBERS. * ¸ð´ÏÅÍÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ µ¿±â ÁÖÆļö¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. VertRefresh 50-110 # Modes can be specified in two formats. A compact one-line format, or # a multi-line format. # These two are equivalent # ModeLine "1024x768i" 45 1024 1048 1208 1264 768 776 784 817 Interlace # Mode "1024x768i" # DotClock 45 # HTimings 1024 1048 1208 1264 # VTimings 768 776 784 817 # Flags "Interlace" # EndMode # This is a set of standard mode timings. Modes that are out of monitor spec # are automatically deleted by the server (provided the HorizSync and # VertRefresh lines are correct), so there's no immediate need to # delete mode timings (unless particular mode timings don't work on your # monitor). With these modes, the best standard mode that your monitor # and video card can support for a given resolution is automatically # used. # 640x400 @ 70 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync Modeline "640x400" 25.175 640 664 760 800 400 409 411 450 # 640x480 @ 60 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync Modeline "640x480" 25.175 640 664 760 800 480 491 493 525 # 800x600 @ 56 Hz, 35.15 kHz hsync ModeLine "800x600" 36 800 824 896 1024 600 601 603 625 # 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 35.5 kHz hsync Modeline "1024x768" 44.9 1024 1048 1208 1264 768 776 784 817 Interlace # 640x400 @ 85 Hz, 37.86 kHz hsync Modeline "640x400" 31.5 640 672 736 832 400 401 404 445 -HSync +VS # 640x480 @ 72 Hz, 36.5 kHz hsync Modeline "640x480" 31.5 640 680 720 864 480 488 491 521 # 640x480 @ 75 Hz, 37.50 kHz hsync ModeLine "640x480" 31.5 640 656 720 840 480 481 484 500 -HSync -VS # 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 37.8 kHz hsync Modeline "800x600" 40 800 840 968 1056 600 601 605 628 +hsync +vs # 640x480 @ 85 Hz, 43.27 kHz hsync Modeline "640x400" 36 640 696 752 832 480 481 484 509 -HSync -VS # 1152x864 @ 89 Hz interlaced, 44 kHz hsync ModeLine "1152x864" 65 1152 1168 1384 1480 864 865 875 985 Interlace # 800x600 @ 72 Hz, 48.0 kHz hsync Modeline "800x600" 50 800 856 976 1040 600 637 643 666 +hsync +vs # 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 48.4 kHz hsync Modeline "1024x768" 65 1024 1032 1176 1344 768 771 777 806 -hsync -vs # 640x480 @ 100 Hz, 53.01 kHz hsync Modeline "640x480" 45.8 640 672 768 864 480 488 494 530 -HSync -VS # 1152x864 @ 60 Hz, 53.5 kHz hsync Modeline "1152x864" 89.9 1152 1216 1472 1680 864 868 876 892 -HSync -VS # 800x600 @ 85 Hz, 55.84 kHz hsync Modeline "800x600" 60.75 800 864 928 1088 600 616 621 657 -HSync -VS # 1024x768 @ 70 Hz, 56.5 kHz hsync Modeline "1024x768" 75 1024 1048 1184 1328 768 771 777 806 -hsync -vs # 1280x1024 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 51 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 80 1280 1296 1512 1568 1024 1025 1037 1165 Interlace # 800x600 @ 100 Hz, 64.02 kHz hsync Modeline "800x600" 69.65 800 864 928 1088 600 604 610 640 -HSync -VS # 1024x768 @ 76 Hz, 62.5 kHz hsync Modeline "1024x768" 85 1024 1032 1152 1360 768 784 787 823 # 1152x864 @ 70 Hz, 62.4 kHz hsync Modeline "1152x864" 92 1152 1208 1368 1474 864 865 875 895 # 1280x1024 @ 61 Hz, 64.2 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 110 1280 1328 1512 1712 1024 1025 1028 1054 # 1024x768 @ 85 Hz, 70.24 kHz hsync Modeline "1024x768" 98.9 1024 1056 1216 1408 768 782 788 822 -HSync -VSync # 1152x864 @ 78 Hz, 70.8 kHz hsync Modeline "1152x864" 110 1152 1240 1324 1552 864 864 876 908 # 1280x1024 @ 70 Hz, 74.59 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 126.5 1280 1312 1472 1696 1024 1032 1040 1068 -HSync -VSy # 1600x1200 @ 60Hz, 75.00 kHz hsync Modeline "1600x1200" 162 1600 1664 1856 2160 1200 1201 1204 1250 +HSync +VSy # 1152x864 @ 84 Hz, 76.0 kHz hsync Modeline "1152x864" 135 1152 1464 1592 1776 864 864 876 908 # 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz, 78.85 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 135 1280 1312 1456 1712 1024 1027 1030 1064 # 1024x768 @ 100Hz, 80.21 kHz hsync Modeline "1024x768" 115.5 1024 1056 1248 1440 768 771 781 802 -HSync -VSy # 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz, 81.13 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 135 1280 1312 1416 1664 1024 1027 1030 1064 # 1600x1200 @ 70 Hz, 87.50 kHz hsync Modeline "1600x1200" 189 1600 1664 1856 2160 1200 1201 1204 1250 -HSync -VS # 1152x864 @ 100 Hz, 89.62 kHz hsync Modeline "1152x864" 137.65 1152 1184 1312 1536 864 866 885 902 -HSync -VS # 1280x1024 @ 85 Hz, 91.15 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 157.5 1280 1344 1504 1728 1024 1025 1028 1072 +HSync +VS # 1600x1200 @ 75 Hz, 93.75 kHz hsync Modeline "1600x1200" 202.5 1600 1664 1856 2160 1200 1201 1204 1250 +HSync +VS # 1600x1200 @ 85 Hz, 105.77 kHz hsync Modeline "1600x1200" 220 1600 1616 1808 2080 1200 1204 1207 1244 +HSync +VS # 1280x1024 @ 100 Hz, 107.16 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 181.75 1280 1312 1440 1696 1024 1031 1046 1072 -HSync -VS # 1800x1440 @ 64Hz, 96.15 kHz hsync ModeLine "1800X1440" 230 1800 1896 2088 2392 1440 1441 1444 1490 +HSync +VSy # 1800x1440 @ 70Hz, 104.52 kHz hsync ModeLine "1800X1440" 250 1800 1896 2088 2392 1440 1441 1444 1490 +HSync +VSy # 512x384 @ 78 Hz, 31.50 kHz hsync Modeline "512x384" 20.160 512 528 592 640 384 385 388 404 -HSync -VSy # 512x384 @ 85 Hz, 34.38 kHz hsync Modeline "512x384" 22 512 528 592 640 384 385 388 404 -HSync -VSy # Low-res Doublescan modes # If your chipset does not support doublescan, you get a 'squashed' # resolution like 320x400. # 320x200 @ 70 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync, 8:5 aspect ratio Modeline "320x200" 12.588 320 336 384 400 200 204 205 225 Doublescan # 320x240 @ 60 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync, 4:3 aspect ratio Modeline "320x240" 12.588 320 336 384 400 240 245 246 262 Doublescan # 320x240 @ 72 Hz, 36.5 kHz hsync Modeline "320x240" 15.750 320 336 384 400 240 244 246 262 Doublescan # 400x300 @ 56 Hz, 35.2 kHz hsync, 4:3 aspect ratio ModeLine "400x300" 18 400 416 448 512 300 301 302 312 Doublescan # 400x300 @ 60 Hz, 37.8 kHz hsync Modeline "400x300" 20 400 416 480 528 300 301 303 314 Doublescan # 400x300 @ 72 Hz, 48.0 kHz hsync Modeline "400x300" 25 400 424 488 520 300 319 322 333 Doublescan # 480x300 @ 56 Hz, 35.2 kHz hsync, 8:5 aspect ratio ModeLine "480x300" 21.656 480 496 536 616 300 301 302 312 Doublescan # 480x300 @ 60 Hz, 37.8 kHz hsync Modeline "480x300" 23.890 480 496 576 632 300 301 303 314 Doublescan # 480x300 @ 63 Hz, 39.6 kHz hsync Modeline "480x300" 25 480 496 576 632 300 301 303 314 Doublescan # 480x300 @ 72 Hz, 48.0 kHz hsync Modeline "480x300" 29.952 480 504 584 624 300 319 322 333 Doublescan EndSection # ********************************************************************** # Graphics device section # ********************************************************************** # Any number of graphics device sections may be present # Standard VGA Device: Section "Device" Identifier "Generic VGA" VendorName "Unknown" BoardName "Unknown" Chipset "generic" # VideoRam 256 # Clocks 25.2 28.3 EndSection # Sample Device for accelerated server: # Section "Device" # Identifier "Actix GE32+ 2MB" # VendorName "Actix" # BoardName "GE32+" # Ramdac "ATT20C490" # Dacspeed 110 # Option "dac_8_bit" # Clocks 25.0 28.0 40.0 0.0 50.0 77.0 36.0 45.0 # Clocks 130.0 120.0 80.0 31.0 110.0 65.0 75.0 94.0 # EndSection # Sample Device for Hercules mono card: # Section "Device" # Identifier "Hercules mono" # EndSection # Device configured by xf86config: Section "Device" Identifier "Matrox Mystique" VendorName "Unknown" BoardName "Unknown" VideoRam 4096 # Insert Clocks lines here if appropriate EndSection # ********************************************************************** # Screen sections # ********************************************************************** # The Colour SVGA server * ÁöÁ¤µÈ ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ¼³Á¤ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Ç׸ñÀÌ´Ù. Section "Screen" Driver "svga" # Use Device "Generic VGA" for Standard VGA 320x200x256 #Device "Generic VGA" Device "Matrox Mystique" Monitor "My Monitor" DefaultColorDepth 16 ---> * X-Window°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÉ ½Ã¿¡ ÇÏÀÌÄ÷¯(16bit)·Î ±âº» ¼³Á¤ÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¸í·ÉÀÌ´Ù. Subsection "Display" Depth 8 # Omit the Modes line for the "Generic VGA" device Modes "1024x768" ViewPort 0 0 # Use Virtual 320 200 for Generic VGA Virtual 1024 768 EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 16 --> X-Window ÀÇ Ä÷¯¼ö¸¦ ÁöÁ¤Çϴ°÷ÀÌ´Ù. Modes "1280x1024" --> X-Window ¿¡¼­ÀÇ Ä÷¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ»óµµ. ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 1280 1024 --> °¡»óÈ­¸éÀÇ Çػ󵵸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. Modes ¿¡¼­ ÁöÁ¤µÈ È­¸é°ú °°Àº °æ¿ì¿¡´Â °¡»óÈ­¸éÀº ½ÇÇàµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 24 Modes "1280x1024" ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 1280 1024 EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 32 Modes "1152x864" ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 1152 864 EndSubsection EndSection # The 16-color VGA server --> 16Ä÷¯ ¸ðµå·Î ºñµð¿À Ä«µå°¡ ¼³Á¤ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ» °æ¿ì. Section "Screen" Driver "vga16" Device "Generic VGA" Monitor "My Monitor" Subsection "Display" Modes "640x480" "800x600" ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 800 600 EndSubsection EndSection # The Mono server --> Èæ¹é ¸ðµå·Î ¼³Á¤µÇ¾îÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì. Section "Screen" Driver "vga2" Device "Generic VGA" Monitor "My Monitor" Subsection "Display" Modes "640x480" "800x600" ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 800 600 EndSubsection EndSection # The accelerated servers (S3, Mach32, Mach8, 8514, P9000, AGX, W32, Mach64) --> accelerated °¡ Áö¿øµÇ´Â ºñµð¿À Ä«µåÀÇ ¼³Á¤ °æ¿ì. Section "Screen" Driver "accel" Device "Matrox Mystique" Monitor "My Monitor" Subsection "Display" Depth 8 Modes "1024x768" ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 1024 768 EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 16 Modes "1280x1024" ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 1280 1024 EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 24 Modes "1024x768" ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 1024 768 EndSubsection Subsection "Display" Depth 32 Modes "1152x864" ViewPort 0 0 Virtual 1152 864 EndSubsection EndSection ========================================================================= < X ÇÑ±Û ·ÎÄÉÀÏ ¼³Á¤ > X¿¡¼­ ÇÑ±Û ·ÎÄÉÀÏÀ» ±âº»À¸·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°Ô Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Ç׸ñ ÀÌ /etc/X11/xinit/xinit ¿¡ ¼³Á¤ÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ========================================================= export LANG LANG=ko ================================================================== ÀúÀåÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ´Ù½Ã X ¼­¹ö¸¦ ±¸µ¿½ÃÅ°¸é ÇÑ±Û ·ÎÄÉÀÏÀ» ±âº»À¸·Î ÀоîµéÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù. < XFree86 3.3.2 ¿¡¼­ Áö¿øµÇ´Â VGA ¸ñ·Ï > ¢Ñ Support for ET6100 has been added to the Tseug driver. ¢Ñ Acceleration has been added for W32 and W32i. ¢Ñ Test performance has been improved for the Tseug driver. ¢Ñ Support for new RAMDACs, including the ch8398, the ch8391, and the MUSIC MU9C4910 has been added to the Tseug driver. ¢Ñ Accelerated support fot the AT3D and AT25 has been added to the NY driver. ¢Ñ Support for accelerated NY1 and accelerated Riva128 has been added to the NY driver. ¢Ñ Support for the Matrox Millennium II AGP has been included into the MGA driver. ¢Ñ New support for several Trident chips has been added, including Cyber9397, 3DImage975 and 3DImage985 (unaccelerated and not completed yet) , TGUI9685. ¢Ñ CrealTV support has been added for the TGUI9685. ¢Ñ Acceleration of all TGUI chipsets has been improved. ¢Ñ Support for Rage Pro based PCI and AGP cards has been added. ¢Ñ Maximum dorclock for newer Mach64 cards has been increased. ¢Ñ Support for 1600x1200 and 1600x1280 mode has been added for VT and newer Mach64 chips. ¢Ñ Support for the auxiliary register apertune fot newer Mach64 cards has been added. ¢Ñ Support for the I128 Revolution (T2R) has been added. ¢Ñ Additional acceleration for the I128 server has been added. ¢Ñ Support for sw cursor, pci, retry, 24bpp, HW cursor has been added to cirrus Laguna chipsets. ¢Ñ S3 VIRGE/MX and VIRGE/G X2 support has been added (SVGA server only). ¢Ñ support for S3 VIRGE hardware cursor added in SVGA server. ¢Ñ An S3 driver has been added to the SVGA server. ¢Ñ S3 server and SVGA/S3 server now recognize some fake S3 chips and print out a warning message. ¢Ñ XAA has been extended to support hardware cursor and provide accelerated support dashed lines and trapezoid fills. ¢Ñ Several new mouse protocols have been added to all servers. They should now support Kensington ThinkingMouse, ALPS GlidePoint, Genius NetScroll, Genius NetMouse, ASCII MieMouse, Logitech MouseMan+, Logitech FirstMouse+. This includes all buttons on these mice as well as the wheels. The wheel can be used to either create additional buttons or for z-axis indication. ¢Ñ XF86Setup now supports setting the default color depth and choosing the modes the user wants to use. ¢Ñ XF86Setup allows to select all the new mouse protocols (depending on the OS it is running on). ¡á ¸®´ª½º »ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Åë½Å°ú ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »ç¿ëÇϱâ [¼¼¿¬¿¡¼­ÀÇ Åë½Å] ÀÏ´Ü ¸ðµ©À» ¼³Á¤À» ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµ©ÀÌ com4·Î ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í ¸ðµ©À» ¼³Á¤ÇØ º¸°Ú´Ù. Æ÷Æ®°¡ com4 ¹øÀ̸é Linux·Î Ç¥½ÃÇϸé cua3ÀÌ µÈ´Ù "ln -s /dev/cua3 /dev/modem" À̶ó ÀÔ·ÂÇϽøé cua3°¡ modemÀ̶ó´Â ÆÄÀÏ·Î ¸µÅ© °¡ µË´Ï´Ù. ¸ðµ©¼³Á¤ÀÌ ³¡³­ ÈÄ ¼¼¿¬ options¸¦ ¼öÁ¤ÇØÁÖ¼Å¾ß ÇÒ °÷ÀÌ Àִµ¥, ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ µÇ °Ô ÇØÁÖ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. # lock 38400 /dev/modem defaultroute ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â Control Panel¿¡¼­ Network ConfigurationÀ̶ó´Â ¾ÆÀÌÄÜÀ» ´õºíŬ¸¯ÇÑ ÈÄ ¿¡, namesÀÇ domainÇ׸ñ¿¡´Â dacom.co.krÀ» ÀûÀ¸½Ã°í, name servers¿¡´Â 164.124.101.2¸¦, hosts¿¡ ip¿¡´Â 164.124.101.2¿Í name¿¡´Â dacom.co.krÀ» ä¿ö³ÖÀ¸ ½Ã¸é µË´Ï´Ù. ±×·³ seyonÀ» ½ÇÇà ½ÃÄÑ È­¸éÀ» º¸¸é¼­ ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. Å͹̳θðµå(hanterm)¿¡¼­ "seyon"À» ÀÔ·ÂÇÕ´Ï´Ù. {{ }}¾Æ·¡ÀÇ È­¸éÀÌ ¼¼¿¬ÀÇ Ãʱâ È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "ÀüÈ­¹øÈ£ºÎ"¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇϽðíÀÚÇÏ´Â BBS¹øÈ£¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϽðųª Á÷Á¢ ÀÔ·ÂÇϼż­, ¿¬ °áÀ» ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. 01421¹ø õ¸®¾ÈÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áÀ» ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·³ CONNECT¶õ ¸»ÀÌ ³ª¿À°í ³­ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Chollian Net________________ 1. õ¸®¾È (Chollian) 11. ¸ÅÁ÷¸µÅ© (EDI,Æß/Ȩ¹ðÅ·¼­ºñ½º) x. Á¾·á (Disconnect) °¡ ³ª¿À´Â È­¸éÀÌ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·³ 1¹øÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¸é »ç¿ëÀÚ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¿Í ºñ¹Ð¹øÈ£¸¦ ¹°¾î º¾´Ï´Ù. ´Ù ÀÔ·ÂÀ» ÇÏ½Ã°í ³­ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ "go internet"¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ½Ã¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿É ´Ï´Ù. {{ }} À§ È­¸éÀÌ Ãµ¸®¾È¿¡¼­ Internet ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °÷ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "$1. ¿ùµå¿ÍÀ̵å À¥(WWW)"¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ½Ã¸é ¾Æ·¡ È­¸éÀÌ ³ª¿À´Â°É È®ÀÎ ÇÏ½Ç ¼ö ÀÖ ½À´Ï´Ù. {{ }} {{ }}À§ È­¸é¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ Áö±Ý ÇؾßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº PPP¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ Web ¼­ÇÎÀ̹ǷΠ"$ 11. õ¸®¾È ¸Þ´º PPP Á¢¼Ó"À» ¼±ÅÃÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À§ È­¸éÀº õ¸®¾ÈÀ» ÅëÇØ PPP¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â È­¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á» ÀÖÀ¸¸é ±úÁø ¹® ÀÚ¿­ °°Àº °ÍÀÌ ³ª¿À´Âµ¥ ±×¶§ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ "À⵿»ç´Ï"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϽøé {{ }} ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ "À⵿»ç´Ï" â¿¡¼­ "³ªµéÀÌ"¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϽøé ÇÁ¶÷ÇÁÆ®°¡ º¸À̴µ¥, ±× ÇÁ¶÷ÇÁ Æ®¿¡¼­ {{ }} "pppd"¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇϽøé õ¸®¾È PPP¿¡ ¿¬°áÀÌ µÇ¾î¼­ WEB, FTP, TELNET¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ ½Ç¼ö ÀְԵ˴ϴÙ. ¡á ¸®´ª½º °ü·Ã ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »çÀÌÆ® 1. Communicator ¨ç BitchX Description : IrcIIÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ º¹Á¦Ç°ÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.sasknet.com/~pionh/index.htm ¨è FtpTool Description : Xview¸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÑ FTP-ClientÀÌ´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/network/xstools/ ¨é IrcII Description : ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ircÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¿ë¹ýÀÌ ¾à°£ ¾î·Æ±ä Çϳª ¸ðµç Ư¡À» °¡Á³´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/network/chat/ ¨ê LynX Description : text¸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÑ web browserÀÌ´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/www/browsers/ ¨ë Minicom Description : ¸ðµç Ư¡À» °¡Áø Åë½Å Å͹̳¯ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÛ°í ºü¸£´Ù. URL : ftp://ftp.cistron.nl/pub/people/miquels/software/ ¨ì Netscape Description : ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â web browserÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://home.netscape.com/ ¨í Pine Description : ¸ðµç Ư¡À» Áö´Ñ email-readerÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.washington.edu/pine ¨î Pluins Description : Netscape-Linux-PluginsÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://mbc07.cl.ba-karlsruhe.de/netscape-plugins.html ¨ï RealAudio Description : live sound playerÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.realaudio.com/ ¨ð Seyon Description : Linux-X¸¦ À§ÇÑ Åë½Å Å͹̳¯ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. URL : ftp://sipb.mit.edu/pub/seyon/ 2. Desktop ¨ç AfterStep Description : NextStep°ú À¯»çÇÑ window managerÀÌ´Ù. FVWMÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://afterstep.edoc.com/ ¨è DesktopFileManager Description : desktop-filemanager-systemÀÌ´Ù. OS/2ó·³ µðÀÚÀÎ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://www-c.informatik.uni-hannover.de/~kaiser/dfm/dfm.html ¨é Everything X! Description : ¸ðµç window manager°¡ ¸µÅ© µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://x.unicom.net/ ¨ê FileRunner Description : ±²ÀåÇÑ ÆÄÀÏ °ü¸®ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. Tcl/Tk·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À¸³ª ºü¸£°í ÈǸ¢ÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸé ÆÄÀÏ °ü¸®ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ ½¬¿öÁø´Ù. URL : http://www.cd.chalmers.se/~hch/filerunner.html ¨ë KDE Description : º¸±â ÁÁ°í »ç¿ëÇϱâ Æí¸®ÇÑ window managerÀÌ´Ù. windows95¿Í À¯»çÇÏ°Ô »ý°å´Ù. URL : http://www.kde.org/ ¨ì TKDesk Description : ÆÄ¿öÇ®ÇÑ ÆÄÀÏ °ü¸®ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ ¹ö±×°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/xutils/managers ¨í Xfce Description : CDE¿Í À¯»çÇÑ ¸®´ª½º window manager. URL : http://www.linux-kheops.com/pub/xfce/en/index.html ¨î XPostit Description : X¿ë postit ÂÊÁöÀÌ´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/xapps/ 3. Emulation ¨ç DOS Emu Description : Dos Emulator. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ µµ½º ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» µ¹¸± ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ´Â ¸®´ª½º ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼Ç. URL : http://www.ednet.us.ca/~macleajb/dosemu.html ¨è Excutor Description : Mac Emulator. ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ ¸ÅŲÅä½Ã ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» µ¹¸± ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ´Â ¸®´ª½º ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼Ç. URL : http://www.ardi.com/ ¨é MMX Emu Description : ÀÌ ¶óÀ̺귯¸®´Â MMX¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­¿¡¼­ MMX¸í·ÉÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϵµ·Ï ÇØÁØ´Ù (±×·¯³ª ´À¸®´Ù). ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ MMX°¡ ¾ÈµÇ´Â Intel CPU¿¡¼­ MMX code¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ±æ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ¶Ç´Â MMX ¹ÙÀ̳ʸ®¸¦ ½ÇÇà½ÃÅ°±â¸¦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÌ MMX Emu¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://www.inria.fr/prisme/personnel/pion/progs/mmx.emu/ ¨ê Wabi Description : ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î ¼ÒÇÁÆ® Windows 3.x ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» µ¹¸®±â À§ÇÑ µ¥½ºÅ©Å¾ ¼Ö·ç¼Ç. URL : http://www.caldera.com/tech-ref/wabi/resources.html ¨ë Wine Description : ¸®´ª½º¿¡¼­ Windows 3.x ÀÀ¿ëÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» µ¹¸± ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ´Â ¸®´ª½º ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼Ç. URL : http://www.winehq.com/ 4. FTP Sites sunsite.unc.edu Chapel Hill¿¡ ÀÖ´Â North Carolina´ëÇб³. tsx-11.mit.edu Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) alpha.gnu.org ftp.gnu.org ftp.kreonet.re.kr ftp.kaist.ac.kr KAIST ftp.sogang.ac.kr ¼­°­´ëÇб³ 5. Graphics ¨ç Ansi Description : Ansi drawer ÀÌ´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/draw/ ¨è Gimp Description : ±×·¡ÇÈ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ¹öÀüÀÇ Photoshopº¸´Ù Gimp 1.0ÀÌ ´õ ÁÁ´Ù°í ÇÒ Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://xcf.berkeley.edu/~gimp/ ¨é ImageMagick Description : Image converter/viewer ÀÌ´Ù. ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÅøÀÌ´Ù. URL : ftp://ftp.wizards.dupont.com/pub/ImageMagick/linux/ ¨ê Mind's Eye Description : ¸¸ÀÏ Gimp°¡ 2-D ±×·¡ÇÈÀÇ ÃÖ°í¶ó¸é, ÀÌ°ÍÀº 3-D ±×·¡ÇÈÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.ptf.hro.nl/free-d/ ¨ë PostShop Description : ÀÌ°ÍÀº Postscript¿Í PDF¿Í À̹ÌÁö ÆÄÀϵîÀ» ½±°Ô ÇÁ¸°Æ®ÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù. URL : http://www.vividata.com/postshop.html ¨ì Scanshop Description : ÀÌ°ÍÀº 70Á¾ÀÇ ½ºÄ³³Ê ¸ðµ¨À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â µå¶óÀ̹ö¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://www.vividaya.com/scanshop.html ¨í X-LoadImage(XLi) Description : ÀÌ°ÍÀº xvº¸´Ù ºü¸£°í Å« ±×¸²À» ´Ù·ç±â ½±´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸Å¿ì °£´ÜÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/Linux/apps/graphics/viewers/X/Related ¨î XV Description : ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¹ú½á ´ç½ÅÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ» ¸¸Å­ ³Ê¹«³ª ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ±×·¡ÇÈ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù. ºü¸£°í picture viewerÀÇ ¸ðµç Ư¼ºÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://www.sun.com/sunsoft/catlink/xv/xv.html 6. Link ¨ç LAUP (Linux Application and Utilities Page) Description : Shell, Desk and File Utilities°¡ ¸µÅ©µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.. URL : http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/Linapp2.html#file ¨è Linux Application Description : Linux software°¡ ºÐ¾ßº°·Î ¸µÅ©µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://www.linuxapps.com ¨é Linux Database List Description : Linux/Uinx Database List. URL : http://linas.org/linux/db.html ¨ê Linux FTP Watcher Description : ¸®´ª½º ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼ǵéÀÌ ÀÖ´Â FTP°¡ ¸µÅ© µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://lfw.linuxhq.com/ ¨ë Linux Link by Good Description : ºÐ¾ßº°·Î ¸µÅ© µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://www.linuxlinks.com/ ¨ì Linux-OS of the Future Description : ¸µÅ© »çÀÌÆ®. URL : http://www.microgear.net/xo/ ¨í Linux Software Encyclopedia Description : A-Z±îÁöÀÇ Linux software°¡ Á¤¸®, ¸µÅ© µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://stommel.tamu.edu/~baum/linuxlist/linuxlist/linuxlist.html ¨î Linux Software Map Description : Linux SoftwareµéÀÌ ºÐ¾ßº°·Î ¸µÅ© µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¸µÅ© »çÀÌÆ®µµ ¸µÅ© µÇ¾îÀÖ¾î ±²ÀåÈ÷ Á¤º¸°¡ dzºÎÇÏ´Ù. URL : http://www.linuxresources.com/apps/index.html ¨ï Linux Software Map Description : Linux SoftwareµéÀÌ ¸µÅ© µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. °Ë»ö °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. URL : http://www.boutell.com/lsm/ ¨ð SAL (Scientific Applications on Linux) Description : ÀÌ°÷Àº °úÇÐÀÚ³ª °¡¼úÀÚµéÀÌ Èï¹ÌÀÖÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ Linux softwareµéÀÌ ¸µÅ©µÇ¾îÀÖ°í, Á¤º¸°¡ ¸ð¾ÆÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://bioinfo.bioneer.com/sal/ 7. Multimedia ¨ç TK3Play Description : ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Mpeg3 PlayerÀÌ´Ù. Á¦¾î°¡ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ´Ù. URL : http://www.mpeg3.org/main.html ¨è WorkMan Description : ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÑ XView CD PlayerÀÌ´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pup/Linux/apps/sound/cdrom/X/ ¨é X-Anim Description : X¸¦ À§ÇÑ animation playerÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÑ Æ÷¸ËÀ» Áö¿øÇÑ´Ù. ºü¸£°í ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://smurfland.cit.buffalo.edu/xanim/home.html ¨ê XView Mpeg Description : mpeg movie playerÀÌ´Ù. Ưº°ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù. URL : ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/graphics/viewers/X/ ¨ë X11amp Description : X¿ë mp3 playerÀÌ´Ù. ¸ð¾çÀº winamp¿Í °°´Ù. URL : http://www.x11amp.bz.nu/ 8. Office ¨ç Andrew Description : ¿öµåÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­ÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~AUIS/ ¨è Applixware Description : office suite ÆÐÅ°ÁöÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.applixware.com/ ¨é Emacs Description : ±²ÀåÈ÷ ´Ù±â´É ¿¡µðÅÍÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.xemacs.org/ ¨ê LyX Description : LaTeXÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¿öµåÇÁ·Î¼¼¼­ÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.lehigh.edu/~dlj0/Lyrix.html ¨ë MacroCalc Description : ½ºÇÁ·¹µå½ÃÆ®ÀÌ´Ù. Lotus123¿ÍÀÇ È£È¯¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://home.t-online.de/home/Axel-Reihold/#mc ¨ì StarOffice for Linux Description : StarDivision¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â ¿Ïº®ÇÑ office suite ÆÐÅ°ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ¿ë·®ÀÌ ²Ï Å©°í ¸Å¿ì ´À¸®´Ù. URL : http://www.stardivision.com/ 9. ÇÑ±Û & ¹®¼­ ¨ç GNU Documentation Description : GNU ProgramÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹®¼­°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/ ¨è KIMS (Korean Input Method Server) Description : KIMS for Linux´Â ¸» ±×´ë·Î Linnux XFree86 3.1.2ÀÌ»ó(X1186)¿¡¼­ »ç¿ë°¡´ÉÇÑ ÇѱÛÀԷ±âÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ±Û ÀԷ±â¶õ XIM(X Input Method)À̶õ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÇ ±³È¯À» ÅëÇØ I18NµÈ X ClientÀÇ ¼öÁ¤ ¾øÀÌ ÇѱÛÀ» ÀÔ·Â ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾îÇø®ÄÉÀ̼ÇÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.iworld.net/~bumchul/kims.html ¨é KLDP (Korean Linux Documentation Project) Description : ¿µ¹®¹®¼­ ¹ø¿ª ¶Ç´Â âÀÛ¿ø°í, ¶Ç´Â ¿©·¯ ¸®´ª½º µ¿È£È¸³ª ´º½º ±×·ìµî¿¡¼­ Á¦°øµÇ¾ú´ø °¢Á¾ °­Á µîÀÇ ¹®¼­µéÀ» Á¤¸®Çؼ­ ¸ð¾Æ ³õÀº °÷ÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://kldp.linux-kr.org/ ¨ê Linux Gazette Description : ºñ»ó¾÷¼ºÀÇ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ¸Å°ÅÁøÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/lg/ ¨ë Linux Journal Description : LinuxÀâÁöÀÎ Linux JounalÀÇ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »çÀÌÆ®ÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.linuxjournal.com/ ¨ì Linux Weekly News Description : Linux World·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃֽŠ´º½º¸¦ ÀüÇØÁØ´Ù. URL : http://lwn.net/ ¨í MIZI Research Description : ¹ÌÁö¸®¼­Ä¡´Â À¯´Ð½º ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦¿¡¼­ ÇÑ±Û Ã³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦¹Ý ±â¼úÀ» ´Ù¸¥ °³¹ßÀÚµéÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¦°øÇÑ´Ù. URL : http://mizi.co.kr/ ¨î º­·ç Description : X1186¿ë ÇÑ±Û ÀԷ±âÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://entropy.kaist.ac.kr/~jhpa°¡/byeoroo/ 10. Others ¨ç Caldera Description : Caldera Homepage URL : http://www.caldera.com/ ¨è Debian Description : Debian Homepage URL : http://www.debian.org/ ¨é GNU's Not Unix Description : GNU »çÀÌÆ®. URL : http://www.gnu.org/ ¨ê LinuxHQ Description : kernel patches. URL : http://www.linuxhq.com/ ¨ë Linux Mall Description : Linux superstore. URL : http://www.LinuxMall.com/ ¨ì Linux News Group Description : ¸¹Àº ¸®´ª½º ´º½º±×·ìÀÌ ¸µÅ©µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. URL : http://www.ameritech.net/users/dbarber/links.html ¨í Linux Now Description : °¡Àå ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ¸®´ª½º Âü°í»çÀÌÆ®. URL : http://www.Linuxnow.com/ ¨î Linux Online Description : Linux home pageÀÌ´Ù. '¸®´ª½º¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡' ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëºÎÅÍ À¯Áî³Ý ´º½º±×·ì, FTP»çÀÌÆ®, ÃֽŠ´º½º, Àú³Î µîÀÇ Á¾ÇÕÀûÀÎ ¸®´ª½º Á¤º¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. URL : http://www.linux.org/ ¨ï Redhat Description : Red-Hat Homepage URL : http://www.redhat.com