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2. RAID ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ

  1. Q: RAID´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¿Ö ³ª´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ »ç¿ëÇØ º¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Â°¡?
    A: RAID ´Â ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ¿ª¾î¼­, ¼Óµµ¿Í, ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. RAID ´Â ¿©·¯°¡Áö ÇüÅ°¡ ÀÖ°í, ±× ÇüŸ¶´Ù °¢°¢ÀÇ Àå´ÜÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é RAID ·¹º§ 1 Àº µÎ°³(ȤÀº ÀÌ»ó)ÀÇ µð½ºÅ©¿¡ °°Àº µ¥ÀÌÅÍÀÇ º¹»çº»À» ³Ö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µ¥ÀÌÅÍ°¡ º¹»çµÈ °¢ µð½ºÅ©¿¡¼­ µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ °¡Á®¿À±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Àд ¼Óµµ´Â »¡¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î º¹»çµÈ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ µð½ºÅ©°¡ ±úÁ³À» ¶§ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. RAID ·¹º§¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀº, ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ÇϳªÀÇ µð½ºÅ©·Î ¹­´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº °£´ÜÇÑ º¹»ç¿¡ ºñÇØ Á» ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀúÀå·üÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¶ÇÇÑ, Àб⠾²±â¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¼º´É Çâ»óÀ» ½ÃÅ°¸é¼­, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿À·ù¿¡ ´ëºñÇÑ Àû´çÇÑ ¿©À¯°ø°£À» ³²°ÜµÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

    RAID is a way of combining multiple disk drives into a single entity to improve performance and/or reliability. There are a variety of different types and implementations of RAID, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, by putting a copy of the same data on two disks (called disk mirroring, or RAID level 1), read performance can be improved by reading alternately from each disk in the mirror. On average, each disk is less busy, as it is handling only 1/2 the reads (for two disks), or 1/3 (for three disks), etc. In addition, a mirror can improve reliability: if one disk fails, the other disk(s) have a copy of the data. Different ways of combining the disks into one, referred to as RAID levels, can provide greater storage efficiency than simple mirroring, or can alter latency (access-time) performance, or throughput (transfer rate) performance, for reading or writing, while still retaining redundancy that is useful for guarding against failures.

    RAID´Â µð½ºÅ© ¿À·ù¿¡ ´ëºñÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, Àΰ£ÀÇ ½Ç¼ö³ª, ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÇ ¿À·ù¿¡´Â ´ëºñÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. (RAID ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ÀÚüµµ ¿À·ù¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.) net »ó¿¡´Â RAID ¼³Ä¡¿¡ Àͼ÷Ä¡ ¾ÊÀº °ü¸®ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ¸ðµÎ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®´Â ±×·± ºñ±ØÀûÀÎ À̾߱⠵éÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. RAID´Â ¹é¾÷ÀÇ ´ëü ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½¿¡ ÁÖÀÇÇ϶ó!

    Although RAID can protect against disk failure, it does not protect against operator and administrator (human) error, or against loss due to programming bugs (possibly due to bugs in the RAID software itself). The net abounds with tragic tales of system administrators who have bungled a RAID installation, and have lost all of their data. RAID is not a substitute for frequent, regularly scheduled backup.

    RAID ´Â Çϵå¿þ¾î ÀûÀ¸·Î, Ưº°ÇÑ µð½ºÅ© ÄÜÆ®·Ñ·¯·Î, ¶Ç´Â, Ä¿³Î ¸ðµâ °°Àº ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ÇöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. RAID Çϵå¿þ¾î "µð½ºÅ© ÄÜÆ®·Ñ·¯"´Â µð½ºÅ© µå¶óÀ̺꿡 ÄÉÀ̺íÀ» ¿¬°áÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î lISA/EISA/PCI/S-Bus/MicroChannel ½½·Ô¿¡ ÀåÂøÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ä«µåÇü½ÄÀ̳ª, ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÄÁÆ®·Ñ·¯¿Í µð½ºÅ©»çÀ̸¦ ¿¬°áÇØ´Â ¹Ú½º Çü½ÄÀÌ´Ù.

    RAID can be implemented in hardware, in the form of special disk controllers, or in software, as a kernel module that is layered in between the low-level disk driver, and the file system which sits above it. RAID hardware is always a "disk controller", that is, a device to which one can cable up the disk drives. Usually it comes in the form of an adapter card that will plug into a ISA/EISA/PCI/S-Bus/MicroChannel slot. However, some RAID controllers are in the form of a box that connects into the cable in between the usual system disk controller, and the disk drives. Small ones may fit into a drive bay; large ones may be built into a storage cabinet with its own drive bays and power supply.

    ÃÖ½ÅÀÇ ºü¸¥ CPU¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â RAID Çϵå¿þ¾î´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¼Óµµ¸¦ ³»±ä ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×¸¸Å­ ºñ½Ò °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÀ¯´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ º¸µå»ó¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÑ DSP ¿Í ¸Þ¸ð¸®¸¦ °¡Áö°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿À·¡µÈ RAID Çϵå¿þ¾î´Â DSP¿Í ij½¬ÀÇ º´¸ñÇö»óÀ¸·Î ÃÖ½ÅÀÇ CPU¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¼Óµµ¸¦ ÀúÇϽÃų¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶§·Î´Â, ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Çϵå¿þ¾î¿Í ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ´À¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Çϵå¿þ¾î RAID°¡ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID¿¡ ºñÇØ ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÃÖ±Ù ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ µð½ºÅ© µå¶óÀ̺êµé¿¡°Õ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù.? RAID Çϵå¿þ¾î´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ¸ÞÀÌÄ¿¿Í ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Çϵåµé¿¡°Ô ȣȯ¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ¸®´ª½º»óÀÇ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID´Â ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ¼³Á¤¾øÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Çϵå¿þ¾îµéÀÌ Àß µ¹¾Æ°¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

    The latest RAID hardware used with the latest & fastest CPU will usually provide the best overall performance, although at a significant price. This is because most RAID controllers come with on-board DSP's and memory cache that can off-load a considerable amount of processing from the main CPU, as well as allow high transfer rates into the large controller cache. Old RAID hardware can act as a "de-accelerator" when used with newer CPU's: yesterday's fancy DSP and cache can act as a bottleneck, and it's performance is often beaten by pure-software RAID and new but otherwise plain, run-of-the-mill disk controllers. RAID hardware can offer an advantage over pure-software RAID, if it can makes use of disk-spindle synchronization and its knowledge of the disk-platter position with regard to the disk head, and the desired disk-block. However, most modern (low-cost) disk drives do not offer this information and level of control anyway, and thus, most RAID hardware does not take advantage of it. RAID hardware is usually not compatible across different brands, makes and models: if a RAID controller fails, it must be replaced by another controller of the same type. As of this writing (June 1998), a broad variety of hardware controllers will operate under Linux; however, none of them currently come with configuration and management utilities that run under Linux.

    ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID´Â Ä¿³Î ¸ðµâ·Î ¼³Á¤Çϸç, °ü¸® µµ±¸µîµµ ¸ðµÎ ¼ø¼öÇÑ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®´ª½º RAID ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº IDE, SCSI and Paraport drives °°Àº Àú¼öÁØ µå¶óÀ̹ö¿Í block-device interface À§¿¡ ¾ãÀº ÃþÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ext2fs ³ª, DOS-FATµîÀÇ ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛÀº block-device interfaceÀ§¿¡ ¾òÇô ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID´Â ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿î ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ̸ç, Çϵå¿þ¾îÀû ±¸Çöº¸´Ù À¯¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ÜÁ¡À¸·Î´Â Çϵå¿þ¾î ½Ã½ºÅÛº¸´Ù CPU cycle°ú Àü¿øÀ» Á¶±Ý ´õ ¼Ò¸ðÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, °¡°ÝÀÌ ºñ½ÎÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID´Â ÆÄƼ¼Ç ´ÜÀ§·Î ¿òÁ÷À̸ç, °¢°¢ÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¹­¾î¼­ RAID ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¸¸µé ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº Çϵå¿þ¾îÀû ±¸Çö°ú Å©°Ô ´Ù¸¥ Á¡À̸ç, µð½ºÅ©µé Àüü¸¦ Çϳª·Î ¹­¾î¹ö¸± ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Çϵå¿þ¾îÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¿î¿µÃ¼Á¦·ÎÀÇ ¼³Á¤À» °£´ÜÇÏ°í ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Á» ´õ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼³Á¤À¸·Î º¹ÀâÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

    Software-RAID is a set of kernel modules, together with management utilities that implement RAID purely in software, and require no extraordinary hardware. The Linux RAID subsystem is implemented as a layer in the kernel that sits above the low-level disk drivers (for IDE, SCSI and Paraport drives), and the block-device interface. The filesystem, be it ext2fs, DOS-FAT, or other, sits above the block-device interface. Software-RAID, by its very software nature, tends to be more flexible than a hardware solution. The downside is that it of course requires more CPU cycles and power to run well than a comparable hardware system. Of course, the cost can't be beat. Software RAID has one further important distinguishing feature: it operates on a partition-by-partition basis, where a number of individual disk partitions are ganged together to create a RAID partition. This is in contrast to most hardware RAID solutions, which gang together entire disk drives into an array. With hardware, the fact that there is a RAID array is transparent to the operating system, which tends to simplify management. With software, there are far more configuration options and choices, tending to complicate matters.

    ÀÌ ±ÛÀÌ ¾²¿©Áö´Â ½ÃÁ¡( 1998³â 6¿ù)¿¡¼­, LinuxÇÏÀÇ RAIDÀÇ ¼³Á¤Àº ¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀÌ°í, ¼÷·ÃµÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛ °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹æ¹ýÀº ³Ê¹« º¹ÀâÇÏ°í , startup scriptµéÀÇ ¼öÁ¤À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. µð½ºÅ© ¿¡·¯·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ º¹±¸´Â Æò¹üÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°í »ç¶÷ÀÇ ½Ç¼ö·Î À̾îÁö±â ½±´Ù. RAID´Â Ãʺ¸ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼Óµµ Çâ»ó°ú ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀ» ¾ò±â Àü¿¡ ÀÇ¿ÜÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÔ¿¡ Ç㸦 Âñ¸®±â ½¬¿ì´Ï Á¶½ÉÇϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù.. ƯÈ÷, ¿äÁò µð½ºÅ©µéÀº ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ» ¸¸Å­ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°í ¿äÁò CPU¿Í ÄÁÆ®·Ñ·¯´Â ÃæºÐÈ÷ °­·ÂÇÏ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº ÁúÁÁ°í ºü¸¥ Çϵå¿þ¾îÀÇ ±¸ÀÔÀ¸·Î Á»´õ ½±°Ô ¿øÇÏ´Â ¸¸Å­ÀÇ ¼Óµµ¿Í ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

    As of this writing (June 1998), the administration of RAID under Linux is far from trivial, and is best attempted by experienced system administrators. The theory of operation is complex. The system tools require modification to startup scripts. And recovery from disk failure is non-trivial, and prone to human error. RAID is not for the novice, and any benefits it may bring to reliability and performance can be easily outweighed by the extra complexity. Indeed, modern disk drives are incredibly reliable and modern CPU's and controllers are quite powerful. You might more easily obtain the desired reliability and performance levels by purchasing higher-quality and/or faster hardware.

  2. Q: RAID ·¹º§ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿ä? ¿Ö ±×·¸°Ô ¸¹Àº°¡¿ä? ¾î¶»°Ô ±¸ºÐÇÏÁÒ?
    A: °¢ ·¹º§¸¶´Ù, ¼Óµµ¿Í »ç¿ë°ø°£, ¾ÈÁ¤¼º, °¡°ÝÀÇ Æ¯¼ºÀÌ ´Ù¸£´Ù. ¸ðµç RAID ·¹º§ÀÇ °úÀ×»ç¿ë°ø°£ÀÌ µð½ºÅ© ¿À·ù¸¦ ´ëºñÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. RAID-1°ú RAID-5°¡ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, RAID-1´Â Á»´õ ³ªÀº ¼Óµµ¸¦ ³» ÁÙ °ÍÀ̸ç, RAID-5´Â Á» ´õ µð½ºÅ©ÀÇ ¿©À¯°ø°£À» ¸¹ÀÌ ³²°ÜÁÙ°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¼Óµµ°¡ ·¹º§¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ °áÁ¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¼Óµµ´Â »ç¿ëÇÒ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥, stripe,block,file µéÀÇ Å©±âµî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿äÀο¡ ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ °üÇؼ­´Â ÀÌ µÚ¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ´Ù·ê °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

    The different RAID levels have different performance, redundancy, storage capacity, reliability and cost characteristics. Most, but not all levels of RAID offer redundancy against disk failure. Of those that offer redundancy, RAID-1 and RAID-5 are the most popular. RAID-1 offers better performance, while RAID-5 provides for more efficient use of the available storage space. However, tuning for performance is an entirely different matter, as performance depends strongly on a large variety of factors, from the type of application, to the sizes of stripes, blocks, and files. The more difficult aspects of performance tuning are deferred to a later section of this HOWTO.

    ¾Æ·¡¿¡¼­´Â Linux ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID ±¸ÇöÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ·¹º§µé¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

    The following describes the different RAID levels in the context of the Linux software RAID implementation.

    • ¼±Çü RAID (RAID-linear) Àº ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ ÆÄƼ¼ÇµéÀ» ¿¬°áÇØ ÇϳªÀÇ Å« °¡»ó ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀÛÀº µå¶óÀ̺êµéÀ» ¿©·¯°³ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÇϳªÀÇ Å« ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°íÀÚ ÇÒ¶§ À¯¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ¿¬°áÀº ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÇϳªÀÇ µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ¿À·ù°¡ ³ª¸é, ¹­¿©ÀÖ´Â ÆÄƼ¼Ç Àüü°¡ ¿À·ù°¡ ³¯°ÍÀÌ´Ù.

      is a simple concatenation of partitions to create a larger virtual partition. It is handy if you have a number small drives, and wish to create a single, large partition. This concatenation offers no redundancy, and in fact decreases the overall reliability: if any one disk fails, the combined partition will fail.

    • RAID-1 ´Â "mirroring" ½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °°Àº Å©±â¸¦ °¡Áø ÆÄƼ¼ÇµéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ºí·°´ë ºí·°À¸·Î °°Àº µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ °¡Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¹Ì·¯¸µÀº µð½ºÅ© ¿À·ù¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ °­·ÂÇÏ´Ù. µð½ºÅ© Çϳª°¡ ¿À·ù³µÀ» ¶§¿¡µµ, ÆÄ¼ÕµÈ µð½ºÅ©¿Í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¶È°°Àº º¹Á¦º»ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì·¯¸µÀº Àб⠿äûÀ» ¸î°³ÀÇ µð½ºÅ©°¡ ³ª´©¾î ó¸®ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, I/O°¡ ¸¹Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ºÎÇϸ¦ ÁÙ¿©ÁÙ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, »ç¿ë°ø°£ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ëÀ²¿¡¼­ º¼ ¶§ ¹Ì·¯¸µÀº ÃÖ¾ÇÀÌ´Ù...

      is also referred to as "mirroring". Two (or more) partitions, all of the same size, each store an exact copy of all data, disk-block by disk-block. Mirroring gives strong protection against disk failure: if one disk fails, there is another with the an exact copy of the same data. Mirroring can also help improve performance in I/O-laden systems, as read requests can be divided up between several disks. Unfortunately, mirroring is also the least efficient in terms of storage: two mirrored partitions can store no more data than a single partition.

    • Striping Àº ´Ù¸¥ RAID ·¹º§¿¡ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÌ´Ù. stripe´Â µð½ºÅ© ºí·°µéÀÌ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ºÙ¾îÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. stripe ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ µð½ºÅ© ºí·°¸¸Å­ ªÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ°í, ¼ö õ°³ÀÇ ºí·°µé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. RAID µå¶óÀ̹ö´Â µð½ºÅ© ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» stripe ·Î ³ª´­ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. RAID ÀÇ ·¹º§Àº stripe°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´Â°¡. ¾î¶² µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ´ã°í Àִ°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ´Þ¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. stripeÀÇ Å©±â¿Í, ÆÄÀϽýºÅÛ¾ÈÀÇ ÆÄÀÏÀÇ Å©±â, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ µð½ºÅ© ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ À§Ä¡°¡ RAID ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÀüüÀûÀÎ ¼º´ÉÀ» Á¿ìÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (¿ªÀÚ µ¡, stripe´Â ¶ìÀε¥.. Çϳª¿¡ µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ÀÖ´Â°Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó. ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ µð½ºÅ©¿¡¼­ °°Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ¶ì¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ°ÚÁÒ..)

      is the underlying concept behind all of the other RAID levels. A stripe is a contiguous sequence of disk blocks. A stripe may be as short as a single disk block, or may consist of thousands. The RAID drivers split up their component disk partitions into stripes; the different RAID levels differ in how they organize the stripes, and what data they put in them. The interplay between the size of the stripes, the typical size of files in the file system, and their location on the disk is what determines the overall performance of the RAID subsystem.

    • RAID-0 Àº ¼±Çü RAID¿¡ ´õ °¡±õ´Ù. ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» stripe µé·Î ³ª´©°í ¹­´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼±Çü RAIDó·³ °á°ú´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Å« ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀÌ°í, ±×°ÍÀº °úÀ× °ø°£ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ª½Ã ¾ÈÀü¼ºµµ ÁÙ¾îµç´Ù. ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¼±Çü RAID¿¡ ºñÇØ ¼º´ÉÀÌ Çâ»óµÇ±ä ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú, stripe ÀÇ Å©±â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý±â´Â ÆÄÀÏÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Å©±â, ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ ÇüÅ¿¡ ¸¹Àº ÀÇÁ¸À» ÇÑ´Ù.

      is much like RAID-linear, except that the component partitions are divided into stripes and then interleaved. Like RAID-linear, the result is a single larger virtual partition. Also like RAID-linear, it offers no redundancy, and therefore decreases overall reliability: a single disk failure will knock out the whole thing. RAID-0 is often claimed to improve performance over the simpler RAID-linear. However, this may or may not be true, depending on the characteristics to the file system, the typical size of the file as compared to the size of the stripe, and the type of workload. The ext2fs file system already scatters files throughout a partition, in an effort to minimize fragmentation. Thus, at the simplest level, any given access may go to one of several disks, and thus, the interleaving of stripes across multiple disks offers no apparent additional advantage. However, there are performance differences, and they are data, workload, and stripe-size dependent.

    • RAID-4 ´Â RAID-0 ó·³ stripe·Î ³ª´©´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, parity Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÒ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ÆÄƼ¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. parity ´Â °úÀ× Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀúÀåÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ°í, ÇϳªÀÇ µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ¿À·ù°¡ ³µÀ» ¶§, ³²Àº µð½ºÅ©ÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ´Â ÆÄ¼ÕµÈ µð½ºÅ©ÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ º¹±¸Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. N °³ÀÇ µð½ºÅ©°¡ ÀÖ°í, ÇϳªÀÇ parity µð½ºÅ©°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, parity stripe´Â °¢ µð½ºÅ©ÀÇ stripe µéÀÇ XOR ¿¬»êÀ¸·Î °è»êµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (N+1) µð½ºÅ©¸¦ °¡Áø RAID-4 ¹è¿­ÀÇ ÀúÀå¿ë·®Àº N ÀÌ µÉ°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, RAID-4´Â ¹Ì·¯¸µ¸¸Å­ Àд ¼Óµµ°¡ ºü¸£Áö ¾Ê°í ¸Å¹ø µð½ºÅ©¸¦ ¾µ ¶§¸¶´Ù ¿¬»êÀ» ÇÏ°í parity µð½ºÅ©¿¡ ½á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾²±â°¡ ¸¹Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡´Â ¸Å¹ø parity µð½ºÅ©¸¦ access ÇØ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, º´¸ñÇö»óÀÌ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

      interleaves stripes like RAID-0, but it requires an additional partition to store parity information. The parity is used to offer redundancy: if any one of the disks fail, the data on the remaining disks can be used to reconstruct the data that was on the failed disk. Given N data disks, and one parity disk, the parity stripe is computed by taking one stripe from each of the data disks, and XOR'ing them together. Thus, the storage capacity of a an (N+1)-disk RAID-4 array is N, which is a lot better than mirroring (N+1) drives, and is almost as good as a RAID-0 setup for large N. Note that for N=1, where there is one data drive, and one parity drive, RAID-4 is a lot like mirroring, in that each of the two disks is a copy of each other. However, RAID-4 does NOT offer the read-performance of mirroring, and offers considerably degraded write performance. In brief, this is because updating the parity requires a read of the old parity, before the new parity can be calculated and written out. In an environment with lots of writes, the parity disk can become a bottleneck, as each write must access the parity disk.

    • RAID-5 ´Â °¢ µå¶óÀ̺긶´Ù parity stripe ¸¦ ÀúÀå½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á RAID-4ÀÇ ¾²±â º´¸ñÇö»óÀ» ÇÇÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®³ª, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¾²±â Àü¿¡ XOR ¿¬»êÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¾²±â ¼º´ÉÀº ¹Ì·¯¸µ¸¸Å­ »¡¶óÁú¼ö ¾ø´Ù. Àб⠿ª½Ã ¿©·¯°³ÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì·¯¸µ ¸¸Å­ »¡¶óÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

      avoids the write-bottleneck of RAID-4 by alternately storing the parity stripe on each of the drives. However, write performance is still not as good as for mirroring, as the parity stripe must still be read and XOR'ed before it is written. Read performance is also not as good as it is for mirroring, as, after all, there is only one copy of the data, not two or more. RAID-5's principle advantage over mirroring is that it offers redundancy and protection against single-drive failure, while offering far more storage capacity when used with three or more drives.

    • RAID-2 ¿Í RAID-3 ´Â ÀÌÁ¦ °ÅÀÇ »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸î¸î ·¹º§Àº Çö´ë µð½ºÅ© ±â¼ú·Î ÀÎÇØ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø¾îÁ³±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. RAID-2´Â RAID-4¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏÁö¸¸, parity ´ë½Å¿¡ ECC Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´Ù¸£´Ù. ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸ðµç µð½ºÅ©µéÀº ECC Á¤º¸¸¦ µð½ºÅ© ÀÚü³»¿¡ ³Ö¾î¹ö·È´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº, µð½ºÅ© ÀÚü¿¡ ÀÛÀº ¾ÈÀüÀåÄ¡¸¦ ´Ü °ÍÀÌ´Ù. RAID-2 ´Â µð½ºÅ© ¾²±â µµÁß Àü¿ø°ø±ÞÀÌ Â÷´ÜµÉ ¶§, µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀ» Á¦°øÇØÁØ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¹èÅ͸® ¹é¾÷À̳ª, clean shutdown ¿ª½Ã ¶È°°Àº ±â´ÉÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.. RAID-3Àº °¡´ÉÇÑ ÃÖ¼ÒÀÇ stripe Å©±â¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϸé RAID-4 ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. Linux ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID µå¶óÀ̹ö´Â RAID-2 ¿Í RAID-3¸¦ ¸ðµÎ Áö¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

      are seldom used anymore, and to some degree are have been made obsolete by modern disk technology. RAID-2 is similar to RAID-4, but stores ECC information instead of parity. Since all modern disk drives incorporate ECC under the covers, this offers little additional protection. RAID-2 can offer greater data consistency if power is lost during a write; however, battery backup and a clean shutdown can offer the same benefits. RAID-3 is similar to RAID-4, except that it uses the smallest possible stripe size. As a result, any given read will involve all disks, making overlapping I/O requests difficult/impossible. In order to avoid delay due to rotational latency, RAID-3 requires that all disk drive spindles be synchronized. Most modern disk drives lack spindle-synchronization ability, or, if capable of it, lack the needed connectors, cables, and manufacturer documentation. Neither RAID-2 nor RAID-3 are supported by the Linux Software-RAID drivers.

    • ±×¿ÜÀÇ RAID ·¹º§µéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼ö¿ä¿Í ÆǸÅÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³°í, Ưº°ÇÑ Çϵå¿þ¾î¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϰųª ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ÀúÀÛ±ÇÀ» º¸È£ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Linux ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î RAID´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² º¯Á¾µéµµ Áö¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

      have been defined by various researchers and vendors. Many of these represent the layering of one type of raid on top of another. Some require special hardware, and others are protected by patent. There is no commonly accepted naming scheme for these other levels. Sometime the advantages of these other systems are minor, or at least not apparent until the system is highly stressed. Except for the layering of RAID-1 over RAID-0/linear, Linux Software RAID does not support any of the other variations.


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